1
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Sun Y, Xia Q, Du L, Gan Y, Ren X, Liu G, Wang Y, Yan S, Li S, Zhang X, Xiao X, Jin H. Neuroprotective effects of Anshen Bunao Syrup on cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease rat models. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116754. [PMID: 38810401 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a significant challenge due to its prevalence and lack of cure, driving the quest for effective treatments. Anshen Bunao Syrup, a traditional Chinese medicine known for its neuroprotective properties, shows promise in addressing this need. However, understanding its precise mechanisms in AD remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate Anshen Bunao Syrup's therapeutic potential in AD treatment using a scopolamine-induced AD rat model. Assessments included novel-object recognition and Morris water maze tasks to evaluate spatial learning and memory, alongside Nissl staining and ELISA analyses for neuronal damage and biomarker levels. Results demonstrated that Anshen Bunao Syrup effectively mitigated cognitive dysfunction by inhibiting amyloid-β and phosphorylation Tau aggregation, thereby reducing neuronal damage. Metabolomics profiling of rats cortex revealed alterations in key metabolites implicated in tryptophan and fatty acid metabolism pathways, suggesting a role in the therapeutic effects of Anshen Bunao Syrup. Additionally, ELISA and correlation analyses indicated attenuation of oxidative stress and immune response through metabolic remodeling. In conclusion, this study provides compelling evidence for the neuroprotective effects of Anshen Bunao Syrup in AD models, shedding light on its potential as a therapeutic agent for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qi Xia
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lijing Du
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Gan
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ren
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Jilin Aodong Yanbian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yanbian 133700, China
| | - Yongkuan Wang
- Jilin Aodong Yanbian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yanbian 133700, China
| | - Shikai Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shasha Li
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhang
- Jilin Aodong Yanbian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yanbian 133700, China.
| | - Xue Xiao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huizi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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2
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Yu H, Wang K, Yang Z, Li X, Liu S, Wang L, Zhang H. A ferritin protein is involved in the development and reproduction of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:750-758. [PMID: 37318359 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins are conserved iron-binding proteins that exist in most living organisms and play an essential role in the maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis. Although ferritin has been studied in many species, little is known about its role in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. In this study, we identified an iron-binding protein from B. tabaci and named it BtabFer1. The full-length cDNA of BtabFer1 is 1,043 bp and encodes a protein consisting of 224 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 25.26 kDa, and phylogenetic analysis shows that BtabFer1 is conserved among Hemiptera insects. The expression levels of BtabFer1 in different developmental stages and tissues were analyzed by real-time PCR, and results showed that BtabFer1 was ubiquitously expressed at all developmental stages and in all examined tissues. The RNAi-mediated knockdown of BtabFer1 caused a significant reduction in survival rate, egg production, and egg hatching rate of whiteflies. Knockdown of BtabFer1 also inhibited the transcription of genes in the juvenile hormone signal transduction pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that BtabFer1 plays a critical role in the development and reproduction of whiteflies. This study can broaden our understanding of ferritin in insect fecundity and development, as well as provide baseline data for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Zhifang Yang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Shunxiao Liu
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
- College of Agrarian Technology and Natural Resources, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy 40021, Ukraine
| | - Liuhao Wang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
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3
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Song F, Gu T, Zhang L, Zhang J, You S, Qi W, Su R. Rational design of tryptophan hydroxylation 1 for improving 5-Hydroxytryptophan production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 165:110198. [PMID: 36736156 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is a chemical precursor of serotonin, which synthesizes melatonin and serotonin in animals and regulates mood, sleep, and behavior. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) uses tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as a cofactor to hydroxylate L-tryptophan (L-Trp) to 5-HTP, and the low catalytic activity of TPH limits the rate of hydroxylation of L-Trp. In this study, the catalytic mechanism and structural features of L-Trp-TPH1-BH4 were investigated, and the catalytic activity was improved using a rational design strategy. Then the S337A/F318Y beneficial mutation was obtained. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the S337A/F318Y mutant formed a salt bridge with TPH1 while forming an additional hydrogen bond with the substrate indole ring, stabilizing the indole ring and enhancing the binding affinity of the variant to L-Trp. As a result, the yield of 5-HTP was increased by 2.06-fold, resulting in the production of 0.91 g/L of 5-HTP. The rational design of the TPH structure to improve the hydroxylation efficiency of L-Trp offers the prospect of green production of 5-HTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Song
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Tao Gu
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Shengping You
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Wei Qi
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Rongxin Su
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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4
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Sahoo DK, Dasgupta S, Kistwal T, Datta A. Fluorescence monitoring of binding of a Zn (II) complex of a Schiff base with human serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:1515-1522. [PMID: 36442551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Zn (II) complexes of Schiff bases have potential applications in biomedical sciences as imaging agents, cancer therapeutics and diagnostics. Thus, it is important to understand their interaction with carrier proteins, like serum albumins. The present paper focuses on the binding interactions between Human serum albumin (HSA) and Znsalampy, making use of fluorescence spectroscopic techniques at ensemble as well as at single molecular level. An idea about the binding constant is obtained from the quenching of the single Trp (Tryptophan) residue of HSA by Znsalampy. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has also been used to monitor the protein-ligand binding. The location of Znsalampy in its complex with HSA is determined by competitive binding experiments and molecular docking calculations. The binding constant obtained from the Znsalampy-HSA interaction falls in the ideal range for biological applications and the location is found to be in the proximity of Sudlow's site I. The esterase activity of HSA is retained in the presence of the Znsalampy. Hence, it is concluded that this Znsalampy may be a potential probe and biomarker in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Souradip Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Tanuja Kistwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India.
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5
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Zhu K, Liu C, Gao Y, Lu J, Wang D, Zhang H. Cryo-EM Structure and Activator Screening of Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:907437. [PMID: 36046836 PMCID: PMC9420949 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.907437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin. Its dysfunction has been implicated in various psychiatric disorders such as depression, autism, and bipolar disorder. TPH2 is typically decreased in stability and catalytic activity in patients; thus, screening of molecules capable of binding and stabilizing the structure of TPH2 in activated conformation is desired for drug development in mental disorder treatment. Here, we solved the 3.0 Å cryo-EM structure of the TPH2 tetramer. Then, based on the structure, we conducted allosteric site prediction and small-molecule activator screening to the obtained cavity. ZINC000068568685 was successfully selected as the best candidate with highest binding affinity. To better understand the driving forces and binding stability of the complex, we performed molecular dynamics simulation, which indicates that ZINC000068568685 has great potential to stabilize the folding of the TPH2 tetramer to facilitate its activity. The research might shed light on the development of novel drugs targeting TPH2 for the treatment of psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongfu Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanzhu Gao
- Cryo-EM Facility Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Orthopedic Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Daping Wang, ; Huawei Zhang,
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Daping Wang, ; Huawei Zhang,
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6
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Specker E, Matthes S, Wesolowski R, Schütz A, Grohmann M, Alenina N, Pleimes D, Mallow K, Neuenschwander M, Gogolin A, Weise M, Pfeifer J, Ziebart N, Heinemann U, von Kries JP, Nazaré M, Bader M. Structure-Based Design of Xanthine-Benzimidazole Derivatives as Novel and Potent Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11126-11149. [PMID: 35921615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylases catalyze the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of serotonin. Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and, in the periphery, functions as a local hormone with multiple physiological functions. Studies in genetically altered mouse models have shown that dysregulation of peripheral serotonin levels leads to metabolic, inflammatory, and fibrotic diseases. Overproduction of serotonin by tumor cells causes severe symptoms typical for the carcinoid syndrome, and tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitors are already in clinical use for patients suffering from this disease. Here, we describe a novel class of potent tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitors, characterized by spanning all active binding sites important for catalysis, specifically those of the cosubstrate pterin, the substrate tryptophan as well as directly chelating the catalytic iron ion. The inhibitors were designed to efficiently reduce serotonin in the periphery while not passing the blood-brain barrier, thus preserving serotonin levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Specker
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Susann Matthes
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Wesolowski
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Anja Schütz
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Maik Grohmann
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Pleimes
- SCINSPIRE Holding & Consulting GmbH, Dunckerstr. 25, 10437 Berlin, Germany
| | - Keven Mallow
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Martin Neuenschwander
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Angelina Gogolin
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,Berliner Hochschule für Technik (BHT), Luxemburger Str. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Weise
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,Berliner Hochschule für Technik (BHT), Luxemburger Str. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Pfeifer
- Berliner Hochschule für Technik (BHT), Luxemburger Str. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nandor Ziebart
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Peter von Kries
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Marc Nazaré
- Chemical Biology Platform, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str.10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany.,University of Lübeck, Institute for Biology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Xie X, Ding D, Bai D, Zhu Y, Sun W, Sun Y, Zhang D. Melatonin biosynthesis pathways in nature and its production in engineered microorganisms. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:544-553. [PMID: 35087957 PMCID: PMC8761603 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a biogenic amine that can be found in plants, animals and microorganism. The metabolic pathway of melatonin is different in various organisms, and biosynthetic endogenous melatonin acts as a molecular signal and antioxidant protection against external stress. Microbial synthesis pathways of melatonin are similar to those of animals but different from those of plants. At present, the method of using microorganism fermentation to produce melatonin is gradually prevailing, and exploring the biosynthetic pathway of melatonin to modify microorganism is becoming the mainstream, which has more advantages than traditional chemical synthesis. Here, we review recent advances in the synthesis, optimization of melatonin pathway. l-tryptophan is one of the two crucial precursors for the synthesis of melatonin, which can be produced through a four-step reaction. Enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis have low specificity and catalytic efficiency. Site-directed mutation, directed evolution or promotion of cofactor synthesis can enhance enzyme activity and increase the metabolic flow to promote microbial melatonin production. On the whole, the status and bottleneck of melatonin biosynthesis can be improved to a higher level, providing an effective reference for future microbial modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xie
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116000, PR China
| | - Dongqin Ding
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Danyang Bai
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Tianjin University of science and technology, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Yumei Sun
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116000, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Corresponding author. Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China.
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8
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Mammoli A, Riccio A, Bianconi E, Coletti A, Camaioni E, Macchiarulo A. One Key and Multiple Locks: Substrate Binding in Structures of Tryptophan Dioxygenases and Hydroxylases. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2732-2743. [PMID: 34137184 PMCID: PMC8518741 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery at the beginning of the past century, the essential nutrient l-Tryptophan (l-Trp) and its catabolic pathways have acquired an increasing interest in an ever wider scientific community for their pivotal roles in underlying many important physiological functions and associated pathological conditions. As a consequence, enzymes catalyzing rate limiting steps along l-Trp catabolic pathways - including IDO1, TDO, TPH1 and TPH2 - have turned to be interesting drug targets for the design and development of novel therapeutic agents for different disorders such as carcinoid syndrome, cancer and autoimmune diseases. This article provides a fresh comparative overview on the most recent advancements that crystallographic studies, biophysical and computational works have brought on structural aspects and molecular recognition patterns of these enzymes toward l-Trp. Finally, a conformational analysis of l-Trp is also discussed as part of the molecular recognition process governing the binding of a substrate to its cognate enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mammoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Alessandra Riccio
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Elisa Bianconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaP. le Gambuli06132PerugiaItaly
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaVia del Liceo N. 106123PerugiaItaly
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9
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Toxic Feedback Loop Involving Iron, Reactive Oxygen Species, α-Synuclein and Neuromelanin in Parkinson's Disease and Intervention with Turmeric. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5920-5936. [PMID: 34426907 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02516-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder associated with severe loss of mainly dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Pathological hallmarks include Lewy bodies, and loss of neuromelanin, due to degeneration of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. Despite being described over 200 years ago, the etiology of PD remains unknown. Here, we highlight the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), iron, alpha synuclein (α-syn) and neuromelanin in a toxic feedback loop culminating in neuronal death and spread of the disease. Dopaminergic neurons are particularly vulnerable due to decreased antioxidant concentration with aging, constant exposure to ROS and presence of neurotoxic compounds (e.g. ortho-quinones). ROS and iron increase each other's levels, creating a state of oxidative stress. α-Syn aggregation is influenced by ROS and iron but also increases ROS and iron via its induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ferric-reductase activity. Neuromelanin's binding affinity is affected by increased ROS and iron. Furthermore, during neuronal death, neuromelanin is degraded in the extracellular space, releasing its bound toxins. This cycle of events continues to neighboring neurons in the form of a toxic loop, causing PD pathology. The increase in ROS and iron may be an important target for therapies to disrupt this toxic loop, and therefore diets rich in certain 'nutraceuticals' may be beneficial. Turmeric is an attractive candidate, as it is known to have anti-oxidant and iron chelating properties. More studies are needed to test this theory and if validated, this would be a step towards development of lifestyle-based therapeutic modalities to complement existing PD treatments.
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10
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Mordhorst A, Dhandapani P, Matthes S, Mosienko V, Rothe M, Todiras M, Self J, Schunck WH, Schütz A, Bader M, Alenina N. Phenylalanine hydroxylase contributes to serotonin synthesis in mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21648. [PMID: 33993565 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100366r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is an important signaling molecule in the periphery and in the brain. The hydroxylation of tryptophan is the first and rate-limiting step of its synthesis. In most vertebrates, two enzymes have been described to catalyze this step, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) 1 and 2, with expression localized to peripheral and neuronal cells, respectively. However, animals lacking both TPH isoforms still exhibit about 10% of normal serotonin levels in the blood demanding an additional source of the monoamine. In this study, we provide evidence by the gain and loss of function approaches in in vitro and in vivo systems, including stable-isotope tracing in mice, that phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is a third TPH in mammals. PAH contributes to serotonin levels in the blood, and may be important as a local source of serotonin in organs in which no other TPHs are expressed, such as liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mordhorst
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charite - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Priyavathi Dhandapani
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susann Matthes
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Mosienko
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mihail Todiras
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Nicolae Testemiţanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chișinău, Moldova
| | - Julie Self
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf-Hagen Schunck
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schütz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charite - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Meng SH, Zhou HB, Li X, Wang MX, Kang LX, Fu JM, Li X, Li XT, Zhao YS. Association Between Dietary Iron Intake and Serum Ferritin and Severe Headache or Migraine. Front Nutr 2021; 8:685564. [PMID: 34295917 PMCID: PMC8289886 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.685564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary iron intake and serum ferritin in relation to severe headache or migraine remain largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the associations between dietary iron intake and serum ferritin with severe headache or migraine among American adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 7,880 adults (≥20 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) of America from 1999 to 2004. We performed multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression to assess the association of dietary iron and serum ferritin with severe headache or migraine. Results: Most women aged 20-50 years consumed less dietary iron than their recommended dietary allowances. Dietary iron intake was inversely associated with severe headache or migraine in women aged 20-50 years. For women over 50 years, serum ferritin was negatively associated with severe headache or migraine. For men, there was no significant relationship between dietary iron and serum ferritin, and severe headache or migraine. Conclusions: Dietary iron intake has different effects on migraine in women of different ages, and this different effect may be due to age-related menstrual changes. Women aged 20-50 years should have a higher awareness of RDA and increase their dietary iron intake if needed, which may play an important role in preventing severe headache or migraine. Higher serum ferritin levels in women aged 50 and above may have a protective effect against migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Han Meng
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Xue Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Xin Kang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jin-Ming Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Ting Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ya-Shuang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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12
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Liu XX, Zhang B, Ai LZ. Advances in the Microbial Synthesis of 5-Hydroxytryptophan. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:624503. [PMID: 33634088 PMCID: PMC7901931 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.624503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) plays an important role in the regulation of emotion, behavior, sleep, pain, body temperature, and other physiological functions. It is used in the treatment of depression, insomnia, migraine, and other diseases. Due to a lack of effective biosynthesis methods, 5-HTP is mainly obtained by natural extraction, which has been unable to meet the needs of the market. Through the directed evolution of enzymes and the introduction of substrate supply pathways, 5-HTP biosynthesis and yield increase have been realized. This review provides examples that illustrate the production mode of 5-HTP and the latest progress in microbial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lian-Zhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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13
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Ding Q, Tian Y, Wang X, Li P, Su D, Wu C, Zhang W, Tang B. Oxidative Damage of Tryptophan Hydroxylase-2 Mediated by Peroxisomal Superoxide Anion Radical in Brains of Mouse with Depression. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20735-20743. [PMID: 33237755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Depression is intimately linked with oxidative stress in the brains. Peroxisome plays vital roles in the regulation of intracellular redox balance by keeping reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Available evidence indicates a possible relationship between peroxisomal ROS and depression. Even so, the underlying modulation mechanisms of peroxisomal ROS in depression are still rudimentary due to the limitations of the existing detecting methods. Hence, we developed a two-photon fluorescent probe TCP for the real-time visualization of the first produced ROS superoxide anion radical (O2•-) in peroxisome. Using the two-photon fluorescence imaging, we found that peroxisomal O2•- rose during oxidative stress in the mouse brains, resulting in the inactivation of catalase (CAT). Subsequently, the intracellular H2O2 level elevated, which further oxidized tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2). Then the decrease contents of TPH2 caused the dysfunction of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system in the mouse brains, eventually leading to depression-like behaviors. Our work provides evidence of a peroxisomal O2•- mediated signaling pathway in depression, which will conduce to pinpoint potential targets for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ding
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tian
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanchen Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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14
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Chen AY, Adamek RN, Dick BL, Credille CV, Morrison CN, Cohen SM. Targeting Metalloenzymes for Therapeutic Intervention. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1323-1455. [PMID: 30192523 PMCID: PMC6405328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes in these processes also makes them central for the progression of many diseases and, as such, makes metalloenzymes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Increasing awareness of the role metalloenzymes play in disease and their importance as a class of targets has amplified interest in the development of new strategies to develop inhibitors and ultimately useful drugs. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of several drug discovery efforts focused on metalloenzymes and attempt to map out the current landscape of high-value metalloenzyme targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rebecca N Adamek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Benjamin L Dick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Cy V Credille
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Christine N Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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15
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Subedi BP, Fitzpatrick PF. Mutagenesis of an Active-Site Loop in Tryptophan Hydroxylase Dramatically Slows the Formation of an Early Intermediate in Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5185-5192. [PMID: 29589922 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solution studies of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases are consistent with the FeIVO intermediate not forming until both the amino acid and tetrahydropterin substrates have bound. Structural studies have shown that the positions of active-site loops differs significantly between the free enzyme and the enzyme-amino acid-tetrahydropterin complex. In tryptophan hydroxylase (TrpH) these mobile loops contain residues 124-134 and 365-371, with a key interaction involving Ile366. The I366N mutation in TrpH results in decreases of 1-2 orders of magnitude in the kcat and kcat/ Km values. Single turnover analyses establish that the limiting rate constant for turnover is product release for the wild-type enzyme but is formation of the first detectable intermediate I in catalysis in the mutant enzyme. The mutation does not alter the kinetics of NO binding to the ternary complex nor does it uncouple FeIVO formation from amino acid hydroxylation. The effects on the kcat value of wild-type TrpH of changing viscosity are consistent with rate-limiting product release. While the effect of viscosity on the kcat/ KO2 value is small, consistent with reversible oxygen binding, the effects on the kcat/ Km values for tryptophan and the tetrahydropterin are large, with the latter value exceeding the expected limit and varying with the identity of the viscogen. In contrast, the kinetic parameters of I366N TrpH show small changes with viscosity. The results are consistent with binding of the amino acid and pterin substrate to form the ternary complex being directly coupled to closure of loops over the active site and formation of the reactive complex. The mutation destabilizes this initial event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Subedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78229 , United States
| | - Paul F Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas 78229 , United States
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16
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Tidemand KD, Peters GH, Harris P, Stensgaard E, Christensen HEM. Isoform-Specific Substrate Inhibition Mechanism of Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6155-6164. [PMID: 29035515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin, which is associated with a variety of disorders such as depression and irritable bowel syndrome. TPH exists in two isoforms: TPH1 and TPH2. TPH1 catalyzes the initial step in the synthesis of serotonin in the peripheral tissues, while TPH2 catalyzes this step in the brain. In this study, the steady-state kinetic mechanism for the catalytic domain of human TPH1 has been determined. Varying substrate tryptophan (Trp) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) results in a hybrid Ping Pong-ordered mechanism in which the reaction can either occur through a Ping Pong or a sequential mechanism depending on the concentration of tryptophan. The catalytic domain of TPH1 shares a sequence identity of 81% with TPH2. Despite the high sequence identity, differences in the kinetic parameters of the isoforms have been identified; i.e., only TPH1 displays substrate tryptophan inhibition. This study demonstrates that the difference can be traced to an active site loop which displays different properties in the TPH isoforms. Steady-state kinetic results of the isoforms, and variants with point mutations in a loop lining the active site, show that the kinetic parameters of only TPH1 are significantly changed upon mutations. Mutations in the active site loop of TPH1 result in an increase in the substrate inhibition constant, Ki, and therefore turnover rate. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that this substrate inhibition mechanism occurs through a closure of the cosubstrate, BH4, binding pocket, which is induced by Trp binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper D Tidemand
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eva Stensgaard
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hans E M Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Zucca FA, Segura-Aguilar J, Ferrari E, Muñoz P, Paris I, Sulzer D, Sarna T, Casella L, Zecca L. Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:96-119. [PMID: 26455458 PMCID: PMC4826627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are several interrelated mechanisms involving iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin in neurons. Neuromelanin accumulates during aging and is the catecholamine-derived pigment of the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus, the two neuronal populations most targeted in Parkinson's disease. Many cellular redox reactions rely on iron, however an altered distribution of reactive iron is cytotoxic. In fact, increased levels of iron in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients are present. Dopamine accumulation can induce neuronal death; however, excess dopamine can be removed by converting it into a stable compound like neuromelanin, and this process rescues the cell. Interestingly, the main iron compound in dopamine and norepinephrine neurons is the neuromelanin-iron complex, since neuromelanin is an effective metal chelator. Neuromelanin serves to trap iron and provide neuronal protection from oxidative stress. This equilibrium between iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin is crucial for cell homeostasis and in some cellular circumstances can be disrupted. Indeed, when neuromelanin-containing organelles accumulate high load of toxins and iron during aging a neurodegenerative process can be triggered. In addition, neuromelanin released by degenerating neurons activates microglia and the latter cause neurons death with further release of neuromelanin, then starting a self-propelling mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Considering the above issues, age-related accumulation of neuromelanin in dopamine neurons shows an interesting link between aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Ferrari
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Santo Tomás University, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Waløen K, Kleppe R, Martinez A, Haavik J. Tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases as therapeutic targets in human disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 21:167-180. [PMID: 27973928 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1272581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ancient and ubiquitous monoamine signalling molecules serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are involved in multiple physiological functions. The aromatic amino acid hydroxylases tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) catalyse the rate-limiting steps in the biosynthesis of these monoamines. Genetic variants of TH, TPH1, and TPH2 genes are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. The interest in these enzymes as therapeutic targets is increasing as new roles of these monoamines have been discovered, not only in brain function and disease, but also in development, cardiovascular function, energy and bone homeostasis, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and liver function. Areas covered: Physiological roles of TH, TPH1, and TPH2. Enzyme structures, catalytic and regulatory mechanisms, animal models, and associated diseases. Interactions with inhibitors, pharmacological chaperones, and regulatory proteins relevant for drug development. Expert opinion: Established inhibitors of these enzymes mainly target their amino acid substrate binding site, while tetrahydrobiopterin analogues, iron chelators, and allosteric ligands are less studied. New insights into monoamine biology and 3D-structural information and new computational/experimental tools have triggered the development of a new generation of more selective inhibitors and pharmacological chaperones. The enzyme complexes with their regulatory 14-3-3 proteins are also emerging as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Waløen
- a Department of Biomedicine and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Rune Kleppe
- b Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- a Department of Biomedicine and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- a Department of Biomedicine and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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19
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Tidemand KD, Christensen HEM, Hoeck N, Harris P, Boesen J, Peters GH. Stabilization of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 by l-phenylalanine-induced dimerization. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:987-999. [PMID: 27761358 PMCID: PMC5055035 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) catalyses the initial and rate‐limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin, which is associated with a variety of disorders such as depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Full‐length TPH2 is poorly characterized due to low purification quantities caused by its inherent instability. Three truncated variants of human TPH2 (rchTPH2; regulatory and catalytic domain, NΔ47‐rchTPH2; truncation of 47 residues in the N terminus of rchTPH2, and chTPH2; catalytic domain) were expressed, purified, and examined for changes in transition temperature, inactivation rate, and oligomeric state. chTPH2 displayed 14‐ and 11‐fold higher half‐lives compared to rchTPH2 and NΔ47‐rchTPH2, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments demonstrated that this is caused by premature unfolding of the less stable regulatory domain. By differential scanning fluorimetry, the unfolding transitions of rchTPH2 and NΔ47‐rchTPH2 are found to shift from polyphasic to apparent two‐state by the addition of l‐Trp or l‐Phe. Analytical gel filtration revealed that rchTPH2 and NΔ47‐rchTPH2 reside in a monomer–dimer equilibrium which is significantly shifted toward dimer in the presence of l‐Phe. The dimerizing effect induced by l‐Phe is accompanied by a stabilizing effect, which resulted in a threefold increase in half‐lives of rchTPH2 and NΔ47‐rchTPH2. Addition of l‐Phe to the purification buffer significantly increases the purification yields, which will facilitate characterization of hTPH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper D Tidemand
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | | | - Niclas Hoeck
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jane Boesen
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Günther H Peters
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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20
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Germann SM, Baallal Jacobsen SA, Schneider K, Harrison SJ, Jensen NB, Chen X, Stahlhut SG, Borodina I, Luo H, Zhu J, Maury J, Forster J. Glucose-based microbial production of the hormone melatonin in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:717-24. [PMID: 26710256 PMCID: PMC5066760 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a natural mammalian hormone that plays an important role in regulating the circadian cycle in humans. It is a clinically effective drug exhibiting positive effects as a sleep aid and a powerful antioxidant used as a dietary supplement. Commercial melatonin production is predominantly performed by complex chemical synthesis. In this study, we demonstrate microbial production of melatonin and related compounds, such as serotonin and N‐acetylserotonin. We generated Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that comprise heterologous genes encoding one or more variants of an L‐tryptophan hydroxylase, a 5‐hydroxy‐L‐tryptophan decarboxylase, a serotonin acetyltransferase, an acetylserotonin O‐methyltransferase, and means for providing the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin via heterologous biosynthesis and recycling pathways. We thereby achieved de novo melatonin biosynthesis from glucose. We furthermore accomplished increased product titers by altering expression levels of selected pathway enzymes and boosting co‐factor supply. The final yeast strain produced melatonin at a titer of 14.50 ± 0.57 mg L−1 in a 76h fermentation using simulated fed‐batch medium with glucose as sole carbon source. Our study lays the basis for further developing a yeast cell factory for biological production of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Germann
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Simo A Baallal Jacobsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Schneider
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Scott J Harrison
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Niels B Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Xiao Chen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Steen G Stahlhut
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Hao Luo
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Jiangfeng Zhu
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Jérôme Maury
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Jochen Forster
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark.
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21
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Aubi O, Flydal MI, Zheng H, Skjærven L, Rekand I, Leiros HKS, Haug BE, Cianciotto NP, Martinez A, Underhaug J. Discovery of a Specific Inhibitor of Pyomelanin Synthesis in Legionella pneumophila. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8402-12. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Aubi
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marte I. Flydal
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Huaixin Zheng
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Lars Skjærven
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Illimar Rekand
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanna-Kirsti S. Leiros
- The
Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bengt Erik Haug
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicholas P. Cianciotto
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jarl Underhaug
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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22
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Slominski AT, Kleszczyński K, Semak I, Janjetovic Z, Zmijewski MA, Kim TK, Slominski RM, Reiter RJ, Fischer TW. Local melatoninergic system as the protector of skin integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17705-32. [PMID: 25272227 PMCID: PMC4227185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is not only a target for the protective actions of melatonin, but also a site of melatonin synthesis and metabolism, suggesting an important role for a local melatoninergic system in protection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induced damages. While melatonin exerts many effects on cell physiology and tissue homeostasis via membrane bound melatonin receptors, the strong protective effects of melatonin against the UVR-induced skin damage including DNA repair/protection seen at its high (pharmocological) concentrations indicate that these are mainly mediated through receptor-independent mechanisms or perhaps through activation of putative melatonin nuclear receptors. The destructive effects of the UVR are significantly counteracted or modulated by melatonin in the context of a complex intracutaneous melatoninergic anti-oxidative system with UVR-enhanced or UVR-independent melatonin metabolites. Therefore, endogenous intracutaneous melatonin production, together with topically-applied exogenous melatonin or metabolites would be expected to represent one of the most potent anti-oxidative defense systems against the UV-induced damage to the skin. In summary, we propose that melatonin can be exploited therapeutically as a protective agent or as a survival factor with anti-genotoxic properties or as a “guardian” of the genome and cellular integrity with clinical applications in UVR-induced pathology that includes carcinogenesis and skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Igor Semak
- Department of Biochemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus.
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Michał A Zmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-211, Poland.
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Tobias W Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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23
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Rajathei DM, Preethi J, Singh HK, Rajan KE. Molecular docking of bacosides with tryptophan hydroxylase: a model to understand the bacosides mechanism. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2014; 4:251-255. [PMID: 25089244 PMCID: PMC4111882 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyses l-tryptophan into 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan, which is the first and rate-limiting step of serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis. Earlier, we found that TPH2 up-regulated in the hippocampus of postnatal rats after the oral treatment of Bacopa monniera leaf extract containing the active compound bacosides. However, the knowledge about the interactions between bacosides with TPH is limited. In this study, we take advantage of in silico approach to understand the interaction of bacoside-TPH complex using three different docking algorithms such as HexDock, PatchDock and AutoDock. All these three algorithms showed that bacoside A and A3 well fit into the cavity consists of active sites. Further, our analysis revealed that major active compounds bacoside A3 and A interact with different residues of TPH through hydrogen bond. Interestingly, Tyr235, Thr265 and Glu317 are the key residues among them, but none of them are either at tryptophan or BH4 binding region. However, its note worthy to mention that Tyr 235 is a catalytic sensitive residue, Thr265 is present in the flexible loop region and Glu317 is known to interacts with Fe. Interactions with these residues may critically regulate TPH function and thus serotonin synthesis. Our study suggested that the interaction of bacosides (A3/A) with TPH might up-regulate its activity to elevate the biosynthesis of 5-HT, thereby enhances learning and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mary Rajathei
- Department of Bioinformtics, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024 India
| | - Jayakumar Preethi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024 India
| | - Hemant K. Singh
- Laboratories of CNS Disorder, Learning & Memory, Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 India
| | - Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024 India
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24
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Camp KM, Parisi MA, Acosta PB, Berry GT, Bilder DA, Blau N, Bodamer OA, Brosco JP, Brown CS, Burlina AB, Burton BK, Chang CS, Coates PM, Cunningham AC, Dobrowolski SF, Ferguson JH, Franklin TD, Frazier DM, Grange DK, Greene CL, Groft SC, Harding CO, Howell RR, Huntington KL, Hyatt-Knorr HD, Jevaji IP, Levy HL, Lichter-Konecki U, Lindegren ML, Lloyd-Puryear MA, Matalon K, MacDonald A, McPheeters ML, Mitchell JJ, Mofidi S, Moseley KD, Mueller CM, Mulberg AE, Nerurkar LS, Ogata BN, Pariser AR, Prasad S, Pridjian G, Rasmussen SA, Reddy UM, Rohr FJ, Singh RH, Sirrs SM, Stremer SE, Tagle DA, Thompson SM, Urv TK, Utz JR, van Spronsen F, Vockley J, Waisbren SE, Weglicki LS, White DA, Whitley CB, Wilfond BS, Yannicelli S, Young JM. Phenylketonuria Scientific Review Conference: state of the science and future research needs. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 112:87-122. [PMID: 24667081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
New developments in the treatment and management of phenylketonuria (PKU) as well as advances in molecular testing have emerged since the National Institutes of Health 2000 PKU Consensus Statement was released. An NIH State-of-the-Science Conference was convened in 2012 to address new findings, particularly the use of the medication sapropterin to treat some individuals with PKU, and to develop a research agenda. Prior to the 2012 conference, five working groups of experts and public members met over a 1-year period. The working groups addressed the following: long-term outcomes and management across the lifespan; PKU and pregnancy; diet control and management; pharmacologic interventions; and molecular testing, new technologies, and epidemiologic considerations. In a parallel and independent activity, an Evidence-based Practice Center supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality conducted a systematic review of adjuvant treatments for PKU; its conclusions were presented at the conference. The conference included the findings of the working groups, panel discussions from industry and international perspectives, and presentations on topics such as emerging treatments for PKU, transitioning to adult care, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory perspective. Over 85 experts participated in the conference through information gathering and/or as presenters during the conference, and they reached several important conclusions. The most serious neurological impairments in PKU are preventable with current dietary treatment approaches. However, a variety of more subtle physical, cognitive, and behavioral consequences of even well-controlled PKU are now recognized. The best outcomes in maternal PKU occur when blood phenylalanine (Phe) concentrations are maintained between 120 and 360 μmol/L before and during pregnancy. The dietary management treatment goal for individuals with PKU is a blood Phe concentration between 120 and 360 μmol/L. The use of genotype information in the newborn period may yield valuable insights about the severity of the condition for infants diagnosed before maximal Phe levels are achieved. While emerging and established genotype-phenotype correlations may transform our understanding of PKU, establishing correlations with intellectual outcomes is more challenging. Regarding the use of sapropterin in PKU, there are significant gaps in predicting response to treatment; at least half of those with PKU will have either minimal or no response. A coordinated approach to PKU treatment improves long-term outcomes for those with PKU and facilitates the conduct of research to improve diagnosis and treatment. New drugs that are safe, efficacious, and impact a larger proportion of individuals with PKU are needed. However, it is imperative that treatment guidelines and the decision processes for determining access to treatments be tied to a solid evidence base with rigorous standards for robust and consistent data collection. The process that preceded the PKU State-of-the-Science Conference, the conference itself, and the identification of a research agenda have facilitated the development of clinical practice guidelines by professional organizations and serve as a model for other inborn errors of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Camp
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA.
| | - Melissa A Parisi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | - Gerard T Berry
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Deborah A Bilder
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Nenad Blau
- University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Olaf A Bodamer
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Jeffrey P Brosco
- University of Miami Mailman Center for Child Development, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
| | | | | | - Barbara K Burton
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Christine S Chang
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Paul M Coates
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA.
| | - Amy C Cunningham
- Tulane University Medical School, Hayward Genetics Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | | | - John H Ferguson
- Office of Rare Diseases Research, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA.
| | | | | | - Dorothy K Grange
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Carol L Greene
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Stephen C Groft
- Office of Rare Diseases Research, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA.
| | - Cary O Harding
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - R Rodney Howell
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | | | - Henrietta D Hyatt-Knorr
- Office of Rare Diseases Research, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA.
| | - Indira P Jevaji
- Office of Research on Women's Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.
| | - Harvey L Levy
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Uta Lichter-Konecki
- George Washington University, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Melissa L McPheeters
- Vanderbilt Evidence-based Practice Center, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
| | - John J Mitchell
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec H3H 1P3, Canada.
| | - Shideh Mofidi
- Maria Fareri Children's Hospital of Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
| | - Kathryn D Moseley
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Christine M Mueller
- Office of Orphan Products Development, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Andrew E Mulberg
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Lata S Nerurkar
- Office of Rare Diseases Research, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA.
| | - Beth N Ogata
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Anne R Pariser
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Suyash Prasad
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA 94901, USA.
| | - Gabriella Pridjian
- Tulane University Medical School, Hayward Genetics Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | | | - Uma M Reddy
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | - Sandra M Sirrs
- Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | | | - Danilo A Tagle
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Susan M Thompson
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Tiina K Urv
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jeanine R Utz
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Francjan van Spronsen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center of Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Netherlands.
| | - Jerry Vockley
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Susan E Waisbren
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Linda S Weglicki
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Desirée A White
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | | | - Benjamin S Wilfond
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | | | - Justin M Young
- The Young Face, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cumming, GA 30041, USA.
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25
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Krzyaniak MD, Eser BE, Ellis HR, Fitzpatrick PF, McCracken J. Pulsed EPR study of amino acid and tetrahydropterin binding in a tyrosine hydroxylase nitric oxide complex: evidence for substrate rearrangements in the formation of the oxygen-reactive complex. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8430-41. [PMID: 24168553 DOI: 10.1021/bi4010914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase is a nonheme iron enzyme found in the nervous system that catalyzes the hydroxylation of tyrosine to form l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the catecholamine neurotransmitters. Catalysis requires the binding of three substrates: tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and molecular oxygen. We have used nitric oxide as an O₂ surrogate to poise Fe(II) at the catalytic site in an S = 3/2, {FeNO}⁷ form amenable to EPR spectroscopy. ²H-electron spin echo envelope modulation was then used to measure the distance and orientation of specifically deuterated substrate tyrosine and cofactor 6-methyltetrahydropterin with respect to the magnetic axes of the {FeNO}⁷ paramagnetic center. Our results show that the addition of tyrosine triggers a conformational change in the enzyme that reduces the distance from the {FeNO}⁷ center to the closest deuteron on 6,7-²H-6-methyltetrahydropterin from >5.9 Å to 4.4 ± 0.2 Å. Conversely, the addition of 6-methyltetrahydropterin to enzyme samples treated with 3,5-²H-tyrosine resulted in reorientation of the magnetic axes of the S = 3/2, {FeNO}⁷ center with respect to the deuterated substrate. Taken together, these results show that the coordination of both substrate and cofactor direct the coordination of NO to Fe(II) at the active site. Parallel studies of a quaternary complex of an uncoupled tyrosine hydroxylase variant, E332A, show no change in the hyperfine coupling to substrate tyrosine and cofactor 6-methyltetrahydropterin. Our results are discussed in the context of previous spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies done on tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylalanine hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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26
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Roberts KM, Fitzpatrick PF. Mechanisms of tryptophan and tyrosine hydroxylase. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:350-7. [PMID: 23441081 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acid hydroxylases tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase are responsible for the initial steps in the formation of serotonin and the catecholamine neurotransmitters, respectively. Both enzymes are nonheme iron-dependent monooxygenases that catalyze the insertion of one atom of molecular oxygen onto the aromatic ring of their amino acid substrates, using a tetrahydropterin as a two electron donor to reduce the second oxygen atom to water. This review discusses the current understanding of the catalytic mechanism of these two enzymes. The reaction occurs as two sequential half reactions: a reaction between the active site iron, oxygen, and the tetrahydropterin to form a reactive Fe(IV) O intermediate and hydroxylation of the amino acid by the Fe(IV) O. The mechanism of formation of the Fe(IV) O is unclear; however, considerable evidence suggests the formation of an Fe(II) -peroxypterin intermediate. The amino acid is hydroxylated by the Fe(IV) O intermediate in an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
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27
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Torrente MP, Gelenberg AJ, Vrana KE. Boosting serotonin in the brain: is it time to revamp the treatment of depression? J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:629-35. [PMID: 22158544 PMCID: PMC3325323 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111430744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in serotonin systems are presumably linked to various psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and depression. Medications intended for these disorders aim to either block the reuptake or the degradation of this neurotransmitter. In an alternative approach, efforts have been made to enhance serotonin levels through dietary manipulation of precursor levels with modest clinical success. In the last 30 years, there has been little improvement in the pharmaceutical management of depression, and now is the time to revisit therapeutic strategies for the treatment of this disease. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin. A recently discovered isoform, TPH2, is responsible for serotonin biosynthesis in the brain. Learning how to activate this enzyme (and its polymorphic versions) may lead to a new, more selective generation of antidepressants, able to regulate the levels of serotonin in the brain with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Torrente
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alan J Gelenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kent E Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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28
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Olsson E, Martinez A, Teigen K, Jensen VR. Formation of the iron-oxo hydroxylating species in the catalytic cycle of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Chemistry 2011; 17:3746-58. [PMID: 21351297 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first part of the catalytic cycle of the pterin-dependent, dioxygen-using nonheme-iron aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, leading to the Fe(IV)=O hydroxylating intermediate, has been investigated by means of density functional theory. The starting structure in the present investigation is the water-free Fe-O(2) complex cluster model that represents the catalytically competent form of the enzymes. A model for this structure was obtained in a previous study of water-ligand dissociation from the hexacoordinate model complex of the X-ray crystal structure of the catalytic domain of phenylalanine hydroxylase in complex with the cofactor (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) (PAH-Fe(II)-BH(4)). The O-O bond rupture and two-electron oxidation of the cofactor are found to take place via a Fe-O-O-BH(4) bridge structure that is formed in consecutive radical reactions involving a superoxide ion, O(2)(-). The overall effective free-energy barrier to formation of the Fe(IV)=O species is calculated to be 13.9 kcal mol(-1), less than 2 kcal mol(-1) lower than that derived from experiment. The rate-limiting step is associated with a one-electron transfer from the cofactor to dioxygen, whereas the spin inversion needed to arrive at the quintet state in which the O-O bond cleavage is finalized, essentially proceeds without activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Olsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway
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29
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Wang S, Lasagna M, Daubner SC, Reinhart GD, Fitzpatrick PF. Fluorescence spectroscopy as a probe of the effect of phosphorylation at serine 40 of tyrosine hydroxylase on the conformation of its regulatory domain. Biochemistry 2011; 50:2364-70. [PMID: 21302933 DOI: 10.1021/bi101844p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of Ser40 in the regulatory domain of tyrosine hydroxylase activates the enzyme by increasing the rate constant for dissociation of inhibitory catecholamines from the active site by 3 orders of magnitude. To probe the changes in the structure of the N-terminal domain upon phosphorylation, individual phenylalanine residues at positions 14, 34, and 74 were replaced with tryptophan in a form of the protein in which the endogenous tryptophans had all been mutated to phenylalanine (W(3)F TyrH). The steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of F74W W(3)F TyrH was unaffected by phosphorylation, but the anisotropies of both F14W and F34W W(3)F TyrH increased significantly upon phosphorylation. The fluorescence of the single tryptophan residue at position 74 was less readily quenched by acrylamide than those at the other two positions; fluorescence increased the rate constant for quenching of the residues at positions 14 and 34 but did not affect that for the residue at position 74. Frequency domain analyses were consistent with phosphorylation having no effect on the amplitude of the rotational motion of the indole ring at position 74, resulting in a small increase in the rotational motion of the residue at position 14 and resulting in a larger increase in the rotational motion of the residue at position 34. These results are consistent with the local environment at position 74 being unaffected by phosphorylation, that at position 34 becoming much more flexible upon phosphorylation, and that at position 14 becoming slightly more flexible upon phosphorylation. The results support a model in which phosphorylation at Ser40 at the N-terminus of the regulatory domain causes a conformational change to a more open conformation in which the N-terminus of the protein no longer inhibits dissociation of a bound catecholamine from the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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30
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Cianchetta G, Stouch T, Yu W, Shi ZC, Tari LW, Swanson RV, Hunter MJ, Hoffman ID, Liu Q. Mechanism of Inhibition of Novel Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitors Revealed by Co-crystal Structures and Kinetic Analysis. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2010; 4:19-26. [PMID: 20556201 PMCID: PMC2885594 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301004010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trytophan Hydroxylase Type I (TPH1), most abundantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, initiates the synthesis of serotonin by catalyzing hydroxylation of tryptophan in the presence of biopterin and oxygen. We have previously described three series of novel, periphery-specific TPH1 inhibitors that selectively deplete serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract. We have now determined co-crystal structures of TPH1 with three of these inhibitors at high resolution. Analysis of the structural data showed that each of the three inhibitors fills the tryptophan binding pocket of TPH1 without reaching into the binding site of the cofactor pterin, and induces major conformational changes of the enzyme. The enzyme-inhibitor complexes assume a compact conformation that is similar to the one in tryptophan complex. Kinetic analysis showed that all three inhibitors are competitive versus the substrate tryptophan, consistent with the structural data that the compounds occupy the tryptophan binding site. On the other hand, all three inhibitors appear to be uncompetitive versus the cofactor 6-methyltetrahydropterin, which is not only consistent with the structural data but also indicate that the hydroxylation reaction follows an ordered binding mechanism in which a productive complex is formed only if tryptophan binds only after pterin, similar to the kinetic mechanisms of tyrosine and phenylalanine hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cianchetta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 Carter Rd., Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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31
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The Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylase Mechanism: A Perspective From Computational Chemistry. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(10)62011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Haahr LT, Jensen KP, Boesen J, Christensen HEM. Experimentally calibrated computational chemistry of tryptophan hydroxylase: trans influence, hydrogen-bonding, and 18-electron rule govern O2-activation. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 104:136-45. [PMID: 19939457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Insight into the nature of oxygen activation in tryptophan hydroxylase has been obtained from density functional computations. Conformations of O(2)-bound intermediates have been studied with oxygen trans to glutamate and histidine, respectively. An O(2)-adduct with O(2)trans to histidine (O(his)) and a peroxo intermediate with peroxide trans to glutamate (P(glu)) were found to be consistent (0.57-0.59mm/s) with experimental Mössbauer isomer shifts (0.55mm/s) and had low computed free energies. The weaker trans influence of histidine is shown to give rise to a bent O(2) coordination mode with O(2) pointing towards the cofactor and a more activated O-O bond (1.33A) than in O(glu) (1.30A). It is shown that the cofactor can hydrogen bond to O(2) and activate the O-O bond further (from 1.33 to 1.38A). The O(his) intermediate leads to a ferryl intermediate (F(his)) with an isomer shift of 0.34mm/s, also consistent with the experimental value (0.25mm/s) which we propose as the structure of the hydroxylating intermediate, with the tryptophan substrate well located for further reaction 3.5A from the ferryl group. Based on the optimized transition states, the activation barriers for the two paths (glu and his) are similar, so a two-state scenario involving O(his) and P(glu) is possible. A structure of the activated deoxy state which is high-spin implies that the valence electron count has been lowered from 18 to 16 (glutamate becomes bidentate), giving a "green light" that invites O(2)-binding. Our mechanism of oxygen activation in tryptophan hydroxylase does not require inversion of spin, which may be an important observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laerke T Haahr
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DK, Denmark
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Windahl MS, Boesen J, Karlsen PE, Christensen HEM. Expression, Purification and Enzymatic Characterization of the Catalytic Domains of Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase Isoforms. Protein J 2009; 28:400-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-009-9207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Helmetag V, Samel SA, Thomas MG, Marahiel MA, Essen LO. Structural basis for the erythro-stereospecificity of the L-arginine oxygenase VioC in viomycin biosynthesis. FEBS J 2009; 276:3669-82. [PMID: 19490124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nonheme iron oxygenase VioC from Streptomyces vinaceus catalyzes Fe(II)-dependent and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent Cbeta-hydroxylation of L-arginine during the biosynthesis of the tuberactinomycin antibiotic viomycin. Crystal structures of VioC were determined in complexes with the cofactor Fe(II), the substrate L-arginine, the product (2S,3S)-hydroxyarginine and the coproduct succinate at 1.1-1.3 A resolution. The overall structure reveals a beta-helix core fold with two additional helical subdomains that are common to nonheme iron oxygenases of the clavaminic acid synthase-like superfamily. In contrast to other clavaminic acid synthase-like oxygenases, which catalyze the formation of threo diastereomers, VioC produces the erythro diastereomer of Cbeta-hydroxylated L-arginine. This unexpected stereospecificity is caused by conformational control of the bound substrate, which enforces a gauche(-) conformer for chi(1) instead of the trans conformers observed for the asparagine oxygenase AsnO and other members of the clavaminic acid synthase-like superfamily. Additionally, the substrate specificity of VioC was investigated. The side chain of the L-arginine substrate projects outwards from the active site by undergoing interactions mainly with the C-terminal helical subdomain. Accordingly, VioC exerts broadened substrate specificity by accepting the analogs L-homoarginine and L-canavanine for Cbeta-hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Helmetag
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
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