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Luo Q, Tian M, Luo F, Zhao M, Lin C, Qiu B, Wang J, Lin Z. Multicolor Biosensor for Trypsin Detection Based on the Regulation of the Peroxidase Activity of Bovine Serum Albumin-Coated Gold Nanoclusters and Etching of Gold Nanobipyramids. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2390-2397. [PMID: 36638045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The detection of trypsin is significantly important for both clinical diagnosis and disease treatment. In this study, an innovative multicolor sensor for trypsin detection has been established based on the regulation of the peroxidase activity of bovine serum albumin-coated gold nanoclusters (BSA-Au NCs) and efficient etching of gold nanobipyramids (Au NBPs). BSA-Au NCs have slight peroxidase enzyme activity and can catalyze the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to generate TMB+, while trypsin can hydrolyze BSA ligands on the surface of BSA-Au NCs, thus exposing more catalytic active sites of BSA-Au NCs and resulting in the enhancement of the peroxidase activity of BSA-Au NCs, hence more TMB+ is generated. Under acidic conditions, TMB+ can etch Au NBPs efficiently, consequently affecting the aspect ratio of Au NBPs accompanied by the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra blue shifting of the system. Furthermore, this also results in color variations that can be distinguished and recognized by naked eyes without any expensive and sophisticated instruments. This multicolor sensor has an available linear relationship with the logarithm of the trypsin concentration in the range of 0.1-100 μg/mL, and the detection limit is 0.045 μg/mL. The designed sensor has been used to detect the concentration of trypsin in human serum samples from healthy individuals and pancreatitis patients with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian350116, China
| | - Mengjian Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian350116, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian350116, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian361005, China.,Computer Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian361005, China
| | - Cuiying Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian350116, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian350116, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian350116, China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian350116, China
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2
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Cai Y, Dong T, Zhang X, Liu A. Morphology and Enzyme-Mimicking Activity of Copper Nanoassemblies Regulated by Peptide: Mechanism, Ultrasensitive Assaying of Trypsin, and Screening of Trypsin Inhibitors. Anal Chem 2022; 94:18099-18106. [PMID: 36515251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To regulate nanostructure synthesis is of crucial importance for developing various applications, including catalysis, bioanalysis, and optical devices. Herein, the morphology and peroxidase (POD)-mimicking activity of peptide-templated copper nanoassemblies (Cu NAs) are regulable with peptide types. The Cu NAs templated with peptide containing single cysteine are uniform nanoclusters with strong POD-like activity. However, the Cu NAs templated with peptide containing two cysteines are fusiform-like with very weak POD-like activity. Unexpectedly, the POD-like activity of Cu NAs templated with peptide containing two cysteines with lysine between the cysteines is significantly enhanced when trypsin is incubated, which is unchanged for the Cu NAs templated with peptide containing two cysteines without lysine between the cysteines. The remarkably enhanced POD-mimicking activity originates from trypsin specifically shearing the peptide bond on the lysine, thereby allowing the aggregated Cu NAs to unravel into individual nanoclusters. Therefore, a robust colorimetric sensing platform was constructed for sensitive and selective detection of trypsin, which showed a linear concentration range of 3-1000 nM and a detection limit of 0.82 nM (S/N = 3). More interestingly, featured by trypsin inhibitor restraining trypsin activity, it enabled us to screen trypsin inhibitors as well. Subsequently, the developed assay was applied to detect trypsin in serum samples with good accuracy and reproducibility. Thus, this strategy shows great potential application in the clinic for diagnosis of trypsin-indicating diseases as well as the screening of trypsin inhibitor-based anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cai
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao 266071, China.,School of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tao Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Rd, Qingdao 266071, China
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3
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Ping J, Wu W, Qi L, Liu J, Liu J, Zhao B, Wang Q, Yu L, Lin JM, Hu Q. Hydrogel-assisted paper-based lateral flow sensor for the detection of trypsin in human serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 192:113548. [PMID: 34385014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The detection of trypsin and its inhibitor is significantly important for both clinical diagnosis and disease treatment. Herein, we demonstrate a hydrogel-assisted paper-based lateral flow sensor for the detection of trypsin and its inhibitor for the first time. The gelatin hydrogel is hydrolyzed based on the gel-to-sol transition in the presence of trypsin, which results in the release of the trapped water molecules in the gelatin hydrogel. By placing one end of a pH indicator strip onto the hydrolyzed gelatin hydrogel, water is flowing along the pH indicator strip. However, in the absence of trypsin, water cannot flow along the pH indicator strip as the water molecules are trapped in the gelatin hydrogel. The detection limit of the system reaches as low as 1.0 × 10-6 mg/mL, and it is also applied to the quantitative detection of trypsin in human serum. In addition, the detection of a clinical drug aprotinin that is an inhibitor of trypsin is also successfully achieved. Noteworthy, only the gelatin hydrogel, pH indicator strip, and PS substrate are needed to fulfill the detection of trypsin without the need of other chemicals or reagents. Overall, we develop a particularly simple, elegant, robust, competitive, high-throughput, and low-cost approach for the rapid and label-free detection of trypsin and its inhibitor, which is very promising in the development of commercial products for sensing, diagnostic, and pharmaceutical applications. Besides, the hydrogel-assisted paper-based lateral flow sensor can also be employed to detect other analytes of interest by use of different stimuli-responsive hydrogel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Ping
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wenli Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lubin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Binglu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Quanbo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiongzheng Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China.
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4
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Jesús-De la Cruz KDM, Ávila-Fernández Á, Peña-Marín ES, Jiménez-Martínez LD, Tovar-Ramírez D, Martínez-García R, Guerrero-Zárate R, Asencio-Alcudia GG, Alvarez-González CA. Trypsin gene expression in adults and larvae of tropical gar Atractosteus tropicus. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:145-155. [PMID: 31707568 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin gene (try) expression levels were quantified in different organs of wild and captive tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) adults, and changes in expression during initial ontogeny of the species were determined. RNA was extracted from the pancreas, and cDNA was synthesized and later amplified by endpoint PCR using oligonucleotides designed from different try sequences of fish registered in GenBank. Subsequently, specific oligonucleotides were designed from the partial sequences. Gene expression was measured after RNA extraction and synthesis of the cDNA of 11 organs (liver, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, intestine, pyloric caeca, brain, muscle, gills, gonad, and kidney) of captive and wild adults. Likewise, samples of A. tropicus larvae were taken on days 0 (embryo), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days after hatching (DAH), the RNA was extracted, and the synthesis of cDNA was carried out to measure real-time gene expression (qPCR). The results showed that the highest relative try expression occurred mainly in the esophagus, liver, stomach, and pancreas of both wild and captive adult fish; however, captive organisms had a higher try expression level than wild fish. Although try expression during initial ontogeny was high in embryos (0 DAH), it did not reach the maximum value until 15 DAH. It was concluded that try expression levels in captive adults are due to the high protein content in the balanced feed (trout diet). The highest try expression level during larviculture was detected at 15 DAH, which indicates that A. tropicus larvae have a mature digestive system and can efficiently hydrolyze proteins from feed at this developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristal de M Jesús-De la Cruz
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBiol-UJAT, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas Km 0.5, C.P. 86139, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Ángela Ávila-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, DACS-UJAT, Avenida Gregorio Méndez 2838-A Col. Tamulté, C.P. 86100, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Emyr Saúl Peña-Marín
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBiol-UJAT, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas Km 0.5, C.P. 86139, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Luis Daniel Jiménez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBiol-UJAT, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas Km 0.5, C.P. 86139, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Dariel Tovar-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Comparada y Genómica Funcional, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Colonia Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico
| | - Rafael Martínez-García
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBiol-UJAT, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas Km 0.5, C.P. 86139, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Rocio Guerrero-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBiol-UJAT, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas Km 0.5, C.P. 86139, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Gloria Gertrudys Asencio-Alcudia
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBiol-UJAT, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas Km 0.5, C.P. 86139, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfonso Alvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, DACBiol-UJAT, Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas Km 0.5, C.P. 86139, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico.
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5
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Eschliman K, Bossmann SH. Protease-Activated Sensors for In Vivo Imaging of Cell Populations. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2126:117-126. [PMID: 32112384 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0364-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are important devices that can be used to obtain information from within a living organism. They can be implanted within living tissues in order to continuously monitor for changes. This allows for personalized, noninvasive medicine, since a baseline can be more accurately established and any deviations, even slight, can be detected. These devices have applications in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes and cancer, as well as the study of pathways of interest and tailored drug dosing. Proteases within the tumor microenvironment can be studied in vivo in order to indicate the effectiveness of treatments received. This unprecedented real-time information is extremely valuable as it can be used to alter the course of treatment accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Eschliman
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Stefan H Bossmann
- Department of Chemistry and Johnson Cancer Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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6
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Trampari S, Papagiannopoulos A, Pispas S. Temperature-induced aggregation behavior in bovine pancreas trypsin solutions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:282-288. [PMID: 31151824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the effect of temperature treatment on Bovine Pancreas Trypsin (BPT) in aqueous solutions using dynamic, static and electrophoretic light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism. Static and dynamic light scattering at various solution conditions i.e. different salt content and pH, reveals that BPT aggregation is enhanced as temperature increases in a non-reversible manner. At acidic pH protein monomers are the dominant population over aggregates of globules, nevertheless the two populations co-exist at neutral and basic pH. The surface charge of the aggregates is intensified by aggregation and it is dominated by the negative residues of the protein at all pH conditions. Protein unfolding upon thermal treatment is probed by variation of the fluorescence spectrum which is caused by the exposure of tryptophan to the aqueous environment. The exposure of the hydrophobic interior of BPT upon heating may be considered as the reason of aggregation at the molecular level. Τhis study provides information that can be useful for utilizing thermal treatment protocols of BPT towards manufacturing protein-based nano formulated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Trampari
- School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences Physics Department, NTUA Zografou Campus, GR, 15780, Greece; Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Papagiannopoulos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece.
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece
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7
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Fernández-Fernández ÁD, Van der Hoorn RAL, Gevaert K, Van Breusegem F, Stael S. Caught green-handed: methods for in vivo detection and visualization of protease activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2125-2141. [PMID: 30805604 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds of other proteins. Their omnipresence and diverse activities make them important players in protein homeostasis and turnover of the total cell proteome as well as in signal transduction in plant stress responses and development. To understand protease function, it is of paramount importance to assess when and where a specific protease is active. Here, we review the existing methods to detect in vivo protease activity by means of imaging chemical activity-based probes and genetically encoded sensors. We focus on the diverse fluorescent and luminescent sensors at the researcher's disposal and evaluate the potential of imaging techniques to deliver in vivo spatiotemporal detail of protease activity. We predict that in the coming years, revised techniques will help to elucidate plant protease activity and functions and hence expand the current status of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Daniel Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Boehnke N, Maynard HD. Design of modular dual enzyme-responsive peptides. Biopolymers 2017; 108. [PMID: 28799649 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dual enzyme-responsive peptides were synthesized by masking the ɛ-amine of lysine with various enzyme substrates. Enzymatic cleavage of these sequences unmasked the ɛ-amine, allowing for further digestion by a second enzyme, which was monitored colorimetrically. This modular peptide design should provide substrates for a large combination of clinically relevant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Boehnke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California, 90095
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Molecular Basis for Modulation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors and Their Drug Actions by Extracellular Ca 2. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030672. [PMID: 28335551 PMCID: PMC5372683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) associated with the slow phase of the glutamatergic signaling pathway in neurons of the central nervous system have gained importance as drug targets for chronic neurodegenerative diseases. While extracellular Ca2+ was reported to exhibit direct activation and modulation via an allosteric site, the identification of those binding sites was challenged by weak binding. Herein, we review the discovery of extracellular Ca2+ in regulation of mGluRs, summarize the recent developments in probing Ca2+ binding and its co-regulation of the receptor based on structural and biochemical analysis, and discuss the molecular basis for Ca2+ to regulate various classes of drug action as well as its importance as an allosteric modulator in mGluRs.
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Kim Y, Hilty C. Affinity screening using competitive binding with fluorine-19 hyperpolarized ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4941-4. [PMID: 25703090 PMCID: PMC4472436 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 NMR and hyperpolarization form a powerful combination for drug screening. Under a competitive equilibrium with a selected fluorinated reporter ligand, the dissociation constant (K(D)) of other ligands of interest is measurable using a single-scan Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) experiment, without the need for a titration. This method is demonstrated by characterizing the binding of three ligands with different affinities for the serine protease trypsin. Monte Carlo simulations show that the highest accuracy is obtained when about one-half of the bound reporter ligand is displaced in the binding competition. Such conditions can be achieved over a wide range of affinities, allowing for rapid screening of non-fluorinated compounds when a single fluorinated ligand for the binding pocket of interest is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaewon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (USA)
| | - Christian Hilty
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 (USA)
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Kim Y, Hilty C. Affinitätsbestimmung durch kompetitive Bindung mit Fluor-19-hyperpolarisierten Liganden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Wang Q, Shi X, Zhu X, Ehlers M, Wu J, Schmuck C. A fluorescent light-up probe as an inhibitor of intracellular β-tryptase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6120-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Stawarski M, Rutkowska-Wlodarczyk I, Zeug A, Bijata M, Madej H, Kaczmarek L, Wlodarczyk J. Genetically encoded FRET-based biosensor for imaging MMP-9 activity. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1402-10. [PMID: 24290700 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A genetically encoded Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based biosensor that continuously monitors matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity was developed. MMP-9 is an extracellularly acting endopeptidase with a prominent role in development, learning and memory, cancer metastasis, and stroke. To assess the biological function of the protease, determining the precise kinetics and localization of MMP-9 activity is required. The nontoxic, genetically encoded FRET biosensor presented herein is anchored in the cellular membrane and thus provides an important advantage over currently employed probes. The biosensor allows the study of the proteolytic activity of MMP-9 with high temporal and subcellular resolution at the precise region of MMP-9 action on the cell. The applicability of the biosensor both in vitro and in living cells was demonstrated by ratiometrically analyzing the cleavage of the biosensor by a purified auto-activating mutant of MMP-9 and endogenously secreted protease in cultured tumor and neuronal cells. The precise kinetics of endogenous MMP-9 activity was measured, which demonstrates in a straight-forward manner the applicability of the biosensor concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Stawarski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Ludwika Pasteura 3, Warszawa 02-093, Poland
| | - Izabela Rutkowska-Wlodarczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Ludwika Pasteura 3, Warszawa 02-093, Poland
| | - André Zeug
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Monika Bijata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Ludwika Pasteura 3, Warszawa 02-093, Poland
| | - Hubert Madej
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 166, Warszawa 02-787, Poland; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Ludwika Pasteura 3, Warszawa 02-093, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Ludwika Pasteura 3, Warszawa 02-093, Poland
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, ul. Ludwika Pasteura 3, Warszawa 02-093, Poland.
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Algar WR, Ancona MG, Malanoski AP, Susumu K, Medintz IL. Assembly of a concentric Förster resonance energy transfer relay on a quantum dot scaffold: characterization and application to multiplexed protease sensing. ACS NANO 2012; 6:11044-11058. [PMID: 23215458 DOI: 10.1021/nn304736j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots (QDs), are one of the most widely utilized nanomaterials for biological applications. Their cumulative physicochemical and optical properties are both unique among nanomaterials and highly advantageous. In particular, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been widely utilized as a spectroscopic tool with QDs, whether for characterizing QD bioconjugates as a "molecular ruler" or for modulating QD luminescence "on" and "off" in biosensing configurations. Here, we investigate the assembly and utility of a new "concentric" FRET relay that comprises a central QD conjugated with multiple copies of two different peptides, each labeled with one of two fluorescent dyes, Alexa Fluor 555 (A555) or Alexa Fluor 647 (A647). Energy transfer occurs from the QD to the A555 (FRET(1)) then to the A647 (FRET(2)) and, to a lesser extent, directly from the QD to the A647 (FRET(3)). We show that such an arrangement can provide insight into the interfacial distribution of peptides assembled to the QD and can further be utilized for sensing proteolytic activity. In the latter, progress curves for digestion of the assembled peptides by two prototypical proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin, were measured from the relative QD, A555 and A647 PL contributions, and used to extract Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters. We further show that the concentric FRET relay, as a single nanoparticle vector, can track the tryptic activation of a proenzyme, chymotrypsinogen, to active chymotrypsin. The concentric FRET relay is thus a potentially powerful tool for the characterization of QD bioconjugates and multiplexed sensing of coupled biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Russ Algar
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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Algar WR, Malanoski AP, Susumu K, Stewart MH, Hildebrandt N, Medintz IL. Multiplexed tracking of protease activity using a single color of quantum dot vector and a time-gated Förster resonance energy transfer relay. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10136-46. [PMID: 23128345 DOI: 10.1021/ac3028068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are attractive probes for optical sensing and imaging due to their unique photophysical attributes and nanoscale size. In particular, the development of assays and biosensors based on QDs and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) continues to be a prominent focus of research. Here, we demonstrate the application of QDs as simultaneous donors and acceptors in a time-gated FRET relay for the multiplexed detection of protease activity. In contrast to the current state-of-the-art, which uses multiple colors of QDs, multiplexing was achieved using only a single color of QD. The other constituents of the FRET relay, a luminescent terbium complex and fluorescent dye, were assembled to QDs via peptides that were selected as substrates for the model proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin. Loss of prompt FRET between the QD and dye signaled the activity of chymotrypsin; loss of time-gated FRET between the terbium and QD signaled the activity of trypsin. We applied the FRET relay in a series of quantitative, real-time kinetic assays of increasing biochemical complexity, including multiplexed sensing, measuring inhibition in a multiplexed format, and tracking the proteolytic activation of an inactive pro-protease to its active form in a coupled, multienzyme system. These capabilities were derived from a ratiometric analysis of the two FRET pathways in the relay and permitted extraction of initial reaction rates, enzyme specificity constants, and apparent inhibition constants. This work adds to the growing body of research on multifunctional nanoparticles and introduces multiplexed sensing as a novel capability for a single nanoparticle vector. Furthermore, the ability to track both enzymes within a coupled biological system using one vector represents a significant advancement for nanoparticle-based biosensing. Prospective applications in biochemical research, applied diagnostics, and drug discovery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Russ Algar
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States.
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Long-lasting effect of infant rats endotoxemia on heat shock protein 60 in the pancreatic acinar cells: involvement of toll-like receptor 4. Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:354904. [PMID: 22685683 PMCID: PMC3364569 DOI: 10.1155/2012/354904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) is responsible for septic shock and multiorgan failure, but pretreatment of rats with low doses of LPS reduced pancreatic acute damage. Aim. We investigated the effects of the endotoxemia induced in the early period of life on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and proapoptotic Bax, caspase-9 and -3 or antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression in the pancreatic acinar cells of adult animals. Material and Methods. Newborn rats (25 g) were injected with endotoxin (Escherichia coli) for 5 consecutive days. Two months later, pancreatic acinar cells were isolated from all groups of animals and subjected to caerulein stimulation (10−8 M). Protein expression was assessed employing Western blot. For detection of apoptosis we have employed DNA fragmentation ladder assay. Results. Preconditioning of newborn rats with LPS increased TLR4, Caspase-9 and -3 levels, but failed to affect basal expression of HSP60, Bax, and Bcl-2. Subsequent caerulein stimulation increased TLR4, Bcl-2, and caspases, but diminished HSP60 and Bax proteins in pancreatic acinar cells. Endotoxemia dose-dependently increased TLR4, Bax, HSP60, and both caspases protein signals in the pancreatic acini, further inhibiting antiapoptotic Bcl-2. Conclusions. Endotoxemia promoted the induction of HSP60 via TLR4 in the infant rats and participated in the LPS-dependent pancreatic tissue protection against acute damage.
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Ghale G, Kuhnert N, Nau WM. Monitoring Stepwise Proteolytic Degradation of Peptides by Supramolecular Domino Tandem Assays and Mass Spectrometry for Trypsin and Leucine Aminopeptidase. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A label-free optical detection method has been designed that allows direct monitoring of enzymatic peptide digestion in vitro. The method is based on the addition of a reporter pair, composed of the macrocyclic host cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) and the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO), to detect the proteolytic degradation of peptides. The enzymatic activity of trypsin and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) was investigated using H-LSRFSWGA-OH as a substrate. The substrate as well as the intermediary and final products (i.e., H-FSWGA-OH and phenylalanine) formed during its enzymatic hydrolysis differ in their binding affinity to the receptor CB7, which results in varying degrees of dye displacement and, therefore, different fluorescence intensities. CB7 showed a relatively weak binding constant of K ≈ 104 M–1 with the substrate, a relatively strong binding constant of K ≥ 106 M–1 with H-FSWGA-OH (which is a final product formed by trypsin digestion and the intermediary product formed during the enzymatic activity of LAP), and a moderate binding constant of K ≤ 105 M–1 with phenylalanine. Owing to this differential binding affinity of CB7 with the substrate and the corresponding products, the digestion of a peptide by trypsin was followed as a decrease in fluorescence signal, while the complete degradation of the peptide by LAP was monitored as a decrease and a subsequent increase in fluorescence signal. The kcat/ KM value for trypsin (2.0 × 107 min–1M–1) was derived from the change in fluorescence signal with time. Additionally, the complete degradation of the peptide by LAP was also followed by mass spectrometry. The use of a supramolecular sensing ensemble (macrocyclic host and dye) as a fluorescent reporter pair gives this method the flexibility to adapt for monitoring the stepwise degradation of different biologically relevant peptides by other proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Ghale
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Werner M. Nau
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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18
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Chen N, Tang S, Xue S, Yang JJ. Enzyme Sensors for Living Cells. Methods Cell Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405914-6.00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li YY, Lu S, Li K, Feng JY, Li YN, Gao ZR, Chen CJ. Down-regulation of HSP60 expression by RNAi increases lipopolysaccharide- and cerulein-induced damages on isolated rat pancreatic tissues. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:965-75. [PMID: 20574674 PMCID: PMC3024061 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the function of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) on pancreatic tissues by applying HSP60 small interfering RNA (siRNA) to reduce HSP60 expression. Rat pancreas was isolated and pancreatic tissue snips were prepared, cultured, and stimulated with low and high concentrations of cerulein (10(-11) and 10(-5) mol/L) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 and 20 μg/mL). Before the stimulation and 1 and 4 h after the stimulation, the viability and the level of trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) in the tissue fragments were determined and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the culture supernatants were measured. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to evaluate the HSP60 mRNA and protein expression. After the administration of siRNA to inhibit HSP60 expression in the isolated tissues, these injury parameters were measured and compared. The pancreatic tissues in the control (mock-interfering) group showed a decreased viability to varying degrees after being stimulated with cerulein or LPS, and the levels of TAP, TNF-α, and IL-6 increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the tissues and/or in the culture supernatant. The expressions of HSP60 mRNA and protein were raised moderately after stimulating 1 h with low concentrations of cerulein or LPS, but decreased with high concentrations of the toxicants. In particular, the expression of HSP60 protein was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) when the tissues were stimulated by the two toxicants for 4 h. In contrast, the tissue fragments in which HSP60 siRNA was applied showed much lower tissue viability (p < 0.01) and higher levels of TNF-a, IL-6, and TAP (p < 0.01) in the tissues or culture supernatant after stimulating with the toxicants at the same dose and for the same time duration as compared with those of the control groups (p < 0.05). The results indicated that both cerulein and LPS can induce injuries on isolated pancreatic tissues, but the induction effects are dependent on the duration of the stimulation and on the concentrations of the toxicants. HSP60 siRNA reduces HSP60 expression and worsens the cerulein- or LPS-induced injuries on isolated pancreatic tissues, suggesting that HSP60 has a protective effect on pancreatic tissues against these toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Si Ping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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20
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Carlson HJ, Cotton DW, Campbell RE. Circularly permuted monomeric red fluorescent proteins with new termini in the beta-sheet. Protein Sci 2010; 19:1490-9. [PMID: 20521333 PMCID: PMC2923502 DOI: 10.1002/pro.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Circularly permuted fluorescent proteins (FPs) have a growing number of uses in live cell fluorescence biosensing applications. Most notably, they enable the construction of single fluorescent protein-based biosensors for Ca(2+) and other analytes of interest. Circularly permuted FPs are also of great utility in the optimization of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors by providing a means for varying the critical dipole-dipole orientation. We have previously reported on our efforts to create circularly permuted variants of a monomeric red FP (RFP) known as mCherry. In our previous work, we had identified six distinct locations within mCherry that tolerated the insertion of a short peptide sequence. Creation of circularly permuted variants with new termini at the locations corresponding to the sites of insertion led to the discovery of three permuted variants that retained no more than 18% of the brightness of mCherry. We now report the extensive directed evolution of the variant with new termini at position 193 of the protein sequence for improved fluorescent brightness. The resulting variant, known as cp193g7, has 61% of the intrinsic brightness of mCherry and was found to be highly tolerant of circular permutation at other locations within the sequence. We have exploited this property to engineer an expanded series of circularly permuted variants with new termini located along the length of the 10th beta-strand of mCherry. These new variants may ultimately prove useful for the creation of single FP-based Ca(2+) biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert E Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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Adjémian J, Anne A, Cauet G, Demaille C. Cleavage-sensing redox peptide monolayers for the rapid measurement of the proteolytic activity of trypsin and alpha-thrombin enzymes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:10347-10356. [PMID: 20329721 DOI: 10.1021/la100397g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene (Fc)-labeled peptides are end-grafted onto gold electrodes via a flexible polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker, and their ability to act as substrates for proteolytic enzymes trypsin and alpha-thrombin is investigated by cyclic voltammetry. It is shown that whereas a short Fc-tetrapeptide substrate is rapidly cleaved by trypsin, a longer Fc-heptapeptide substrate is required for alpha-thrombin detection. However, in both cases it is observed that not all of the Fc-peptide chains present on the electrode surface are cleavable by the proteases and that the cleavage yield is actually controlled by the surface coverage in the Fc-peptide. Surface dilution of the Fc-peptide using a backfilling molecule such as MCH (6-mercapto-1-hexanol) was required to obtain a cleavage yield larger than 80%. The kinetics of Fc-peptide cleavage by trypsin or alpha-thrombin is then shown to be adequately described by Michaelis Menten kinetics, allowing enzymatic constants k(cat) and K(M) to be determined. The obtained rate constant values showed that the affinity of the enzymes for their respective Fc-peptide substrates is very high (i.e., low K(M) values) whereas that for the cleavage step itself is relatively low (low k(cat) values). Partial compensation of these parameters yields a fast response of the Fc-peptide electrodes to the proteases in solution in the 1-1000 nM range. The type of molecule used to backfill the Fc-peptide layers, either MCH or PEG(6) chains, is shown to modulate the activity of the proteases versus the Fc-peptide layers: in particular, the PEG(6) diluent is specifically shown to decrease the ability of alpha-thrombin to cleave its Fc-peptide substrate whereas trypsin activity is unaffected by the presence of PEG chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Adjémian
- HORIBA Medical Parc Euromédecine, rue du Caducée, BP7290 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
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22
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Zhu Q, Zhan R, Liu B. Homogeneous Detection of Trypsin in Protein Mixtures Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer between Anionic Conjugated Polymer and Fluorescent Probe. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:1060-4. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Chen N, Huang Y, Yang L, Liu R, Yang JJ. Designing caspase-3 sensors for imaging of apoptosis in living cells. Chemistry 2010; 15:9311-4. [PMID: 19655355 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Yu JH, Lim JW, Kim H. Altered gene expression in cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells: pathologic mechanism of acute pancreatitis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 13:409-16. [PMID: 20054485 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.6.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a multifactorial disease associated with the premature activation of digestive enzymes. The genes expressed in pancreatic acinar cells determine the severity of the disease. The present study determined the differentially expressed genes in pancreatic acinar cells treated with cerulein as an in vitro model of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic acinar AR42J cells were stimulated with 10(-8) M cerulein for 4 h, and genes with altered expression were identified using a cDNA microarray for 4,000 rat genes and validated by real-time PCR. These genes showed a 2.5-fold or higher increase with cerulein: lithostatin, guanylate cyclase, myosin light chain kinase 2, cathepsin C, progestin-induced protein, and pancreatic trypsin 2. Stathin 1 and ribosomal protein S13 showed a 2.5-fold or higher decreases in expression. Real-time PCR analysis showed time-dependent alterations of these genes. Using commercially available antibodies specific for guanylate cyclase, myosin light chain kinase 2, and cathepsin C, a time-dependent increase in these proteins were observed by Western blotting. Thus, disturbances in proliferation, differentiation, cytoskeleton arrangement, enzyme activity, and secretion may be underlying mechanisms of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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