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Gumpper RH, Roth BL. Psychedelics: preclinical insights provide directions for future research. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:119-127. [PMID: 36932180 PMCID: PMC10700551 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, psychedelics have emerged as promising therapeutics for numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. While their potential in the clinic has yet to be fully elucidated, understanding their molecular and biological mechanisms is imperative as these compounds are becoming widely used both in therapeutic and recreational contexts. This review examines the current understanding of basic biology, pharmacology, and structural biology in an attempt to reveal both the knowns and unknowns within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Gumpper
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
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2
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Palanisamy S, Xue C, Ishiyama S, Naga Prasad SV, Gabrielson K. GPCR-ErbB transactivation pathways and clinical implications. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110092. [PMID: 34303814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface receptors including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play quintessential roles in physiology, and in diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. While downstream signaling from these individual receptor families has been well studied, the cross-talk between EGF and GPCR receptor families is still incompletely understood. Including members of both receptor families, the number of receptor and ligand combinations for unique interactions is vast, offering a frontier of pharmacologic targets to explore for preventing and treating disease. This molecular cross-talk, called receptor transactivation, is reviewed here with a focus on the cardiovascular system featuring the well-studied GPCR receptors, but also discussing less-studied receptors from both families for a broad understanding of context of expansile interactions, repertoire of cellular signaling, and disease consequences. Attention is given to cell type, level of chronicity, and disease context given that transactivation and comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, coronavirus infection, impact cardiovascular disease and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn Xue
- University of California, Los Angeles, 101 Hershey Hall, 612 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Shun Ishiyama
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sathyamangla Venkata Naga Prasad
- NB50, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, 1, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Miller Research Building, Room 807, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA.
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3
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Sargin D, Chottekalapanda RU, Perit KE, Yao V, Chu D, Sparks DW, Kalik S, Power SK, Troyanskaya OG, Schmidt EF, Greengard P, Lambe EK. Mapping the physiological and molecular markers of stress and SSRI antidepressant treatment in S100a10 corticostriatal neurons. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1112-1129. [PMID: 31431686 PMCID: PMC7031043 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In mood disorders, psychomotor and sensory abnormalities are prevalent, disabling, and intertwined with emotional and cognitive symptoms. Corticostriatal neurons in motor and somatosensory cortex are implicated in these symptoms, yet mechanisms of their vulnerability are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that S100a10 corticostriatal neurons exhibit distinct serotonin responses and have increased excitability, compared with S100a10-negative neurons. We reveal that prolonged social isolation disrupts the specific serotonin response which gets restored by chronic antidepressant treatment. We identify cell-type-specific transcriptional signatures in S100a10 neurons that contribute to serotonin responses and strongly associate with psychomotor and somatosensory function. Our studies provide a strong framework to understand the pathogenesis and create new avenues for the treatment of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Sargin
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Revathy U. Chottekalapanda
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Kristina E. Perit
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Victoria Yao
- 0000 0001 2097 5006grid.16750.35Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA ,0000 0001 2097 5006grid.16750.35Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - Duong Chu
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Daniel W. Sparks
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Salina Kalik
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Saige K. Power
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Olga G. Troyanskaya
- 0000 0001 2097 5006grid.16750.35Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA ,0000 0001 2097 5006grid.16750.35Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA ,grid.430264.7Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY 10010 USA
| | - Eric F. Schmidt
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Paul Greengard
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Evelyn K. Lambe
- 0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of OBGYN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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4
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Kulikova EA, Khotskin NV, Illarionova NB, Sorokin IE, Bazhenova EY, Kondaurova EM, Volcho KP, Khomenko TM, Salakhutdinov NF, Ponimaskin E, Naumenko VS, Kulikov AV. Inhibitor of Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, 8-(Trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,4,5-Benzopentathiepin-6-Amine hydrochloride (TC-2153), Produces Antidepressant-Like Effect and Decreases Functional Activity and Protein Level of 5-HT 2A Receptor in the Brain. Neuroscience 2018; 394:220-231. [PMID: 30367948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The serotoninergic 5-HT2A receptor is involved in the mechanism of depression and antidepressant drugs action. Earlier we showed that striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) inhibitor - 8-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,3,4,5-benzopentathiepin-6-amine hydrochloride (TC-2153) affects both the brain serotoninergic system and the brain-derived neurotropic factor that are known to be involved in the psychopathology of depression. In the present study we investigated the effects of chronic TC-2153 administration on behavior in the standard battery of tests as well as the effects of acute and chronic TC-2153 treatment on the brain 5-HT2A receptors in mice. We obtained a prominent antidepressant-like effect of chronic TC-2153 treatment in the forced swim test without any adverse side effects on locomotor activity, anxiety, exploration, motor skill and obsessive-compulsive-like behavior. Moreover, both acute and chronic TC-2153 administration inhibited the functional activity of 5-HT2A receptors estimated by the number of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI, agonist of 5-HT2A receptors)-induced head-twitches. TC-2153 treatment also attenuated the DOI-induced c-fos expression in cortical and hippocampal neurons and reduced the 5-HT2A receptor protein level in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, but not in the striatum. Taken together, our combined data demonstrate that the antidepressant effect of STEP inhibitor TC-2153 could be mediated by its inhibitory properties towards the 5-HT2A receptor-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kulikova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - N V Khotskin
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N B Illarionova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I E Sorokin
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E Y Bazhenova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E M Kondaurova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - K P Volcho
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T M Khomenko
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N F Salakhutdinov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E Ponimaskin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - V S Naumenko
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A V Kulikov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Fischer M, Raabe T. Animal Models for Coffin-Lowry Syndrome: RSK2 and Nervous System Dysfunction. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:106. [PMID: 29875643 PMCID: PMC5974046 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the rsk2 gene cause Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS), which is associated with multiple symptoms including severe mental disabilities. Despite the characterization of ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) as a protein kinase acting as a downstream effector of the well characterized ERK MAP-kinase signaling pathway, it turns out to be a challenging task to link RSK2 to specific neuronal processes dysregulated in case of mutation. Animal models such as mouse and Drosophila combine advanced genetic manipulation tools with in vivo imaging techniques, high-resolution connectome analysis and a variety of behavioral assays, thereby allowing for an in-depth analysis for gene functions in the nervous system. Although modeling mental disability in animal systems has limitations because of the complexity of phenotypes, the influence of genetic variation and species-specific characteristics at the neural circuit and behavioral level, some common aspects of RSK2 function in the nervous system have emerged, which will be presented. Only with this knowledge our understanding of the pathophysiology of CLS can be improved, which might open the door for development of potential intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Raabe
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Zhang G, Stackman RW. The role of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in memory and cognition. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:225. [PMID: 26500553 PMCID: PMC4594018 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) are widely distributed in the central nervous system, especially in brain region essential for learning and cognition. In addition to endogenous 5-HT, several hallucinogens, antipsychotics, and antidepressants function by targeting 5-HT2ARs. Preclinical studies show that 5-HT2AR antagonists have antipsychotic and antidepressant properties, whereas agonist ligands possess cognition-enhancing and hallucinogenic properties. Abnormal 5-HT2AR activity is associated with a number of psychiatric disorders and conditions, including depression, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. In addition to its traditional activity as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), recent studies have defined novel operations of 5-HT2ARs. Here we review progress in the (1) receptor anatomy and biology: distribution, signaling, polymerization and allosteric modulation; and (2) receptor functions: learning and memory, hallucination and spatial cognition, and mental disorders. Based on the recent progress in basic research on the 5-HT2AR, it appears that post-training 5-HT2AR activation enhances non-spatial memory consolidation, while pre-training 5-HT2AR activation facilitates fear extinction. Further, the potential influence that 5-HT2AR-elicited visual hallucinations may have on visual cue (i.e., landmark) guided spatial cognition is discussed. We conclude that the development of selective 5-HT2AR modulators to target distinct signaling pathways and neural circuits represents a new possibility for treating emotional, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongliang Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University Hefei, China ; Department of Biology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL, USA ; Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL, USA
| | - Robert W Stackman
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL, USA ; Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter FL, USA
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7
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Karaki S, Becamel C, Murat S, Mannoury la Cour C, Millan MJ, Prézeau L, Bockaert J, Marin P, Vandermoere F. Quantitative phosphoproteomics unravels biased phosphorylation of serotonin 2A receptor at Ser280 by hallucinogenic versus nonhallucinogenic agonists. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1273-85. [PMID: 24637012 PMCID: PMC4014284 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.036558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin 5-HT2A receptor is a primary target of psychedelic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamine, mescaline, and psilocybin, which reproduce some of the core symptoms of schizophrenia. An incompletely resolved paradox is that only some 5-HT2A receptor agonists exhibit hallucinogenic activity, whereas structurally related agonists with comparable affinity and activity lack such a psychoactive activity. Using a strategy combining stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture with enrichment in phosphorylated peptides by means of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography followed by immobilized metal affinity chromatography, we compared the phosphoproteome in HEK-293 cells transiently expressing the 5-HT2A receptor and exposed to either vehicle or the synthetic hallucinogen 1-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl]-2-aminopropane (DOI) or the nonhallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonist lisuride. Among the 5995 identified phosphorylated peptides, 16 sites were differentially phosphorylated upon exposure of cells to DOI versus lisuride. These include a serine (Ser280) located in the third intracellular loop of the 5-HT2A receptor, a region important for its desensitization. The specific phosphorylation of Ser280 by hallucinogens was further validated by quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of immunopurified receptor digests and by Western blotting using a phosphosite specific antibody. The administration of DOI, but not of lisuride, to mice, enhanced the phosphorylation of 5-HT2A receptors at Ser280 in the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, hallucinogens induced a less pronounced desensitization of receptor-operated signaling in HEK-293 cells and neurons than did nonhallucinogenic agonists. The mutation of Ser280 to aspartic acid (to mimic phosphorylation) reduced receptor desensitization by nonhallucinogenic agonists, whereas its mutation to alanine increased the ability of hallucinogens to desensitize the receptor. This study reveals a biased phosphorylation of the 5-HT2A receptor in response to hallucinogenic versus nonhallucinogenic agonists, which underlies their distinct capacity to desensitize the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Karaki
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34094 Montpellier, France
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8
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Lim HC, Xie L, Zhang W, Li R, Chen ZC, Wu GZ, Cui SS, Tan EK, Zeng L. Ribosomal S6 Kinase 2 (RSK2) maintains genomic stability by activating the Atm/p53-dependent DNA damage pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74334. [PMID: 24086335 PMCID: PMC3781089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 Kinase 2 (RSK2) is a member of the p90RSK family of serine/threonine kinases, which are widely expressed and respond to many growth factors, peptide hormones, and neurotransmitters. Loss-of function mutations in the RPS6KA3 gene, which encodes the RSK2 protein, have been implicated in Coffin-Lowry Syndrome (CLS), an X-linked mental retardation disorder associated with cognitive deficits and behavioral impairments. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this neurological disorder are not known. Recent evidence suggests that defective DNA damage signaling might be associated with neurological disorders, but the role of RSK2 in the DNA damage pathway remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that Adriamycin-induced DNA damage leads to the phosphorylation of RSK2 at Ser227 and Thr577 in the chromatin fraction, promotes RSK2 nuclear translocation, and enhances RSK2 and Atm interactions in the nuclear fraction. Furthermore, using RSK2 knockout mouse fibroblasts and RSK2-deficient cells from CLS patients, we demonstrate that ablation of RSK2 impairs the phosphorylation of Atm at Ser1981 and the phosphorylation of p53 at Ser18 (mouse) or Ser15 (human) in response to genotoxic stress. We also show that RSK2 affects p53-mediated downstream cellular events in response to DNA damage, that RSK2 knockout relieves cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and that an increased number of γH2AX foci, which are associated with defects in DNA repair, are present in RSK2-deficient cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that RSK2 plays an important role in the DNA damage pathway that maintains genomic stability by mediating cell cycle progression and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chi Lim
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Xie
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rong Li
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, c/o Biomedical Sciences Institutes (BMSI), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhong-Can Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guang-Zhi Wu
- Department of Hand-surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jinlin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Sen Cui
- Department of Hand-surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun City, Jinlin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Eng King Tan
- Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Neurology Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorders program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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9
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Raote I, Bhattacharyya S, Panicker MM. Functional selectivity in serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2A) endocytosis, recycling, and phosphorylation. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 83:42-50. [PMID: 23034456 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.078626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is modulated by endocytosis and endosomal sorting of receptors between degradation and recycling. Differential regulation of these processes by endogenous ligands and synthetic drugs is a poorly understood area of GPCR signaling. Here, we describe remarkable diversity in the regulation of trafficking of GPCR induced by multiple ligands. We show that the serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT(2A)), a prototypical GPCR in the study of functional selectivity at a signaling receptor, is functionally selective in endocytosis and recycling in response to five ligands tested: endogenous agonists serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA), synthetic agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-aminopropane (DOI), antagonist ketanserin, and inverse agonist and antipsychotic drug clozapine. Only four ligands (5-HT, DA, DOI, and clozapine) bring about receptor endocytosis. As we have earlier described with 5-HT and DA, there is ligand-specific requirement for protein kinase C (PKC) in endocytosis. We now show 5-HT(2A) phosphorylation by PKC is necessary for 5-HT-mediated and DOI-mediated receptor endocytosis, but DA-mediated and clozapine-mediated internalization is not affected if PKC is inhibited. Internalized receptors are recycled to the cell surface, but there is variability in the time course of recycling. 5-HT- and DA-internalized receptors are recycled in 2.5 hours while agonist DOI and antagonist clozapine bring about recycling in 7.5 hours. Recycling in response to those ligands that require PKC activation to effect receptor endocytosis is dependent on receptor dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Thus, internalization and phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycles may play a significant role in the regulation of 5-HT(2A) by functionally and therapeutically important ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishier Raote
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065 Karnataka, India
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10
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Seitz PK, Bremer NM, McGinnis AG, Cunningham KA, Watson CS. Quantitative changes in intracellular calcium and extracellular-regulated kinase activation measured in parallel in CHO cells stably expressing serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:25. [PMID: 22397586 PMCID: PMC3380724 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The serotonin (5-HT) 2A and 2C receptors (5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR) are involved in a wide range of physiological and behavioral processes in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. These receptors share a high degree of homology, have overlapping pharmacological profiles, and utilize many of the same and richly diverse second messenger signaling systems. We have developed quantitative assays for cells stably expressing these two receptors involving minimal cell sample manipulations that dramatically improve parallel assessments of two signaling responses: intracellular calcium (Cai++) changes and activation (phosphorylation) of downstream kinases. Such profiles are needed to begin to understand the simultaneous contributions from the multiplicity of signaling cascades likely to be initiated by serotonergic ligands. Results We optimized the Cai++ assay for stable cell lines expressing either 5-HT2AR or 5-HT2CR (including dye use and measurement parameters; cell density and serum requirements). We adapted a quantitative 96-well plate immunoassay for pERK in the same cell lines. Similar cell density optima and time courses were observed for 5-HT2AR- and 5-HT2CR-expressing cells in generating both types of signaling. Both cell lines also require serum-free preincubation for maximal agonist responses in the pERK assay. However, 5-HT2AR-expressing cells showed significant release of Cai++ in response to 5-HT stimulation even when preincubated in serum-replete medium, while the response was completely eliminated by serum in 5-HT2CR-expressing cells. Response to another serotonergic ligand (DOI) was eliminated by serum-replete preincubation in both cells lines. Conclusions These data expand our knowledge of differences in ligand-stimulated signaling cascades between 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR. Our parallel assays can be applied to other cell and receptor systems for monitoring and dissecting concurrent signaling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Seitz
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Allen JA, Yadav PN, Setola V, Farrell M, Roth BL. Schizophrenia risk gene CAV1 is both pro-psychotic and required for atypical antipsychotic drug actions in vivo. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e33. [PMID: 22832607 PMCID: PMC3309505 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a scaffolding protein important for regulating receptor signaling cascades by partitioning signaling molecules into membrane microdomains. Disruption of the CAV1 gene has recently been identified as a rare structural variant associated with schizophrenia. Although Cav-1 knockout (KO) mice displayed no baseline behavioral disruptions, Cav-1 KO mice, similar to schizophrenic individuals, exhibited increased sensitivity to the psychotomimetic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP). Thus, PCP disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI) and PCP-induced mouse locomotor activity were both enhanced by genetic deletion of Cav-1. Interestingly, genetic deletion of Cav-1 rendered the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and olanzapine and the 5-HT(2A)-selective antagonist M100907 ineffective at normalizing PCP-induced disruption of PPI. We also discovered that genetic deletion of Cav-1 attenuated 5-HT(2A)-induced c-Fos and egr-1 expression in mouse frontal cortex and also reduced 5-HT(2A)-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization in primary cortical neuronal cultures. The behavioral effects of the 5-HT(2A) agonist (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) including head twitch responses and disruption of PPI were also attenuated by genetic deletion of Cav-1, indicating that Cav-1 is required for both inverse agonist (that is, atypical antipsychotic drug) and agonist actions at 5-HT(2A) receptors. This study demonstrates that disruption of the CAV1 gene--a rare structural variant associated with schizophrenia--is not only pro-psychotic but also attenuates atypical antipsychotic drug actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Allen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P N Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - V Setola
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Farrell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - B L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, University of North Carolina, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4007 Genetic Medicine Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA. E-mail:
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Chaves VE, Frasson D, Kawashita NH. Several agents and pathways regulate lipolysis in adipocytes. Biochimie 2011; 93:1631-40. [PMID: 21658426 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the only tissue capable of hydrolyzing its stores of triacylglycerol (TAG) and of mobilizing fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream so that they can be used by other tissues. The full hydrolysis of TAG depends on the activity of three enzymes, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and monoacylglycerol lipase, each of which possesses a distinct regulatory mechanism. Although more is known about HSL than about the other two enzymes, it has recently been shown that HLS and ATGL can be activated simultaneously, such that the mechanism that enables HSL to access the surface of lipid droplets also permits the stimulation of ATGL. The classical pathway of lipolysis activation in adipocytes is cAMP-dependent. The production of cAMP is modulated by G-protein-coupled receptors of the Gs/Gi family and cAMP degradation is regulated by phosphodiesterase. However, other pathways that activate TAG hydrolysis are currently under investigation. Lipolysis can also be started by G-protein-coupled receptors of the Gq family, through molecular mechanisms that involve phospholipase C, calmodulin and protein kinase C. There is also evidence that increased lipolytic activity in adipocytes occurs after stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway or after cGMP accumulation and activation of protein kinase G. Several agents contribute to the control of lipolysis in adipocytes by modulating the activity of HSL and ATGL. In this review, we have summarized the signalling pathways activated by several agents involved in the regulation of TAG hydrolysis in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Allen JA, Roth BL. Strategies to discover unexpected targets for drugs active at G protein-coupled receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51:117-44. [PMID: 20868273 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an evolutionarily conserved family of signaling molecules comprising approximately 2% of the human genome; this receptor family remains a central focus in basic pharmacology studies and drug discovery efforts. Detailed studies of drug action at GPCRs over the past decade have revealed existing and novel ligands that exhibit polypharmacology-that is, drugs with activity at more than one receptor target for which they were designed. These "off-target" drug actions can be a liability that causes adverse side effects; however, in several cases, drugs with less selectivity demonstrate better clinical efficacy. Here we review physical screening and cheminformatic approaches that define drug activity at the GPCR receptorome. In many cases, such profiling has revealed unexpected targets that explain therapeutic actions as well as off-targets underlying drug side effects. Such drug-receptor profiling has also provided new insights into mechanisms of action of existing drugs and has suggested directions for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Allen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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Roth BL. Irving Page Lecture: 5-HT(2A) serotonin receptor biology: interacting proteins, kinases and paradoxical regulation. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:348-54. [PMID: 21288474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine(2A) (5-HT(2A)) serotonin receptors are important pharmacological targets for a large number of central nervous system and peripheral serotonergic medications. In this review article I summarize work mainly from my lab regarding serotonin receptor anatomy, pharmacology, signaling and regulation. I highlight the role of serotonin receptor interacting proteins and the emerging paradigm of G-protein coupled receptor functional selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, Program in Neurosciences, Lineberger Cancer Center, NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, and Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Room 4072, Genetic Medicine Building, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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García-Sáinz JA, Romero-Ávila MT, Medina LDC. Dissecting how receptor tyrosine kinases modulate G protein-coupled receptor function. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 648:1-5. [PMID: 20828551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases and G protein-coupled receptors modulate physiological processes and are also involved in the pathogenesis of some diseases. These receptors have intense bidirectional crosstalks leading to interactions in their signaling pathways and also modulation of the receptors themselves. In some cases, the receptor tyrosine kinases phosphorylate G protein-coupled receptors whereas in others phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase B and protein kinase C are key elements in these crosstalks. Two paracrine/ autocrine processes also participate, i.e., epidermal growth factor transactivation and sphingosine 1-phosphate generation and signaling. G proteins seem to mediate actions of receptor tyrosine kinases, but how this takes place is far from completely understood; some models are presented. Recent data indicate that the mitogen activated protein kinase cascade also mediate crosstalks. In the present perspective these processes are outlined using information from receptors that have been intensively studied, and important gaps in our knowledge are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, México D.F. 04510.
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