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Yazzie MT, Reitz ZL, Schmid R, Petras D, Aron AT. Native metabolomics for mass spectrometry-based siderophore discovery. Methods Enzymol 2024; 702:317-352. [PMID: 39155117 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms, plants, and animals alike have specialized acquisition pathways for obtaining metals, with microorganisms and plants biosynthesizing and secreting small molecule natural products called siderophores and metallophores with high affinities and specificities for iron or other non-iron metals, respectively. This chapter details a novel approach to discovering metal-binding molecules, including siderophores and metallophores, from complex samples ranging from microbial supernatants to biological tissue to environmental samples. This approach, called Native Metabolomics, is a mass spectrometry method in which pH adjustment and metal infusion post-liquid chromatography are interfaced with ion identity molecular networking (IIMN). This rule-based data analysis workflow that enables the identification of metal-binding species based on defined mass (m/z) offsets with the same chromatographic profiles and retention times. Ion identity molecular networking connects compounds that are structurally similar by their fragmentation pattern and species that are ion adducts of the same compound by chromatographic shape correlations. This approach has previously revealed new insights into metal binding metabolites, including that yersiniabactin can act as a biological zincophore (in addition to its known role as a siderophore), that the recently elucidated lepotchelin natural products are cyanobacterial metallophores, and that antioxidants in traditional medicine bind iron. Native metabolomics can be conducted on any liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system to explore the binding of any metal or multiple metals simultaneously, underscoring the potential for this method to become an essential strategy for elucidating biological metal-binding molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquis T Yazzie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Zachary L Reitz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Robin Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Daniel Petras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States; Interfaculty of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Allegra T Aron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States.
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Steinlandt PS, Hemming M, Xie X, Ivlev SI, Meggers E. Trading Symmetry for Stereoinduction in Tetradentate, non-C 2 -Symmetric Fe(II)-Complexes for Asymmetric Catalysis. Chemistry 2023:e202300267. [PMID: 37104865 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of stereogenic-at-metal iron complexes comprising a non-C2 -symmetric chiral topology is introduced and applied to asymmetric 3d-transition metal catalysis. The chiral iron(II) complexes are built from chiral tetradentate N4-ligands containing a proline-derived amino pyrrolidinyl backbone which controls the relative (cis-α coordination) and absolute metal-centered configuration (Λ vs. Δ). Two chloride ligands complement the octahedral coordination sphere. The modular composition of the tetradentate ligands facilitates the straightforward incorporation of different terminal coordinating heteroaromatic groups into the scaffold. The influence of various combinations was evaluated in an asymmetric ring contraction of isoxazoles to 2H-azirines revealing that a decrease of symmetry is beneficial for the stereoinduction to obtain chiral products in up to 99 % yield and with up to 92 % ee. Conveniently, iron catalysis is feasible under open flask conditions with the bench-stable dichloro complexes exhibiting high robustness towards oxidative or hydrolytic decomposition. The versatility of non-racemic 2H-azirines was subsequently showcased with the conversion into a variety of quaternary α-amino acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp S Steinlandt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Hemming
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiulian Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sergei I Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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A Review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Metallophores: Pyoverdine, Pyochelin and Pseudopaline. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121711. [PMID: 36552220 PMCID: PMC9774294 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
P. aeruginosa is a common Gram-negative bacterium found in nature that causes severe infections in humans. As a result of its natural resistance to antibiotics and the ability of biofilm formation, the infection with this pathogen can be therapeutic challenging. During infection, P. aeruginosa produces secondary metabolites such as metallophores that play an important role in their virulence. Metallophores are metal ions chelating molecules secreted by bacteria, thus allowing them to survive in the host under metal scarce conditions. Pyoverdine, pyochelin and pseudopaline are the three metallophores secreted by P. aeruginosa. Pyoverdines are the primary siderophores that acquire iron from the surrounding medium. These molecules scavenge and transport iron to the bacterium intracellular compartment. Pyochelin is another siderophore produced by this bacterium, but in lower quantities and its affinity for iron is less than that of pyoverdine. The third metallophore, pseudopaline, is an opine narrow spectrum ion chelator that enables P. aeruginosa to uptake zinc in particular but can transport nickel and cobalt as well. This review describes all the aspects related to these three metallophore, including their main features, biosynthesis process, secretion and uptake when loaded by metals, in addition to the genetic regulation responsible for their synthesis and secretion.
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Chan KH, Groves JT. Concise Modular Synthesis and NMR Structural Determination of Gallium Mycobactin T. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15453-15468. [PMID: 34699221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A modular synthesis of mycobactin T and its N-acetyl analogue is reported in a route that facilitates permutation of the lipid tails. A key feature is the generation of N(α)-Cbz-N(ε)-benzyloxy-N(ε)-Boc-lysine (A4) with methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane in 59% yield. Selective hydroxamate N-acylation was achieved with acyl fluorides, enabling installation of lipids tails in the final step. O-Benzyl-dehydrocobactin T (B4) was prepared by modifying a known five-step sequence with an overall yield of 49%. 2-Hydroxyphenyl-4-carboxyloxazoline (C3) was prepared from 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and l-serine methyl ester in three steps with an overall yield of 55%. Ester coupling of A4 and B4 with EDCI afforded MbI-1 in 73% yield. Catalytic hydrogenation with Pd/BaSO4 and 50 psi of H2 simultaneously effected alkene reduction and debenzylation to afford MbI-2 in 96% yield. Fragment C3 was converted into acyl fluoride C4, which coupled with MbI-2 to afford MbI-3 in 51% yield. Finally, Boc-removal with HCl/EtOAc and treatment of the resultant hydroxylamine with stearyl fluoride furnished mycobactin T in 65% yield. Overall, the yield is 4% over 14 steps. The gallium mycobactin T-N-acetyl derivative (GaMbT-NAc) structure was determined by 1H NMR. The structure shows an octahedral Ga and two internal hydrogen bonds between peptidic N-Hs and two of the oxygen atoms coordinating Ga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiat Hwa Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138527, Singapore
| | - John T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Genomic analysis of siderophore β-hydroxylases reveals divergent stereocontrol and expands the condensation domain family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19805-19814. [PMID: 31527229 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903161116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome mining of biosynthetic pathways streamlines discovery of secondary metabolites but can leave ambiguities in the predicted structures, which must be rectified experimentally. Through coupling the reactivity predicted by biosynthetic gene clusters with verified structures, the origin of the β-hydroxyaspartic acid diastereomers in siderophores is reported herein. Two functional subtypes of nonheme Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent aspartyl β-hydroxylases are identified in siderophore biosynthetic gene clusters, which differ in genomic organization-existing either as fused domains (IβHAsp) at the carboxyl terminus of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) or as stand-alone enzymes (TβHAsp)-and each directs opposite stereoselectivity of Asp β-hydroxylation. The predictive power of this subtype delineation is confirmed by the stereochemical characterization of β-OHAsp residues in pyoverdine GB-1, delftibactin, histicorrugatin, and cupriachelin. The l-threo (2S, 3S) β-OHAsp residues of alterobactin arise from hydroxylation by the β-hydroxylase domain integrated into NRPS AltH, while l-erythro (2S, 3R) β-OHAsp in delftibactin arises from the stand-alone β-hydroxylase DelD. Cupriachelin contains both l-threo and l-erythro β-OHAsp, consistent with the presence of both types of β-hydroxylases in the biosynthetic gene cluster. A third subtype of nonheme Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent enzymes (IβHHis) hydroxylates histidyl residues with l-threo stereospecificity. A previously undescribed, noncanonical member of the NRPS condensation domain superfamily is identified, named the interface domain, which is proposed to position the β-hydroxylase and the NRPS-bound amino acid prior to hydroxylation. Through mapping characterized β-OHAsp diastereomers to the phylogenetic tree of siderophore β-hydroxylases, methods to predict β-OHAsp stereochemistry in silico are realized.
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Ricart E, Leclère V, Flissi A, Mueller M, Pupin M, Lisacek F. rBAN: retro-biosynthetic analysis of nonribosomal peptides. J Cheminform 2019; 11:13. [PMID: 30737579 PMCID: PMC6689883 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-019-0335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids, fatty acids or glycans are some of the main building blocks of nonribsosomal peptides (NRPs) and as such may give insight into the origin, biosynthesis and bioactivities of their constitutive peptides. Hence, the structural representation of NRPs using monomers provides a biologically interesting skeleton of these secondary metabolites. Databases dedicated to NRPs such as Norine, already integrate monomer-based annotations in order to facilitate the development of structural analysis tools. In this paper, we present rBAN (retro-biosynthetic analysis of nonribosomal peptides), a new computational tool designed to predict the monomeric graph of NRPs from their atomic structure in SMILES format. This prediction is achieved through the "in silico" fragmentation of a chemical structure and matching the resulting fragments against the monomers of Norine for identification. Structures containing monomers not yet recorded in Norine, are processed in a "discovery mode" that uses the RESTful service from PubChem to search the unidentified substructures and suggest new monomers. rBAN was integrated in a pipeline for the curation of Norine data in which it was used to check the correspondence between the monomeric graphs annotated in Norine and SMILES-predicted graphs. The process concluded with the validation of the 97.26% of the records in Norine, a two-fold extension of its SMILES data and the introduction of 11 new monomers suggested in the discovery mode. The accuracy, robustness and high-performance of rBAN were demonstrated in benchmarking it against other tools with the same functionality: Smiles2Monomers and GRAPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ricart
- Proteome Informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Valérie Leclère
- EA 7394-ICV- Institut Charles Viollette, University of Lille, INRA, ISA, University of Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Areski Flissi
- UMR 9189- CRIStAL- Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Bonsai Team, Inria-Lille Nord Europe, 9655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Markus Mueller
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Amphipole Building, Quartier Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maude Pupin
- UMR 9189- CRIStAL- Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, 59000, Lille, France.,Bonsai Team, Inria-Lille Nord Europe, 9655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Frédérique Lisacek
- Proteome Informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Section of Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Romagnoli C, Prati F, Benassi R, Orteca G, Saladini M, Ferrari E. Synthesis, characterization and metal coordination of a potential β-lactamase inhibitor: 5-Methyl-2-phenoxymethyl-3- H -imidazole-4-carboxylic acid (PIMA). ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bouvier B, Cézard C. Impact of iron coordination isomerism on pyoverdine recognition by the FpvA membrane transporter of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29498-29507. [PMID: 29082401 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04529h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pyoverdines, the primary siderophores of Pseudomonas bacteria, scavenge the iron essential to bacterial life in the outside medium and transport it back into the periplasm. Despite their relative simplicity, pyoverdines feature remarkably flexible recognition characteristics whose origins at the atomistic level remain only partially understood: the ability to bind other metals than ferric iron, the capacity of outer membrane transporters to recognize and internalize noncognate pyoverdines from other pseudomonads… One of the less examined factors behind this polymorphic recognition lies in the ability for pyoverdines to bind iron with two distinct chiralities, at the cost of a conformational switch. Herein, we use free energy simulations to study how the stereochemistry of the iron chelating groups influences the structure and dynamics of two common pyoverdines and impacts their recognition by the FpvA membrane transporter of P. aeruginosa. We show that conformational preferences for one metal binding chirality over the other, observed in solution depending on the nature of the pyoverdine, are canceled out by the FpvA transporter, which recognizes both chiralities equally well for both pyoverdines under study. However, FpvA discriminates between pyoverdines by altering the kinetics of stereoisomer interconversion. We present structural causes of this intriguing recognition mechanism and discuss its possible significance in the context of the competitive scavenging of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bouvier
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie, des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources, CNRS UMR7378/Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 10 rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
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Dutta J, Naicker T, Ebenhan T, Kruger HG, Arvidsson PI, Govender T. Synthetic approaches to radiochemical probes for imaging of bacterial infections. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 133:287-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Fazary AE, Ju YH, Al-Shihri AS, Alfaifi MY, Alshehri MA. Biodegradable siderophores: survey on their production, chelating and complexing properties. REV INORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2016-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe academic and industrial research on the interactions of complexing agents with the environment has received more attention for more than half a century ago and has always been concerned with the applications of chelating agents in the environment. In contrast, in recent years, an increasing scholarly interest has been demonstrated in the chemical and biological degradation of chelating agents. This is reflected by the increasing number of chelating agents-related publications between 1950 and middle of 2016. Consequently, the discovery of new green biodegradable chelating agents is of great importance and has an impact in the non-biodegradable chelating agent’s replacement with their green chemistry analogs. To acquire iron, many bacteria growing aerobically, including marine species, produce siderophores, which are low-molecular-weight compounds produced to facilitate acquisition of iron. To date and to the best of our knowledge, this is a concise and complete review article of the current and previous relevant studies conducted in the field of production, purification of siderophore compounds and their metal complexes, and their roles in biology and medicine.
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12
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Choi D, Sesham R, Kim Y, Angel LA. Analysis of methanobactin from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b via ion mobility mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:509-520. [PMID: 23654196 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Methanobactins (mbs) are Low molecular mass copper binding chromopeptides analogous to pyoverdin class iron-binding siderophores. Mb produced by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b (mb-oB3b) has been used as a model molecuLe for methanobactin although the amino acid sequence of mb-OB3b differs significantly from other characterized mbs. In particular, there is the presence of a pair of cystine residues which are absent in other characterized mbs. The role of the Cys3-Cys6 in copper binding, Cu(ll) reduction and its role on the mb-OB3b structure remains in debate. Here, we use a single-step dithiothreitol treatment as an effective method in reducing the disulfide bond allowing in-depth ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) analysis. The IM-MS results show mb-oB3b exists in the gas-phase as three different negatively-charged states and exists in multiple conformational states, when introduced via electrospray ionization from aqueous solution near physiological pH. The disulfide bond serves a structural role and is not involved in the Cu(I/ll) binding capability of mb-OB3b, with the binding of a second Cu(I/ll) related to a further deprotonation of mb-OB3b. Overall, these findings are in good correlation with expected solution-phase behavior of mb-OB3b. The results suggest IM-MS is an effective tool for better understanding the complex nature of this intriguing peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongWon Choi
- Department of BioLogical & Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, 2600 S Neat St., Commerce. TX 75428, USA
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Seyedsayamdost MR, Traxler MF, Zheng SL, Kolter R, Clardy J. Structure and biosynthesis of amychelin, an unusual mixed-ligand siderophore from Amycolatopsis sp. AA4. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:11434-7. [PMID: 21699219 PMCID: PMC3144690 DOI: 10.1021/ja203577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Actinobacteria generate a large number of structurally diverse small molecules with potential therapeutic value. Genomic analyses of this productive group of bacteria show that their genetic potential to manufacture small molecules exceeds their observed ability by roughly an order of magnitude, and this revelation has prompted a number of studies to identify members of the unknown majority. As a potential window into this cryptic secondary metabolome, pairwise assays for developmental interactions within a set of 20 sequenced actinomycetes were carried out. These assays revealed that Amycolatopsis sp. AA4, a so-called “rare” actinomycete, produces a novel siderophore, amychelin, which alters the developmental processes of several neighboring streptomycetes. Using this phenotype as an assay, we isolated amychelin and solved its structure by NMR and MS methods coupled with an X-ray crystallographic analysis of its Fe-complex. The iron binding affinity of amychelin was determined using EDTA competition assays, and a biosynthetic cluster was identified and annotated to provide a tentative biosynthetic scheme for amychelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Seyedsayamdost
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Graham DW, Kim HJ. Production, isolation, purification, and functional characterization of methanobactins. Methods Enzymol 2011; 495:227-45. [PMID: 21419925 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386905-0.00015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) have a high conditional need for copper because almost all known species express a copper-containing particulate methane monooxygenase for catalyzing the conversion of methane to methanol. This demands a copper homeostatic system that must both supply and satisfy adequate copper for elevated needs while also shielding the cells from copper toxicity. After considerable effort, it was discovered that some methanotrophs produce small peptidic molecules, called methanobactins, which bind copper, mediate copper transport into the cell, and reduce copper toxicity. Unfortunately, isolating, purifying, and proving the functionality of these molecules has been challenging. In fact, until very recently, only one complete structure had been reported for methanobactins. As such, there is a desperate need for more studies seeking such molecules. The purpose of this chapter is to describe methods used to isolate and purify the original methanobactin with a published complete structure, which is made by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. Methods are also included for assessing the function of such molecules under pseudonatural conditions such as growth on mineral copper sources. Special emphasis is placed on verifying that isolated molecules are "true" methanobactins, because recent work has shown that methanotrophs produce other small molecules that also bind metals in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Graham
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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15
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Synthesis, cytotoxic and combined cDDP activity of new stable curcumin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3043-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Synthesis and characterization of glucosyl-curcuminoids as Fe3+ suppliers in the treatment of iron deficiency. Biometals 2009; 22:701-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Schalk IJ. Metal trafficking via siderophores in Gram-negative bacteria: Specificities and characteristics of the pyoverdine pathway. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1159-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
For more than two decades, Biotechnology and Bioengineering has documented research focused on natural and engineered microbial biofilms within aquatic and subterranean ecosystems, wastewater and waste-gas treatment systems, marine vessels and structures, and industrial bioprocesses. Compared to suspended culture systems, intentionally engineered biofilms are heterogeneous reaction systems that can increase reactor productivity, system stability, and provide inherent cell:product separation. Unwanted biofilms can create enormous increases in fluid frictional resistances, unacceptable reductions in heat transfer efficiency, product contamination, enhanced material deterioration, and accelerated corrosion. Missing from B&B has been an equivalent research dialogue regarding the basic molecular microbiology, immunology, and biotechnological aspects of medical biofilms. Presented here are the current problems related to medical biofilms; current concepts of biofilm formation, persistence, and interactions with the host immune system; and emerging technologies for controlling medical biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Bryers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, USA.
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Wasielewski E, Tzou DL, Dillmann B, Czaplicki J, Abdallah MA, Atkinson RA, Kieffer B. Multiple Conformations of the Metal-Bound Pyoverdine PvdI, a Siderophore of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study,. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3397-406. [DOI: 10.1021/bi702214s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emeric Wasielewski
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Biomolecular NMR group, IGBMC UMR 7104 CNRS, ESBS, bd Sébastien Brandt BP 10413, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Yen-Chiu-Yuan Road,Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China, Université Paul Sabatier/Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale CNRS, 205, route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France, and Département Récepteurs et Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7175 École Supérieure de
| | - Der-Lii Tzou
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Biomolecular NMR group, IGBMC UMR 7104 CNRS, ESBS, bd Sébastien Brandt BP 10413, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Yen-Chiu-Yuan Road,Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China, Université Paul Sabatier/Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale CNRS, 205, route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France, and Département Récepteurs et Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7175 École Supérieure de
| | - Baudoin Dillmann
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Biomolecular NMR group, IGBMC UMR 7104 CNRS, ESBS, bd Sébastien Brandt BP 10413, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Yen-Chiu-Yuan Road,Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China, Université Paul Sabatier/Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale CNRS, 205, route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France, and Département Récepteurs et Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7175 École Supérieure de
| | - Jerzy Czaplicki
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Biomolecular NMR group, IGBMC UMR 7104 CNRS, ESBS, bd Sébastien Brandt BP 10413, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Yen-Chiu-Yuan Road,Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China, Université Paul Sabatier/Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale CNRS, 205, route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France, and Département Récepteurs et Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7175 École Supérieure de
| | - Mohamed A. Abdallah
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Biomolecular NMR group, IGBMC UMR 7104 CNRS, ESBS, bd Sébastien Brandt BP 10413, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Yen-Chiu-Yuan Road,Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China, Université Paul Sabatier/Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale CNRS, 205, route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France, and Département Récepteurs et Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7175 École Supérieure de
| | - R. Andrew Atkinson
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Biomolecular NMR group, IGBMC UMR 7104 CNRS, ESBS, bd Sébastien Brandt BP 10413, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Yen-Chiu-Yuan Road,Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China, Université Paul Sabatier/Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale CNRS, 205, route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France, and Département Récepteurs et Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7175 École Supérieure de
| | - Bruno Kieffer
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Biomolecular NMR group, IGBMC UMR 7104 CNRS, ESBS, bd Sébastien Brandt BP 10413, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Yen-Chiu-Yuan Road,Sec. 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China, Université Paul Sabatier/Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale CNRS, 205, route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, France, and Département Récepteurs et Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7175 École Supérieure de
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Schons V, Atkinson RA, Dugave C, Graff R, Mislin GLA, Rochet L, Hennard C, Kieffer B, Abdallah MA, Schalk IJ. The Structure−Activity Relationship of Ferric Pyoverdine Bound to Its Outer Membrane Transporter: Implications for the Mechanism of Iron Uptake. Biochemistry 2005; 44:14069-79. [PMID: 16245923 DOI: 10.1021/bi051155s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Under iron limitation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15692 secretes a major siderophore, pyoverdine I (PvdI). This molecule chelates iron in the extracellular medium and shuttles it into the cells via a specific outer membrane transporter, FpvAI. PvdI consists of a fluorescent chromophore derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline and containing one of the bidentate groups involved in iron chelation, linked to a peptide moiety containing the two other bidentate groups required for binding to Fe(3+). Kinetic studies, based on the fluorescence properties of this siderophore, showed that pH 8.0 was optimal for the binding of PvdI and PvdI-Fe to FpvAI. We investigated the mechanism of interaction of PvdI and PvdI-Fe with FpvAI, by synthesizing various analogues of this siderophore, determining their affinity for FpvAI in vitro and in vivo and their ability to transport iron, and interpreting the results obtained in light of the structure of FpvAI-PvdI. Our findings demonstrate that the succinyl moiety linked to the chromophore of PvdI and the first amino acid of the peptide moiety can be sterically hindered with no effect on binding or the iron uptake properties of PvdI-Fe. Moreover, the sequence and the structure of the peptide moiety of PvdI seems to be more important for the iron uptake step than for the binding of the siderophore to FpvAI. Finally, the efficiency of iron uptake and of recycling of the various PvdI analogues after iron release suggests that iron dissociates from PvdI on FpvAI or in the periplasm. All these data have serious implications for the specificity and mechanism of PvdI-mediated iron transport in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schons
- UMR7100 CNRS, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67 412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
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21
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Fadeev EA, Luo M, Groves JT. Synthesis, structure, and molecular dynamics of gallium complexes of schizokinen and the amphiphilic siderophore acinetoferrin. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 126:12065-75. [PMID: 15382941 DOI: 10.1021/ja048145j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new general synthesis of the citrate-based siderophores acinetoferrin (Af) and schizokinen (Sz) and their analogues is described. The molecular structure of gallium schizokinen, GaSz, was determined by combined (1)H NMR, Hartree-Fock ab initio calculations, DFT, and empirical modeling of vicinal proton NMR spin-spin couplings. The metal-coordination geometry of GaSz was determined from NOE contacts to be cis-cis with respect to the two chelating hydroxamates. One diaminopropane adopts a single chairlike conformation while another is a mixture of two ring pucker arrangements. Both amide hydrogens are internally hydrogen bonded to metal-ligating oxygen atoms. The acyl methyl groups are directed away from each other with an average planar angle of ca. 130 degrees. The kinetics of GaSz racemization were followed by selective, double spin-echo inversion-recovery (1)H NMR spectroscopy over the temperature range of 10-45 degrees C. The racemization proceeds by a multistep mechanism that is proton independent between pD 5 and 12 (k(0) = 1.47 (0.15 s(-1))) and acid catalyzed below pD 4 (k(1) = 2.25 (0.15) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)). The activation parameters found for the two sequential steps of the proton independent pathway were DeltaH(++) = 25 +/- 3 kcal M(-1), DeltaS(++) = 25 +/- 7 cal M(-1) K(-1) and DeltaH(++) = 17.1 +/- 0.2 kcal M(-1), DeltaS(++) = 0.3 +/- 2.7 cal M(-1) K(-1). The first step of the proton-independent mechanism was assigned to the dissociation of the carboxyl group. The second step was assigned to complex racemization. The proton-assisted step was assigned to a complete dissociation of the alpha-hydroxy carboxyl group at pD < 4. The ab initio modeling of gallium acinetoferrin, GaAf, and analogues derived from the structure of GaSz has shown that the pendant trans-octenoyl fragments are oriented in opposite directions with the average planar angle of ca. 130 degrees. This arrangement prevents GaAf from adopting a phospholipid-like structural motif. Significantly, iron siderophore complex FeAf was found to be disruptive to phospholipid vesicles and is considerably more hydrophilic than Af, with an eight-fold smaller partition coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Fadeev
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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22
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Tzou DL, Wasielewski E, Abdallah MA, Kieffer B, Atkinson RA. A low-temperature heteronuclear NMR study of two exchanging conformations of metal-bound pyoverdin PaA fromPseudomonas aeruginosa. Biopolymers 2005; 79:139-49. [PMID: 16078193 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Under iron-deficient conditions, the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15692 secretes a peptidic siderophore, pyoverdin PaA, composed of an aromatic chromophore derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline and a partially cyclized octapeptide, D-Ser-L-Arg-D-Ser-L-FoOHOrn-(L-Lys-L-FoOHOrn-L-Thr-L-Thr) (FoOHOrn: delta N-formyl-delta N-hydroxyornithine), in which the C-terminal carboxyl group forms a peptidic bond with the primary amine of the L-Lys side chain. Ferric iron is chelated by the catechol group on the chromophore and the two hydroxyornithine side chains. In aqueous solution, the (1)H-NMR spectrum of pyoverdin PaA-Ga(III), in which Ga(III) is used instead of Fe(III) for spectroscopic purposes, showed clear evidence of exchange broadening, preventing further structural characterization. The use of cryo-solvents allowed measurements to be made at temperatures as low as 253 K where two distinct conformations with roughly equivalent populations could be observed. (13)C and (15)N labeling of pyoverdin PaA enabled complete assignment of both forms of pyoverdin PaA-Ga(III) at 253 and 267 K, using triple-resonance multidimensional NMR experiments commonly applied to doubly labeled proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Der-Lii Tzou
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
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23
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Budzikiewicz H. Siderophores of the Pseudomonadaceae sensu stricto (fluorescent and non-fluorescent Pseudomonas spp.). FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2004; 87:81-237. [PMID: 15079896 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0581-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Budzikiewicz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Germany
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24
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Glycosyl-Curcuminoids as Potential New Chelating Agents in Iron Overload Chelation Therapy. Eur J Inorg Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200300463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Brumaghim JL, Li Y, Henle E, Linn S. Effects of hydrogen peroxide upon nicotinamide nucleotide metabolism in Escherichia coli: changes in enzyme levels and nicotinamide nucleotide pools and studies of the oxidation of NAD(P)H by Fe(III). J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42495-504. [PMID: 12913009 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306251200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is damaged in vivo by the Fenton reaction mediated by Fe2+ and cellular reductants such as NADH, which reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ and allow the recycling of iron. To study the response of Escherichia coli to such cycling, the activities of several enzymes involved in nicotinamide nucleotide metabolism were measured following an H2O2 challenge. NADPH-dependent peroxidase, NADH/NADP+ transhydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were most strongly induced, increasing 2.5-3-fold. In addition, the cellular ratios of NADPH to NADH increased 6- or 92-fold 15 min after exposure to 0.5 or 5 mm H2O2, respectively. In vitro, NADH was oxidized by Fe3+ up to 16-fold faster than NADPH, despite their identical reduction potentials. To understand this rate difference, the interactions of Fe3+ and Ga3+ with NAD(P)H were examined by 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Association with NADH occurred primarily with adenine at N7 and the amino group, but for NADPH, strong metal interactions also occurred at the 2'-phosphate group. Interaction of M3+ (Fe3+ or Ga3+) with the adenine ring would bring it into close proximity to the redox-active nicotinamide ring in the folded form of NAD(P)H, but interaction of M3+ with the 2'-phosphate group would avoid this close contact. In addition, as determined by absorbance spectroscopy, the energy of the charge-transfer species was significantly higher for the Fe3+.NADPH complex than for the Fe3+.NADH complex. We therefore suggest that upon exposure to H2O2 the NADH pool is depleted, and NADPH, which is less reactive with Fe3+, functions as the major nicotinamide nucleotide reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Brumaghim
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA
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26
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Papakyriakou A, Mouzopoulou B, Katsaros N. The solution structure of the Ga(III)-bleomycin A2 complex resolved by NMR and molecular modeling; interaction with d(CCAGGCCTGG). J Biol Inorg Chem 2003; 8:549-559. [PMID: 12632272 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-003-0448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2002] [Accepted: 01/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The solution structure of the Ga(III)-bleomycin A2 complex (GaBLM) has been determined using 2D NMR methods in combination with molecular dynamics calculations. Complete assignment of the amide and amine protons, observation of 80 NOEs and measurement of 15 (3)JH(-H) coupling constants provided us with a well-defined structure using a restrained simulated annealing protocol. On the basis of distance and dihedral angle constraints agreement, along with potential energy considerations, the favored model is a five-coordinate complex with the primary amine of beta-aminoalanine holding the axial position of a distorted tetragonal pyramid. The disaccharide moiety of GaBLM is not a ligand, sharing the same side of the equatorial plane with the axial amine ligand. Titration of the self-complementary oligonucleotide d(CCAGGCCTGG) with GaBLM results in the formation of only one 1:1 complex in slow exchange on the NMR time scale. Our data indicate that the bithiazole moiety intercalates between the C6*G15 and C7*G14 base pairs, in a similar mode to that reported by earlier studies. Structural implications and comparisons to other metallo-bleomycins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Papakyriakou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR "Demokritos", 153-10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Barbara Mouzopoulou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR "Demokritos", 153-10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Katsaros
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR "Demokritos", 153-10 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece.
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27
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Inoue H, Takimura O, Kawaguchi K, Nitoda T, Fuse H, Murakami K, Yamaoka Y. Tin-carbon cleavage of organotin compounds by pyoverdine from Pseudomonas chlororaphis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:878-83. [PMID: 12571007 PMCID: PMC143631 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.2.878-883.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triphenyltin (TPT)-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis CNR15 produces extracellular yellow substances to degrade TPT. Three substances (F-I, F-IIa, and F-IIb) were purified, and their structural and catalytic properties were characterized. The primary structure of F-I was established using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques; the structure was identical to that of suc-pyoverdine from P. chlororaphis ATCC 9446, which is a peptide siderophore produced by fluorescent pseudomonads. Spectral and isoelectric-focusing analyses revealed that F-IIa and F-IIb were also pyoverdines, differing only in the acyl substituent attached to the chromophore part of F-I. Furthermore, we found that the fluorescent pseudomonads producing pyoverdines structurally different from F-I showed TPT degradation activity in the solid extracts of their culture supernatants. F-I and F-IIa degraded TPT to monophenyltin via diphenyltin (DPT) and degraded DPT and dibutyltin to monophenyltin and monobutyltin, respectively. The total amount of organotin metabolites produced by TPT degradation was nearly equivalent to that of the F-I added to the reaction mixture, whereas DPT degradation was not influenced by monophenyltin production. The TPT degradation activity of F-I was remarkably inhibited by the addition of metal ions chelated with pyoverdine. On the other hand, the activity of DPT was increased 13- and 8-fold by the addition of Cu(2+) and Sn(4+), respectively. These results suggest that metal-chelating ligands common to pyoverdines may play important roles in the Sn-C cleavage of organotin compounds in both the metal-free and metal-complexed states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inoue
- Institute for Marine Resources and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hiroshima 737-0197, Japan.
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28
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Wasielewski E, Atkinson RA, Abdallah MA, Kieffer B. The three-dimensional structure of the gallium complex of azoverdin, a siderophore of Azomonas macrocytogenes ATCC 12334, determined by NMR using residual dipolar coupling constants. Biochemistry 2002; 41:12488-97. [PMID: 12369840 DOI: 10.1021/bi025990a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In iron-deficient conditions, Azomonas macrocytogenes ATCC 12334 excretes a fluorescent siderophore called azoverdin, which is composed of a six-amino-acid peptide chain linked to a chromophore. Azoverdin chelates iron(III) very strongly, solubilizing it and transporting it back into the cells using an outer-membrane receptor. This compound is related to the pyoverdins, the peptidic siderophores of Pseudomonas, but differs in the site on the chromophore at which the peptide is covalently linked. This feature identifies azoverdin as a member of a new class of pyoverdins: the isopyoverdins. We report the three-dimensional structure of azoverdin-Ga(III) in solution. The use of orientational constraints obtained from the measurement of residual dipolar couplings using samples dissolved in a liquid crystalline medium allowed us to define the absolute configuration of the metal complex, which is Delta. The structure is characterized by a U-shape adopted by the peptide chain, with the N(delta)-acetyl-N(delta)-hydroxyornithine side chains adopting extended conformations in order to chelate the gallium ion. This conformation leaves a large open space permitting access to the gallium ion. The structural consequences of the particular isopyoverdin chemical structure are discussed in the context of the three-dimensional structures of other pyoverdins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeric Wasielewski
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Groupe de RMN, UMR 7104 CNRS, ESBS, bd Sébastien Brant, 67400 Illkirch, France
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29
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Curcuminoids as potential new iron-chelating agents: spectroscopic, polarographic and potentiometric study on their Fe(III) complexing ability. Inorganica Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(01)00687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Patel HM, Walsh CT. In vitro reconstitution of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa nonribosomal peptide synthesis of pyochelin: characterization of backbone tailoring thiazoline reductase and N-methyltransferase activities. Biochemistry 2001; 40:9023-31. [PMID: 11467965 DOI: 10.1021/bi010519n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During iron starvation the Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa makes the nonribosomal peptide siderophore pyochelin by a four protein, 11 domain assembly line, involving a cascade of acyl-S-enzyme intermediates on the PchE and PchF subunits that are elongated, heterocyclized, reduced, and N-methylated before release. Purified PchG is shown to be an NADPH-dependent reductase for the hydroxyphenylbisthiazoline-S-PchF acyl enzyme, regiospecifically converting one of the dihydroheterocyclic thiazoline rings to a thiazolidine. The K(m) for the PchG protein is 1 microM, and the k(cat) for throughput to pyochelin is 2 min(-1). The nitrogen of the newly generated thiazolidine ring can be N-methylated upon addition of SAM, to yield the mature pyochelin chain still tethered as a pyochelinyl-S-PchF at the PCP domain. A presumed methyltransferase (MT) domain embedded in the PchF subunit catalyzes this N-methylation. Mutation of a conserved G to R in the MT core motif abolishes MT activity and subsequent chain release from PchF. The thioesterase (TE) domain of PchF catalyzes hydrolytic release of the fully mature pyochelinyl chain to produce the pyochelin siderophore at a rate of 2 min(-1), at least 30-40-fold faster than in the absence of hydroxyphenylbisthiazolinyl-COOH (HPTT-COOH) chain reduction and N-methylation. A mutation in the PchF TE domain does not catalyze autodeacylation and release of the pyochelinyl-S-enzyme. Thus, full reconstitution of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase assembly line by purified protein components has been obtained for production of this tandem bisheterocyclic siderophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Patel
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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31
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Inoue H, Takimura O, Fuse H, Murakami K, Kamimura K, Yamaoka Y. Degradation of triphenyltin by a fluorescent pseudomonad. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:3492-8. [PMID: 10919812 PMCID: PMC92176 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.8.3492-3498.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT)-degrading bacteria were screened by a simple technique using a post-column high-performance liquid chromatography using 3,3',4',7-tetrahydroxyflavone as a post-column reagent for determination of TPT and its metabolite, diphenyltin (DPT). An isolated strain, strain CNR15, was identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis on the basis of its morphological and biochemical features. The incubation of strain CNR15 in a medium containing glycerol, succinate, and 130 microM TPT resulted in the rapid degradation of TPT and the accumulation of approximately 40 microM DPT as the only metabolite after 48 h. The culture supernatants of strain CNR15, grown with or without TPT, exhibited a TPT degradation activity, whereas the resting cells were not capable of degrading TPT. TPT was stoichiometrically degraded to DPT by the solid-phase extract of the culture supernatant, and benzene was detected as another degradation product. We found that the TPT degradation was catalyzed by low-molecular-mass substances (approximately 1,000 Da) in the extract, termed the TPT-degrading factor. The other fluorescent pseudomonads, P. chlororaphis ATCC 9446, Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15692, also showed TPT degradation activity similar to strain CNR15 in the solid-phase extracts of their culture supernatants. These results suggest that the extracellular low-molecular-mass substance that is universally produced by the fluorescent pseudomonad could function as a potent catalyst to cometabolite TPT in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Inoue
- Marine Biological Technology Section, Chugoku National Industrial Research Institute, Hiroshima, Japan.
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32
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Folschweiller N, Schalk IJ, Celia H, Kieffer B, Abdallah MA, Pattus F. The pyoverdin receptor FpvA, a TonB-dependent receptor involved in iron uptake by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (review). Mol Membr Biol 2000; 17:123-33. [PMID: 11128971 DOI: 10.1080/09687680050197356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an important element, essential for the growth of almost all living cells. Because of the high insolubility of iron(III) in aerobic conditions, many gram-negative bacteria produce, under iron limitation, small iron-chelating compounds called siderophores, together with new outer-membrane proteins, which function as receptors for the ferrisiderophores. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important human opportunistic pathogen, produces at least three known siderophores when grown in iron-deficient conditions: pyochelin, salicylate and pyoverdin. This review focuses on pyoverdin and on the ability of FpvA to bind iron-free and ferric-PaA pyoverdin, in the light of recent information gained from biochemical and biophysical studies and of the recently solved 3D-structures of the related ferrichrome FhuA and enterobactin FepA receptors in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Folschweiller
- Département des Récepteurs et Protéines Membranaires, UPR 9050 CNRS, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67400 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
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