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Obermann WMJ, König S, Feickert MK, Sanz-Soler R, Eble JA. A change of rhodocytin's suprastructure turns the agonist into an antagonist of tumor cell induced platelet aggregation. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23402. [PMID: 38193585 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301175r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cells circulating in the blood attach to platelets by direct cell-cell interactions via several receptor-counterreceptor contacts and indirectly by fibrin bridges which connect the two cell types by distinct integrin receptors. In the microenvironment of these tumor cell platelet aggregates (TCPAs), the tumor cells are shielded from the shear stress of the blood flow and from attack by the immune system. This supports hematogenous metastasis and tumor cell induced thrombosis. Platelet activation is triggered by binding of podoplanin on cancer cells to the platelet receptor Clec-2. Therefore, we hypothesize that targeting this initial step will prevent the entire cascade leading to the formation of TCPAs. Rhodocytin, a heterodimeric (αβ)2 C-type lectin from the Malayan pit viper Calloselasma rhodostoma, binds to Clec-2 and thereby induces TCPA formation. Remarkably, mutations in rhodocytin that disturbed formation of oligomers, blocked the podoplanin-Clec-2 axis and prevented platelet activation. Therefore, we used lysine reactive chemicals to modify rhodocytin isolated from the crude snake venom. Blue native gel electrophoresis and far western blotting showed a change of rhodocytin's suprastructure triggered by acetylation and PEGylation. Mass spectrometry analysis of altered lysines suggested that their modifications interfered with the formation of rhodocytin tetramers. When tested in assays for tumor cell induced platelet aggregation, we found that derivatization turned rhodocytin from an agonist into an antagonist. This observation indicates that Clec-2 is a valid target receptor molecule to curb TCPA formation and to prevent hematogenous metastasis and tumor cell induced thrombosis in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M J Obermann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Mascha K Feickert
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Raquel Sanz-Soler
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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2
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Martin EM, Clark JC, Montague SJ, Morán LA, Di Y, Bull LJ, Whittle L, Raka F, Buka RJ, Zafar I, Kardeby C, Slater A, Watson SP. Trivalent nanobody-based ligands mediate powerful activation of GPVI, CLEC-2, and PEAR1 in human platelets whereas FcγRIIA requires a tetravalent ligand. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:271-285. [PMID: 37813196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clustering of the receptors glycoprotein receptor VI (GPVI), C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2), low-affinity immunoglobulin γ Fc region receptor II-a (FcγRIIA), and platelet endothelial aggregation receptor 1 (PEAR1) leads to powerful activation of platelets through phosphorylation of tyrosine in their cytosolic tails and initiation of downstream signaling cascades. GPVI, CLEC-2, and FcγRIIA signal through YxxL motifs that activate Syk. PEAR1 signals through a YxxM motif that activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Current ligands for these receptors have an undefined valency and show significant batch variation and, for some, uncertain specificity. OBJECTIVES We have raised nanobodies against each of these receptors and multimerized them to identify the minimum number of epitopes to achieve robust activation of human platelets. METHODS Divalent and trivalent nanobodies were generated using a flexible glycine-serine linker. Tetravalent nanobodies utilize a mouse Fc domain (IgG2a, which does not bind to FcγRIIA) to dimerize the divalent nanobody. Ligand affinity measurements were determined by surface plasmon resonance. Platelet aggregation, adenosine triphosphate secretion, and protein phosphorylation were analyzed using standardized methods. RESULTS Multimerization of the nanobodies led to a stepwise increase in affinity with divalent and higher-order nanobody oligomers having sub-nanomolar affinity. The trivalent nanobodies to GPVI, CLEC-2, and PEAR1 stimulated powerful and robust platelet aggregation, secretion, and protein phosphorylation at low nanomolar concentrations. A tetravalent nanobody was required to activate FcγRIIA with the concentration-response relationship showing a greater variability and reduced sensitivity compared with the other nanobody-based ligands, despite a sub-nanomolar binding affinity. CONCLUSION The multivalent nanobodies represent a series of standardized, potent agonists for platelet glycoprotein receptors. They have applications as research tools and in clinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleyna M Martin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Joanne C Clark
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Samantha J Montague
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Luis A Morán
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ying Di
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lily J Bull
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Luke Whittle
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Florije Raka
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine-Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Richard J Buka
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Idrees Zafar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Caroline Kardeby
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Current address: School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), The Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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3
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Dohnálek J, Skálová T. C-type lectin-(like) fold - Protein-protein interaction patterns and utilization. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 58:107944. [PMID: 35301089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectin-like fold (CTL fold) is a building block of many proteins, including saccharide-binding lectins, natural killer cell receptors, macrophage mannose receptor, selectins, collectins, snake venoms and others. Some are important players in innate immunity and are involved in the first-line response to virally infected cells or cancer cells, some play a role in antimicrobial defense, and some are potential targets for fight against problems connected with allergies, obesity, and autoimmunity. The structure of a CTL domain typically contains two α-helices, two small β-sheets and a long surface loop, with two or three disulfide bridges stabilizing the structure. This small domain is often involved in interactions with a target molecule, however, utilizing varied parts of the domain surface, with or without structural modifications. More than 500 three-dimensional structures of CTL fold-containing proteins are available in the Protein Data Bank, including a significant number of complexes with their key interacting partners (protein:protein complexes). The amount of available structural data enables a detailed analysis of the rules of interaction patterns utilized in activation, inhibition, attachment and other pathways or functionalities. Interpretation of known CTL receptor structures and all other CTL-containing proteins and complexes with described three-dimensional structures, complemented with sequence/structure/interaction correlation analysis offers a comprehensive view of the rules of interaction patterns of the CTL fold. The results are of value for prediction of interaction behavior of so far not understood CTL-containing proteins and development of new protein binders based on this fold, with applications in biomedicine or biotechnologies. It follows from the available structural data that almost the whole surface of the CTL fold is utilized in protein:protein interactions, with the heaviest frequency of utilization in the canonical interaction region. The individual categories of interactions differ in the interface buildup strategy. The strongest CTL binders rely on interfaces with large interaction area, presence of hydrophobic core, or high surface complementarity. The typical interaction surfaces of the fold are not conserved in amino acid sequence and can be utilized in design of new binders for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dohnálek
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Biocev, Průmyslová 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Skálová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Biocev, Průmyslová 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic
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4
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Martin EM, Zuidscherwoude M, Morán LA, Di Y, García A, Watson SP. The structure of CLEC-2: mechanisms of dimerization and higher-order clustering. Platelets 2021; 32:733-743. [PMID: 33819136 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1906407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The platelet C-type lectin-like receptor CLEC-2 drives inflammation-driven venous thrombosis in mouse models of thrombo-inflammatory disease with a minimal effect on hemostasis identifying it as a target for a new class of antiplatelet agent. Here, we discuss how the protein structure and dynamic arrangement of CLEC-2 on the platelet membrane helps the receptor, which has a single YxxL motif (known as a hemITAM), to trigger intracellular signaling. CLEC-2 exists as a monomer and homo-dimer within resting platelets and forms higher-order oligomers following ligand activation, a process that is mediated by the multivalent nature of its ligands and the binding of the tandem SH2 domains of Syk to the phosphorylated hemITAM and concomitantly to PIP2 or PIP3 to localize it to the membrane. We propose that a low level of active Syk is present at the membrane in resting platelets due to phosphorylation by Src family kinases and that clustering of receptors disturbs the equilibrium between kinases and phosphatases, triggering phosphorylation of the CLEC-2 hemITAM and recruitment of Syk. Knowledge of the structure of CLEC-2 and the mechanism of platelet activation has important implications for development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleyna M Martin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham
| | - Malou Zuidscherwoude
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham
| | - Luis A Morán
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade De Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Ying Di
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham
| | - Angel García
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade De Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands
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5
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Brouns SLN, van Geffen JP, Campello E, Swieringa F, Spiezia L, van Oerle R, Provenzale I, Verdoold R, Farndale RW, Clemetson KJ, Spronk HMH, van der Meijden PEJ, Cavill R, Kuijpers MJE, Castoldi E, Simioni P, Heemskerk JWM. Platelet-primed interactions of coagulation and anticoagulation pathways in flow-dependent thrombus formation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11910. [PMID: 32680988 PMCID: PMC7368055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In haemostasis and thrombosis, platelet, coagulation and anticoagulation pathways act together to produce fibrin-containing thrombi. We developed a microspot-based technique, in which we assessed platelet adhesion, platelet activation, thrombus structure and fibrin clot formation in real time using flowing whole blood. Microspots were made from distinct platelet-adhesive surfaces in the absence or presence of tissue factor, thrombomodulin or activated protein C. Kinetics of platelet activation, thrombus structure and fibrin formation were assessed by fluorescence microscopy. This work revealed: (1) a priming role of platelet adhesion in thrombus contraction and subsequent fibrin formation; (2) a surface-independent role of tissue factor, independent of the shear rate; (3) a mechanism of tissue factor-enhanced activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway; (4) a local, suppressive role of the anticoagulant thrombomodulin/protein C pathway under flow. Multiparameter analysis using blood samples from patients with (anti)coagulation disorders indicated characteristic defects in thrombus formation, in cases of factor V, XI or XII deficiency; and in contrast, thrombogenic effects in patients with factor V-Leiden. Taken together, this integrative phenotyping approach of platelet–fibrin thrombus formation has revealed interaction mechanisms of platelet-primed key haemostatic pathways with alterations in patients with (anti)coagulation defects. It can help as an important functional add-on whole-blood phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L N Brouns
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna P van Geffen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Campello
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Frauke Swieringa
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Protein Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luca Spiezia
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - René van Oerle
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Provenzale
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Verdoold
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kenneth J Clemetson
- Department of Haematology, Inselspital, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paola E J van der Meijden
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Cavill
- Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke J E Kuijpers
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabetta Castoldi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Departments of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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6
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Snake venom rhodocytin induces plasma extravasation via toxin-mediated interactions between platelets and mast cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15958. [PMID: 31685912 PMCID: PMC6828706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Venomous snakebites can induce local tissue damage, including necrosis of soft tissues, haemorrhage, blistering and local swelling associated with plasma extravasation, which can lead to lethal complications such as hypovolemic shock. However, the details of the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we showed that intradermal treatment of mice with venom rhodocytin from the Malayan viper Calloselasma rhodostoma induced plasma extravasation, dependent on C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) on platelets. Rhodocytin-induced plasma extravasation also relied on mast cells and histamine. In vitro co-culture of rhodocytin-activated platelets with mast cells induced histamine release from mast cells in an ATP/P2X7-dependent manner. Consistent with this, blockade or deficiency of P2X7 in mast cells suppressed rhodocytin-induced plasma extravasation in the skin. Together, these findings indicate that rhodocytin induces plasma extravasation by triggering platelet activation via CLEC-2, followed by activation of mast cells and histamine release via the ATP/P2X7 pathway. These results reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism by which snake venom increases vascular permeability via complex venom toxin–mediated interactions between platelets and mast cells.
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Nagy M, van Geffen JP, Stegner D, Adams DJ, Braun A, de Witt SM, Elvers M, Geer MJ, Kuijpers MJE, Kunzelmann K, Mori J, Oury C, Pircher J, Pleines I, Poole AW, Senis YA, Verdoold R, Weber C, Nieswandt B, Heemskerk JWM, Baaten CCFMJ. Comparative Analysis of Microfluidics Thrombus Formation in Multiple Genetically Modified Mice: Link to Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:99. [PMID: 31417909 PMCID: PMC6682619 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified mice are indispensable for establishing the roles of platelets in arterial thrombosis and hemostasis. Microfluidics assays using anticoagulated whole blood are commonly used as integrative proxy tests for platelet function in mice. In the present study, we quantified the changes in collagen-dependent thrombus formation for 38 different strains of (genetically) modified mice, all measured with the same microfluidics chamber. The mice included were deficient in platelet receptors, protein kinases or phosphatases, small GTPases or other signaling or scaffold proteins. By standardized re-analysis of high-resolution microscopic images, detailed information was obtained on altered platelet adhesion, aggregation and/or activation. For a subset of 11 mouse strains, these platelet functions were further evaluated in rhodocytin- and laminin-dependent thrombus formation, thus allowing a comparison of glycoprotein VI (GPVI), C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC2) and integrin α6β1 pathways. High homogeneity was found between wild-type mice datasets concerning adhesion and aggregation parameters. Quantitative comparison for the 38 modified mouse strains resulted in a matrix visualizing the impact of the respective (genetic) deficiency on thrombus formation with detailed insight into the type and extent of altered thrombus signatures. Network analysis revealed strong clusters of genes involved in GPVI signaling and Ca2+ homeostasis. The majority of mice demonstrating an antithrombotic phenotype in vivo displayed with a larger or smaller reduction in multi-parameter analysis of collagen-dependent thrombus formation in vitro. Remarkably, in only approximately half of the mouse strains that displayed reduced arterial thrombosis in vivo, this was accompanied by impaired hemostasis. This was also reflected by comparing in vitro thrombus formation (by microfluidics) with alterations in in vivo bleeding time. In conclusion, the presently developed multi-parameter analysis of thrombus formation using microfluidics can be used to: (i) determine the severity of platelet abnormalities; (ii) distinguish between altered platelet adhesion, aggregation and activation; and (iii) elucidate both collagen and non-collagen dependent alterations of thrombus formation. This approach may thereby aid in the better understanding and better assessment of genetic variation that affect in vivo arterial thrombosis and hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdolna Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Johanna P van Geffen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - David Stegner
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Attila Braun
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne M de Witt
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mitchell J Geer
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marijke J E Kuijpers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Karl Kunzelmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jun Mori
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Oury
- GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joachim Pircher
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Irina Pleines
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alastair W Poole
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yotis A Senis
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Remco Verdoold
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Christian Weber
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Constance C F M J Baaten
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Eble JA. Structurally Robust and Functionally Highly Versatile-C-Type Lectin (-Related) Proteins in Snake Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030136. [PMID: 30823637 PMCID: PMC6468738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms contain an astounding variety of different proteins. Among them are numerous C-type lectin family members, which are grouped into classical Ca2+- and sugar-binding lectins and the non-sugar-binding snake venom C-type lectin-related proteins (SV-CLRPs), also called snaclecs. Both groups share the robust C-type lectin domain (CTLD) fold but differ in a long loop, which either contributes to a sugar-binding site or is expanded into a loop-swapping heterodimerization domain between two CLRP subunits. Most C-type lectin (-related) proteins assemble in ordered supramolecular complexes with a high versatility of subunit numbers and geometric arrays. Similarly versatile is their ability to inhibit or block their target molecules as well as to agonistically stimulate or antagonistically blunt a cellular reaction triggered by their target receptor. By utilizing distinct interaction sites differentially, SV-CLRPs target a plethora of molecules, such as distinct coagulation factors and receptors of platelets and endothelial cells that are involved in hemostasis, thrombus formation, inflammation and hematogenous metastasis. Because of their robust structure and their high affinity towards their clinically relevant targets, SV-CLRPs are and will potentially be valuable prototypes to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools in medicine, provided that the molecular mechanisms underlying their versatility are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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9
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Kostyak JC, Mauri BR, Dangelmaier C, Patel A, Zhou Y, Eble JA, Tsygankov AY, McKenzie SE, Kunapuli SP. TULA-2 Deficiency Enhances Platelet Functional Responses to CLEC-2 Agonists. TH OPEN 2018; 2:e411-e419. [PMID: 31249969 PMCID: PMC6524918 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1676358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet activation is essential for hemostasis. Central to platelet activation are the signals transmitted through surface receptors such as glycoprotein VI, the protease-activated receptors, and C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). CLEC-2 is a HemITAM (hem-immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif)-bearing receptor that binds podoplanin and signals through spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). T-cell ubiquitin ligand-2 (TULA-2) is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that is highly expressed in platelets and targets phosphorylated Y352 of Syk. We wanted to determine whether TULA-2 regulates Syk phosphorylation and activity downstream of CLEC-2. To that end, we used TULA-2 knockout mice and wild-type (WT) littermate controls. We found that TULA-2 deficiency enhances the aggregation and secretion response following stimulation with an excitatory CLEC-2 antibody or the CLEC-2 agonist rhodocytin. Consistently, Syk phosphorylation of Y346 is enhanced, as well as phosphorylation of the downstream signaling molecule PLCγ2, in TULA-2 knockout platelets treated with either CLEC-2 antibody or rhodocytin, compared with WT control platelets. Furthermore, the kinetics of Syk phosphorylation, as well as that of PLCγ2 and SLP-76, is enhanced in TULA-2 knockout platelets treated with 2.5-μg/mL CLEC-2 antibody compared with WT platelets. Similarly, thromboxane production was enhanced, in both amount and kinetics, in TULA-2
−/−
platelets treated with 2.5-μg/mL CLEC-2 antibody. TULA-2 acts as a negative regulator of CLEC-2 signaling by dephosphorylating Syk on Y346 and restraining subsequent Syk-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kostyak
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Benjamin R Mauri
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Carol Dangelmaier
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Akruti Patel
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Munster, Waldeyerstasse, Munster, Germany
| | - Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Steven E McKenzie
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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10
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Estevão-Costa MI, Sanz-Soler R, Johanningmeier B, Eble JA. Snake venom components in medicine: From the symbolic rod of Asclepius to tangible medical research and application. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:94-113. [PMID: 30261311 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both mythologically and logically, snakes have always fascinated man. Snakes have attracted both awe and fear not only because of the elegant movement of their limbless bodies, but also because of the potency of their deadly venoms. Practically, in 2017, the world health organization (WHO) listed snake envenomation as a high priority neglected disease, as snakes inflict up to 2.7 million poisonous bites, around 100.000 casualties, and about three times as many invalidities on man. The venoms of poisonous snakes are a cocktail of potent compounds which specifically and avidly target numerous essential molecules with high efficacy. The individual effects of all venom toxins integrate into lethal dysfunctions of almost any organ system. It is this efficacy and specificity of each venom component, which after analysis of its structure and activity may serve as a potential lead structure for chemical imitation. Such toxin mimetics may help in influencing a specific body function pharmaceutically for the sake of man's health. In this review article, we will give some examples of snake venom components which have spurred the development of novel pharmaceutical compounds. Moreover, we will provide examples where such snake toxin-derived mimetics are in clinical use, trials, or consideration for further pharmaceutical exploitation, especially in the fields of hemostasis, thrombosis, coagulation, and metastasis. Thus, it becomes clear why a snake captured its symbolic place at the Asclepius rod with good reason still nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Inacia Estevão-Costa
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Raquel Sanz-Soler
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Johanningmeier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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11
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Sasaki T, Shirai T, Tsukiji N, Otake S, Tamura S, Ichikawa J, Osada M, Satoh K, Ozaki Y, Suzuki-Inoue K. Functional characterization of recombinant snake venom rhodocytin: rhodocytin mutant blocks CLEC-2/podoplanin-dependent platelet aggregation and lung metastasis. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:960-972. [PMID: 29488681 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Essentials We generated recombinant rhodocytin that could aggregate platelets via CLEC-2. Recombinant wild-type rhodocytin formed heterooctamer with four α- and β-subunits. Asp 4 in α-subunit of rhodocytin was required for binding to CLEC-2. Inhibitory mutant of rhodocytin blocked podoplanin-dependent hematogenous metastasis. SUMMARY Background Rhodocytin, a disulfide-linked heterodimeric C-type lectin from Calloselasma rhodostoma consisting of α-subunits and β-subunits, induces platelet aggregation through C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). CLEC-2 is a physiological binding partner of podoplanin (PDPN), which is expressed on some tumor cell types, and is involved in tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation and tumor metastasis. Thus, modified rhodocytin may be a possible source of anti-CLEC-2 drugs for both antiplatelet and antimetastasis therapy. However, its molecular function has not been well characterized, because of the lack of recombinant rhodocytin that induces platelet aggregation. Objective To produce recombinant rhodocytin, in order to verify its function with mutagenesis, and to develop an anti-CLEC-2 drug based on the findings. Methods We used Chinese hamster ovary cells to express recombinant rhodocytin (wild-type [WT] and mutant), which was analyzed for induction/inhibition of platelet aggregation with light transmission aggregometry, the formation of multimers with blue native PAGE, and binding to CLEC-2 with flow cytometry. Finally, we investigated whether mutant rhodocytin could suppress PDPN-induced metastasis in an experimental lung metastasis mouse model. Results Functional WT] rhodocytin (αWTβWT) was obtained by coexpression of both subunits. Asp4 in α-subunits of rhodocytin was required for CLEC-2 binding. αWTβWT formed a heterooctamer similarly to native rhodocytin. Moreover, an inhibitory mutant of rhodocytin (αWTβK53A/R56A), forming a heterotetramer, bound to CLEC-2 without inducing platelet aggregation, and blocked CLEC-2-PDPN interaction-dependent platelet aggregation and experimental lung metastasis. Conclusion These findings provide molecular characterization information on rhodocytin, and suggest that mutant rhodocytin could be used as a therapeutic agent to target CLEC-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - T Shirai
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - N Tsukiji
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | | | - S Tamura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - J Ichikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - M Osada
- School of Medical Technology, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Japan
| | - K Satoh
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Yamanashi Hospital, Kofu, Japan
| | - Y Ozaki
- Fuefuki Central Hospital, Fuefuki, Japan
| | - K Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
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12
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Badolia R, Inamdar V, Manne BK, Dangelmaier C, Eble JA, Kunapuli SP. G q pathway regulates proximal C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2) signaling in platelets. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14516-14531. [PMID: 28705934 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.791012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a key role in the physiological hemostasis or pathological process of thrombosis. Rhodocytin, an agonist of the C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2), elicits powerful platelet activation signals in conjunction with Src family kinases (SFKs), spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), and phospholipase γ2 (PLCγ2). Previous reports have shown that rhodocytin-induced platelet aggregation depends on secondary mediators such as thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and ADP, which are agonists for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on platelets. How the secondary mediators regulate CLEC-2-mediated platelet activation in terms of signaling is not clearly defined. In this study, we report that CLEC-2-induced Syk and PLCγ2 phosphorylation is potentiated by TxA2 and that TxA2 plays a critical role in the most proximal event of CLEC-2 signaling, i.e. the CLEC-2 receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. We show that the activation of other GPCRs, such as the ADP receptors and protease-activated receptors, can also potentiate CLEC-2 signaling. By using the specific Gq inhibitor, UBO-QIC, or Gq knock-out murine platelets, we demonstrate that Gq signaling, but not other G-proteins, is essential for GPCR-induced potentiation of Syk phosphorylation downstream of CLEC-2. We further elucidated the signaling downstream of Gq and identified an important role for the PLCβ-PKCα pathway, possibly regulating activation of SFKs, which are crucial for initiation of CLEC-2 signaling. Together, these results provide evidence for novel Gq-PLCβ-PKCα-mediated regulation of proximal CLEC-2 signaling by Gq-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Badolia
- From the Department of Physiology.,Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140 and
| | - Vaishali Inamdar
- From the Department of Physiology.,Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140 and
| | - Bhanu Kanth Manne
- From the Department of Physiology.,Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140 and
| | - Carol Dangelmaier
- From the Department of Physiology.,Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140 and
| | - Johannes A Eble
- the Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- From the Department of Physiology, .,Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140 and
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13
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Wu X, Zhang J, Ge H, Gupte J, Baribault H, Lee KJ, Lemon B, Coberly S, Gong Y, Pan Z, Rulifson IC, Gardner J, Richards WG, Li Y. Soluble CLEC2 Extracellular Domain Improves Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis by Regulating Liver Kupffer Cell Polarization. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:214-24. [PMID: 26151067 PMCID: PMC4489977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The polarization of tissue resident macrophages toward the alternatively activated, anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype is believed to positively impact obesity and insulin resistance. Here we show that the soluble form of the extracellular domain (ECD) of C-type lectin-like receptor 2, CLEC2, regulates Kupffer cell polarization in the liver and improves glucose and lipid parameters in diabetic animal models. Over-expression of Fc-CLEC2(ECD) in mice via in vivo gene delivery, or injection of recombinant Fc-CLEC2(ECD) protein, results in a reduction of blood glucose and liver triglyceride levels and improves glucose tolerance. Furthermore, Fc-CLEC2(ECD) treatment improves cytokine profiles and increases both the M2 macrophage population and the genes involved in the oxidation of lipid metabolism in the liver. These data reveal a previously unidentified role for CLEC2 as a regulator of macrophage polarity, and establish CLEC2 as a promising therapeutic target for treatment of diabetes and liver disease. CLEC2, a type II C-type lectin-like receptor, is expressed on a variety of cell types including Kupffer cells. Overexpression of CLEC2 ECD in mice improves glucose and lipid parameters and induces markers of alternatively activated Kupffer cells. CLEC2 is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Wu
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Hongfei Ge
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Jamila Gupte
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Helene Baribault
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Ki Jeong Lee
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Bryan Lemon
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Suzanne Coberly
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Yan Gong
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Zheng Pan
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Ingrid C Rulifson
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Jonitha Gardner
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - William G Richards
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Yang Li
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
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14
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Nagae M, Morita-Matsumoto K, Kato M, Kaneko MK, Kato Y, Yamaguchi Y. A platform of C-type lectin-like receptor CLEC-2 for binding O-glycosylated podoplanin and nonglycosylated rhodocytin. Structure 2014; 22:1711-1721. [PMID: 25458834 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Podoplanin is a transmembrane O-glycoprotein that binds to C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). The O-glycan-dependent interaction seems to play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as platelet aggregation. Rhodocytin, a snake venom, also binds to CLEC-2 and aggregates platelets in a glycan-independent manner. To elucidate the structural basis of the glycan-dependent and independent interactions, we performed comparative crystallographic studies of podoplanin and rhodocytin in complex with CLEC-2. Both podoplanin and rhodocytin bind to the noncanonical "side" face of CLEC-2. There is a common interaction mode between consecutive acidic residues on the ligands and the same arginine residues on CLEC-2. Other interactions are ligand-specific. Carboxyl groups from the sialic acid residue on podoplanin and from the C terminus of the rhodocytin α subunit interact differently at this "second" binding site on CLEC-2. The unique and versatile binding modes open a way to understand the functional consequences of CLEC-2-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nagae
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kana Morita-Matsumoto
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaki Kato
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mika Kato Kaneko
- Department of Regional Innovation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Regional Innovation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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15
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Identification of platelet function defects by multi-parameter assessment of thrombus formation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4257. [PMID: 25027852 PMCID: PMC4109023 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Assays measuring platelet aggregation (thrombus formation) at arterial shear rate mostly use collagen as only platelet-adhesive surface. Here we report a multi-surface and multi-parameter flow assay to characterize thrombus formation in whole blood from healthy subjects and patients with platelet function deficiencies. A systematic comparison is made of 52 adhesive surfaces with components activating the main platelet-adhesive receptors, and of eight output parameters reflecting distinct stages of thrombus formation. Three types of thrombus formation can be identified with a predicted hierarchy of the following receptors: glycoprotein (GP)VI, C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2)>GPIb>α6β1, αIIbβ3>α2β1>CD36, α5β1, αvβ3. Application with patient blood reveals distinct abnormalities in thrombus formation in patients with severe combined immune deficiency, Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, May-Hegglin anomaly or grey platelet syndrome. We suggest this test may be useful for the diagnosis of patients with suspected bleeding disorders or a pro-thrombotic tendency.
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16
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Chang CH, Chung CH, Hsu CC, Peng HC, Huang TF. Inhibitory effects of polypeptides derived from a snake venom C-type lectin, aggretin, on tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:540-9. [PMID: 24479713 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Podoplanin, a transmembrane sialoglycoprotein, is expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells and many tumor cells, and is involved in tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation and tumor metastasis. A recent study found that C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) is a physiologic receptor for podoplanin. Previous studies showed that aggretin, a snake venom-derived protein, activates platelets by targeting platelet CLEC-2. We hypothesized that the C-terminal fragment of aggretin may bind to platelet CLEC-2 and displace podoplanin, in turn exerting antitumor metastatic effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Aggretin α-chain C-terminus (residues 106-136; AACT) prolonged the lag phase of platelet aggregation induced by aggretin in human washed platelets, indicating that AACT may target the binding site of CLEC-2. HepG2 cells, which are podoplanin-expressing hepatoma cells, induced platelet aggregation with a lag phase. Pretreatment with AACT inhibited platelet aggregation and prolonged the lag phase induced by HepG2 cells. This inhibitory effect was also found with another hepatocarcinoma cell line, HuH-7. AACT inhibited the interaction between HuH-7 cells and platelets, and a specific binding assay demonstrated that CLEC-2 was the binding site for AACT on platelets. In addition, the invasive ability of HepG2 cells was abolished by AACT in a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. Furthermore, formation of lung metastases after intravenous administration of HuH-7 cells was significantly reduced when mice were treated with AACT. CONCLUSIONS AACT interacts with CLEC-2 of platelets, leading to interference with platelet aggregation and the subsequent metastatic potential of tumor cells. These results suggest that aggretin AACT is a potential candidate for the treatment of tumor metastasis through CLEC-2 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Chang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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The snake venom rhodocytin from Calloselasma rhodostoma- a clinically important toxin and a useful experimental tool for studies of C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:665-74. [PMID: 23594438 PMCID: PMC3705285 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The snake venom, rhodocytin, from the Malayan viper, Calloselasma rhodostoma, and the endogenous podoplanin are identified as ligands for the C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). The snakebites caused by Calloselasma rhodostoma cause a local reaction with swelling, bleeding and eventually necrosis, together with a systemic effect on blood coagulation with distant bleedings that can occur in many different organs. This clinical picture suggests that toxins in the venom have effects on endothelial cells and vessel permeability, extravasation and, possibly, activation of immunocompetent cells, as well as effects on platelets and the coagulation cascade. Based on the available biological studies, it seems likely that ligation of CLEC-2 contributes to local extravasation, inflammation and, possibly, local necrosis, due to microthrombi and ischemia, whereas other toxins may be more important for the distant hemorrhagic complications. However, the venom contains several toxins and both local, as well as distant, symptoms are probably complex reactions that cannot be explained by the effects of rhodocytin and CLEC-2 alone. The in vivo reactions to rhodocytin are thus examples of toxin-induced crosstalk between coagulation (platelets), endothelium and inflammation (immunocompetent cells). Very few studies have addressed this crosstalk as a part of the pathogenesis behind local and systemic reactions to Calloselasma rhodostoma bites. The author suggests that detailed biological studies based on an up-to-date methodology of local and systemic reactions to Calloselasma rhodostoma bites should be used as a hypothesis-generating basis for future functional studies of the CLEC-2 receptor. It will not be possible to study the effects of purified toxins in humans, but the development of animal models (e.g., cutaneous injections of rhodocytin to mimic snakebites) would supplement studies in humans.
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18
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Jakubowski P, Calvete JJ, Eble JA, Lazarovici P, Marcinkiewicz C. Identification of inhibitors of α2β1 integrin, members of C-lectin type proteins, in Echis sochureki venom. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:34-42. [PMID: 23499869 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom antagonists of α2β1 integrin have been identified as members of a C-lectin type family of proteins (CLP). In the present study, we characterized three new CLPs isolated from Echis sochureki venom, which interact with this integrin. These proteins were purified using a combination of gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and reverse phase HPLC. Sochicetin-A and sochicetin-B potently inhibited adhesion of cells expressing α2β1 integrin and binding of isolated α2β1 ectodomain to collagen I, as well as bound to recombinant GST-α2A domain in ELISA, whereas activity of sochicetin-C in these assays was approximately two orders of magnitude lower. Structurally, sochicetin-B and sochicetin-C are typical heterodimeric αβ CLPs, whereas sochicetin-A exhibits a trimer of its subunits (αβ)₃ in the quaternary structure. Immobilized sochicetins supported adhesion of glioma cell lines, LN18 and LBC3, whereas in a soluble form they partially inhibited adhesion of these cells to collagen I. Glioma cells spread very poorly on sochicetin-A, showing no cytoskeleton rearrangement typical for adhesion to collagen I or fibronectin. Adhesion on CLP does not involve focal adhesion elements, such as vinculin. Sochicetin-A also inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation, similar to other CLPs' action on the blood coagulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Jakubowski
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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19
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Manne BK, Getz TM, Hughes CE, Alshehri O, Dangelmaier C, Naik UP, Watson SP, Kunapuli SP. Fucoidan is a novel platelet agonist for the C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7717-7726. [PMID: 23341451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.424473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide from Fucus vesiculosus, decreases bleeding time and clotting time in hemophilia, possibly through inhibition of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. However, its effect on platelets and the receptor by which fucoidan induces cellular processes has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that fucoidan induces platelet activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Fucoidan-induced platelet activation was completely abolished by the pan-Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor, PP2, or when Syk is inhibited. PP2 abolished phosphorylations of Syk and Phospholipase C-γ2. Fucoidan-induced platelet activation had a lag phase, which is reminiscent of platelet activation by collagen and CLEC-2 receptor agonists. Platelet activation by fucoidan was only slightly inhibited in FcRγ-chain null mice, indicating that fucoidan was not acting primarily through GPVI receptor. On the other hand, fucoidan-induced platelet activation was inhibited in platelet-specific CLEC-2 knock-out murine platelets revealing CLEC-2 as a physiological target of fucoidan. Thus, our data show fucoidan as a novel CLEC-2 receptor agonist that activates platelets through a SFK-dependent signaling pathway. Furthermore, the efficacy of fucoidan in hemophilia raises the possibility that decreased bleeding times could be achieved through activation of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Kanth Manne
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Todd M Getz
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Craig E Hughes
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, The College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Osama Alshehri
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, The College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Dangelmaier
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Ulhas P Naik
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Steve P Watson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, The College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Satya P Kunapuli
- Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140; Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140.
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20
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C-type lectin-like proteins from snake venoms. Toxicon 2012; 60:512-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Suzuki-Inoue K, Inoue O, Ozaki Y. Novel platelet activation receptor CLEC-2: from discovery to prospects. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9 Suppl 1:44-55. [PMID: 21781241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) has been identified as a receptor for the platelet activating snake venom rhodocytin. CLEC-2 elicits powerful platelet activation signals in conjunction with Src, Syk kinases, and phospholipase Cγ2, similar to the collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI/FcRγ-chain complex. In contrast to GPVI/FcRγ, which initiates platelet activation through the tandem YxxL motif immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), CLEC-2 signals via the single YxxL motif hemi-ITAM. The endogenous ligand of CLEC-2 has been identified as podoplanin, which is expressed on the surface of tumour cells and facilitates tumour metastasis by inducing platelet activation. Studies of CLEC-2-deficient mice have revealed several physiological roles of CLEC-2. Podoplanin is also expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells as well as several other cells, including type I alveolar cells and kidney podocytes, but is absent from vascular endothelial cells. In the developmental stages, when the primary lymph sac is derived from the cardinal vein, podoplanin activates platelets in lymphatic endothelial cells by binding to CLEC-2, which facilitates blood/lymphatic vessel separation. Moreover, CLEC-2 is involved in thrombus stabilisation under flow conditions in part through homophilic interactions. However, the absence of CLEC-2 does not significantly increase bleeding tendency. CLEC-2 may be a good target protein for novel anti-platelet drugs or anti-metastatic drugs having therapeutic and preventive effects on arterial thrombosis and cancer, the primary causes of mortality in developed countries. In this article, we review the mechanisms of signal transduction, structure, expression, and function of CLEC-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Sajevic T, Leonardi A, Križaj I. Haemostatically active proteins in snake venoms. Toxicon 2011; 57:627-45. [PMID: 21277886 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom proteins that affect the haemostatic system can cause (a) lowering of blood coagulability, (b) damage to blood vessels, resulting in bleeding, (c) secondary effects of bleeding, e.g. hypovolaemic shock and organ damage, and (d) thrombosis. These proteins may, or may not, be enzymes. We review the data on the most relevant haemostatically active proteinases, phospholipases A₂, L-amino acid oxidases and 5'-nucleotidases from snake venoms. We also survey the non-enzymatic effectors of haemostasis from snake venoms--disintegrins, C-type lectins and three-finger toxins. Medical applications have already been found for some of these snake venom proteins. We describe those that have already been approved as drugs to treat haemostatic disorders or are being used to diagnose such health problems. No clinical applications, however, currently exist for the majority of snake venom proteins acting on haemostasis. We conclude with the most promising potential uses in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Sajevic
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Clemetson KJ. Snaclecs (snake C-type lectins) that inhibit or activate platelets by binding to receptors. Toxicon 2010; 56:1236-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Séverin S, Pollitt AY, Navarro-Nuñez L, Nash CA, Mourão-Sá D, Eble JA, Senis YA, Watson SP. Syk-dependent phosphorylation of CLEC-2: a novel mechanism of hem-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif signaling. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4107-16. [PMID: 21098033 PMCID: PMC3039337 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.167502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin-like receptor CLEC-2 signals via phosphorylation of a single cytoplasmic YXXL sequence known as a hem-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (hemITAM). In this study, we show that phosphorylation of CLEC-2 by the snake toxin rhodocytin is abolished in the absence of the tyrosine kinase Syk but is not altered in the absence of the major platelet Src family kinases, Fyn, Lyn, and Src, or the tyrosine phosphatase CD148, which regulates the basal activity of Src family kinases. Further, phosphorylation of CLEC-2 by rhodocytin is not altered in the presence of the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2, even though PLCγ2 phosphorylation and platelet activation are abolished. A similar dependence of phosphorylation of CLEC-2 on Syk is also seen in response to stimulation by an IgG mAb to CLEC-2, although interestingly CLEC-2 phosphorylation is also reduced in the absence of Lyn. These results provide the first definitive evidence that Syk mediates phosphorylation of the CLEC-2 hemITAM receptor with Src family kinases playing a critical role further downstream through the regulation of Syk and other effector proteins, providing a new paradigm in signaling by YXXL-containing receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Séverin
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Phosphorylation of CLEC-2 is dependent on lipid rafts, actin polymerization, secondary mediators, and Rac. Blood 2010; 115:2938-46. [PMID: 20154214 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-257212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) activates platelets through Src and Syk tyrosine kinases via a single cytoplasmic YxxL motif known as a hem immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (hemITAM). Here, we demonstrate using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin treatment that CLEC-2 translocates to lipid rafts upon ligand engagement and that translocation is essential for hemITAM phosphorylation and signal initiation. HemITAM phosphorylation, but not translocation, is also critically dependent on actin polymerization, Rac1 activation, and release of ADP and thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)). The role of ADP and TxA(2) in mediating phosphorylation is dependent on ligand engagement and rac activation but is independent of platelet aggregation. In contrast, tyrosine phosphorylation of the GPVI-FcRgamma-chain ITAM, which has 2 YxxL motifs, is independent of actin polymerization and secondary mediators. These results reveal a unique series of proximal events in CLEC-2 phosphorylation involving actin polymerization, secondary mediators, and Rac activation.
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O’Callaghan CA. Thrombomodulation via CLEC-2 targeting. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Huysamen C, Brown GD. The fungal pattern recognition receptor, Dectin-1, and the associated cluster of C-type lectin-like receptors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 290:121-8. [PMID: 19025564 PMCID: PMC2704933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian natural killer gene complex (NKC) contains several families of type II transmembrane C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs) that are best known for their involvement in the detection of virally infected or transformed cells, through the recognition of endogenous (or self) proteinacious ligands. However, certain CLR families within the NKC, particularly those expressed by myeloid cells, recognize structurally diverse ligands and perform a variety of other immune and homoeostatic functions. One such family is the 'Dectin-1 cluster' of CLRs, which includes MICL, CLEC-2, CLEC12B, CLEC9A, CLEC-1, Dectin-1 and LOX-1. Here, we review each of these CLRs, exploring our current understanding of their ligands and functions and highlighting where they have provided new insights into the underlying mechanisms of immunity and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal Huysamen
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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