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Han X, Hu X, Zhou C, Wang H, Li Q, Ouyang Y, Kuang X, Xiao D, Xiang Q, Yu X, Li X, Gu Y, Zhao K, Chen Q, Ma M. Cloning and functional characterization of xylitol dehydrogenase genes from Issatchenkia orientalis and Torulaspora delbrueckii. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:29-35. [PMID: 32171656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae can obtain xylose utilization capacity via integration of heterogeneous xylose reductase (XR) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) genes into its metabolic pathway, and XYL2 which encodes the XDH plays an essential role in this process. Herein, we reported that two hypothetical XYL2 genes from the multistress-tolerant yeasts of Issatchenkia orientalis and Torulaspora delbrueckii were cloned, and they encoded two XDHs, IoXyl2p and TdXyl2p, respectively, with the activities for oxidation of xylitol to xylulose. Comparative studies demonstrated that IoXyl2p and TdXyl2p, like the SsXyl2p from Scheffersomyces stipitis, were probably localized to the cytoplasm and strictly dependent on NAD+ rather than NADP+ as the cofactor for catalyzing the oxidation reaction of xylitol. IoXyl2p had the highest specific activity, maximum velocity (Vmax), affinity to xylitol (Km), and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) among the three XDHs. The optimum temperature for oxidation of xylitol were at 45 °C by IoXyl2p and at 35 °C by TdXyl2p and SsXyl2p, and the optimum pH of IoXyl2p, TdXyl2p and SsXyl2p for oxidation of xylitol was 8.0, 8.5 and 7.5, respectively. Mg2+ promoted the activities of IoXyl2p and TdXyl2p, but slightly inhibited the activity of SsXyl2p. Most metal ions had much weaker inhibition effects on IoXyl2p and TdXyl2p than SsXyl2p. IoXyl2p displayed the strongest salt resistance among the three XDHs. To summarize, IoXyl2p from I. orientalis and TdXyl2p from T. delbrueckii characterized in this study are considered to be the attractive candidates for the construction of genetically engineered S. cerevisiae for efficiently fermentation of carbohydrate in lignocellulosic hydrolysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Han
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Hu
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yidan Ouyang
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Kuang
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Difan Xiao
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Quanju Xiang
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China
| | - Menggen Ma
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China; Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan, PR China.
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Hu X, Han X, Wu L, Wang H, Ouyang Y, Li Q, Kuang X, Xiang Q, Yu X, Li X, Gu Y, Zhao K, Chen Q, Ma M. The open reading frame 02797 from Candida tropicalis encodes a novel NADH-dependent aldehyde reductase. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 171:105625. [PMID: 32173567 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its high-temperature tolerance, robustness, and wide use of carbon sources, Candida tropicalis is considered a good candidate microorganism for bioconversion of lignocellulose to ethanol. It also has the intrinsic ability to in situ detoxify aldehydes derived from lignocellulosic hydrolysis. However, the aldehyde reductases that catalyze this bioconversion in C. tropicalis remain unknown. Herein, we found that the uncharacterized open reading frame (ORF), CTRG_02797, from C. tropicalis encodes a novel and broad substrate-specificity aldehyde reductase that reduces at least seven aldehydes. This enzyme strictly depended on NADH rather than NADPH as the co-factor for catalyzing the reduction reaction. Its highest affinity (Km), maximum velocity (Vmax), catalytic rate constant (Kcat), and catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) were observed when reducing acetaldehyde (AA) and its enzyme activity was influenced by different concentrations of salts, metal ions, and chemical protective additives. Protein localization assay demonstrated that Ctrg_02797p was localized in the cytoplasm in C. tropicalis cells, which ensures an effective enzymatic reaction. Finally, Ctrg_02797p was grouped into the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CADH) subfamily of the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. This research provides guidelines for exploring more uncharacterized genes with reduction activity for detoxifying aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Hu
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xuebing Han
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lan Wu
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yidan Ouyang
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Kuang
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Quanju Xiang
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Menggen Ma
- Institute of Resources and Geographic Information Technology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
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Balestri F, Moschini R, Cappiello M, Mura U, Del-Corso A. Thiol oxidase ability of copper ion is specifically retained upon chelation by aldose reductase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:559-565. [PMID: 28224255 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine lens aldose reductase is susceptible to a copper-mediated oxidation, leading to the generation of a disulfide bridge with the concomitant incorporation of two equivalents of the metal and inactivation of the enzyme. The metal complexed by the protein remains redox active, being able to catalyse the oxidation of different physiological thiol compounds. The thiol oxidase activity displayed by the enzymatic form carrying one equivalent of copper ion (Cu1-AR) has been characterized. The efficacy of Cu1-AR in catalysing thiol oxidation is essentially comparable to the free copper in terms of both thiol concentration and pH effect. On the contrary, the two catalysts are differently affected by temperature. The specificity of the AR-bound copper towards thiols is highlighted with Cu1-AR being completely ineffective in promoting the oxidation of both low-density lipoprotein and ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Balestri
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 51, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Moschini
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 51, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 51, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Umberto Mura
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 51, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Del-Corso
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 51, 56123, Pisa, Italy.
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Paidimuddala B, Krishna Aradhyam G, N. Gummadi S. A halotolerant aldose reductase from Debaryomyces nepalensis: gene isolation, overexpression and biochemical characterization. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01697b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the conversion of aldoses to polyols, the natural sugar substitutes. Here we provide gene sequence and characteristics of the first-ever halotolerant AR which could be exploited as a potential biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Paidimuddala
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
| | - Gopala Krishna Aradhyam
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
| | - Sathyanarayana N. Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai 600 036
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ROCCHICCIOLI M, MOSCHINI R, CAPPIELLO L, BALESTRI F, CAPPIELLO M, MURA U, DEL-CORSO A. Colorimetric Coupled Enzyme Assay for Cystathionine β-Synthase. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:901-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura CAPPIELLO
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit
| | | | - Mario CAPPIELLO
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit
| | - Umberto MURA
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit
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Disulfiram and Copper Ions Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Synergistic Manner. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015. [PMID: 26033731 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00692‐15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a severe disease affecting millions worldwide. Unfortunately, treatment strategies are hampered both by the prohibitively long treatment regimen and the rise of drug-resistant strains. Significant effort has been expended in the search for new treatments, but few options have successfully emerged, and new treatment modalities are desperately needed. Recently, there has been growing interest in the synergistic antibacterial effects of copper ions (Cu(II/I)) in combination with certain small molecular compounds, and we have previously reported development of a drug screening strategy to harness the intrinsic bactericidal properties of Cu(II/I). Here, we describe the copper-dependent antimycobacterial properties of disulfiram, an FDA-approved and well-tolerated sobriety aid. Disulfiram was inhibitory to mycobacteria only in the presence of Cu(II/I) and exerted its bactericidal activity well below the active concentration of Cu(II/I) or disulfiram alone. No other physiologically relevant bivalent transition metals (e.g., Fe(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), and Co(II)) exhibited this effect. We demonstrate that the movement of the disulfiram-copper complex across the cell envelope is porin independent and can inhibit intracellular protein functions. Additionally, the complex is able to synergistically induce intracellular copper stress responses significantly more than Cu(II/I) alone. Our data suggest that by complexing with disulfiram, Cu(II/I) is likely allowed unfettered access to vulnerable intracellular components, bypassing the normally sufficient copper homeostatic machinery. Overall, the synergistic antibacterial activity of Cu(II/I) and disulfiram reveals the susceptibility of the copper homeostasis system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to chemical attacks and establishes compounds that act in concert with copper as a new class of bacterial inhibitors.
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Disulfiram and Copper Ions Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Synergistic Manner. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4835-44. [PMID: 26033731 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00692-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a severe disease affecting millions worldwide. Unfortunately, treatment strategies are hampered both by the prohibitively long treatment regimen and the rise of drug-resistant strains. Significant effort has been expended in the search for new treatments, but few options have successfully emerged, and new treatment modalities are desperately needed. Recently, there has been growing interest in the synergistic antibacterial effects of copper ions (Cu(II/I)) in combination with certain small molecular compounds, and we have previously reported development of a drug screening strategy to harness the intrinsic bactericidal properties of Cu(II/I). Here, we describe the copper-dependent antimycobacterial properties of disulfiram, an FDA-approved and well-tolerated sobriety aid. Disulfiram was inhibitory to mycobacteria only in the presence of Cu(II/I) and exerted its bactericidal activity well below the active concentration of Cu(II/I) or disulfiram alone. No other physiologically relevant bivalent transition metals (e.g., Fe(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), and Co(II)) exhibited this effect. We demonstrate that the movement of the disulfiram-copper complex across the cell envelope is porin independent and can inhibit intracellular protein functions. Additionally, the complex is able to synergistically induce intracellular copper stress responses significantly more than Cu(II/I) alone. Our data suggest that by complexing with disulfiram, Cu(II/I) is likely allowed unfettered access to vulnerable intracellular components, bypassing the normally sufficient copper homeostatic machinery. Overall, the synergistic antibacterial activity of Cu(II/I) and disulfiram reveals the susceptibility of the copper homeostasis system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to chemical attacks and establishes compounds that act in concert with copper as a new class of bacterial inhibitors.
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Lapenna D, Ciofani G, Ucchino S, Giamberardino MA, Di Ilio C, Cuccurullo F. Reactive aldehyde-scavenging enzyme activities in atherosclerotic plaques of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. Atherosclerosis 2015; 238:190-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kumar S, Gummadi SN. Purification and biochemical characterization of a moderately halotolerant NADPH dependent xylose reductase from Debaryomyces nepalensis NCYC 3413. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:9710-9717. [PMID: 21855330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A Xylose reductase (XR) from the halotolerant yeast, Debaryomyces nepalensis NCYC 3413 was purified to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 74 kDa with monomeric subunit of 36.4 kDa (MALDI-TOF/MS) and pI of 6.0. The enzyme exhibited its maximum activity at pH 7.0 and 45 °C (21.2U/mg). In situ gel digestion and peptide mass fingerprinting analysis showed 12-22% sequence homology with XR from other yeasts. Inhibition of the enzyme by DEPC (diethylpyrocarbonate) confirmed the presence of histidine residue in its active site. The enzyme exhibited high preference for pentoses over hexoses with greater catalytic efficiency for arabinose than xylose. The enzyme also showed absolute specificity with NADPH over NADH. The enzyme retained 90% activity with 100 mM of NaCl or KCl and 40% activity with 1 M KCl which suggest that the enzyme is moderately halotolerant and can be utilized for commercial production of xylitol under conditions where salts are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawan Kumar
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
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Park SJ, Jung YS, Kim JS, Seo MD, Lee BJ. Structural insight into the distinct properties of copper transport by the Helicobacter pylori CopP protein. Proteins 2008; 71:1007-19. [PMID: 18214986 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori CopP (HpCopP) is a putative copper binding regulatory protein composed of 66 amino acid residues. The small HpCopP protein is homologous to CopZ, encoded by the E. hirae and B. subtilis cop operons. To clarify the role of HpCopP in copper metabolism in H. pylori, we studied the structural and copper binding characteristics by NMR spectroscopy. Based on the resonance assignments, the tertiary structure of HpCopP was determined. Unlike the betaalphabetabetaalphabeta fold of the homologous CopZ, HpCopP adopts the betaalphabetabetaalpha fold. The superposition with structures of other bacterial copper binding proteins showed that the global structure of HpCopP follows the general topology of the family, regardless of absence of the C-terminal beta-strand. The Cu(I) binding property of HpCopP was well conserved like CopZs: the structural changes due to Cu(I) and Ag(I) bindings were primarily restricted to the metal binding motif (CXXC motif). On the other hand, the Cu(II) binding property of CopP was different with that of CopZ: in the absence of reducing agent, Cu(II) ion oxidized a mutant HpCopP, resulting in disulfide bond formation in the CXXC motif. The Cu(II) ion binding property was evaluated using the mutant HpCopP, in which two amino acids were artificially introduced at the C-terminus, since the reduced state of the CXXC motif was more stabile in the mutant HpCopP without a reducing agent. Here, the structure and copper binding property of HpCopP are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jean Park
- National Laboratory of Membrane Protein Structure, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Reyes-Vivas H, Diaz A, Peon J, Mendoza-Hernandez G, Hernandez-Alcantara G, De la Mora-De la Mora I, Enriquez-Flores S, Dominguez-Ramirez L, Lopez-Velazquez G. Disulfide bridges in the mesophilic triosephosphate isomerase from Giardia lamblia are related to oligomerization and activity. J Mol Biol 2006; 365:752-63. [PMID: 17095008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Triosephosphate isomerase from the mesophile Giardia lamblia (GlTIM) is the only known TIM with natural disulfide bridges. We previously found that oxidized and reduced thiol states of GlTIM are involved in the interconversion between native dimers and higher oligomeric species, and in the regulation of enzymatic activity. Here, we found that trophozoites and cysts have different oligomeric species of GlTIM and complexes of GlTIM with other proteins. Our data indicate that the internal milieu of G. lamblia is favorable for the formation of disulfide bonds. Enzyme mutants of the three most solvent exposed Cys of GlTIM (C202A, C222A, and C228A) were prepared to ascertain their contribution to oligomerization and activity. The data show that the establishment of a disulfide bridge between two C202 of two dimeric GlTIMs accounts for multimerization. In addition, we found that the establishment of an intramonomeric disulfide bond between C222 and C228 abolishes catalysis. Multimerization and inactivation are both reversed by reducing conditions. The 3D structure of the C202A GlTIM was solved at 2.1 A resolution, showing that the environment of the C202 is prone to hydrophobic interactions. Molecular dynamics of an in silico model of GlTIM when the intramonomeric disulfide bond is formed, showed that S216 is displaced 4.6 A from its original position, causing loss of hydrogen bonds with residues of the active-site loop. This suggests that this change perturb the conformational state that aligns the catalytic center with the substrate, inducing enzyme inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Reyes-Vivas
- Laboratorio de Bioquimica Genetica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, 04530 Mexico, D.F
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12
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Moschini R, Marini I, Malerba M, Cappiello M, Del Corso A, Mura U. Chaperone-like activity of alpha-crystallin toward aldose reductase oxidatively stressed by copper ion. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 453:13-7. [PMID: 16615933 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The protective action of alpha-crystallin against copper-induced protein stress is studied using bovine lens aldose reductase (ALR2) as protein model. The oxidative inactivation of ALR2 induced by CuCl2 at the stoichiometric Cu2+/ALR2 ratio of 2/1 [I. Cecconi, M. Moroni, P.G. Vilardo, M. Dal Monte, P. Borella, G. Rastelli, L. Costantino, D. Garland, D. Carper, J.M. Petrash, A. Del Corso, U. Mura, Biochemistry 37 (1998) 14167-14174] is accompanied by protein aggregation phenomena when the metal ion concentration is increased (Cu2+/ALR2>3). Protein oxidation precedes protein precipitation. Both inactivation and precipitation of ALR2 are prevented by alpha-crystallin in a concentration-dependent manner. The rationale for the stabilization of ALR2 exerted by alpha-crystallin at low metal concentration is given on the basis of the ability of alpha-crystallin to chelate copper. However, the overall protective action exerted by alpha-crystallin at higher copper concentration may be explained invoking the contribution of the special features of alpha-crystallin to easily interact with target proteins undergoing structural rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Moschini
- Department of Biology, Section of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno, 51, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Mudway IS, Duggan ST, Venkataraman C, Habib G, Kelly FJ, Grigg J. Combustion of dried animal dung as biofuel results in the generation of highly redox active fine particulates. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:6. [PMID: 16202154 PMCID: PMC1262769 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The burning of biomass in the developing world for heating and cooking results in high indoor particle concentrations. Long-term exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased rates of acute respiratory infections, chronic obstructive lung disease and cancer. In this study we determined the oxidative activity of combustion particles derived from the biomass fuel dung cake by examining their capacity to deplete antioxidants from a model human respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF). For comparison, the observed oxidative activity was compared with that of particles derived from industrial and vehicular sources. Results Incubation of the dung cake particle suspensions in the RTLF for 4 h resulted in a mean loss of ascorbate of 72.1 ± 0.7 and 89.7 ± 2.5% at 50 and 100 μg/ml, respectively. Reduced glutathione was depleted by 49.6 ± 4.3 and 63.5 ± 22.4% under the same conditions. The capacity of these samples to deplete ascorbate was in excess of that observed with diesel or gasoline particles, but comparable to that seen with residual oil fly ash and considerably in excess of all three control particles in terms of glutathione depletion. Co-incubation with the metal chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetate inhibited these losses, whilst minimal inhibition was seen with superoxide dismutase and catalase treatment. The majority of the activity observed appeared to be contained within aqueous particle extracts. Conclusion These data demonstrate that biomass derived particles have considerable oxidative activity, largely attributable to their transition metal content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Mudway
- Lung Biology: Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sean T Duggan
- Lung Biology: Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Chandra Venkataraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
| | - Gazala Habib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, India
| | - Frank J Kelly
- Lung Biology: Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Division of Child Health, Department of Immunology, Infection and Immunity, University of Leicester, PO Box 65, Leicester
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Hiniker A, Collet JF, Bardwell JCA. Copper Stress Causes an in Vivo Requirement for the Escherichia coli Disulfide Isomerase DsbC. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:33785-91. [PMID: 16087673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505742200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, the periplasmic disulfide oxidoreductase DsbA is thought to be a powerful but nonspecific oxidant, joining cysteines together the moment they enter the periplasm. DsbC, the primary disulfide isomerase, likely resolves incorrect disulfides. Given the reliance of protein function on correct disulfide bonds, it is surprising that no phenotype has been established for null mutations in dsbC. Here we demonstrate that mutations in the entire DsbC disulfide isomerization pathway cause an increased sensitivity to the redox-active metal copper. We find that copper catalyzes periplasmic disulfide bond formation under aerobic conditions and that copper catalyzes the formation of disulfide-bonded oligomers in vitro, which DsbC can resolve. Our data suggest that the copper sensitivity of dsbC- strains arises from the inability of the cell to rearrange copper-catalyzed non-native disulfides in the absence of functional DsbC. Absence of functional DsbA augments the deleterious effects of copper on a dsbC- strain, even though the dsbA- single mutant is unaffected by copper. This may indicate that DsbA successfully competes with copper and forms disulfide bonds more accurately than copper does. These findings lead us to a model in which DsbA may be significantly more accurate in disulfide oxidation than previously thought, and in which the primary role of DsbC may be to rearrange incorrect disulfide bonds that are formed during certain oxidative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Hiniker
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, 48109-1048, USA
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Srivastava SK, Ramana KV, Bhatnagar A. Role of aldose reductase and oxidative damage in diabetes and the consequent potential for therapeutic options. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:380-92. [PMID: 15814847 DOI: 10.1210/er.2004-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is widely expressed aldehyde-metabolizing enzyme. The reduction of glucose by the AR-catalyzed polyol pathway has been linked to the development of secondary diabetic complications. Although treatment with AR inhibitors has been shown to prevent tissue injury in animal models of diabetes, the clinical efficacy of these drugs remains to be established. Recent studies suggest that glucose may be an incidental substrate of AR, which appears to be more adept in catalyzing the reduction of a wide range of aldehydes generated from lipid peroxidation. Moreover, inhibition of the enzyme has been shown to increase inflammation-induced vascular oxidative stress and prevent myocardial protection associated with the late phase of ischemic preconditioning. On the basis of these studies, several investigators have ascribed an important antioxidant role to the enzyme. Additionally, ongoing work indicates that AR is a critical component of intracellular signaling, and inhibition of the enzyme prevents high glucose-, cytokine-, or growth factor-induced activation of protein kinase C and nuclear factor-kappa-binding protein. Thus, treatment with AR inhibitors prevents vascular smooth muscle cell growth and endothelial cell apoptosis in culture and inflammation and restenosis in vivo. Additional studies indicate that the antioxidant and signaling roles of AR are interlinked and that AR regulates protein kinase C and nuclear factor-kappaB via redox-sensitive mechanisms. These data underscore the need for reevaluating anti-AR interventions for the treatment of diabetic complications. Potentially, the development of newer drugs that selectively inhibit AR-mediated glucose metabolism and signaling, without affecting aldehyde detoxification, may be useful in preventing inflammation associated with the development of diabetic complications, particularly micro- and macrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Srivastava
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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Cecconi I, Scaloni A, Rastelli G, Moroni M, Vilardo PG, Costantino L, Cappiello M, Garland D, Carper D, Petrash JM, Del Corso A, Mura U. Oxidative modification of aldose reductase induced by copper ion. Definition of the metal-protein interaction mechanism. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:42017-27. [PMID: 12183464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206945200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (ALR2) is susceptible to oxidative inactivation by copper ion. The mechanism underlying the reversible modification of ALR2 was studied by mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, and molecular modeling approaches on the enzyme purified from bovine lens and on wild type and mutant recombinant forms of the human placental and rat lens ALR2. Two equivalents of copper ion were required to inactivate ALR2: one remained weakly bound to the oxidized protein whereas the other was strongly retained by the inactive enzyme. Cys(303) appeared to be the essential residue for enzyme inactivation, because the human C303S mutant was the only enzyme form tested that was not inactivated by copper treatment. The final products of human and bovine ALR2 oxidation contained the intramolecular disulfide bond Cys(298)-Cys(303). However, a Cys(80)-Cys(303) disulfide could also be formed. Evidence for an intramolecular rearrangement of the Cys(80)-Cys(303) disulfide to the more stable product Cys(298)-Cys(303) is provided. Molecular modeling of the holoenzyme supports the observed copper sequestration as well as the generation of the Cys(80)-Cys(303) disulfide. However, no evidence of conditions favoring the formation of the Cys(298)-Cys(303) disulfide was observed. Our proposal is that the generation of the Cys(298)-Cys(303) disulfide, either directly or by rearrangement of the Cys(80)-Cys(303) disulfide, may be induced by the release of the cofactor from ALR2 undergoing oxidation. The occurrence of a less interactive site for the cofactor would also provide the rationale for the lack of activity of the disulfide enzyme forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cecconi
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica, Università di Pisa, via S. Maria, 55, Italy
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Kim JH, Cho H, Ryu SE, Choi MU. Effects of metal ions on the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase VHR: highly potent and reversible oxidative inactivation by Cu2+ ion. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 382:72-80. [PMID: 11051099 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The posttranslational regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) has been suggested to have a crucial role in maintaining the phosphotyrosine level in cells. Here we examined the regulatory effects of metal ions on human dual-specificity vaccinia H1-related protein tyrosine phosphatase (VHR) in vitro. Among various metal ions examined, Fe3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ exerted their inactivational effects on VHR, and Cu2+ is the most potent inactivator. The VHR activity inactivated by the metal ions except Cu2+ was significantly restored by EDTA. The efficacy of Cu2+ for the VHR inactivation was about 200-fold more potent than that of H2O2. Cu2+ also inactivated other PTPs including PTP1B and SHP-1. The Cu2+-mediated inactivation at the submicromolar range was eradicated by dithiothreitol treatment. The loss of VHR activity correlated with the decreased [14C]iodoacetate labeling of active-site cysteine, suggesting that Cu2+ brought about the oxidation of the active-site cysteine. On the contrary, Zn2+ that exerted an inactivational effect at millimolar concentrations appeared not directly linked to the active-site cysteine, as indicated by the fact that [14C]iodoacetate labeling was unaffected and that the effect of Zn2+ on the Y78F mutant was increased. The reduction potential of VHR was estimated to be -331 mV by utilizing the reversibility of the redox state of VHR. Thus, we conclude that the highly potent Cu2+ inactivation of VHR is a consequence of the oxidation of the active-site cysteine and the mode of Zn2+ inactivation is distinct from that of Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Center for Molecular Catalysis, Seoul National University, South Korea
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