1
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Stewart V, Ronald PC. Sulfotyrosine residues: interaction specificity determinants for extracellular protein-protein interactions. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102232. [PMID: 35798140 PMCID: PMC9372746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation, a post-translational modification, can determine and often enhance protein–protein interaction specificity. Sulfotyrosyl residues (sTyrs) are formed by the enzyme tyrosyl-protein sulfotransferase during protein maturation in the Golgi apparatus and most often occur singly or as a cluster within a six-residue span. With both negative charge and aromatic character, sTyr facilitates numerous atomic contacts as visualized in binding interface structural models, thus there is no discernible binding site consensus. Found exclusively in secreted proteins, in this review, we discuss the four broad sequence contexts in which sTyr has been observed: first, a solitary sTyr has been shown to be critical for diverse high-affinity interactions, such as between peptide hormones and their receptors, in both plants and animals. Second, sTyr clusters within structurally flexible anionic segments are essential for a variety of cellular processes, including coreceptor binding to the HIV-1 envelope spike protein during virus entry, chemokine interactions with receptors, and leukocyte rolling cell adhesion. Third, a subcategory of sTyr clusters is found in conserved acidic sequences termed hirudin-like motifs that enable proteins to interact with thrombin; consequently, many proven and potential therapeutic proteins derived from blood-consuming invertebrates depend on sTyrs for their activity. Finally, several proteins that interact with collagen or similar proteins contain one or more sTyrs within an acidic residue array. Refined methods to direct sTyr incorporation in peptides synthesized both in vitro and in vivo, together with continued advances in mass spectrometry and affinity detection, promise to accelerate discoveries of sTyr occurrence and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valley Stewart
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, USA.
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2
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Lambey P, Otun O, Cong X, Hoh F, Brunel L, Verdié P, Grison CM, Peysson F, Jeannot S, Durroux T, Bechara C, Granier S, Leyrat C. Structural insights into recognition of chemokine receptors by Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxins. eLife 2022; 11:72555. [PMID: 35311641 PMCID: PMC9005193 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) leukocidin ED (LukED) belongs to a family of bicomponent pore forming toxins that play important roles in SA immune evasion and nutrient acquisition. LukED targets specific G protein-coupled chemokine receptors to lyse human erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). The first recognition step of receptors is critical for specific cell targeting and lysis. The structural and molecular bases for this mechanism are not well understood but could constitute essential information to guide antibiotic development. Here, we characterized the interaction of LukE with chemokine receptors ACKR1, CCR2, and CCR5 using a combination of structural, pharmacological, and computational approaches. First, crystal structures of LukE in complex with a small molecule mimicking sulfotyrosine side chain (p-cresyl sulfate) and with peptides containing sulfotyrosines issued from receptor sequences revealed the location of receptor sulfotyrosine binding sites in the toxins. Then, by combining previous and novel experimental data with protein docking, classical and accelerated weight histogram (AWH) molecular dynamics we propose models of the ACKR1-LukE and CCR5-LukE complexes. This work provides novel insights into chemokine receptor recognition by leukotoxins and suggests that the conserved sulfotyrosine binding pocket could be a target of choice for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lambey
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Omolade Otun
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Xiaojing Cong
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - François Hoh
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Brunel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Verdié
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire M Grison
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Fanny Peysson
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Jeannot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cherine Bechara
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Granier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Leyrat
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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3
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Mohamed H, Gurrola T, Berman R, Collins M, Sariyer IK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Targeting CCR5 as a Component of an HIV-1 Therapeutic Strategy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816515. [PMID: 35126374 PMCID: PMC8811197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major health burden for which successful therapeutic options are still being investigated. Challenges facing current drugs that are part of the established life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART) include toxicity, development of drug resistant HIV-1 strains, the cost of treatment, and the inability to eradicate the provirus from infected cells. For these reasons, novel anti-HIV-1 therapeutics that can prevent or eliminate disease progression including the onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are needed. While development of HIV-1 vaccination has also been challenging, recent advancements demonstrate that infection of HIV-1-susceptible cells can be prevented in individuals living with HIV-1, by targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). CCR5 serves many functions in the human immune response and is a co-receptor utilized by HIV-1 for entry into immune cells. Therapeutics targeting CCR5 generally involve gene editing techniques including CRISPR, CCR5 blockade using antibodies or antagonists, or combinations of both. Here we review the efficacy of these approaches and discuss the potential of their use in the clinic as novel ART-independent therapies for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hager Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theodore Gurrola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Berman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mackenzie Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian Wigdahl,
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4
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Tolbert WD, Sherburn R, Gohain N, Ding S, Flinko R, Orlandi C, Ray K, Finzi A, Lewis GK, Pazgier M. Defining rules governing recognition and Fc-mediated effector functions to the HIV-1 co-receptor binding site. BMC Biol 2020; 18:91. [PMID: 32693837 PMCID: PMC7374964 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The binding of HIV-1 Envelope glycoproteins (Env) to host receptor CD4 exposes vulnerable conserved epitopes within the co-receptor binding site (CoRBS) which are required for the engagement of either CCR5 or CXCR4 co-receptor to allow HIV-1 entry. Antibodies against this region have been implicated in the protection against HIV acquisition in non-human primate (NHP) challenge studies and found to act synergistically with antibodies of other specificities to deliver effective Fc-mediated effector function against HIV-1-infected cells. Here, we describe the structure and function of N12-i2, an antibody isolated from an HIV-1-infected individual, and show how the unique structural features of this antibody allow for its effective Env recognition and Fc-mediated effector function. RESULTS N12-i2 binds within the CoRBS utilizing two adjacent sulfo-tyrosines (TYS) for binding, one of which binds to a previously unknown TYS binding pocket formed by gp120 residues of high sequence conservation among HIV-1 strains. Structural alignment with gp120 in complex with the co-receptor CCR5 indicates that the new pocket corresponds to TYS at position 15 of CCR5. In addition, structure-function analysis of N12-i2 and other CoRBS-specific antibodies indicates a link between modes of antibody binding within the CoRBS and Fc-mediated effector activities. The efficiency of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) correlated with both the level of antibody binding and the mode of antibody attachment to the epitope region, specifically with the way the Fc region was oriented relative to the target cell surface. Antibodies with poor Fc access mediated the poorest ADCC whereas those with their Fc region readily accessible for interaction with effector cells mediated the most potent ADCC. CONCLUSION Our data identify a previously unknown binding site for TYS within the assembled CoRBS of the HIV-1 virus. In addition, our combined structural-modeling-functional analyses provide new insights into mechanisms of Fc-effector function of antibodies against HIV-1, in particular, how antibody binding to Env antigen affects the efficiency of ADCC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814-4712, USA
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Rebekah Sherburn
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814-4712, USA
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robin Flinko
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814-4712, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814-4712, USA.
- Division of Vaccine Research of Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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5
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Huang BY, Chen PC, Chen BH, Wang CC, Liu HF, Chen YZ, Chen CS, Yang YS. High-Throughput Screening of Sulfated Proteins by Using a Genome-Wide Proteome Microarray and Protein Tyrosine Sulfation System. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3278-3284. [PMID: 28211678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine sulfation (PTS) is a widespread posttranslational modification that induces intercellular and extracellular responses by regulating protein-protein interactions and enzymatic activity. Although PTS affects numerous physiological and pathological processes, only a small fraction of the total predicted sulfated proteins has been identified to date. Here, we localized the potential sulfation sites of Escherichia coli proteins on a proteome microarray by using a 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthase-coupled tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) catalysis system that involves in situ PAPS generation and TPST catalysis. Among the 4256 E. coli K12 proteins, 875 sulfated proteins were identified using antisulfotyrosine primary and Cy3-labeled antimouse secondary antibodies. Our findings add considerably to the list of potential proteins subjected to tyrosine sulfation. Similar procedures can be applied to identify sulfated proteins in yeast and human proteome microarrays, and we expect such approaches to contribute substantially to the understanding of important human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yu Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University , 300 Jhongda Road, Jhongli 320, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chu Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Fu Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zao Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University , 300 Jhongda Road, Jhongli 320, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shyong Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , 75 Boai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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6
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Seibert C, Sanfiz A, Sakmar TP, Veldkamp CT. Preparation and Analysis of N-Terminal Chemokine Receptor Sulfopeptides Using Tyrosylprotein Sulfotransferase Enzymes. Methods Enzymol 2015; 570:357-88. [PMID: 26921955 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In most chemokine receptors, one or multiple tyrosine residues have been identified within the receptor N-terminal domain that are, at least partially, modified by posttranslational tyrosine sulfation. For example, tyrosine sulfation has been demonstrated for Tyr-3, -10, -14, and -15 of CCR5, for Tyr-3, -14, and -15 of CCR8, and for Tyr-7, -12, and -21 of CXCR4. While there is evidence for several chemokine receptors that tyrosine sulfation is required for optimal interaction with the chemokine ligands, the precise role of tyrosine sulfation for chemokine receptor function remains unclear. Furthermore, the function of the chemokine receptor N-terminal domain in chemokine binding and receptor activation is also not well understood. Sulfotyrosine peptides corresponding to the chemokine receptor N-termini are valuable tools to address these important questions both in structural and functional studies. However, due to the lability of the sulfotyrosine modification, these peptides are difficult to obtain using standard peptide chemistry methods. In this chapter, we provide methods to prepare sulfotyrosine peptides by enzymatic in vitro sulfation of peptides using purified recombinant tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) enzymes. In addition, we also discuss alternative approaches for the generation of sulfotyrosine peptides and methods for sulfopeptide analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seibert
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Anthony Sanfiz
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Thomas P Sakmar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Christopher T Veldkamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, Wisconsin, USA.
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7
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Chicooree N, Unwin RD, Griffiths JR. The application of targeted mass spectrometry-based strategies to the detection and localization of post-translational modifications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:595-626. [PMID: 24737647 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review describes some of the more interesting and imaginative ways in which mass spectrometry has been utilized to study a number of important post-translational modifications over the past two decades; from circa 1990 to 2013. A diverse range of modifications is covered, including citrullination, sulfation, hydroxylation and sumoylation. A summary of the biological role of each modification described, along with some brief mechanistic detail, is also included. Emphasis has been placed on strategies specifically aimed at detecting target modifications, as opposed to more serendipitous modification discovery approaches, which rely upon straightforward product ion scanning methods. The authors have intentionally excluded from this review both phosphorylation and glycosylation since these major modifications have been extensively reviewed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Chicooree
- CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester, M13 9SU, UK
| | - Richard D Unwin
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
- Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John R Griffiths
- CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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8
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Hartmann-Fatu C, Trusch F, Moll CN, Michin I, Hassinen A, Kellokumpu S, Bayer P. Heterodimers of Tyrosylprotein Sulfotransferases Suggest Existence of a Higher Organization Level of Transferases in the Membrane of the trans-Golgi Apparatus. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1404-1412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Yang YS, Wang CC, Chen BH, Hou YH, Hung KS, Mao YC. Tyrosine sulfation as a protein post-translational modification. Molecules 2015; 20:2138-64. [PMID: 25635379 PMCID: PMC6272617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of inorganic sulfate into biological molecules plays an important role in biological systems and is directly involved in the instigation of diseases. Protein tyrosine sulfation (PTS) is a common post-translational modification that was first reported in the literature fifty years ago. However, the significance of PTS under physiological conditions and its link to diseases have just begun to be appreciated in recent years. PTS is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) through transfer of an activated sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to tyrosine in a variety of proteins and peptides. Currently, only a small fraction of sulfated proteins is known and the understanding of the biological sulfation mechanisms is still in progress. In this review, we give an introductory and selective brief review of PTS and then summarize the basic biochemical information including the activity and the preparation of TPST, methods for the determination of PTS, and kinetics and reaction mechanism of TPST. This information is fundamental for the further exploration of the function of PTS that induces protein-protein interactions and the subsequent biochemical and physiological reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Shyong Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Chu Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - You-Hua Hou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chih Mao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Po-Ai Street, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
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10
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Ludeman JP, Stone MJ. The structural role of receptor tyrosine sulfation in chemokine recognition. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1167-79. [PMID: 24116930 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification of secreted and transmembrane proteins, including many GPCRs such as chemokine receptors. Most chemokine receptors contain several potentially sulfated tyrosine residues in their extracellular N-terminal regions, the initial binding site for chemokine ligands. Sulfation of these receptors increases chemokine binding affinity and potency. Although receptor sulfation is heterogeneous, insights into the molecular basis of sulfotyrosine (sTyr) recognition have been obtained using purified, homogeneous sulfopeptides corresponding to the N-termini of chemokine receptors. Receptor sTyr residues bind to a shallow cleft defined by the N-loop and β3-strand elements of cognate chemokines. Tyrosine sulfation enhances the affinity of receptor peptides for cognate chemokines in a manner dependent on the position of sulfation. Moreover, tyrosine sulfation can alter the selectivity of receptor peptides among several cognate chemokines for the same receptor. Finally, binding to receptor sulfopeptides can modulate the oligomerization state of chemokines, thereby influencing the ability of a chemokine to activate its receptor. These results increase the motivation to investigate the structural basis by which tyrosine sulfation modulates chemokine receptor activity and the biological consequences of this functional modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Ludeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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11
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Shi X, Shao C, Mao Y, Huang Y, Wu ZL, Zaia J. LC-MS and LC-MS/MS studies of incorporation of 34SO3 into glycosaminoglycan chains by sulfotransferases. Glycobiology 2013; 23:969-79. [PMID: 23696150 PMCID: PMC3695753 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificities of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) modification enzymes, particularly sulfotransferases, and the locations and concentrations of these enzymes in the Golgi apparatus give rise to the mature GAG polysaccharides that bind protein ligands. We studied the substrate specificities of sulfotransferases with a stable isotopically labeled donor substrate, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. The sulfate incorporated by in vitro sulfation using recombinant sulfotransferases was easily distinguished from those previously present on the GAG chains using mass spectrometry. The enrichment of the [M + 2] isotopic peak caused by (34)S incorporation, and the [M + 2]/[M + 1] ratio, provided reliable and sensitive measures of the degree of in vitro sulfation. It was found that both CHST3 and CHST15 have higher activities at the non-reducing end (NRE) units of chondroitin sulfate, particularly those terminating with a GalNAc monosaccharide. In contrast, both NDST1 and HS6ST1 showed lower activities at the NRE of heparan sulfate (HS) chains than at the interior of the chain. Contrary to the traditional view of HS biosynthesis processes, NDST1 also showed activity on O-sulfated GlcNAc residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Chun Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yang Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Zhengliang L Wu
- R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St., Rm. 509, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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12
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Teramoto T, Fujikawa Y, Kawaguchi Y, Kurogi K, Soejima M, Adachi R, Nakanishi Y, Mishiro-Sato E, Liu MC, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Kimura M, Kakuta Y. Crystal structure of human tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-2 reveals the mechanism of protein tyrosine sulfation reaction. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1572. [PMID: 23481380 PMCID: PMC3601584 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational protein modification by tyrosine-sulfation plays an important role in extracellular protein-protein interactions. The protein tyrosine sulfation reaction is catalyzed by the Golgi-enzyme called the tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST). To date, no crystal structure is available for TPST. Detailed mechanism of protein tyrosine sulfation reaction has thus remained unclear. Here we present the first crystal structure of the human TPST isoform 2 (TPST2) complexed with a substrate peptide (C4P5Y3) derived from complement C4 and 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphate (PAP) at 1.9Å resolution. Structural and complementary mutational analyses revealed the molecular basis for catalysis being an SN2-like in-line displacement mechanism. TPST2 appeared to recognize the C4 peptide in a deep cleft by using a short parallel β-sheet type interaction, and the bound C4P5Y3 forms an L-shaped structure. Surprisingly, the mode of substrate peptide recognition observed in the TPST2 structure resembles that observed for the receptor type tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Teramoto
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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13
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Szpakowska M, Fievez V, Arumugan K, van Nuland N, Schmit JC, Chevigné A. Function, diversity and therapeutic potential of the N-terminal domain of human chemokine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1366-80. [PMID: 22935450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play fundamental roles in many physiological and pathological processes such as leukocyte trafficking, inflammation, cancer and HIV-1 infection. Chemokine-receptor interactions are particularly intricate and therefore require precise orchestration. The flexible N-terminal domain of human chemokine receptors has regularly been demonstrated to hold a crucial role in the initial recognition and selective binding of the receptor ligands. The length and the amino acid sequences of the N-termini vary considerably among different receptors but they all show a high content of negatively charged residues and are subject to post-translational modifications such as O-sulfation and N- or O-glycosylation. In addition, a conserved cysteine that is most likely engaged in a receptor-stabilizing disulfide bond delimits two functionally distinct parts in the N-terminus, characterized by specific molecular signatures. Structural analyses have shown that the N-terminus of chemokine receptors recognizes a groove on the chemokine surface and that this interaction is stabilized by high-affinity binding to a conserved sulfotyrosine-binding pocket. Altogether, these data provide new insights on the chemokine-receptor molecular interplay and identify the receptor N-terminus-binding site as a new target for the development of therapeutic molecules. This review presents and discusses the diversity and function of human chemokine receptor N-terminal domains and provides a comprehensive annotated inventory of their sequences, laying special emphasis on the presence of post-translational modifications and functional features. Finally, it identifies new molecular signatures and proposes a computational model for the positioning and the conformation of the CXCR4 N-terminus grafted on the first chemokine receptor X-ray structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Szpakowska
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Public Research Center for Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor of human chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a key target in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection process due to its major involvement in binding to the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp120 and facilitating virus entry into the cells. The identification of naturally occurring CCR5 mutations (especially CCR5 delta-32) has allowed us to address the CCR5 molecule as a promising target to prevent or resist HIV infection in vivo. To obtain high-affinity peptides that can be used to block CCR5, CCR5 analogs with high conformational similarity are required. In this study, two recombinant proteins named CCR5 N-Linker-E2 and CCR5 mN-E1-E2 containing the fragments of the CCR5 N-terminal, the first extracellular loop or the second extracellular loop are cloned from a full-length human CCR5 cDNA. The recombinant human CCR5 analogs with self-cleavage activity of the intein Mxe or Ssp in the vector pTwinI were then produced with a high-yield expression and purification system in Escherichia coli. Experiments of extracellular epitope-activity identification (such as immunoprecipitation and indirective/competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) confirmed the close similarity between the epitope activity of the CCR5 analogs and that of the natural CCR5, suggesting the applicability of the recombinant CCR5 analogs as antagonists of the chemokine ligands. Subsequent screening of high-affinity peptides from the phage random-peptides library acquired nine polypeptides, which could be used as CCR5 peptide antagonists. The CCR5 analogs and affinity peptides elucidated in this paper provide us with a basis for further study of the mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingping Wu
- Biopharmaceutical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong 510275, China
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Kim JS, Song SU, Kim HJ. Simultaneous identification of tyrosine phosphorylation and sulfation sites utilizing tyrosine-specific bromination. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1916-1925. [PMID: 21952757 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation and sulfation play many key roles in the cell. Isobaric phosphotyrosine and sulfotyrosine residues in peptides were determined by mass spectrometry using phosphatase or sulfatase to remove the phosphate or the sulfate group. Unique Br signature was introduced to the resulting tyrosine residues by incubation with 32% HBr at -20 °C for 20 min. MS/MS analysis of the brominated peptide enabled unambiguous determination of the phosphotyrosine and the sulfotyrosine sites. When phosphotyrosine and sulfotyrosine as well as free tyrosine were present in the same peptide, they could be determined simultaneously using either phosphatase or sulfatase following acetylation of the free tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Seo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides expressed on animal cell surfaces and in extracellular matrices. Their biosynthesis is under complex control and confers a domain structure that is essential to their ability to bind to protein partners. Key to understanding the functions of GAGs are methods to determine accurately and rapidly patterns of sulfation, acetylation and uronic acid epimerization that correlate with protein binding or other biological activities. Mass spectrometry (MS) is particularly suitable for the analysis of GAGs for biomedical purposes. Using modern ionization techniques it is possible to accurately determine molecular weights of GAG oligosaccharides and their distributions within a mixture. Methods for direct interfacing with liquid chromatography have been developed to permit online mass spectrometric analysis of GAGs. New tandem mass spectrometric methods for fine structure determination of GAGs are emerging. This review summarizes MS-based approaches for analysis of GAGs, including tissue extraction and chromatographic methods compatible with LC/MS and tandem MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory O. Staples
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine
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Sun M, Leyh TS. The human estrogen sulfotransferase: a half-site reactive enzyme. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4779-85. [PMID: 20429582 DOI: 10.1021/bi902190r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The affinity of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) for the estrogen receptor is weakened beyond the point of physiological relevance by the transfer of the sulfuryl moiety (-SO(3)) from PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) to the 3'-hydroxyl of E(2). The mechanism of this transfer reaction, catalyzed by estrogen sulfotransferase (EST), is investigated here in detail. The enzyme (a dimer of identical protomers) presents a clear example of half-sites reactivity--only one of the subunits of the dimer produces product during the catalytic cycle. This is the first example of half-sites reactivity in the sulfotransferase family. A burst of product, with an amplitude that corresponds to one-half of the available active sites, reveals that the mechanism is rate-limited by product release. The equilibrium constant governing interconversion of the substrate (E.PAPS.E(2)) and product (E.PAP.E(2)S) central complexes was determined and is strongly biased toward product (K(eq int) approximately 49). Slow product release allows the interconversion of the central complexes to approach equilibrium, with the result that K(eq int) becomes nearly linearly coupled to K(m) and contributes a factor of approximately 30 to the steady-state affinity of the enzyme for substrate. Typical of its family, estrogen sulfotransferase is partially k(cat)-inhibited by its acceptor substrate, E(2). This inhibition does not influence the burst kinetics and thus occurs after formation of the product central complex, a finding consistent with the slow escape of PAP from the nonreactive E.PAP.E(2) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihao Sun
- Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461-1926, USA
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