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Brochut M, Heinonen T, Snäkä T, Gilbert C, Le Roy D, Roger T. Using weight loss to predict outcome and define a humane endpoint in preclinical sepsis studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21150. [PMID: 39256525 PMCID: PMC11387420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical mouse models are critical for understanding the pathophysiological response to infections and developing treatment strategies for sepsis. In keeping with ethical values, researchers follow guidelines to minimize the suffering of the mice. Weight loss is a criteria used as a humane end point, but there is no official recommendation for a maximum weight loss leading to euthanasia. To evaluate whether the thresholds used in daily practice are optimal, we performed a comprehensive retrospective analysis of data generated over 10 years with > 2300 mice used in models of infection with Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and H1N1 influenza virus. Weight loss segregated mice that survived from those that did not. Statistical analyses revealed that lowering the weight loss thresholds used (none, 30% or 20%) would have increased mortality rates due to the sacrifice of mice that survived infections (p < 0.01-0.001). Power calculations showed high variability and reduction of power as weight loss thresholds approached 20% for S. pneumoniae and L. monocytogenes models. Hence, weight loss thresholds need to be adapted to each model of infection used in a laboratory. Overall, weight loss is a valuable predictor of mortality that contributes to the robustness of composite scores. To our knowledge, this is the most extensive study exploring the relationship between weight loss threshold and sepsis outcome. It underscores the importance of the infection-model-specific evaluation of weight loss for use in clinical scores defining humane endpoints to minimize mouse suffering without compromising statistical power and scientific objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlick Brochut
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CLED.04.407, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tytti Heinonen
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CLED.04.407, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Snäkä
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CLED.04.407, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Charly Gilbert
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CLED.04.407, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Didier Le Roy
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CLED.04.407, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CLED.04.407, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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2
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Cuellar-Nuñez ML, Luzardo-Ocampo I, Lee-Martínez S, Larrauri-Rodríguez M, Zaldívar-Lelo de Larrea G, Pérez-Serrano RM, Camacho-Calderón N. Isothiocyanate-Rich Extracts from Cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea Var. Botrytis) and Radish ( Raphanus sativus) Inhibited Metabolic Activity and Induced ROS in Selected Human HCT116 and HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192214919. [PMID: 36429638 PMCID: PMC9691161 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower and radish contain isothiocyanates exhibiting chemoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. This research aimed to assess the impact of cauliflower (CIE) and radish (RIE) isothiocyanate extracts on the metabolic activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and LDH production of selected human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HCT116 and HT-29 for early and late colon cancer development, respectively). Non-cancerous colon cells (CCD-33Co) were used as a cytotoxicity control. The CIE samples displayed the highest allyl isothiocyanate (AITC: 12.55 µg/g) contents, whereas RIE was the most abundant in benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC: 15.35 µg/g). Both extracts effectively inhibited HCT116 and HT-29 metabolic activity, but the CIE impact was higher than that of RIE on HCT116 (IC50: 0.56 mg/mL). Assays using the half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of all treatments, including AITC and BITC, displayed increased (p < 0.05) LDH (absorbance: 0.25-0.40 nm) and ROS release (1190-1697 relative fluorescence units) in both cell lines. BITC showed the highest in silico binding affinity with all the tested colorectal cancer molecular markers (NF-kB, β-catenin, and NRF2-NFE2). The theoretical evaluation of AITC and BITC bioavailability showed high values for both compounds. The results indicate that CIE and RIE extracts display chemopreventive effects in vitro, but additional experiments are needed to validate their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardey Liceth Cuellar-Nuñez
- Advanced Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76140, Mexico
| | - Ivan Luzardo-Ocampo
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Sarah Lee-Martínez
- Advanced Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76140, Mexico
| | - Michelle Larrauri-Rodríguez
- Licenciatura en Medicina General, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76176, Mexico
| | | | - Rosa Martha Pérez-Serrano
- Advanced Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76140, Mexico
| | - Nicolás Camacho-Calderón
- Advanced Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76140, Mexico
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3
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Ives A, Le Roy D, Théroude C, Bernhagen J, Roger T, Calandra T. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes the migration of dendritic cells through CD74 and the activation of the Src/PI3K/myosin II pathway. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21418. [PMID: 33774873 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001605r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Constitutively expressed by innate immune cells, the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) initiates host immune responses and drives pathogenic responses in infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. Dendritic cells (DCs) express high levels of MIF, but the role of MIF in DC function remains poorly characterized. As migration is critical for DC immune surveillance, we investigated whether MIF promoted the migration of DCs. In classical transwell experiments, MIF-/- bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) or MIF+/+ BMDCs treated with ISO-1, an inhibitor of MIF, showed markedly reduced spontaneous migration and chemotaxis. CD74-/- BMDCs that are deficient in the ligand-binding component of the cognate MIF receptor exhibited a migration defect similar to that of MIF-/- BMDCs. Adoptive transfer experiments of LPS-matured MIF+/+ and MIF-/- and of CD74+/+ and CD74-/- BMDCs injected into the hind footpads of homologous or heterologous mice showed that the autocrine and paracrine MIF activity acting via CD74 contributed to the recruitment of DCs to the draining lymph nodes. Mechanistically, MIF activated the Src/PI3K signaling pathway and myosin II complexes, which were required for the migration of BMDCs. Altogether, these data show that the cytokine MIF exerts chemokine-like activity for DC motility and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Ives
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Didier Le Roy
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Théroude
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Calandra
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Mohammed ED, Abdel-Naim AB, Kangpeng J, Jiang R, Wei J, Sun B. The mother relationship between insulin resistance and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Glucosinolates hydrolysis products as a promising insulin resistance-modulator and fatty liver-preventer. Life Sci 2020; 264:118615. [PMID: 33096115 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NFLD) is one of the present public health problems which have no specific and effective treatment. The speed of the disease progression depends on the patient's lifestyle. Due to life stresses and lack of time, a high number of people depend on fast food containing a high amount of fats which one of the main causes of insulin resistance (IR). IR is one of the metabolic disorders which strongly intersected with molecular NAFLD and leading to its progression into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In this review, we introduced the updated statistics of NAFLD and NASH progression all over the world shows its importance, etiologies, and pathogenesis. Also, IR and its role in NASH initiation and progression explored, and current treatments with its limitations have been explained. Glucosinolates (GLS) is a group of phytochemicals which known by its potent hydrolysis products with promising anti-cancer effect. In this review, we have collected the recent experimental studies of different GLS hydrolysis products against IR and chronic liver diseases supported by our lab finding. Finally, we recommend this group of phytochemicals as promising molecules to be studied experimentally and clinically against a wide range of chronic liver diseases with an acceptable safety margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman D Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Pharmacy Collage of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China; Natural Products Unit, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf B Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jin Kangpeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Runqiu Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jifu Wei
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Pharmacy College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China.
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5
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Xiao Z, Chen D, Song S, van der Vlag R, van der Wouden PE, van Merkerk R, Cool RH, Hirsch AKH, Melgert BN, Quax WJ, Poelarends GJ, Dekker FJ. 7-Hydroxycoumarins Are Affinity-Based Fluorescent Probes for Competitive Binding Studies of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11920-11933. [PMID: 32940040 PMCID: PMC7586407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Macrophage
migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine with
key roles in inflammation and cancer, which qualifies it as a potential
drug target. Apart from its cytokine activity, MIF also harbors enzyme
activity for keto–enol tautomerization. MIF enzymatic activity
has been used for identification of MIF binding molecules that also
interfere with its biological activity. However, MIF tautomerase activity
assays are troubled by irregularities, thus creating a need for alternative
methods. In this study, we identified a 7-hydroxycoumarin fluorophore
with high affinity for the MIF tautomerase active site (Ki = 18 ± 1 nM) that binds with concomitant quenching
of its fluorescence. This property enabled development of a novel
competition-based assay format to quantify MIF binding. We also demonstrated
that the 7-hydroxycoumarin fluorophore interfered with the MIF–CD74
interaction and inhibited proliferation of A549 cells. Thus, we provide
a high-affinity MIF binder as a novel tool to advance MIF-oriented
research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangping Xiao
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deng Chen
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shanshan Song
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.,Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon van der Vlag
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Petra E van der Wouden
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert H Cool
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus Building E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J Quax
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Illescas O, Pacheco-Fernández T, Laclette JP, Rodriguez T, Rodriguez-Sosa M. Immune modulation by the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) family: D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT) is not (always) a backup system. Cytokine 2020; 133:155121. [PMID: 32417648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) is a protein with cytokine and chemokine properties that regulates a diverse range of physiological functions related to innate immunity and inflammation. Most research has focused on the role of MIF in different inflammatory diseases. D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT), a different molecule with structural similarities to MIF, which shares receptors and biological functions, has recently been reported, but little is known about its roles and mechanisms. In this review, we sought to understand the similarities and differences between these molecules by summarizing what is known about their different structures, receptors and mechanisms regulating their expression and biological activities with an emphasis on immunological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Illescas
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernández
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Juan P Laclette
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Tonathiu Rodriguez
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico.
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7
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Petri L, Szijj PA, Kelemen Á, Imre T, Gömöry Á, Lee MTW, Hegedűs K, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Chudasama V, Keserű GM. Cysteine specific bioconjugation with benzyl isothiocyanates. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14928-14936. [PMID: 35497170 PMCID: PMC9052032 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02934c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein labelling has a wide variety of applications in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. In addition to covalent inhibition, specific labelling of biomolecules with fluorescent dyes is important in both target discovery, validation and diagnostics. Our research was conducted through the fragment-based development of a new benzyl-isothiocyanate-activated fluorescent dye based on the fluorescein scaffold. This molecule was evaluated against fluorescein isothiocyanate, a prevalent labelling agent. The reactivity and selectivity of phenyl- and benzyl isothiocyanate were compared at different pHs, and their activity was tested on several protein targets. Finally, the clinically approved antibody trastuzumab (and it's Fab fragment) were specifically labelled through reaction with free cysteines reductively liberated from their interchain disulfide bonds. The newly developed benzyl-fluorescein isothiocyanate and its optimized labelling protocol stands to be a valuable addition to the tool kit of chemical biology. We present herein the development of a new fluorescent dye equipped with a benzyl isothiocyanate warhead, which resulted improved photophysical properties and enhanced labelling efficiency on the Fab antibody subunit and the trastuzumab antibody.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- László Petri
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter A. Szijj
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H OAJ
- UK
| | - Ádám Kelemen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Tímea Imre
- MS Metabolomics Research Group
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Ágnes Gömöry
- MS Proteomics Research Group
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | | | - Krisztina Hegedűs
- Department of Immunology
- Eötvös Loránd University
- H-1117 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H OAJ
- UK
| | - György Miklós Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Budapest
- Hungary
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8
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Tilstam PV, Pantouris G, Corman M, Andreoli M, Mahboubi K, Davis G, Du X, Leng L, Lolis E, Bucala R. A selective small-molecule inhibitor of macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (MIF-2), a MIF cytokine superfamily member, inhibits MIF-2 biological activity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18522-18531. [PMID: 31578280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (MIF-2 or D-dopachrome tautomerase) is a recently characterized second member of the MIF cytokine superfamily in mammalian genomes. MIF-2 shares pro-inflammatory and tumorigenic properties with the clinical target MIF (MIF-1), but the precise contribution of MIF-2 to immune physiology or pathology is unclear. Like MIF-1, MIF-2 has intrinsic keto-enol tautomerase activity and mediates biological functions by engaging the cognate, common MIF family receptor CD74. Evidence that the catalytic site of MIF family cytokines has a structural role in receptor binding has prompted exploration of tautomerase inhibitors as potential biological antagonists and therapeutic agents, although few catalytic inhibitors inhibit receptor activation. Here we describe the discovery and biochemical characterization of a selective small-molecule inhibitor of MIF-2. An in silico screen of 1.6 million compounds targeting the MIF-2 tautomerase site yielded several hits for potential catalytic inhibitors of MIF-2 and identified 4-(3-carboxyphenyl)-2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (4-CPPC) as the most functionally potent compound. We found that 4-CPPC has an enzymatic IC50 of 27 μm and 17-fold selectivity for MIF-2 versus MIF-1. An in vitro binding assay for MIF-1/MIF-2 to the CD74 ectodomain (sCD74) indicated that 4-CPPC inhibits MIF-2-CD74 binding in a dose-dependent manner (0.01-10 μm) without influencing MIF-1-CD74 binding. Notably, 4-CPPC inhibited MIF-2-mediated activation of CD74 and reduced CD74-dependent signal transduction. These results open opportunities for development of more potent and pharmacologically auspicious MIF-2 inhibitors to investigate the distinct functions of this MIF family member in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Pantouris
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Michael Corman
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, Branford, Connecticut 06405
| | - Monica Andreoli
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, Branford, Connecticut 06405
| | - Keyvan Mahboubi
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, Branford, Connecticut 06405
| | - Gary Davis
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, Branford, Connecticut 06405
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Elias Lolis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510.
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9
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Aggarwal M, Saxena R, Asif N, Sinclair E, Tan J, Cruz I, Berry D, Kallakury B, Pham Q, Wang TTY, Chung FL. p53 mutant-type in human prostate cancer cells determines the sensitivity to phenethyl isothiocyanate induced growth inhibition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:307. [PMID: 31307507 PMCID: PMC6632191 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background We reported previously that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a dietary compound, can reactivate p53R175H mutant in vitro and in SK-BR-3 (p53R175H) breast xenograft model resulting in tumor inhibition. Because of the diversity of human cancers with p53 mutations, these findings raise important questions whether this mechanism operates in different cancer types with same or different p53 mutations. In this study, we investigated whether PEITC recuses mutant p53 in prostate cancer cells harboring different types of p53 mutants, structural and contact, in vitro and in vivo. Methods Cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest assays were performed to examine the effects of PEITC on prostate cancer cell lines with p53 mutation(s), wild-type p53, p53 null or normal prostate cells in vitro. Western blot analysis was used to monitor the expression levels of p53 protein, activation of ATM and upregulation of canonical p53 targets. Immunoprecipitation, subcellular protein fraction and qRT-PCR was performed to determine change in conformation and restoration of transactivation functions/ inhibition of gain-of-function (GOF) activities to p53 mutant(s). Mice xenograft models were established to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of PEITC and PEITC-induced reactivation of p53 mutant(s) in vivo. Immunohistochemistry of xenograft tumor tissues was performed to determine effects of PEITC on expression of Ki67 and mutant p53 in vivo. Results We demonstrated that PEITC inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells with different “hotspot” p53 mutations (structural and contact), however, preferentially towards structural mutants. PEITC inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by rescuing mutant p53 in p53R248W contact (VCaP) and p53R175H structural (LAPC-4) mutant cells with differential potency. We further showed that PEITC inhibits the growth of DU145 cells that co-express p53P223L (structural) and p53V274F (contact) mutants by targeting p53P223L mutant selectively, but not p53V274F. The mutant p53 restored by PEITC induces apoptosis in DU145 cells by activating canonical p53 targets, delaying cells in G1 phase and phosphorylating ATM. Importantly, PEITC reactivated p53R175H and p53P223L/V274F mutants in LAPC-4 and DU145 prostate xenograft models, respectively, resulting in significant tumor inhibition. Conclusion Our studies provide the first evidence that PEITC’s anti-cancer activity is cancer cell type-independent, but p53 mutant-type dependent. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1267-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Aggarwal
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Rahul Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Nasir Asif
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sinclair
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Judy Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Idalia Cruz
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Deborah Berry
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Quynhchi Pham
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Fung-Lung Chung
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20007, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20007, USA.
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10
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Nakamura T, Hirakawa M, Nakamura Y, Ishisaka A, Kitamoto N, Murakami A, Kato Y. Covalent Modification of Phosphatidylethanolamine by Benzyl Isothiocyanate and the Resultant Generation of Ethanolamine Adduct as Its Metabolite. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:638-644. [PMID: 30735032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a dietary isothiocyanate (ITC) derived from cruciferous vegetables, has anticancer properties. It is believed that the ITC moiety (-N═C═S) that reacts predominantly with thiol compounds plays a central role in triggering the activities resulting from these properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that ITCs also covalently modify amino moieties in a protein. In this study, we examined the chemical reaction between BITC and the aminophospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), in the cell membrane or lipoprotein particle. To detect the BITC-modified PE, the bond between ethanolamine (EA) and phosphatidic acid in PE was cleaved using phospholipase D to form the BITC-EA adduct, which was then measured. BITC-EA was detected from the BITC-treated unilamellar liposome and low-density lipoprotein even with only a few micromoles of BITC treatment, suggesting that BITC might react with not only a thiol/amino group of a protein but also an amino moiety of an aminophospholipid. Moreover, after incorporating BITC-PE included in the liposomes into the cultured cells or after direct exposure of BITC to the cells, free BITC-EA was excreted and accumulated in the medium in a time-dependent manner. It indicates that an intracellular enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of BITC-PE to produce BITC-EA. Because the ITC-amine adduct is stable, the ITC-EA adduct could be a promising indicator of ITC exposure in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science , Okayama University , Okayama 700-0082 , Japan
| | - Miho Hirakawa
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment , University of Hyogo , Himeji , Hyogo 670-0092 , Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science , Okayama University , Okayama 700-0082 , Japan
| | - Akari Ishisaka
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment , University of Hyogo , Himeji , Hyogo 670-0092 , Japan.,Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Hyogo , Himeji , Hyogo 670-0092 , Japan
| | - Noritoshi Kitamoto
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment , University of Hyogo , Himeji , Hyogo 670-0092 , Japan.,Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Hyogo , Himeji , Hyogo 670-0092 , Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment , University of Hyogo , Himeji , Hyogo 670-0092 , Japan.,Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Hyogo , Himeji , Hyogo 670-0092 , Japan
| | - Yoji Kato
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment , University of Hyogo , Himeji , Hyogo 670-0092 , Japan.,Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Hyogo , Himeji , Hyogo 670-0092 , Japan
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11
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Gehringer M, Laufer SA. Emerging and Re-Emerging Warheads for Targeted Covalent Inhibitors: Applications in Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5673-5724. [PMID: 30565923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) are designed to bind poorly conserved amino acids by means of reactive groups, the so-called warheads. Currently, targeting noncatalytic cysteine residues with acrylamides and other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is the predominant strategy in TCI development. The recent ascent of covalent drugs has stimulated considerable efforts to characterize alternative warheads for the covalent-reversible and irreversible engagement of noncatalytic cysteine residues as well as other amino acids. This Perspective article provides an overview of warheads-beyond α,β-unsaturated amides-recently used in the design of targeted covalent ligands. Promising reactive groups that have not yet demonstrated their utility in TCI development are also highlighted. Special emphasis is placed on the discussion of reactivity and of case studies illustrating applications in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
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12
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Kok T, Wasiel AA, Cool RH, Melgert BN, Poelarends GJ, Dekker FJ. Small-molecule inhibitors of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as an emerging class of therapeutics for immune disorders. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1910-1918. [PMID: 29936245 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important cytokine for which an increasing number of functions is being described in the pathogenesis of inflammation and cancer. Nevertheless, the availability of potent and druglike MIF inhibitors that are well-characterized in relevant disease models remains limited. Development of highly potent and selective small-molecule MIF inhibitors and validation of their use in relevant disease models will advance drug discovery. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the identification of MIF as a pharmacological target in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and cancer. We also give an overview of the current developments in the discovery and design of small-molecule MIF inhibitors and define future aims in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjie Kok
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut Surabaya, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Anna A Wasiel
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert H Cool
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Balogh KN, Templeton DJ, Cross JV. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor protects cancer cells from immunogenic cell death and impairs anti-tumor immune responses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197702. [PMID: 29864117 PMCID: PMC5986154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is an inflammatory cytokine that is overexpressed in a number of cancer types, with increased MIF expression often correlating with tumor aggressiveness and poor patient outcomes. In this study, we aimed to better understand the link between primary tumor expression of MIF and increased tumor growth. Using the MMTV-PyMT murine model of breast cancer, we observed that elevated MIF expression promoted tumor appearance and growth. Supporting this, we confirmed our previous observation that higher MIF expression supported tumor growth in the 4T1 murine model of breast cancer. We subsequently discovered that loss of MIF expression in 4T1 cells led to decreased cell numbers and increased apoptosis in vitro under reduced serum culture conditions. We hypothesized that this increase in cell death would promote detection by the host immune system in vivo, which could explain the observed impairment in tumor growth. Supporting this, we demonstrated that loss of MIF expression in the primary tumor led to an increased abundance of intra-tumoral IFNgamma-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and that depletion of T cells from mice bearing MIF-deficient tumors restored growth to the level of MIF-expressing tumors. Furthermore, we found that MIF depletion from the tumor cells resulted in greater numbers of activated intra-tumoral dendritic cells (DCs). Lastly, we demonstrated that loss of MIF expression led to a robust induction of a specialized form of cell death, immunogenic cell death (ICD), in vitro. Together, our data suggests a model in which MIF expression in the primary tumor dampens the anti-tumor immune response, promoting tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N. Balogh
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Dennis J. Templeton
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Janet V. Cross
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Trivedi-Parmar V, Jorgensen WL. Advances and Insights for Small Molecule Inhibition of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8104-8119. [PMID: 29812929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream regulator of the immune response whose dysregulation is tied to a broad spectrum of inflammatory and proliferative disorders. As its complex signaling pathways and pleiotropic nature have been elucidated, it has become an attractive target for drug discovery. Remarkably, MIF is both a cytokine and an enzyme that functions as a keto-enol tautomerase. Strategies including in silico modeling, virtual screening, high-throughput screening, and screening of anti-inflammatory natural products have led to a large and diverse catalogue of MIF inhibitors as well as some understanding of the structure-activity relationships for compounds binding MIF's tautomerase active site. With possible clinical trials of some MIF inhibitors on the horizon, it is an opportune time to review the literature to seek trends, address inconsistencies, and identify promising new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Trivedi-Parmar
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520-8107 , United States
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15
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Karlsson I, Samuelsson K, Simonsson C, Stenfeldt AL, Nilsson U, Ilag LL, Jonsson C, Karlberg AT. The Fate of a Hapten - From the Skin to Modification of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in Lymph Nodes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2895. [PMID: 29440696 PMCID: PMC5811565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin (contact) allergy, the most prevalent form of immunotoxicity in humans, is caused by low molecular weight chemicals (haptens) that penetrate stratum corneum and modify endogenous proteins. The fate of haptens after cutaneous absorption, especially what protein(s) they react with, is largely unknown. In this study the fluorescent hapten tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) was used to identify hapten-protein conjugates in the local lymph nodes after topical application, as they play a key role in activation of the adaptive immune system. TRITC interacted with dendritic cells but also with T and B cells in the lymph nodes as shown by flow cytometry. Identification of the most abundant TRITC-modified protein in lymph nodes by tandem mass spectrometry revealed TRITC-modification of the N-terminal proline of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) – an evolutionary well-conserved protein involved in cell-mediated immunity and inflammation. This is the first time a hapten-modified protein has been identified in lymph nodes after topical administration of the hapten. Most haptens are electrophiles and can therefore modify the N-terminal proline of MIF, which has an unusually reactive amino group under physiological conditions; thus, modification of MIF by haptens may have an immunomodulating role in contact allergy as well as in other immunotoxicity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristin Samuelsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Simonsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Stenfeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leopold L Ilag
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Jonsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Khamis I, Heikkila JJ. Effect of isothiocyanates, BITC and PEITC, on stress protein accumulation, protein aggregation and aggresome-like structure formation in Xenopus A6 kidney epithelial cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 204:1-13. [PMID: 29100952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have elucidated the health benefits of organosulfur compounds, known as isothiocyanates (ITCs), derived from cruciferous vegetables. As electrophiles, ITCs have the ability to directly bind and modify thiol-containing compounds such as glutathione and cellular protein, including tubulin. While the biochemical effects of ITCs have been well characterized, less information is available regarding their effects on the accumulation of stress-inducible heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), heat shock proteins (HSPs) and the possible formation of aggregated protein due to thiol modification. The present study has examined the effect of the ITCs, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), on the accumulation of HO-1, HSP70 and HSP30 in Xenopus laevis A6 kidney epithelial cells. Immunoblot analysis revealed that both BITC and PEITC induced the accumulation of HO-1 and HSP70 whereas HSP30 levels were enhanced only in cells treated with BITC. Immunocytochemistry determined that ITC treatment induced F-actin disorganization and membrane ruffling and enhanced accumulation of HO-1 in the cytoplasm. Additionally, BITC induced enhanced levels of ubiquitinated protein, aggregated protein, and the collapse and fragmentation of microtubules. In comparison, treatment of cells with the proteasomal inhibitor, MG132, induced the accumulation of all three stress proteins, aggregated protein and aggresome-like structures. Finally, cells pretreated with BITC inhibited the formation of MG132-induced aggresome-like structures in the perinuclear region. This latter finding suggests that BITC-induced microtubule fragmentation may impede the movement of aggregated protein via microtubules and their subsequent coalescence into aggresome-like structures in the perinuclear region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khamis
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John J Heikkila
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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17
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Nakamura T, Abe-Kanoh N, Nakamura Y. Physiological relevance of covalent protein modification by dietary isothiocyanates. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2017; 62:11-19. [PMID: 29371751 PMCID: PMC5773839 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs), naturally occurring in abundance in cruciferous vegetables, are the most well-studied organosulfur compounds having an electrophilic reactivity. ITCs have been accepted as major ingredients of these vegetables that afford their health promoting potentials. ITCs are able to modulate protein functions related to drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, kinases and phosphatases, etc. One of the most important questions about the molecular basis for the health promoting effects of ITCs is how they modulate cellular target proteins. Although the molecular targets of ITCs remains to be validated, dietary modulation of the target proteins via covalent modification by ITCs should be one of the promising strategies for the protection of cells against oxidative and inflammatory damage. This review discusses the plausible target proteins of dietary ITCs with an emphasis on possible involvement of protein modification in their health promoting effects. The fundamental knowledge of ITCs is also included with consideration of the chemistry, intracellular behavior, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naomi Abe-Kanoh
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Department of Food Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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18
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Schindler L, Dickerhof N, Hampton MB, Bernhagen J. Post-translational regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor: Basis for functional fine-tuning. Redox Biol 2017; 15:135-142. [PMID: 29247897 PMCID: PMC5975065 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a chemokine-like protein and an important mediator in the inflammatory response. Unlike most other pro-inflammatory cytokines, a number of cell types constitutively express MIF and secretion occurs from preformed stores. MIF is an evolutionarily conserved protein that shows a remarkable functional diversity, including specific binding to surface CD74 and chemokine receptors and the presence of two intrinsic tautomerase and oxidoreductase activities. Several studies have shown that MIF is subject to post-translational modification, particularly redox-dependent modification of the catalytic proline and cysteine residues. In this review, we summarize and discuss MIF post-translational modifications and their effects on the biological properties of this protein. We propose that the redox-sensitive residues in MIF will be modified at sites of inflammation and that this will add further depth to the functional diversity of this intriguing cytokine. MIF is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with tautomerase and oxidoreductase activity. MIF is susceptible to post-translational modifications, including redox modification. Oxidants and electrophiles generated at inflammatory sites can modify MIF. The biological consequences of redox modification need detailed characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schindler
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for System Neurology (EXC 1010 SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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19
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Roger T, Schlapbach LJ, Schneider A, Weier M, Wellmann S, Marquis P, Vermijlen D, Sweep FCGJ, Leng L, Bucala R, Calandra T, Giannoni E. Plasma Levels of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and d-Dopachrome Tautomerase Show a Highly Specific Profile in Early Life. Front Immunol 2017; 8:26. [PMID: 28179905 PMCID: PMC5263165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic, constitutively expressed, pro-inflammatory cytokine and an important regulator of immune responses. d-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT), a newly described member of the MIF protein superfamily, shares sequence homology and biological activities with MIF. We recently reported that high expression levels of MIF sustain innate immune responses in newborns. Here, we elected to further characterize age-dependent MIF expression and to define whether DDT shares a similar expression profile with MIF. Therefore, we delineated the circulating concentrations of MIF and DDT throughout life using a large cohort of 307 subjects including fetuses, newborns, infants, children, and adults. Compared to levels measured in healthy adults (median: 5.7 ng/ml for MIF and 16.8 ng/ml for DDT), MIF and DDT plasma concentrations were higher in fetuses (median: 48.9 and 29.6 ng/ml), increased further at birth (median: 82.6 and 52.0 ng/ml), reached strikingly elevated levels on postnatal day 4 (median: 109.5 and 121.6 ng/ml), and decreased to adult levels during the first months of life. A strong correlation was observed between MIF and DDT concentrations in all age groups (R = 0.91, P < 0.0001). MIF and DDT levels correlated with concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor, a protein upregulated under low oxygen tension and implicated in vascular and lung development (R = 0.70, P < 0.0001 for MIF and R = 0.65, P < 0.0001 for DDT). In very preterm infants, lower levels of MIF and DDT on postnatal day 6 were associated with an increased risk of developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia and late-onset neonatal sepsis. Thus, MIF and DDT plasma levels show a highly specific developmental profile in early life, supporting an important role for these cytokines during the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Luregn J Schlapbach
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Paediatric Critical Care Research Group, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anina Schneider
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Neonatology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Weier
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Neonatology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sven Wellmann
- Department of Neonatology, University of Basel Children's Hospital (UKBB) , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Patrick Marquis
- Service of Neonatology, Lausanne University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Biopharmacy, Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Fred C G J Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , Netherlands
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Thierry Calandra
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Eric Giannoni
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Neonatology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Damle SR, Martin RK, Cross JV, Conrad DH. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor deficiency enhances immune response to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:205-214. [PMID: 27049059 PMCID: PMC5053838 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infections with helminth parasites are endemic in the developing world and are a target for intervention with new therapies. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine with pleiotropic effects in inflammation and immune responses. We investigated the role of MIF in a naturally cleared model of helminth infection in rodents, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. At day 7 postinfection, MIF-deficient (MIF-/-) mice had reduced parasite burden and mounted an enhanced type 2 immune response (Th2), including increased Gata3 expression and interleukin-13 (IL-13) production in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Bone marrow reconstitution demonstrated that MIF produced from hematopoietic cells was crucial and Rag1-/- reconstitution provided direct evidence that MIF-/- CD4+ T cells were responsible for the augmented parasite clearance. MIF-/- CD4+ T cells produced less IL-6 postinfection, which correlated with enhanced Th2 responses. MIF-/- CD4+ T cells exhibited lower nuclear factor-κB activation, potentially explaining the reduction in IL-6. Finally, we demonstrated enhanced clearance of the parasite and Th2 response in wild-type mice treated with the MIF tautomerase inhibitor, sulforaphane, a compound found naturally found in cruciferous vegetables. These results are the first to describe the importance of the tautomerase enzyme activity in MIF function in N. brasiliensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela R. Damle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Rebecca K. Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Janet V. Cross
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Daniel H. Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
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21
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Bloom J, Metz C, Nalawade S, Casabar J, Cheng KF, He M, Sherry B, Coleman T, Forsthuber T, Al-Abed Y. Identification of Iguratimod as an Inhibitor of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) with Steroid-sparing Potential. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26502-26514. [PMID: 27793992 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.743328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been implicated in a broad range of inflammatory and oncologic diseases. MIF is unique among cytokines in terms of its release profile and inflammatory role, notably as an endogenous counter-regulator of the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. In addition, it exhibits a catalytic tautomerase activity amenable to the design of high affinity small molecule inhibitors. Although several classes of these compounds have been identified, biologic characterization of these molecules remains a topic of active investigation. In this study, we used in vitro LPS-driven assays to characterize representative molecules from several classes of MIF inhibitors. We determined that MIF inhibitors exhibit distinct profiles of anti-inflammatory activity, especially with regard to TNFα. We further investigated a molecule with relatively low anti-inflammatory activity, compound T-614 (also known as the anti-rheumatic drug iguratimod), and found that, in addition to exhibiting selective MIF inhibition in vitro and in vivo, iguratimod also has additive effects with glucocorticoids. Furthermore, we found that iguratimod synergizes with glucocorticoids in attenuating experimental autoimmune encephalitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. Our work identifies iguratimod as a valuable new candidate for drug repurposing to MIF-relevant diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Bloom
- From the Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York 11549, .,the Centers for Molecular Innovation
| | - Christine Metz
- From the Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York 11549.,Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Saisha Nalawade
- the Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - Julian Casabar
- the Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | | | | | - Barbara Sherry
- From the Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York 11549.,Immunology and Inflammation, and
| | - Thomas Coleman
- the Office of Technology Transfer, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, and
| | - Thomas Forsthuber
- the Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- From the Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York 11549, .,the Centers for Molecular Innovation
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22
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Zapatero MC, Pérez P, Vázquez MJ, Colmenarejo G, de Los Frailes M, Ramón F. Discovery of Novel Inhibitors of the Tautomerase Activity of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:446-58. [PMID: 26933127 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116633997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine associated with multiple diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. With the ultimate goal of providing novel chemotypes as starting points for development of disease-modifying therapeutics for neurodegeneration, we endeavored to screen the GSK compound collection for MIF inhibitors using a miniaturized, activity-based kinetic assay. The assay monitors the increase in absorbance at 320 nm resulting from keto-to-enol tautomerization of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, a reaction catalyzed by MIF. We ran a full-diversity screen evaluating the inhibitory activity of 1.6 million compounds. Primary hits were confirmed and retested in an orthogonal assay measuring tautomerization of l-dopachrome methyl ester by the decrease in absorbance at 475 nm in kinetic mode. Selected compounds were progressed to medium-throughput mode-of-inhibition studies, which included time dependence, enzyme concentration dependence, and reversibility of their inhibitory effect. With these results and after inspection of the physicochemical properties of compounds, 17 chemotypes were prioritized and progressed to further stages of validation and characterization to better assess their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paloma Pérez
- Molecular Discovery Research, Centro de Investigación Básica, GSK, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Vázquez
- Molecular Discovery Research, Centro de Investigación Básica, GSK, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- Molecular Discovery Research, Centro de Investigación Básica, GSK, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite de Los Frailes
- Molecular Discovery Research, Centro de Investigación Básica, GSK, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Ramón
- Molecular Discovery Research, Centro de Investigación Básica, GSK, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Zhang Y, Xu L, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Zheng L, Li D, Li Y, Liu F, Yu K, Hou T, Zhen X. Structure-Activity Relationships and Anti-inflammatory Activities of N-Carbamothioylformamide Analogues as MIF Tautomerase Inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:1994-2004. [PMID: 26288111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a proinflammatory cytokine, is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In our previous study, 3-[(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)carbamothioyl]amino benzoic acid (compound 1) was discovered as a potent inhibitor of MIF by docking-based virtual screening and bioassays. Here, a series of analogues of compound 1 derived from similarity search and chemical synthesis were evaluated for their MIF tautomerase activities, and their structure-activity relationships were then analyzed. The most potent inhibitor (compound 5) with an IC50 of 370 nM strongly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner and significantly enhanced the survival rate of mice with LPS-induced endotoxic shock from 0 to 35% at 0.5 mg/kg and to 45% at 1 mg/kg, highlighting the therapeutic potential of the MIF tautomerase inhibition in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology , Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Longtai Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Kunqian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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24
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Isothiocyanates: a class of bioactive metabolites with chemopreventive potential. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4005-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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25
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Spencer ES, Dale EJ, Gommans AL, Rutledge MT, Vo CT, Nakatani Y, Gamble AB, Smith RAJ, Wilbanks SM, Hampton MB, Tyndall JDA. Multiple binding modes of isothiocyanates that inhibit macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:501-10. [PMID: 25743213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has roles in the innate immune response, and also contributes to inflammatory disease. While the biological properties of MIF are closely linked to protein-protein interactions, MIF also has tautomerase activity. Inhibition of this activity interferes with the interaction of MIF with protein partners e.g. the CD74 receptor, and tautomerase inhibitors show promise in disease models including multiple sclerosis and colitis. Isothiocyanates inhibit MIF tautomerase activity via covalent modification of the N-terminal proline. We systematically explored variants of benzyl and phenethyl isothiocyanates, to define determinants of inhibition. In particular, substitution with hydroxyl, chloro, fluoro and trifluoro moieties at the para and meta positions were evaluated. In assays on treated cells and recombinant protein, the IC50 varied from 250 nM to >100 μM. X-ray crystal structures of selected complexes revealed that two binding modes are accessed by some compounds, perhaps owing to strain in short linkers between the isothiocyanate and aromatic ring. The variety of binding modes confirms the existence of two subsites for inhibitors and establishes a platform for the development of potent inhibitors of MIF that only need to target one of these subsites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Spencer
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Edward J Dale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Aimée L Gommans
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Malcolm T Rutledge
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Christine T Vo
- National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yoshio Nakatani
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Allan B Gamble
- National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Robin A J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sigurd M Wilbanks
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Joel D A Tyndall
- National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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26
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Potent inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) by myeloperoxidase-dependent oxidation of epicatechins. Biochem J 2014; 462:303-14. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the ability of oxidized epicatechins to modify the N-terminal proline of the pro-inflammatory cytokine MIF at equimolar concentrations.
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27
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Kim M, Cho HJ, Kwon GT, Kang YH, Kwon SH, Her S, Park T, Kim Y, Kee Y, Park JHY. Benzyl isothiocyanate suppresses high-fat diet-stimulated mammary tumor progression via the alteration of tumor microenvironments in obesity-resistant BALB/c mice. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:72-82. [PMID: 24729546 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that a high-fat diet (HFD) and M2-macrophages induce changes in tumor microenvironments and stimulate tumor growth and metastasis of 4T1 mammary cancer cells in BALB/c mice. In this study, we attempted to determine whether benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) inhibits HFD-induced changes in tumor progression and in tumor microenvironments. Four groups of female BALB/c mice (4-week-old) were fed on a control diet (CD, 10 kcal% fat) and HFD (60 kcal% fat) containing BITC (0, 25, or 100 mg/kg diet) for 20 weeks. Following 16 weeks of feeding, 4T1 cells (5×10(4) cells) were injected into the mammary fat pads, and animals were killed 30 d after the injection. HFD feeding increased solid tumor growth and the number of tumor nodules in the lung and liver, as compared to the CD group, and these increases were inhibited by BITC supplementation. The number of lipid vacuoles, CD45+ leukocytes and CD206+ M2-macrophages, expression of Ki67, levels of cytokines/chemokines, including macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and mRNA levels of F4/80, CD86, Ym1, CD163, CCR2, and M-CSF receptor were increased in the tumor tissues of HFD-fed mice, and these increases were inhibited by BITC supplementation. In vitro culture results demonstrated that BITC inhibited macrophage migration as well as lipid droplet accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. These results suggest that suppression of lipid accumulation and macrophage infiltration in tumor tissues may be one of the mechanisms by which BITC suppresses tumor progression in HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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28
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Keppler JK, Koudelka T, Palani K, Stuhldreier MC, Temps F, Tholey A, Schwarz K. Characterization of the covalent binding of allyl isothiocyanate to β-lactoglobulin by fluorescence quenching, equilibrium measurement, and mass spectrometry. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:1103-17. [PMID: 23808652 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.809605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reversible binding of small compounds through hydrophobic interactions or hydrogen bonding to food proteins (e.g. milk proteins) is a thoroughly researched topic. In contrast, covalent interactions are not well characterized. Here, we report a rare form of positive-cooperativity-linear binding of allyl isothiocyanate with β-lactoglobulin, resulting in the cleavage of a disulfide bond of the protein. We compared three methods (i.e. fluorescence quenching, equilibrium dialysis, and headspace-water equilibrium) to characterize the binding kinetics and investigated the molecular binding by mass spectrometry. The methodologies used were found to be comparable and reproducible in the presence of high and low ligand concentrations for fluorescence quenching and equilibrium-based methods respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Katharina Keppler
- a Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Technology , Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kiel , Germany
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29
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Wang J, Tong C, Yan X, Yeung E, Gandavadi S, Hare AA, Du X, Chen Y, Xiong H, Ma C, Leng L, Young LH, Jorgensen WL, Li J, Bucala R. Limiting cardiac ischemic injury by pharmacological augmentation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor-AMP-activated protein kinase signal transduction. Circulation 2013; 128:225-36. [PMID: 23753877 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) exerts a protective effect on ischemic myocardium by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Small molecules that increase the affinity of MIF for its receptor have been recently designed, and we hypothesized that such agonists may enhance AMPK activation and limit ischemic tissue injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of cardiomyocytes with the candidate MIF agonist, MIF20, augmented AMPK phosphorylation, increased by 50% the surface localization of glucose transporter, and enhanced by 25% cellular glucose uptake in comparison with MIF alone. In mouse hearts perfused with MIF20 before no-flow ischemia and reperfusion, postischemic left ventricular function improved commensurately with an increase in cardiac MIF-AMPK activation and an augmentation in myocardial glucose uptake. By contrast, small-molecule MIF agonism was not effective in cells or tissues genetically deficient in MIF or the MIF receptor, verifying the specificity of MIF20 for MIF-dependent AMPK signaling. The protective effect of MIF20 also was evident in an in vivo regional ischemia model. Mice treated with MIF20 followed by left coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion showed a significant reduction in infarcted myocardium. CONCLUSIONS These data support the pharmacological utility of small-molecule MIF agonists in enhancing AMPK activation and reducing cardiac ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA
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30
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Savoy RM, Ghosh PM. Linking inflammation and neuroendocrine differentiation: the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor-mediated signaling in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:C1-4. [PMID: 23612613 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new paper by Tawadros et al. in Endocrine-Related Cancer demonstrates a link between macrophage migration inhibitory factor and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer. This paper may have implications in explaining the effect of prostatitis and chronic inflammation on the development of aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda M Savoy
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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31
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Mechanisms of Nrf2/Keap1-dependent phase II cytoprotective and detoxifying gene expression and potential cellular targets of chemopreventive isothiocyanates. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:839409. [PMID: 23781297 PMCID: PMC3679808 DOI: 10.1155/2013/839409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are abundantly found in cruciferous vegetables. Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic consumption of cruciferous vegetables can lower the overall risk of cancer. Natural ITCs are key chemopreventive ingredients of cruciferous vegetables, and one of the prime chemopreventive mechanisms of natural isothiocyanates is the induction of Nrf2/ARE-dependent gene expression that plays a critical role in cellular defense against electrophiles and reactive oxygen species. In the present review, we first discuss the underlying mechanisms how natural ITCs affect the intracellular signaling kinase cascades to regulate the Keap1/Nrf2 activities, thereby inducing phase II cytoprotective and detoxifying enzymes. We also discuss the potential cellular protein targets to which natural ITCs are directly conjugated and how these events aid in the chemopreventive effects of natural ITCs. Finally, we discuss the posttranslational modifications of Keap1 and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of Nrf2 in response to electrophiles and oxidants.
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32
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Simpson KD, Templeton DJ, Cross JV. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes tumor growth and metastasis by inducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5533-40. [PMID: 23125418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an inflammatory cytokine, is overexpressed in many solid tumors and is associated with poor prognosis. We previously identified inhibitors of MIF within a class of natural products with demonstrated anti-cancer activities. We therefore sought to determine how MIF contributes to tumor growth and progression. We show in this study that in murine tumors including the 4T1 model of aggressive, spontaneously metastatic breast cancer in immunologically intact mice, tumor-derived MIF promotes tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis through control of inflammatory cells within the tumor. Specifically, MIF increases the prevalence of a highly immune suppressive subpopulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) within the tumor. In vitro, MIF promotes differentiation of myeloid cells into the same population of MDSCs. Pharmacologic inhibition of MIF reduces MDSC accumulation in the tumor similar to MIF depletion and blocks the MIF-dependent in vitro differentiation of MDSCs. Our results demonstrate that MIF is a therapeutically targetable mechanism for control of tumor growth and metastasis through regulation of the host immune response and support the potential utility of MIF inhibitors, either alone or in combination with standard tumor-targeting therapeutic or immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D Simpson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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33
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Crichlow GV, Fan C, Keeler C, Hodsdon M, Lolis EJ. Structural interactions dictate the kinetics of macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibition by different cancer-preventive isothiocyanates. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7506-14. [PMID: 22931430 DOI: 10.1021/bi3005494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cellular processes by dietary nutrients is known to affect the likelihood of cancer development. One class of cancer-preventive nutrients, isothiocyanates (ITCs), derived from the consumption of cruciferous vegetables, is known to have various effects on cellular biochemistry. One target of ITCs is macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a widely expressed protein with known inflammatory, pro-tumorigenic, pro-angiogenic, and anti-apoptotic properties. MIF is covalently inhibited by a variety of ITCs, which in part may explain how they exert their cancer-preventive effects. We report the crystallographic structures of human MIF bound to phenethylisothiocyanate and to l-sulforaphane (dietary isothiocyanates derived from watercress and broccoli, respectively) and correlate structural features of these two isothiocyanates with their second-order rate constants for MIF inactivation. We also characterize changes in the MIF structure using nuclear magnetic resonance heteronuclear single-quantum coherence spectra of these complexes and observe many changes at the subunit interface. While a number of chemical shifts do not change, many of those that change do not have features similar in magnitude or direction for the two isothiocyanates. The difference in the binding modes of these two ITCs provides a means of using structure-activity relationships to reveal insights into MIF biological interactions. The results of this study provide a framework for the development of therapeutics that target MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg V Crichlow
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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34
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Tyndall JDA, Lue H, Rutledge MT, Bernhagen J, Hampton MB, Wilbanks SM. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor covalently complexed with phenethyl isothiocyanate. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:999-1002. [PMID: 22949182 PMCID: PMC3433185 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is irreversibly inhibited via covalent modification by phenethyl isothiocyanate, a naturally occurring compound with anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. The structure of the modified protein obtained from X-ray diffraction data to 1.64 Å resolution is presented. The inhibitor sits within a deep hydrophobic pocket between subunits of the homotrimer and is highly ordered. The secondary structure of macrophage migratory inhibitory factor is unchanged by this modification, but there are significant rearrangements, including of the side-chain position of Tyr37 and the main chain of residues 31-34. These changes may explain the decreased binding of the modified protein to the receptor CD74. Together with the pocket, the areas of conformational change define specific targets for the design of more selective and potent inhibitors as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D. A. Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Hongqi Lue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Malcolm T. Rutledge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jurgen Bernhagen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark B. Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Sigurd M. Wilbanks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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35
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Bai F, Asojo OA, Cirillo P, Ciustea M, Ledizet M, Aristoff PA, Leng L, Koski RA, Powell TJ, Bucala R, Anthony KG. A novel allosteric inhibitor of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30653-63. [PMID: 22782901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.385583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a catalytic cytokine and an upstream mediator of the inflammatory pathway. MIF has broad regulatory properties, dysregulation of which has been implicated in the pathology of multiple immunological diseases. Inhibition of MIF activity with small molecules has proven beneficial in a number of disease models. Known small molecule MIF inhibitors typically bind in the tautomerase site of the MIF trimer, often covalently modifying the catalytic proline. Allosteric MIF inhibitors, particularly those that associate with the protein by noncovalent interactions, could reveal novel ways to block MIF activity for therapeutic benefit and serve as chemical probes to elucidate the structural basis for the diverse regulatory properties of MIF. In this study, we report the identification and functional characterization of a novel allosteric MIF inhibitor. Identified from a high throughput screening effort, this sulfonated azo compound termed p425 strongly inhibited the ability of MIF to tautomerize 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate. Furthermore, p425 blocked the interaction of MIF with its receptor, CD74, and interfered with the pro-inflammatory activities of the cytokine. Structural studies revealed a unique mode of binding for p425, with a single molecule of the inhibitor occupying the interface of two MIF trimers. The inhibitor binds MIF mainly on the protein surface through hydrophobic interactions that are stabilized by hydrogen bonding with four highly specific residues from three different monomers. The mode of p425 binding reveals a unique way to block the activity of the cytokine for potential therapeutic benefit in MIF-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Bai
- L2 Diagnostics, LLC, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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36
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Chemoprotection Against Cancer by Isothiocyanates: A Focus on the Animal Models and the Protective Mechanisms. NATURAL PRODUCTS IN CANCER PREVENTION AND THERAPY 2012; 329:179-201. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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37
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Fimognari C, Turrini E, Ferruzzi L, Lenzi M, Hrelia P. Natural isothiocyanates: genotoxic potential versus chemoprevention. Mutat Res 2011; 750:107-131. [PMID: 22178957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates, occurring in many dietary cruciferous vegetables, show interesting chemopreventive activities against several chronic-degenerative diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, diabetes. The electrophilic carbon residue in the isothiocyanate moiety reacts with biological nucleophiles and modification of proteins is recognized as a key mechanism underlying the biological activity of isothiocyanates. The nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 system, which orchestrates the expression of a wide array of antioxidant genes, plays a role in the protective effect of isothiocyanates against almost all the pathological conditions reported above. Recent emerging findings suggest a further common mechanism. Chronic inflammation plays a central role in many human diseases and isothiocyanates inhibit the activity of many inflammation components, suppress cyclooxygenase 2, and irreversibly inactivate the macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Due to their electrophilic reactivity, some isothiocyanates are able to form adducts with DNA and induce gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations. DNA damage has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic-degenerative diseases of epidemiological relevance. Thus, the genotoxicity of the isothiocyanates should be carefully considered. In addition, the dose-response relationship for genotoxic compounds does not suggest evidence of a threshold. Thus, chemicals that are genotoxic pose a greater potential risk to humans than non-genotoxic compounds. Dietary consumption levels of isothiocyanates appear to be several orders of magnitude lower than the doses used in the genotoxicity studies and thus it is highly unlikely that such toxicities would occur in humans. However, the beneficial properties of isothiocyanates stimulated an increase of dietary supplements and functional foods with highly enriched isothiocyanate concentrations on the market. Whether such concentrations may exert a potential health risk cannot be excluded with certainty and an accurate evaluation of the toxicological profile of isothiocyanates should be prompted before any major increase in their consumption be recommended or their clinical use suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Fimognari
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Turrini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ferruzzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monia Lenzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Mi L, Di Pasqua AJ, Chung FL. Proteins as binding targets of isothiocyanates in cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1405-13. [PMID: 21665889 PMCID: PMC3179418 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates are versatile cancer-preventive compounds. Evidence from animal studies indicates that the anticarcinogenic activities of ITCs involve all the major stages of tumor growth: initiation, promotion and progression. Epidemiological studies have also shown that dietary intake of ITCs is associated with reduced risk of certain human cancers. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for the chemopreventive activities of ITCs. To identify the molecular targets of ITCs is a first step to understand the molecular mechanisms of ITCs. Studies in recent years have shown that the covalent binding to certain protein targets by ITCs seems to play an important role in ITC-induced apoptosis and cell growth inhibition and other cellular effects. The knowledge gained from these studies may be used to guide future design and screen of better and more efficacious compounds. In this review, we intend to cover all potential protein targets of ITCs so far studied and summarize what are known about their binding sites and the potential biological consequences. In the end, we also offer discussions to shed light onto the relationship between protein binding and reactive oxygen species generation by ITCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Mi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Brown KK, Hampton MB. Biological targets of isothiocyanates. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:888-94. [PMID: 21704127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isothiocyanates are phytochemicals with a broad array of effects in biological systems. Bioactivity includes the stimulation of cellular antioxidant systems, induction of apoptosis and interference with cytokine production and activity. Epidemiological evidence and experimental studies indicate that naturally occurring isothiocyanates and synthetic derivatives have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the molecular targets of isothiocyanates, and how target modification translates into a biological response. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Isothiocyanates may mediate their effects via direct protein modification or indirectly by disruption of redox homeostasis and increased thiol oxidation. Some target proteins have been identified, but in-depth searches with new techniques are needed to reveal novel targets. Site-directed mutagenesis and isothiocyanate structure-activity relationships will assist in determining the biological significance of specific modifications. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Target identification is important for rational drug design and exploiting the therapeutic potential of isothiocyanates. It also provides insight into the diverse pathways that these compounds regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Brown
- Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Healy ZR, Liu H, Holtzclaw WD, Talalay P. Inactivation of tautomerase activity of macrophage migration inhibitory factor by sulforaphane: a potential biomarker for anti-inflammatory intervention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1516-23. [PMID: 21602309 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a proinflammatory cytokine with keto-enol tautomerase activity, rises rapidly in response to inflammation and is elevated in many chronic diseases. Isothiocyanates, such as sulforaphane from broccoli, are very potent inactivators of MIF tautomerase activity. A simple rapid method for determining this activity in tissues and body fluids may therefore be valuable for assessing severity of inflammation and efficacy of intervention. METHODS Existing spectrophotometric assays of MIF, based on conversion of methyl L-dopachrome to methyl 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate and associated loss of absorption at 475 nm, lack sensitivity. Assay sensitivity and efficiency were markedly improved by reducing the nonenzymatic rate, by lowering pH to 6.2, replacing phosphate (which catalyzes the reaction) with Bis-Tris buffer, and converting to a microtiter plate format. RESULTS A structure-potency study of MIF tautomerase inactivation by isothiocyanates showed that sulforaphane, benzyl, n-hexyl, and phenethyl isothiocyanates were especially potent. MIF tautomerase could be readily quantified in human urine concentrated by ultrafiltration. This activity comprised: (i) a heat-labile, sulforaphane-inactivated macromolecular fraction (presumably MIF) that was concentrated during ultrafiltration; (ii) a flow-through fraction, with constant activity during filtration, that was heat stable and insensitive to sulforaphane. Administration of the sulforaphane precursor glucoraphanin to human volunteers almost completely abolished urinary tautomerase activity, which recovered over many hours. CONCLUSION A simple, rapid, quantitative MIF tautomerase assay has been developed as a potential biomarker for assessing inflammatory severity and effectiveness of intervention. IMPACT An improved assay for measuring MIF tautomerase activity and its applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Healy
- The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Cancer Chemoprotection Center, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Mi L, Xiao Z, Veenstra TD, Chung FL. Proteomic identification of binding targets of isothiocyanates: A perspective on techniques. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1036-44. [PMID: 21555001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intake of cruciferous vegetable is inversely associated with the risk of several cancer types. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are believed to be important constituents contributing to these cancer-preventive effects. Although several mechanisms, including induction of apoptosis, have been proposed for the anti-carcinogenesis activities of ITCs, detailed upstream triggering events are still not fully understood. Identification of ITC binding targets in cellular proteins is crucial for not only mechanistic studies but also future drug screening and design. In this review, we summarize recent progress in discovery of ITC protein targets from a technical perspective. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed to facilitate future studies on target discovery of ITCs and perhaps other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Mi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Stimulation of phagocytosis by sulforaphane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 405:146-51. [PMID: 21219867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane, a major isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables, protects living systems against electrophile toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and radiation. A major protective mechanism is the induction of a network of endogenous cytoprotective (phase 2) genes that are regulated by transcription factor Nrf2. To obtain a more detailed understanding of the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of sulforaphane, we evaluated its effect on the phagocytosis activity of RAW 264.7 murine macrophage-like cells by measuring the uptake of 2-μm diameter polystyrene beads. Sulforaphane raised the phagocytosis activity of RAW 264.7 cells but only in the absence or presence of low concentrations (1%) of fetal bovine serum. Higher serum concentrations depressed phagocytosis and abolished its stimulation by sulforaphane. This stimulation did not depend on the induction of Nrf2-regulated genes since it occurred in peritoneal macrophages of nrf2(-/-) mice. Moreover, a potent triterpenoid inducer of Nrf2-dependent genes did not stimulate phagocytosis, whereas sulforaphane and another isothiocyanate (benzyl isothiocyanate) had comparable inducer potencies. It has been shown recently that sulforaphane is a potent and direct inactivator of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an inflammatory cytokine. Moreover, the addition of recombinant MIF to RAW 264.7 cells attenuated phagocytosis, but sulforaphane-inactivated MIF did not affect phagocytosis. The inactivation of MIF may therefore be involved in the phagocytosis-enhancing activity of sulforaphane.
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Mi L, Gan N, Chung FL. Isothiocyanates inhibit proteasome activity and proliferation of multiple myeloma cells. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:216-23. [PMID: 21109604 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs), including benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane, compounds found in cruciferous vegetable, are highly effective in inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells and animal models. Although some studies indicate that ITC-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation may underlie apoptosis induction, our recent studies show that covalent binding to target proteins may be an important event triggering apoptosis. In this study, we report that BITC and PEITC significantly inhibit proteasome activity in a variety of cell types. Further studies show that ITCs inhibit both the 26S and 20S proteasomes, presumably through direct binding, and that this inhibition is unrelated to either ROS generation or ITC-induced protein aggregation. The potency of ITC-induced proteasome inhibition correlates with the rapid accumulation of p53 (tumor suppressor) and IκB nuclear factor-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor). Finally, our results demonstrate that BITC and PEITC, the two strongest proteasome inhibitors, significantly suppress growth of multiple myeloma (MM) cells through induction of cell cycle arrest at G₂/M phase and apoptosis. This study suggests that proteasome, like tubulin, is a potential molecular target of ITCs, thus providing a novel mechanism by which ITCs strongly inhibit growth of MM cells and new leads in identifying compounds with therapeutic and preventative efficacies for MM. It also supports the future studies of ITCs as therapeutic and preventive agents for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Mi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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El Turk F, Fauvet B, Ouertatani-Sakouhi H, Lugari A, Betzi S, Roche P, Morelli X, Lashuel HA. An integrative in silico methodology for the identification of modulators of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) tautomerase activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5425-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ouertatani-Sakouhi H, Liu M, El-Turk F, Cuny GD, Glicksman MA, Lashuel HA. Kinetic-based high-throughput screening assay to discover novel classes of macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:347-58. [PMID: 20231420 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110363825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a major mediator of innate immunity and inflammation and presents a potential therapeutic target for various inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune diseases, including cancer. Although a number of inhibitors have been identified and designed based on the modification of known nonphysiological substrates, the lack of a suitable high-throughput assay has hindered the screening of chemical libraries and the discovery of more diverse inhibitors. Herein the authors report the development and optimization of a robust high-throughput kinetic-based activity assay for the identification of new MIF inhibitors. Using this assay, they screened 80,000 small molecules and identified and validated 13 novel inhibitors of MIF catalytic activity. These small molecules demonstrated inhibition constant (K(i,app)) values ranging from 0.5 to 13 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Ouertatani-Sakouhi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Functional Neuroproteomics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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