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Ellis-Davies GC. Reverse Engineering Caged Compounds: Design Principles for their Application in Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202206083. [PMID: 36646644 PMCID: PMC10015297 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Light passes through biological tissue, and so it is used for imaging biological processes in situ. Such observation is part of the very essence of science, but mechanistic understanding requires intervention. For more than 50 years a "second function" for light has emerged; namely, that of photochemical control. Caged compounds are biologically inert signaling molecules that are activated by light. These optical probes enable external instruction of biological processes by stimulation of an individual element in complex signaling cascades in its native environment. Cause and effect are linked directly in spatial, temporal, and frequency domains in a quantitative manner by their use. I provide a guide to the basic properties required to make effective caged compounds for the biological sciences.
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2
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Ellis‐Davies GCR. Reverse Engineering Caged Compounds: Design Principles for their Application in Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham C. R. Ellis‐Davies
- Department of Neuroscience Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (Previously, Mount Sinai School of Medicine) 10029 New York NY USA
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3
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Morstein J, Romano G, Hetzler BE, Plante A, Haake C, Levitz J, Trauner D. Photoswitchable Serotonins for Optical Control of the 5-HT 2A Receptor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117094. [PMID: 34989082 PMCID: PMC9423688 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin receptors play central roles in neuromodulation and are critical drug targets for psychiatric disorders. Optical control of serotonin receptor subtypes has the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of receptor function. While other neuromodulatory receptors have been successfully rendered photoswitchable, reversible photocontrol of serotonin receptors has not been achieved, representing a major gap in GPCR photopharmacology. Herein, we develop the first tools that allow for such control. Azo5HT-2 shows light-dependent 5-HT2A R agonism, with greater activity in the cis-form. Based on docking and test compound analysis, we also develop photoswitchable orthogonal, remotely-tethered ligands (PORTLs). These BG-Azo5HTs provide rapid, reversible, and repeatable optical control following conjugation to SNAP-tagged 5-HT2A R. Overall, this study provides a foundation for the broad extension of photopharmacology to the serotonin receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Morstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology Graduate Program and Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Belinda E Hetzler
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Ambrose Plante
- Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology Graduate Program and Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Caleb Haake
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology Graduate Program and Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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4
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Morstein J, Romano G, Hetzler B, Plante A, Haake C, Levitz J, Trauner D. Photoswitchable Serotonins for Optical Control of the 5‐HT2A Receptor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dirk Trauner
- New York University Department of Chemistry 100 Washington Square East 10003 New York UNITED STATES
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5
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Shen Y, Luchetti A, Fernandes G, Do Heo W, Silva AJ. The emergence of molecular systems neuroscience. Mol Brain 2022; 15:7. [PMID: 34983613 PMCID: PMC8728933 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems neuroscience is focused on how ensemble properties in the brain, such as the activity of neuronal circuits, gives rise to internal brain states and behavior. Many of the studies in this field have traditionally involved electrophysiological recordings and computational approaches that attempt to decode how the brain transforms inputs into functional outputs. More recently, systems neuroscience has received an infusion of approaches and techniques that allow the manipulation (e.g., optogenetics, chemogenetics) and imaging (e.g., two-photon imaging, head mounted fluorescent microscopes) of neurons, neurocircuits, their inputs and outputs. Here, we will review novel approaches that allow the manipulation and imaging of specific molecular mechanisms in specific cells (not just neurons), cell ensembles and brain regions. These molecular approaches, with the specificity and temporal resolution appropriate for systems studies, promise to infuse the field with novel ideas, emphases and directions, and are motivating the emergence of a molecularly oriented systems neuroscience, a new discipline that studies how the spatial and temporal patterns of molecular systems modulate circuits and brain networks, and consequently shape the properties of brain states and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Luchetti
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giselle Fernandes
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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6
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Monteiro DCF, Amoah E, Rogers C, Pearson AR. Using photocaging for fast time-resolved structural biology studies. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1218-1232. [PMID: 34605426 PMCID: PMC8489231 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321008809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Careful selection of photocaging approaches is critical to achieve fast and well synchronized reaction initiation and perform successful time-resolved structural biology experiments. This review summarizes the best characterized and most relevant photocaging groups previously described in the literature. It also provides a walkthrough of the essential factors to consider in designing a suitable photocaged molecule to address specific biological questions, focusing on photocaging groups with well characterized spectroscopic properties. The relationships between decay rates (k in s-1), quantum yields (ϕ) and molar extinction coefficients (ϵmax in M-1 cm-1) are highlighted for different groups. The effects of the nature of the photocaged group on these properties is also discussed. Four main photocaging scaffolds are presented in detail, o-nitrobenzyls, p-hydroxyphenyls, coumarinyls and nitrodibenzofuranyls, along with three examples of the use of this technology. Furthermore, a subset of specialty photocages are highlighted: photoacids, molecular photoswitches and metal-containing photocages. These extend the range of photocaging approaches by, for example, controlling pH or generating conformationally locked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. F. Monteiro
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicot Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Emmanuel Amoah
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicot Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Cromarte Rogers
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arwen R. Pearson
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Environment-Sensitive Fluorescence of 7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl (NBD)-Labeled Ligands for Serotonin Receptors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133848. [PMID: 34202630 PMCID: PMC8270269 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the regulation of several behavioral and cognitive functions by binding to a number of different serotonin receptors present on the cell surface. We report here the synthesis and characterization of several novel fluorescent analogs of serotonin in which the fluorescent NBD (7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) group is covalently attached to serotonin. The fluorescent ligands compete with the serotonin1A receptor specific radiolabeled agonist for binding to the receptor. Interestingly, these fluorescent ligands display a high environmental sensitivity of their fluorescence. Importantly, the human serotonin1A receptor stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells could be specifically labeled with one of the fluorescent ligands with minimal nonspecific labeling. Interestingly, we show by spectral imaging that the NBD-labeled ligand exhibits a red edge excitation shift (REES) of 29 nm when bound to the receptor, implying that it is localized in a restricted microenvironment. Taken together, our results show that NBD-labeled serotonin analogs offer an attractive fluorescent approach for elucidating the molecular environment of the serotonin binding site in serotonin receptors. In view of the multiple roles played by the serotonergic systems in the central and peripheral nervous systems, these fluorescent ligands would be useful in future studies involving serotonin receptors.
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8
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Shchelik IS, Tomio A, Gademann K. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Light-Activated Antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:681-692. [PMID: 33656844 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal control of bioactivity of small molecules by light (photopharmacology) constitutes a promising approach for study of biological processes and ultimately for the treatment of diseases. In this study, we investigated two different "caged" antibiotic classes that can undergo remote activation with UV-light at λ = 365 nm, via the conjugation of deactivating and photocleavable units through a short synthetic sequence. The two widely used antibiotics vancomycin and cephalosporin were thus enhanced in their performance by rendering them photoresponsive and thereby suppressing undesired off-site activity. The antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus ATCC 43300 (MRSA), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 could be spatiotemporally controlled with light. Both molecular series displayed a good activity window. The vancomycin derivative displayed excellent values against Gram-positive strains after uncaging, and the next-generation caged cephalosporin derivative achieved good and broad activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains after photorelease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S. Shchelik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Tomio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Hogenkamp F, Hilgers F, Knapp A, Klaus O, Bier C, Binder D, Jaeger KE, Drepper T, Pietruszka J. Effect of Photocaged Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside Solubility on the Light Responsiveness of LacI-controlled Expression Systems in Different Bacteria. Chembiochem 2020; 22:539-547. [PMID: 32914927 PMCID: PMC7894499 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Photolabile protecting groups play a significant role in controlling biological functions and cellular processes in living cells and tissues, as light offers high spatiotemporal control, is non‐invasive as well as easily tuneable. In the recent past, photo‐responsive inducer molecules such as 6‐nitropiperonyl‐caged IPTG (NP‐cIPTG) have been used as optochemical tools for Lac repressor‐controlled microbial expression systems. To further expand the applicability of the versatile optochemical on‐switch, we have investigated whether the modulation of cIPTG water solubility can improve the light responsiveness of appropriate expression systems in bacteria. To this end, we developed two new cIPTG derivatives with different hydrophobicity and demonstrated both an easy applicability for the light‐mediated control of gene expression and a simple transferability of this optochemical toolbox to the biotechnologically relevant bacteria Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis. Notably, the more water‐soluble cIPTG derivative proved to be particularly suitable for light‐mediated gene expression in these alternative expression hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hogenkamp
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabienne Hilgers
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Knapp
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver Klaus
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Claus Bier
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dennis Binder
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426, Jülich, Germany
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10
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Yoder N, Jalali-Yazdi F, Noreng S, Houser A, Baconguis I, Gouaux E. Light-coupled cryo-plunger for time-resolved cryo-EM. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107624. [PMID: 32950604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are dynamic molecules that can undergo rapid conformational rearrangements in response to stimuli. These structural changes are often critical to protein function, and thus elucidating time-dependent conformational landscapes has been a long-standing goal of structural biology. To harness the power of single particle cryo-EM methods to enable 'time-resolved' structure determination, we have developed a light-coupled cryo-plunger that pairs flash-photolysis of caged ligands with rapid sample vitrification. The 'flash-plunger' consists of a high-power ultraviolet LED coupled with focusing optics and a motorized linear actuator, enabling the user to immobilize protein targets in vitreous ice within a programmable time window - as short as tens of milliseconds - after stimulus delivery. The flash-plunger is a simple, inexpensive and flexible tool to explore short-lived conformational states previously unobtainable by conventional sample preparation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate Yoder
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Farzad Jalali-Yazdi
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sigrid Noreng
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alexandra Houser
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Isabelle Baconguis
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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11
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Asad N, McLain DE, Condon AF, Gore S, Hampton SE, Vijay S, Williams JT, Dore TM. Photoactivatable Dopamine and Sulpiride to Explore the Function of Dopaminergic Neurons and Circuits. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:939-951. [PMID: 32077679 PMCID: PMC7101055 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic analysis of dopamine receptor activation and inactivation and the study of dopamine-dependent signaling requires precise simulation of the presynaptic release of the neurotransmitter dopamine and tight temporal control over the release of dopamine receptor antagonists. The 8-cyano-7-hydroxyquinolinyl (CyHQ) photoremovable protecting group was conjugated to dopamine and the dopamine receptor antagonist sulpiride to generate "caged" versions of these neuromodulators (CyHQ-O-DA and CyHQ-sulpiride, respectively) that could release their payloads with 365 or 405 nm light or through 2-photon excitation (2PE) at 740 nm. These compounds are stable under physiological conditions in the dark, yet photolyze rapidly and cleanly to yield dopamine or sulpiride and the caging remnant CyHQ-OH. CyHQ-O-DA mediated the light activation of dopamine-1 (D1) receptors on the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in culture. In mouse brain slice from the substantia nigra pars compacta, localized flash photolysis of CyHQ-O-DA accurately mimicked the natural presynaptic release of dopamine and activation of dopamine-2 (D2) receptors, causing a robust, concentration-dependent, and repeatable G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel-mediated outward current in whole-cell voltage clamp recordings that was amplified by cocaine and blocked by sulpiride. Photolysis of CyHQ-sulpiride rapidly blocked synaptic activity, enabling measurement of the unbinding rates of dopamine and quinpirole, a D2 receptor agonist. These tools will enable more detailed study of dopamine receptors, their interactions with other GPCRs, and the physiology of dopamine signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Duncan E. McLain
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alec F. Condon
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Sangram Gore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahienaz E. Hampton
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sauparnika Vijay
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - John T. Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Timothy M. Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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12
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Paoletti P, Ellis-Davies GCR, Mourot A. Optical control of neuronal ion channels and receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 20:514-532. [PMID: 31289380 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic approaches permit neuronal excitation or inhibition at the network level, other technologies, such as optopharmacology (also known as photopharmacology) have emerged that provide molecular-level control by endowing light sensitivity to endogenous biomolecules. In this Review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of photocontrolling native neuronal signalling pathways, focusing on ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. We describe existing strategies for rendering receptors and channels light sensitive and provide an overview of the neuroscientific insights gained from such approaches. At the crossroads of chemistry, protein engineering and neuroscience, optopharmacology offers great potential for understanding the molecular basis of brain function and behaviour, with promises for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | | | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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13
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Light-triggered release of photocaged therapeutics - Where are we now? J Control Release 2019; 298:154-176. [PMID: 30742854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current available therapeutics face several challenges such as the development of ideal drug delivery systems towards the goal of personalized treatments for patients benefit. The application of light as an exogenous activation mechanism has shown promising outcomes, owning to the spatiotemporal confinement of the treatment in the vicinity of the diseased tissue, which offers many intriguing possibilities. Engineering therapeutics with light responsive moieties have been explored to enhance the bioavailability, and drug efficacy either in vitro or in vivo. The tailor-made character turns the so-called photocaged compounds highly desirable to reduce the side effects of drugs and, therefore, have received wide research attention. Herein, we seek to highlight the potential of photocaged compounds to obtain a clear understanding of the mechanisms behind its use in therapeutic delivery. A deep overview on the progress achieved in the design, fabrication as well as current and possible future applications in therapeutics of photocaged compounds is provided, so that novel formulations for biomedical field can be designed.
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14
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Ellis-Davies GCR. Two-Photon Uncaging of Glutamate. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 10:48. [PMID: 30687075 PMCID: PMC6333857 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy produces the excited singlet state of a chromophore with wavelengths approximately double that used for normal excitation. Two photons are absorbed almost simultaneously, via a virtual state, and this makes the excitation technique inherently non-linear. It requires ultra-fast lasers to deliver the high flux density needed to access intrinsically very short lived intermediates, and in combination with lenses of high numerical aperture, this confines axial excitation highly. Since the two-photon excitation volume is similar to a large spine head, the technique has been widely used to study glutamatergic transmission in brain slices. Here I describe the principles of two-photon uncaging of glutamate and provide a practical guide to its application.
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15
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Cabrera R, Filevich O, García-Acosta B, Athilingam J, Bender KJ, Poskanzer KE, Etchenique R. A Visible-Light-Sensitive Caged Serotonin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1036-1042. [PMID: 28460173 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), is an important neurotransmitter in the nervous system of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Deficits in 5HT signaling are responsible for many disabling psychiatric conditions, and its molecular machinery is the target of many pharmaceuticals. We present a new 5HT phototrigger, the compound [Ru(bpy)2(PMe3)(5HT)]2+, where PMe3 is trimethylphosphine. As with other ruthenium-bipyridyl based caged compounds, [Ru(bpy)2(PMe3)(5HT)]2+ presents activity in the visible region of the spectrum. We characterize and discuss the photochemical properties of the caged compound, and demonstrate its use by modulating the excitability of mouse prefrontal principal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cabrera
- Departamento de
Química Inorgánica,
Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, Facultad
de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, AR1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Ciclo
Básico Común, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1053 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Filevich
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología
Molecular, BIOMED, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina,
CONICET, C1107AFB Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz García-Acosta
- Departamento de
Química Inorgánica,
Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, Facultad
de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, AR1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jegath Athilingam
- Kavli
Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department
of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Kevin J. Bender
- Kavli
Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department
of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Kira E. Poskanzer
- Kavli
Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF Weill Institute for Neuroscience, San Francisco, California, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Roberto Etchenique
- Departamento de
Química Inorgánica,
Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, Facultad
de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón 2, AR1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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McLain DE, Rea AC, Widegren MB, Dore TM. Photoactivatable, biologically-relevant phenols with sensitivity toward 2-photon excitation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:2151-8. [PMID: 26467796 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spatio-temporal release of biologically relevant small molecules provides exquisite control over the activation of receptors and signaling pathways. This can be accomplished via a photochemical reaction that releases the desired small molecule in response to irradiation with light. A series of biologically-relevant signaling molecules (serotonin, octopamine, capsaicin, N-vanillyl-nonanoylamide, estradiol, and tyrosine) that contain a phenol moiety were conjugated to the 8-bromo-7-hydroxyquinolinyl (BHQ) or 8-cyano-7-hydroxyquinolinyl (CyHQ) photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs). The CyHQ caged compounds proved sensitive toward 1PE and 2PE processes with quantum efficiencies of 0.2-0.4 upon irradiation at 365 nm and two-photon action cross sections of 0.15-0.31 GM when irradiated at 740 nm. All but one BHQ caged compound, BHQ-estradiol, were found to be sensitive to photolysis through 1PE and 2PE with quantum efficiencies of 0.30-0.40 and two photon cross sections of 0.40-0.60 GM. Instead of releasing estradiol, BHQ-estradiol underwent debromination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan E McLain
- New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, USA
| | - Adam C Rea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, USA
| | - Magnus B Widegren
- New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Timothy M Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, USA
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17
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Breitinger U, Raafat KM, Breitinger HG. Glucose is a positive modulator for the activation of human recombinant glycine receptors. J Neurochem 2015; 134:1055-66. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry; The German University in Cairo; New Cairo Egypt
| | - Karim M. Raafat
- Department of Biochemistry; The German University in Cairo; New Cairo Egypt
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Schimer J, Pávová M, Anders M, Pachl P, Šácha P, Cígler P, Weber J, Majer P, Řezáčová P, Kräusslich HG, Müller B, Konvalinka J. Triggering HIV polyprotein processing by light using rapid photodegradation of a tight-binding protease inhibitor. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6461. [PMID: 25751579 PMCID: PMC4366505 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV protease (PR) is required for proteolytic maturation in the late phase of HIV replication and represents a prime therapeutic target. The regulation and kinetics of viral polyprotein processing and maturation are currently not understood in detail. Here we design, synthesize, validate and apply a potent, photodegradable HIV PR inhibitor to achieve synchronized induction of proteolysis. The compound exhibits subnanomolar inhibition in vitro. Its photolabile moiety is released on light irradiation, reducing the inhibitory potential by 4 orders of magnitude. We determine the structure of the PR-inhibitor complex, analyze its photolytic products, and show that the enzymatic activity of inhibited PR can be fully restored on inhibitor photolysis. We also demonstrate that proteolysis of immature HIV particles produced in the presence of the inhibitor can be rapidly triggered by light enabling thus to analyze the timing, regulation and spatial requirements of viral processing in real time. The study of HIV proteolysis during maturation and replication can be difficult since different steps in these processes occur simultaneously. Here, the authors present a photolabile HIV protease inhibitor which can be deactivated by light irradiation, allowing synchronized induction of viral maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Schimer
- 1] Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n.2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic [2] Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Pávová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n.2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Anders
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n.2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- 1] Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n.2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic [2] Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Cígler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n.2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n.2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n.2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n.2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- 1] Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany [2] Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Müller
- 1] Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany [2] Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- 1] Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n.2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic [2] Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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19
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Hess GP, Lewis RW, Chen Y. Caged neurotransmitters and other caged compounds: design and application. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:pdb.top084152. [PMID: 25275116 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top084152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The approaches using caged neurotransmitters described here enable transient kinetic investigations to be made with membrane-bound proteins (receptors) on a cell surface with the same time resolution as was previously possible only with proteins in solution.
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20
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Hoffmann J, Kazmaier U. A straightforward approach towards cyclic photoactivatable tubulysin derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11356-60. [PMID: 25196233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new photolabile protecting group containing an additional allyl functionality allows the synthesis of cyclic photoactivatable natural products. Cyclization occurs between the allyl moiety in the protecting group and a second double bond in the target molecule by means of ring-closing metathesis. Cyclization should increase the metabolic stability towards proteases. On the other hand, the conformational change should cause diminished biological activity. As illustrated for tubulysin derivatives, cyclic and photoactivatable drug candidates can easily be obtained in only two steps from simple building blocks through Ugi reaction and ring-closing metathesis. The photolabile protecting group is introduced by means of the isocyanide component during the Ugi reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hoffmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken (Germany) http://www.uni-saarland.de/fak8/kazmaier
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Hoffmann J, Kazmaier U. Ein einfacher Zugang zu cyclischen photoaktivierbaren Tubulysin-Derivaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rea AC, Vandenberg LN, Ball RE, Snouffer AA, Hudson AG, Zhu Y, McLain DE, Johnston LL, Lauderdale JD, Levin M, Dore TM. Light-activated serotonin for exploring its action in biological systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:1536-46. [PMID: 24333002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a neuromodulator involved in regulating mood, appetite, memory, learning, pain, and establishment of left-right (LR) asymmetry in embryonic development. To explore the role of 5-HT in physiology, we have created two forms of "caged" 5-HT, BHQ-O-5HT and BHQ-N-5HT. When exposed to 365 or 740 nm light, BHQ-O-5HT releases 5-HT through one- or two-photon excitation, respectively. BHQ-O-5HT mediated changes in neural activity in cultured mouse primary sensory neurons and the trigeminal ganglion and optic tectum of intact zebrafish larvae in the form of high-amplitude spiking in response to light. In Xenopus laevis embryos, light-activated 5-HT increased the occurrence of LR patterning defects. Maximal rates of LR defects were observed when 5-HT was released at stage 5 compared with stage 8. These experiments show the potential for BHQ-caged serotonins in studying 5-HT-regulated physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Rea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Biology Department and Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Suite 4600, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA
| | - Rebecca E Ball
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ashley A Snouffer
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alicia G Hudson
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Duncan E McLain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - James D Lauderdale
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department and Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Suite 4600, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA
| | - Timothy M Dore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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24
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Ellis-Davies GCR. A chemist and biologist talk to each other about caged neurotransmitters. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:64-73. [PMID: 23399979 PMCID: PMC3566830 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caged compounds are small organic molecules that can be photoactivated with brief pulses of light. They are widely used to study a great variety of biological processes by physiologists, cell biologists and neuroscientists. Initially made and invented by biologists in the late 1970s, they are now made mostly by chemists, often without any dialogue with the end users, the biologists. The idea for this review is to stimulate interaction between the two communities to further the creative development and application of these powerful optical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham CR Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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25
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Klán P, Šolomek T, Bochet CG, Blanc A, Givens R, Rubina M, Popik V, Kostikov A, Wirz J. Photoremovable protecting groups in chemistry and biology: reaction mechanisms and efficacy. Chem Rev 2013; 113:119-91. [PMID: 23256727 PMCID: PMC3557858 DOI: 10.1021/cr300177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1253] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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26
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Meng H, Liu Y, Zhai Y, Lai L. Optimization of 5-hydroxytryptamines as dual function inhibitors targeting phospholipase A2 and leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 59:160-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ariyasu S, Hanaya K, Watanabe E, Suzuki T, Horie K, Hayase M, Abe R, Aoki S. Selective capture and collection of live target cells using a photoreactive silicon wafer device modified with antibodies via a photocleavable linker. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:13118-13126. [PMID: 22889078 DOI: 10.1021/la302393p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A device for the capture and recollection of live target cells is described. The platform was a silicon (Si) wafer modified with an anti-HEL antibody (anti-HEL-IgG, HEL = hen egg lysozyme) through a photocleavable 3-amino-3-(2-nitrophenyl)propionic acid (ANP) linker. The modification processes of the Si wafer surface were monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and fast-scanning atomic force microscopy (FS-AFM). The attachment of IgG and its release reaction on the Si surface via the photochemical cleavage of the ANP linker were observed directly by FS-AFM. The results of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated that the photorelease of the complex of anti-HEL-IgG with the secondary antibody-alkaline phosphatase hybrid (secondary IgG-AP) from the Si surface occurs with minimum damage. Furthermore, it was possible to collect SP2/O cells selectively that express HEL on their cell membranes (SP2/O-HEL) on the Si wafer device. Photochemical cleavage of the ANP linker facilitated the effective release of living SP2/O cells whose viability was verified by staining experiments using tripan blue. Moreover, it was possible to reculture the recovered cells. This methodology represents an effective strategy for isolating intact target cells in the biological and medicinal sciences and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ariyasu
- Center for Technologies against Cancer, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Japan
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28
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Dhulipala G, Rubio M, Michael K, Miksovská J. Thermodynamic profile for urea photo-release from a N-(2-nitrobenzyl) caged urea compound. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1157-63. [PMID: 19639118 DOI: 10.1039/b900593e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gangadhar Dhulipala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Abstract
A caged molecule is an inert but photosensitive molecule that is transformed by photolysis into a biologically active molecule at high speed (typically 1 msec). The process is referred to as photorelease. The spatial resolution of photorelease is limited by the properties of light; submicrometer resolution is potentially achievable. Therefore, focal photorelease of caged molecules enables one to control biological processes with high spatio-temporal precision. The principles underlying caged molecules as well as practical considerations for their use are discussed in this unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Y Kao
- University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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31
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Gorostiza P, Isacoff E. Optical switches and triggers for the manipulation of ion channels and pores. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:686-704. [PMID: 17882331 DOI: 10.1039/b710287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Like fluorescence sensing techniques, methods to manipulate proteins with light have produced great advances in recent years. Ion channels have been one of the principal protein targets of photoswitched manipulation. In combination with fluorescence detection of cell signaling, this has enabled non-invasive, all-optical experiments on cell and tissue function, both in vitro and in vivo. Optical manipulation of channels has also provided insights into the mechanism of channel function. Optical control elements can be classified according to their molecular reversibility as non-reversible phototriggers where light breaks a chemical bond (e.g. caged ligands) and as photoswitches that reversibly photoisomerize. Synthetic photoswitches constitute nanoscale actuators that can alter channel function using three different strategies. These include (1) nanotoggles, which are tethered photoswitchable ligands that either activate channels (agonists) or inhibit them (blockers or antagonists), (2) nanokeys, which are untethered (freely diffusing) photoswitchable ligands, and (3) nanotweezers, which are photoswitchable crosslinkers. The properties of such photoswitches are discussed here, with a focus on tethered photoswitchable ligands. The recent literature on optical manipulation of ion channels is reviewed for the different channel families, with special emphasis on the understanding of ligand binding and gating processes, applications in nanobiotechnology, and with attention to future prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Gorostiza
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Abstract
Biologically active compounds which are light-responsive offer experimental possibilities which are otherwise very difficult to achieve. Since light can be manipulated very precisely, for example, with lasers and microscopes rapid jumps in concentration of the active form of molecules are possible with exact control of the area, time, and dosage. The development of such strategies started in the 1970s. This review summarizes new developments of the last five years and deals with "small molecules", proteins, and nucleic acids which can either be irreversibly activated with light (these compounds are referred to as "caged compounds") or reversibly switched between an active and an inactive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Mayer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Rathert P, Raskó T, Roth M, Slaska-Kiss K, Pingoud A, Kiss A, Jeltsch A. Reversible inactivation of the CG specific SssI DNA (cytosine-C5)-methyltransferase with a photocleavable protecting group. Chembiochem 2007; 8:202-7. [PMID: 17195251 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Caging of proteins by conjugation with a photocleavable group is a powerful approach for reversibly blocking enzymatic activity. Here we describe the covalent modification of the bacterial SssI DNA methyltransferase (M.SssI) with the cysteine-specific reagent 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzylbromide (DMNBB). M.SssI contains two cysteine residues; replacement of the active-site Cys141 with Ser resulted in an approximately 100-fold loss of enzymatic activity; this indicates an important role for this residue in catalysis. However, replacement of Cys368 with Ala did not affect methyltransferase activity. Treatment of the Cys368Ala mutant enzyme with DMNBB led to an almost complete loss of activity. Irradiation of the inactivated enzyme with near-ultraviolet light (320-400 nm) restored 60 % of the catalytic activity. This indicates that caging by DMNBB can be used for the reversible inactivation of M.SssI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rathert
- Biochemistry Laboratory International University Bremen, School of Engineering and Science, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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Katritzky AR, Xu YJ, Vakulenko AV, Wilcox AL, Bley KR. Model compounds of caged capsaicin: design, synthesis, and photoreactivity. J Org Chem 2004; 68:9100-4. [PMID: 14604387 DOI: 10.1021/jo034616t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecules were prepared with substituted nitrobenzyl groups covalently bonded to N-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)acetamide (2) by ether or carbonate linkages. These compounds decomposed under irradiation at 363 nm. Those with carbonate linkages decomposed at slower rates than those with ether linkages. Molecules with dimethoxy-substituted benzyl groups decomposed more slowly than monomethoxy-substituted benzyl groups due to the electronic characteristics of the benzylic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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36
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Hess GP. Rapid chemical reaction techniques developed for use in investigations of membrane-bound proteins (neurotransmitter receptors). Biophys Chem 2003; 100:493-506. [PMID: 12646386 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(02)00301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
New techniques for investigating chemical reactions on cell surfaces in the microsecond-to-millisecond time region are described. Reactions mediated by membrane-bound neurotransmitter receptors that control signal transmission between approximately 10(12) cells of the nervous system are taken as an example. Cells with receptors on their plasma membrane are equilibrated with photolabile, biologically inactive precursors of the neurotransmitters. Photolysis of these compounds releases free neurotransmitter that interacts with the receptors, leading to the transient opening of transmembrane receptor-formed channels that are permeant to small inorganic ions. The current thus induced can be measured. The technique can be used to measure the elementary steps of the receptor-mediated reactions. To illustrate the approach it was shown that an understanding of the mechanism of inhibition of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by the drug cocaine was obtained and led to the first proof that compounds exist that alleviate the inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Hess
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 216 Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA.
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Wieboldt R, Ramesh D, Jabri E, Karplus PA, Carpenter BK, Hess GP. Synthesis and characterization of photolabile o-nitrobenzyl derivatives of urea. J Org Chem 2002; 67:8827-31. [PMID: 12467395 DOI: 10.1021/jo0201373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present here the synthesis and characterization of four photolabile derivatives of urea in which alpha-substituted 2-nitrobenzyl groups are covalently attached to the urea nitrogen. These derivatives photolyze readily in aqueous solution to release free urea. The alpha-substituents of the 2-nitrobenzyl group strongly influence the rate of the photolysis reaction measured with transient absorption spectroscopy. Rates of photolysis at pH 7.5 and room temperature (approximately 22 degrees C) for N-(2-nitrobenzyl)urea, N-(alpha-methyl-2-nitrobenzyl)urea, N-(alpha-carboxymethyl-2-nitrobenzyl)urea, and N-(alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)urea are, respectively, 1.7 x 10(4), 8.5 x 10(4), 4.0 x 10(4), and 1.1 x 10(5) s(-)(1). The quantum yields determined by measurement of free urea following irradiation by a single laser pulse at 308 nm were 0.81 for N-(2-nitrobenzyl)urea, 0.64 for N-(alpha-methyl-2-nitrobenzyl)urea, and 0.56 for N-(alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)urea. The caged N-(alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)urea is not a substrate of the enzyme urease, while the photolytically released urea is. Also, neither this caged urea nor its photolytic side products inhibit hydrolysis of free urea by urease. Thus, the alpha-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl derivative of urea is suitable for mechanistic investigations of the enzyme urease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Wieboldt
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, 217 Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703, USA
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38
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Pelliccioli AP, Wirz J. Photoremovable protecting groups: reaction mechanisms and applications. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1:441-58. [PMID: 12659154 DOI: 10.1039/b200777k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photolabile protecting groups enable biochemists to control the release of bioactive compounds in living tissue. 'Caged compounds' (photoactivatable bioagents) have become an important tool to study the events that follow chemical signalling in, e.g., cell biology and the neurosciences. The possibilities are by no means exhausted. Progress will depend on the development of photoremovable protecting groups that satisfy the diverse requirements of new applications--a challenging task for photochemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paola Pelliccioli
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Caged compounds have covalently attached groups that are rapidly cleaved upon exposure to UV light. Attachment of photolabile groups makes the molecule inert until photolysis releases it in its bioactive form. When caged compounds are applied to the experimental system in advance, the concentration jump of biologically active substances can be brought about immediately in a limited area upon irradiation with pulsed and focused UV light. Therefore, caged compounds of low molecular weight, which are commercially available, have been used effectively to study the mechanisms of temporal biological phenomena, such as muscle contraction, intracellular signaling, and neurotransmission. Because many proteins and peptides play important roles in these phenomena, their caged derivatives should serve as powerful tools to clarify complex biological systems. To prepare caged proteins and peptides, several groups have improved upon a chemical modification method, as well as developed two new methods: (1) nonsense codon suppression and (2) solid-phase peptide synthesis. In this review, we summarize recent advances made in the design, preparation, and application of caged peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shigeri
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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