1
|
Gupta T, Ratandeep, Dutt M, Kaur B, Punia S, Sharma S, Sahu PK, Pooja, Saya L. Graphene-based nanomaterials as potential candidates for environmental mitigation of pesticides. Talanta 2024; 272:125748. [PMID: 38364558 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, bioaccumulation of hazardous chemicals in the food chain has become a critical issue, resulting in numerous health risks. Environmental mitigation aims to clean up contaminated sites and eliminate hazardous materials from the air, water, or soil to restore the site to its original and safe condition. Pesticides constitute one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants which are generally used to increase crop production. Addressing the removal or treatment of pesticides has become pivotal in mitigating environmental threats. Diverse remediation methods are employed to protect the environment and public health. Graphene-based materials have emerged as promising candidates with exceptional properties, including excellent adsorption capacity due to their high surface area, strong hydrophilicity, and tunable properties. Owing to these properties, they have been attracting major research attention in the field of design and fabrication of materials for the mitigation of pesticides from the environment such as from contaminated food, water and other samples. Various physical, chemical and biological extraction techniques are adopted to remove pesticides. This review article provides an insight into the potential role of graphene-based materials in the environmental remediation of pesticides. We have focused on the removal of Organophosphates, Organochlorines, Carbamates and Pyrethroids present in water, fruit, vegetable and other samples, highlighting the urgent need for environmental remediation. While graphene-based materials hold potential for pesticide remediation, addressing challenges in scalable production, assessing long-term sustainability, and mitigating potential environmental impacts are critical steps for successful large-scale applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarisha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Ratandeep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Madhav Dutt
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College (University of Delhi), Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Bikaramjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College (University of Delhi), Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Srishti Punia
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College (University of Delhi), Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Suhani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College (University of Delhi), Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji College, (University of Delhi), Raja Garden, New Delhi, 110027, India
| | - Pooja
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College (University of Delhi), Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| | - Laishram Saya
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College (University of Delhi), Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kruszelnicki A, Schelker J, Leoni B, Nava V, Kalem J, Attermeyer K, Gwinnett C. An investigation into the use of riverine mesocosms to analyse the effect of flow velocity and recipient textiles on forensic fibre persistence studies. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 351:111818. [PMID: 37713772 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Textile fibre evidence can provide important activity level information in criminal cases. To date, very few studies have investigated fibre persistence on fabrics exposed to aquatic conditions, even though items of evidence and victim's bodies can regularly be found in aquatic environments. This lack of research on whether fibres (and other trace evidence) persist on evidence submerged in water, has shown to impact practice as it is reported that crime scene examiners do not attempt to recover this evidence, due to the belief that it would not be present. The dynamic nature of aquatic environments mean that the studies are difficult to conduct in situ and variables, such as water flow rate are not possible to control and thought to be difficult to monitor. To address these challenges, artificial streams (also known as mesocosms) were employed in this study to investigate the persistence rate of polyester fibres on different fabric types (Woollen/nylon mix carpet, 100% polyester fleece, and 95% polyester/5% elastane sports vest) for a four week exposure time (1, 8, 24, 48, 120, 168, 264, 336, 504 and 672 hrs). The effect of water flow rate on the persistence of fibres was investigated by conducting the experiment with two flow velocities; 'high' (∼2.75 L/s) or 'low' (∼0.7 L/s). Significant differences between textile type were seen at 504 hrs under low flow conditions and 8, 24, 168 and 264 hrs under high flow conditions. When comparing flow velocities, a significant difference was seen at 1 hr exposure for the fleece textile only, indicating that the two flow rates used in this study do not significantly affect fibre persistence. Initial loss rates were highest for the first hour of submergence for the carpet, fleece and sports vest. Fibre persistence rates were highest on the carpet, followed by fleece and then sports vest. Persistence rates remained mostly constant after 24 hrs for all textiles but with redistribution of fibres between textiles being seen after this exposure time. The use of artificial flumes in this study provided a balance between realistic experimentation and a controlled study; key experimental variables could be continously and safely monitored. This study provides the first fibre persistence data in river type environments and proposes a new method for testing persistence in aquatic environments. This approach is not limited to fibres evidence and could be employed for other evidence such as glass, pollen, fingerprints and DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afsané Kruszelnicki
- Department of Crime, Society and Environment, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Schelker
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See 3293, Austria; Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Barbara Leoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano 20126, Italy
| | - Veronica Nava
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano 20126, Italy
| | - Jovan Kalem
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See 3293, Austria
| | - Katrin Attermeyer
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, Lunz am See 3293, Austria; Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna 1030, Austria.
| | - Claire Gwinnett
- Department of Crime, Society and Environment, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mathiron AGE, Gallego G, Silvestre F. Early-life exposure to permethrin affects phenotypic traits in both larval and adult mangrove rivulus Kryptolebias marmoratus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106543. [PMID: 37105866 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In fishes, the impacts of environmental constraints undergone during development on the behavioural response of individuals are not well understood. Obtaining more information is important since the aquatic environment is widely exposed to pollution involving neurotoxic compounds likely to cause phenotypic changes that can affect animal fitness. We explored how early exposure to the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin (PM), a compound known for its neurotoxicity, influences the phenotypic traits in both larvae and adults of the self-fertilizing fish mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus. First, we investigated immediate effects of PM on larvae after one-week exposure (0-7 days post-hatching): larvae exposed to high concentration (200 µg.L-1) grew less, were less active, had negative thigmotaxis and were less likely to capture prey than control individuals and those exposed to low concentration (5 µg.L-1). No difference was found between treatments when considering oxygen consumption rate and cortisol levels. Persistent effects of early exposure to PM on adults (147-149 days post-hatching) showed that fish previously exposed to high concentration of PM overcompensated growth, leading them to finally be longer and heavier than fish from other treatments. Moreover, we evidenced that levels of cortisol interacted with early PM exposure to affect behaviours during dyadic contests. Fish were more likely to initiate fighting behaviours and were more likely to be aggressive when they have low pre-contest levels of cortisol, but these effects were less pronounced when individuals were exposed to PM. This study shows that PM can have both immediate and persistent effects on phenotypic traits in a self-fertilizing vertebrate and suggests that a pyrethroid can interact with hormones action to affect animal behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G E Mathiron
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium; Institute of Life, Earth, and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Gil Gallego
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Silvestre
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium; Institute of Life, Earth, and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Torpor/hibernation cycle may enhance the risk of insecticides for bats: an in vitro study. ACTA VET BRNO 2022. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202291010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to pollutants is considered one of the potential reasons of population declines in bats. In the context of previous studies, we managed to create and keep a wide collection of cell lines from European bat species. Liver cells were chosen for testing, as they represent the preferred model for toxicological studies. Bats are protected, cell lines replacing experimental animals thus represent a unique opportunity to examine effects of pollutants which animals are exposed to in their environments. Moreover, cell incubation temperature variation may simulate physiological states of heterothermic bats. Liver cell lines were cultivated to the required cell number. Exposure to five different concentrations of permethrin (PM) and imidacloprid (IMI) were used to determine cytotoxic effects of these pesticides on Nyctalus noctula-derived liver cells cultivated at 37 °C and 8 °C for 24 h. An assay based on the measurement of activity of lactate dehydrogenase released from damaged cells was used for quantitating cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity of IMI ranged from 0% to 47% and from 56% to 67% at 37 °C and 8 °C, respectively. Cytotoxicity of PM ranged from 36% to 56% and from 43% to 88% at 37 °C and 8 °C, respectively. Permethrin was tested on the cells at an order of magnitude lower concentrations; even so, higher degree of cytotoxicity was recorded. Imidacloprid was more toxic to bat liver cells at a hibernation temperature than at body temperature of 37 °C.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sahota C, Hayek K, Surbey B, Kennedy CJ. Lethal and sublethal effects in Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) following exposure to five aquaculture chemotherapeutants. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:33-52. [PMID: 34628582 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Early life stages of Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are at risk of exposure to the active ingredients of chemotherapeutant formulations (hydrogen peroxide [HP], azamethiphos [AZ], emamectin benzoate [EB], cypermethrin [CP] and deltamethrin [DM]) used to control sea lice in salmon aquaculture. LC50 values (95% confidence intervals) for acute 48-h water exposures in order of least to most toxic to seawater-adapted pink salmon fry were: HP (227 [138-418] mg/L), EB (1090 [676-2006] µg/L), AZ (80 [52-161] µg/L), CP (5.1 [3.0-10.5] µg/L), and DM (980 [640-1800] ng/L), and in subchronic 10-d lethality sediment exposure tests: EB (2065 [1384-3720] µg/kg), CP (97 [58-190] µg/kg), and DM (1035 [640-2000] ng/kg). Alterations in behaviour varied between chemicals; no chemical attracted pink salmon fry; fish avoided HP to a limited extent at 50 mg/L), as well as EB (300 µg/L), and AZ (50 µg/L). Significant concentration-dependent decreases in olfactory responsiveness to food extract were seen following AZ, CP and DM exposures that occurred at lower concentrations with longer exposure periods (10 µg/L, 0.5 µg/L and 100 ng/L thresholds at 7 d). Following 10-d sediment exposures, olfaction was only affected by CP exposure at 50 µg/kg. Significant decreases in swimming performance (Ucrit) occured for HP, AZ, CP and DM at concentrations as low as 100 mg/L, 10 µg/L, 2 µg/L and 200 ng/L, respectively. This study provides comprehensive data on the lethal and sublethal effects of aquaculture chemotherapeutant exposure in early life stage pink salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charanveer Sahota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kassia Hayek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Brady Surbey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Acute and Chronic Effects of a Glyphosate and a Cypermethrin-Based Pesticide on a Non-Target Species Eucypris sp. Vavra, 1891 (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostracoda species are indicators of their current and past environment (paleoenvironment). The study aims to evaluate the acute and chronic sensitivities of a freshwater ostracod species (Eucypris sp.) to agricultural pesticides (a cypermethrin-based insecticide and a glyphosate herbicide-based formulation). Lethal concentrations (LC50) of each pesticide for the species at 24 and 48 h were determined. The chronic exposure allowed assessing the effects of low concentrations of both pesticides; firstly, on the parthenogenetic reproduction of Eucypris sp., and, secondly, on its population growth. Then, individuals of Eucypris sp. were exposed to 0.536 ppb and 1.072 ppb of cypermethrin and 4.51 ppm and 9.03 ppm of glyphosate. These concentrations are respectively the 10%, and the 20% of the 48-h LC50 (median lethal concentration) of both pesticides for the species. The estimated 24-h LC50 of cypermethrin was 7.287 ppb. At 48-h, it was 5.361 ppb. For glyphosate, the 24-h LC50 was 50.521 ppm, while at 48-h it was 45.149 ppm. After 10 days of exposure to low concentrations of cypermehrin, only 30% of females reproduced parthenogenetically with 10% and 20% of LC50-48-h. For the control treatment, reproduction in 80% of females was observed. Eucypris sp. population growth after 28 days of exposure to low concentrations of cypermethrin showed significant retardation. Regarding glyphosate chronic exposure, 60%, 50%, and 90% of individuals were able to reproduce at 10% of LC50-48-h, 20% LC50-48-h, and the control treatment, respectively. The population growth was also affected by the tested low concentrations of glyphosate. The study showed high sensitivity of Eucypris sp. to cypermethrin compared to glyphosate. However, low concentrations of both pesticides affected the species at individual and population level.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lewis JL, Agostini G, Jones DK, Relyea RA. Cascading effects of insecticides and road salt on wetland communities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116006. [PMID: 33189447 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel stressors introduced by human activities increasingly threaten freshwater ecosystems. The annual application of more than 2.3 billion kg of pesticide active ingredient and 22 billion kg of road salt has led to the contamination of temperate waterways. While pesticides and road salt are known to cause direct and indirect effects in aquatic communities, their possible interactive effects remain widely unknown. Using outdoor mesocosms, we created wetland communities consisting of zooplankton, phytoplankton, periphyton, and leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles. We evaluated the toxic effects of six broad-spectrum insecticides from three families (neonicotinoids: thiamethoxam, imidacloprid; organophosphates: chlorpyrifos, malathion; pyrethroids: cypermethrin, permethrin), as well as the potentially interactive effects of four of these insecticides with three concentrations of road salt (NaCl; 44, 160, 1600 Cl- mg/L). Organophosphate exposure decreased zooplankton abundance, elevated phytoplankton biomass, and reduced tadpole mass whereas exposure to neonicotinoids and pyrethroids decreased zooplankton abundance but had no significant effect on phytoplankton abundance or tadpole mass. While organophosphates decreased zooplankton abundance at all salt concentrations, effects on phytoplankton abundance and tadpole mass were dependent upon salt concentration. In contrast, while pyrethroids had no effects in the absence of salt, they decreased zooplankton and phytoplankton density under increased salt concentrations. Our results highlight the importance of multiple-stressor research under natural conditions. As human activities continue to imperil freshwater systems, it is vital to move beyond single-stressor experiments that exclude potentially interactive effects of chemical contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn L Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Gabriela Agostini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; CONICET-Buenos Aires University, Institute of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Devin K Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ballesteros ML, Boyle RL, Kellar CR, Miglioranza KSB, Bistoni MA, Pettigrove V, Long SM. What types of enzyme activities are useful biomarkers of bifenthrin exposure on Chironomus sp. (Diptera, Chironomidae) larvae under laboratory and field-based microcosm conditions? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 228:105618. [PMID: 32937231 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bifenthrin is a second generation synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that is widely used in Australia and worldwide. It is frequently found in urban freshwater sediments at concentrations likely to impact biota as it is highly toxic to fish and macroinvertebrates, such as chironomids. Our main goal was to evaluate if oxidative stress and hydrolase enzymes are useful biomarkers of effect of synthetic pyrethroids exposure under different scenarios. Chironomus tepperi larvae (5 days old) were exposed to sub-lethal sediment concentrations of bifenthrin for 5 days under controlled laboratory conditions. A field-based microcosm exposure with bifenthrin-spiked sediments (using the same concentrations as the laboratory exposure) was carried out at a clean field site for four weeks to allow for colonization and development of resident chironomid larvae. At the end of both experiments, Chironomus larvae (C. tepperi in the laboratory exposures and C. oppositus in the microcosm exposures) were collected and oxidative stress enzymes (Glutathione-s-Transferase, Glutathione Reductase and Glutathione Peroxidase) and hydrolase enzymes (Acetylcholinesterase and Carboxylesterase) were measured. Only the Glutathione Peroxidase activity was significantly impacted in larvae from the laboratory exposure. On the contrary, significant changes were observed in all the measured enzymes from the field-based microcosm exposure. This is likely because exposure was throughout the whole life cycle, from egg mass to fourth instar, showing a more realistic exposure scenario. Furthermore, this is the first time that changes in oxidative stress and hydrolase enzymes have been shown to occur in Australian non-biting midges exposed under field-based microcosm conditions. Thus, this study demonstrated the usefulness of these enzymes as biomarkers of effect following bifenthrin exposure in microcosms. It also highlights the importance of using a range of different biochemical endpoints to get a more holistic understanding of pesticide effects and the pathways involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Ballesteros
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cátedra de Diversidad Animal II, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Argentina; Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Vic, Australia
| | - Rhianna L Boyle
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Vic, Australia
| | - Claudette R Kellar
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Vic, Australia; Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group (AQUEST), School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083 Vic, Australia
| | - Karina S B Miglioranza
- Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mar del Plata, Argentina; CONICET, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Argentina
| | - Maria A Bistoni
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cátedra de Diversidad Animal II, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Argentina
| | - Vincent Pettigrove
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Vic, Australia; Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group (AQUEST), School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083 Vic, Australia
| | - Sara M Long
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Vic, Australia; Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group (AQUEST), School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083 Vic, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Razinger J, Praprotnik E, Schroers HJ. Bioaugmentation of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Sustainable Agriotes Larvae (Wireworms) Management in Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:535005. [PMID: 33042172 PMCID: PMC7527422 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.535005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil microorganisms influence biotic and abiotic stress tolerance of crops. Most interactions between plant symbiotic and non-symbiotic soil microorganisms and plants occur in the rhizosphere and are sustained through plant exudation/rhizodeposition. Bioaugmentation, i.e., the introduction or amplification of certain plant beneficial microbes (e.g., entomopathogenic fungi) into the rhizosphere, could contribute to controlling insect crop pests and replacing chemical, environmentally unfriendly insecticides. Wireworms, the soil-burrowing larval stages of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are major pests of crops including maize, wheat and potatoes, worldwide. Alternative strategies for controlling wireworms are needed because several chemical pesticides used successfully in the past are being phased out because of their ecotoxicity. Therefore, virulence to Agriotes lineatus L. wireworms and plant beneficial traits of entomopathogenic fungi were investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Tested taxa included environmentally retrieved Metarhizium brunneum Petch. (two strains), M. robertsii Bisch., Rehner & Humber (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), and Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch. and commercially formulated B. bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Cordycipitaceae) and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner 1915 var. kurstaki. In-house reared larvae were dipped in conidial suspension, and maize and wheat seeds were coated with fungal conidia. Metarhizium brunneum strains 1154 and 1868 significantly increased wireworm mortality. Fungi were significantly more often re-isolated from maize than wheat rhizoplanes in laboratory assays. The strains tested were rarely isolated as endophytes. Metarhizium brunneum strain 1154 stimulated wheat growth, while M. robertsii 1880 stimulated maize growth, whereas M. brunneum 1868 and others did not affect root or shoot length or plant biomass significantly in laboratory settings. Metarhizium brunneum strain 1868, re-isolated most often from maize rhizoplane, caused the highest wireworm mortality. It was further evaluated whether M. brunneum 1868 can protect maize varieties FeroXXY, LG 34.90 and Chapalu from wireworm damage and promote plant growth at field conditions. Plants of all three varieties stemming from seeds treated with conidia of M. brunneum 1868 showed significantly less wireworm damage 3 to 4 weeks after sowing (5- to 6-leaf stage) resulting in a significantly higher initial maize stand. However, only in the variety LG 34.90 a significant increase of the maize stand was observed at harvest time.
Collapse
|
10
|
Houndji MAB, Imorou Toko I, Guedegba L, Yacouto E, Agbohessi PT, Mandiki SNM, Scippo ML, Kestemont P. Joint toxicity of two phytosanitary molecules, lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid, on African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:669-676. [PMID: 32396780 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1763712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the acute toxicity of acetamiprid (neonicotinoid) and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid), individually and mixtures (Act-LCh mixture and Acer 35 EC®, 15 g/L of acetamiprid and 20 g/L of lambda-cyhalothrin) in African catfish juveniles (3.35 ± 0.75 g). The tests were conducted in the laboratory under semi-static conditions according to OECD Guideline 203. Mixture toxicity effects as a function of lethal concentrations were assessed using the additive index (AI) method. Acetamiprid with 96 h-LC50 = 265.7 ppm can be considered to be nontoxic for this species. However, lambda-cyhalothrin was highly toxic to C. gariepinus with 96 h-LC50 = 0.00083 ppm. Acer 35 EC® was less toxic (96 h-LC50 = 0.21 ppm) than the Act-LCh mixture (96 h-LC50 = 0.043 ppm). Marked changes indicating nervous system damage were also recorded. An antagonistic effect was shown for lethal concentrations leading to 5 to 15% mortality in 96 hours (96 h-LC5-15) while an additive effect was obtained for the 96 h-LC20-50. The results indicate that ecological risk assessment of these molecules in aquatic environments should consider their contamination levels. Moreover, particular attention to behavior changes related to their neurotoxicity is recommended for additional monitoring of the negative effects of these insecticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahugnon A B Houndji
- Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim Imorou Toko
- Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Léa Guedegba
- Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Edith Yacouto
- Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Prudencio T Agbohessi
- Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Science, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Major KM, Brander SM. The Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Pyrethroid Exposure: A New Perspective on Aquatic Ecotoxicity. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2019_432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Rösch A, Beck B, Hollender J, Singer H. Picogram per liter quantification of pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides in surface waters: a result of large enrichment with liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3151-3164. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01787-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
13
|
Lu Q, Sun Y, Ares I, Anadón A, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Yuan Z, Wang X, Martínez MA. Deltamethrin toxicity: A review of oxidative stress and metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:260-281. [PMID: 30599291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin is widely used worldwide due to its valuable insecticidal activity against pests and parasites. Increasing evidence has shown that deltamethrin causes varying degrees of toxicity. Moreover, oxidative stress and metabolism are highly correlated with toxicity. For the first time, this review systematically summarizes the deltamethrin toxicity mechanism from the perspective of oxidative stress, including deltamethrin-mediated oxidative damage, antioxidant status, oxidative signaling pathways and modulatory effects of antagonists, synergists and placebos on oxidative stress. Further, deltamethrin metabolism, including metabolites, metabolic enzymes and pathways and deltamethrin metabolite toxicity are discussed. This review will shed new light on deltamethrin toxicity mechanisms and provide effective strategies to ensure pest control and prevention of human and animal poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Lu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yaqi Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Parlak V. Evaluation of apoptosis, oxidative stress responses, AChE activity and body malformations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to deltamethrin. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:397-403. [PMID: 29803889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we observed the zebrafish embryo/larvae (Danio rerio) exposed to Deltamethrin (DM) used as pesticide in agricultural fields. We determined respectively, changes in body morphology, cell apoptosis, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, GPx) activities, MDA and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels after 96h of DM exposure. The embryos were exposed to 2.5 μg/l - 10 μg/l - 25 μg/l - 50 μg/l of DM concentration for 96 h. Survival and hatching rates, and body malformations were determined under a stereo microscope for in 24, 48, 72 and 96th hours. DM caused the cellular apoptosis and an increase in MDA levels while inhibiting SOD, CAT, GPx enzyme activities and AChE level (P < 0.05). In addition, pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, spinal cord curvature and body malformations were determined in the embryo by depending on the dose of pesticide. As conclusion it can be concluded that DM inhibits the antioxidant enzyme mechanism, increases the cellular apoptosis, malformations. This study may provide enable us for understanding toxic mechanisms of DM in zebrafish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Parlak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Deanovic LA, Stillway M, Hammock BG, Fong S, Werner I. Tracking pyrethroid toxicity in surface water samples: Exposure dynamics and toxicity identification tools for laboratory tests with Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:462-472. [PMID: 28888045 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are commonly used in pest control and are present at toxic concentrations in surface waters of agricultural and urban areas worldwide. Monitoring is challenging as a result of their high hydrophobicity and low toxicity thresholds, which often fall below the analytical methods detection limits (MDLs). Standard daphnid bioassays used in surface water monitoring are not sensitive enough to protect more susceptible invertebrate species such as the amphipod Hyalella azteca and chemical loss during toxicity testing is of concern. In the present study, we quantified toxicity loss during storage and testing, using both natural and synthetic water, and presented a tool to enhance toxic signal strength for improved sensitivity of H. azteca toxicity tests. The average half-life during storage in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) cubitainers (Fisher Scientific) at 4 °C of 5 pyrethroids (permethrin, bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, and esfenvalerate) and one organophosphate (chlorpyrifos; used as reference) was 1.4 d, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) proved an effective tool to potentiate toxicity. We conclude that toxicity tests on ambient water samples containing these hydrophobic insecticides are likely to underestimate toxicity present in the field, and mimic short pulse rather than continuous exposures. Where these chemicals are of concern, the addition of PBO during testing can yield valuable information on their presence or absence. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:462-472. © 2017 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Deanovic
- Center for Aquatic Biology and Aquaculture, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Marie Stillway
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Bruce G Hammock
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Stephanie Fong
- Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Inge Werner
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rodrigues ACM, Gravato C, Quintaneiro C, Bordalo MD, Barata C, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Energetic costs and biochemical biomarkers associated with esfenvalerate exposure in Sericostoma vittatum. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:445-453. [PMID: 28957762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides have been used for decades and their worldwide market continues to increase, despite their high toxicity to non-target insects. Recent studies reveal that it is essential to investigate the secondary mechanisms of action of type II pyrethroids to understand their cellular effects on invertebrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the lethality, behaviour and physiological alterations and energetic costs in caddisfly larvae exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of esfenvalerate (ESF). ESF caused both mortality and feeding inhibition of exposed caddisfly larvae: nominal ESF 96 h LC50 was 2.29 μg/L; feeding activity was impaired at concentrations equal or above 0.25 μg/L. At the cellular level, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was increased on caddisfly larvae exposed to 0.25 and 0.5 μg/L ESF, which might contribute to prevent oxidative damage since levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) were not altered. The energy budget of exposed caddisfly larvae was impaired by exposure to 0.25 μg/L ESF since sugar and protein contents decreased, while a decline of energy consumption was observed. The analysis of feeding, energy reserves and consumption data through structural equation modelling (SEM) allowed to quantify the direct and indirect effects of ESF exposure on bioenergetics of caddisfly larvae. SEM analysis showed a strong negative direct influence of ESF onto feeding activity, sugars content and energy consumption, highlighting a significant positive relationship between sugars and protein contents. These results show that energy expenditure is related to oxidative defense mechanisms induced by ESF stress that may lead to deleterious effects on growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia C M Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Quintaneiro
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria D Bordalo
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carpenter KD, Kuivila KM, Hladik ML, Haluska T, Cole MB. Storm-event-transport of urban-use pesticides to streams likely impairs invertebrate assemblages. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:345. [PMID: 27170357 PMCID: PMC4869748 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide use in urban areas results in the detection of these compounds in streams following stormwater runoff at concentrations likely to cause toxicity for stream invertebrates. In this 2013 study, stormwater runoff and streambed sediments were analyzed for 91 pesticides dissolved in water and 118 pesticides on sediment. Detections included 33 pesticides, including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, degradates, and a synergist. Patterns in pesticide occurrence reveal transport of dissolved and sediment-bound pesticides, including pyrethroids, from upland areas through stormwater outfalls to receiving streams. Nearly all streams contained at least one insecticide at levels exceeding an aquatic-life benchmark, most often for bifenthrin and (or) fipronil. Multiple U.S. EPA benchmark or criterion exceedances occurred in 40 % of urban streams sampled. Bed sediment concentrations of bifenthrin were highly correlated (p < 0.001) with benthic invertebrate assemblages. Non-insects and tolerant invertebrates such as amphipods, flatworms, nematodes, and oligochaetes dominated streams with relatively high concentrations of bifenthrin in bed sediments, whereas insects, sensitive invertebrates, and mayflies were much more abundant at sites with no or low bifenthrin concentrations. The abundance of sensitive invertebrates, % EPT, and select mayfly taxa were strongly negatively correlated with organic-carbon normalized bifenthrin concentrations in streambed sediments. Our findings from western Clackamas County, Oregon (USA), expand upon previous research demonstrating the transport of pesticides from urban landscapes and linking impaired benthic invertebrate assemblages in urban streams with exposure to pyrethroid insecticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt D Carpenter
- Oregon Water Science Center, 2130 SW 5th Avenue, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Kuivila
- Oregon Water Science Center, 2130 SW 5th Avenue, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Tana Haluska
- Oregon Water Science Center, 2130 SW 5th Avenue, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Michael B Cole
- Cole Ecological, Inc., 15 Bank Row, Suite B, Greenfield, MA, 01301, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang Y, Ye X, He B, Liu J. Cadmium potentiates toxicity of cypermethrin in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:435-445. [PMID: 26267556 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Co-occurrence of pesticides such as synthetic pyrethroids and metals in aquatic ecosystems raises concerns over their combined ecological effects. Cypermethrin, 1 of the top 5 synthetic pyrethroids in use, has been extensively detected in surface water. Cadmium (Cd) has been recognized as 1 of the most toxic metals and is a common contaminant in the aquatic system. However, little information is available regarding their joint toxicity. In the present study, combined toxicity of cypermethrin and Cd and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Zebrafish embryos and adults were exposed to the individual contaminant or binary mixtures. Co-exposure to cypermethrin and Cd produced synergistic effects on the occurrence of crooked body, pericardial edema, and noninflation of swim bladder. The addition of Cd significantly potentiated cypermethrin-induced spasms and caused more oxidative stress in zebrafish larvae. Cypermethrin-mediated induction of transcription levels and catalytic activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme were significantly down-regulated by Cd in both zebrafish larvae and adults. Chemical analytical data showed that in vitro elimination of cypermethrin by CYP1A1 was inhibited by Cd. The addition of Cd caused an elevation of in vivo cypermethrin residue levels in the mixture-exposed adult zebrafish. These results suggest that the enhanced toxicity of cypermethrin in the presence of Cd results from the inhibitory effects of Cd on CYP-mediated biotransformation of this pesticide. The authors' findings provide a deeper understanding of the mechanistic basis accounting for the joint toxicity of cypermethrin and Cd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Buyuan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hasenbein S, Connon RE, Lawler SP, Geist J. A comparison of the sublethal and lethal toxicity of four pesticides in Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11327-39. [PMID: 25804662 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory toxicity testing is the primary tool used for surface water environmental risk assessment; however, there are critical information gaps regarding the sublethal effects of pesticides. In 10-day exposures, we assessed the lethal and sublethal (motility and growth) toxicities of four commonly used pesticides, bifenthrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, and chlorpyrifos, on two freshwater invertebrates, Chironomus dilutus and Hyalella azteca. Pyrethroids were more toxic than the organophosphate chlorpyrifos in both species. Bifenthrin was most toxic to H. azteca survival and growth. Cyfluthrin was most toxic to C. dilutus. However, cyfluthrin had the greatest effect on motility on both H. azteca and C. dilutus. The evaluated concentrations of chlorpyrifos did not affect C. dilutus motility or growth, but significantly impacted H. azteca growth. Motility served as the most sensitive endpoint in assessing sublethal effects at low concentrations for both species, while growth was a good indicator of toxicity for all four pesticides for H. azteca. The integration of sublethal endpoints in ambient water monitoring and pesticide regulation efforts could improve identification of low-level pesticide concentrations that may eventually cause negative effects on food webs and community structure in aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hasenbein
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jeffries KM, Komoroske LM, Truong J, Werner I, Hasenbein M, Hasenbein S, Fangue NA, Connon RE. The transcriptome-wide effects of exposure to a pyrethroid pesticide on the Critically Endangered delta smelt Hypomesus transpacificus. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
21
|
Hasenbein S, Lawler SP, Geist J, Connon RE. The use of growth and behavioral endpoints to assess the effects of pesticide mixtures upon aquatic organisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:746-759. [PMID: 25630500 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic communities are often subject to complex contaminant mixtures, usually at sublethal concentrations, that can cause long-term detrimental effects. Chemicals within mixtures can effectively interact, resulting in synergism, antagonism or additivity. We investigated the tertiary mixture effects of two pyrethroids, lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin, and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos, evaluating sublethal endpoints; immobility and growth, on Chironomus dilutus in 10-day exposures. We utilized a toxic units (TU) approach, based on median lethal concentrations (LC50) for each compound. The concepts of independent action and concentration addition were used to compare predicted mixture toxicity to observed mixture toxicity. Increased immobility resulted from mixture concentrations ≥1 TU (7.45 ng/L lambda-cyhalothrin × 24.90 ng/L permethrin × 129.70 ng/L chlorpyrifos), and single pesticides concentrations ≥0.25 TU (5.50 ng/L lambda-cyhalothrin, 24.23 ng/L permethrin, 90.92 ng/L chlorpyrifos, respectively). Growth was inhibited by pesticide mixtures ≥0.125 TU (1.04 ng/L lambda-cyhalothrin × 3.15 ng/L permethrin × 15.47 ng/L chlorpyrifos), and singly by lambda-cyhalothrin ≥0.25 TU (5.50 ng/L), and permethrin ≥0.167 TU (18.21 ng/L). The no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) for immobility and growth, for both mixture and single-pyrethroid exposure, were up to 8.0 and 12.0 times respectively lower than the corresponding NOEC for survival. The median effective concentrations (EC50) for growth (mixture and single-pyrethroid exposure) were up to 7.0 times lower than the respective LC50. This study reinforces that the integration of sublethal endpoints in monitoring efforts is powerful in discerning toxic effects that would otherwise be missed by solely utilizing traditional toxicity assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hasenbein
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Erkmen B. Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of permethrin in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 94:419-424. [PMID: 25634326 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of permethrin on the fertilization and early development of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos were studied. Spermiotoxicity was evaluated on the basis of fertilization rate. Embryotoxicity was determined by comparing the frequency of normal development and malformations in embryos exposed to permethrin throughout their development. Permethrin inhibited fertilization success, and yielded IC25 and IC50 values of 0.58 (CL = 0.44-0.77) and 0.94 (CL = 0.92-0.95) µg/L, respectively. The embryotoxicity of permethrin was concentration dependent indicating a decreased percentage of normally developed plutei with increasing permethrin concentrations: IC25 = 0.195 µg/L (CL = 0.15-0.26) and IC50 = 0.346 µg/L (CF = 0.29-0.41). Associated with the decrease in normal pluteus frequency was an increase in larval malformations as skeleton deformities. The results suggest that permethrin is more highly toxic to embryos than to sperm, and that this insecticide may present a potential risk for the sea urchin in contaminated marine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belda Erkmen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, Aksaray, 68100, Turkey,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Effects of cyhalothrin-based pesticide on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:107373. [PMID: 24860807 PMCID: PMC4016908 DOI: 10.1155/2014/107373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Nexide (a.i. gamma-cyhalothrin 60 g L−1) on cumulative mortality, growth indices, and ontogenetic development of embryos and larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were studied. Levels of oxidative stress parameters glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation were determined. Eggs of newly fertilised common carp were exposed to Nexide at concentrations 5, 25, 50, 100, and 250 μg L−1 (0.3, 1.5, 3, 6, and 15 μg L−1 gamma-cyhalothrin). All organisms exposed to concentrations higher than 50 μg L−1 died soon after hatching; at 25 μg L−1, 95% mortality was recorded. Larvae exposed to 5 μg L−1 showed significantly lower growth and retarded ontogenetic development compared to control. Histological examination of the livers of larvae from the exposed group revealed dystrophic changes. The value of detoxification enzyme GST of organisms from the exposed group was significantly higher compared to the control and the value of defensive enzyme GPx was significantly lower compared to the control. The results of our investigation confirmed that contamination of aquatic environment by pesticides containing cyhalothrin may impair growth and development of early life stages of carp and cause disbalance of defensive enzymes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Huynh CK, Poquette SR, Whitlow WL. Pyrethroid pesticide effects on behavioral responses of aquatic isopods to danger cues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:5211-5216. [PMID: 24390114 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study sought to evaluate the behavioral responses of non-target organisms in order to determine whether phototactic responses of isopods to danger cues are altered as a function of exposure to the pyrethroid pesticides λ-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin. Experiments conducted on Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis identified sublethal behavioral responses to pyrethroids, λ-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin at concentrations 0.15 ng/mL, 0.025 ng/mL, and 0.005 ng/mL. Experimental setup tested isopod phototactic responses across six treatments: control, pyrethroid, hemolymph, predator, hemolymph + pyrethroid, and predator + pyrethroid. Isopods exhibited no preference for phototactic responses in the control and pyrethroid treatments. When exposed to danger cues (hemolymph or predator), isopods exhibited significant negative phototaxis, as expected. When exposure to danger cues was combined with pyrethroids, isopods again exhibited no preference for phototactic response. Experiments indicate that pyrethroids diminish isopod's negatively phototactic response to danger cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn K Huynh
- Biology Department, Seattle University, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang Y, Ma H, Zhou J, Liu J, Liu W. Joint toxicity of permethrin and cypermethrin at sublethal concentrations to the embryo-larval zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 96:146-154. [PMID: 24184047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids, the widely used pesticides, are highly toxic to aquatic organisms. However, little information is so far available regarding the joint toxicity of type I and type II pyrethroids to fish. Zebrafish is a well-accepted aquatic vertebrate model for toxicity assessment due to small size, easy husbandry, high fecundity and transparent embryos. In this study, we utilized embryo-larval zebrafish to elucidate the combined effects of sublethal concentrations of permethrin (PM) and cypermethrin (CP), which are the most frequently used type I and type II pyrethroids, respectively. Fish were exposed from 3h postfertilization (hpf) to 144 hpf to binary mixtures of nominal concentrations of 100, 200, 300μgL(-1) PM (PM100, PM200, PM300) and 10, 20, 30μgL(-1) CP (CP10, CP20, CP30). Analytical data of the real concentrations of the chemicals showed a significant degradation of the pyrethroids but an obvious recovery after the renewal of the exposure solution. Defect rates of embryos exposed to these low concentrations of single PM or CP exhibited no statistically significant difference from the control,while the application of combination of PM and CP resulted in deleterious effects on zebrafish embryonic development. In all PM200 and PM300 exposure groups, increasing CP concentrations acted additively to the action of PM in terms of all sublethal endpoints. Co-treatment of embryos with the specific sodium channel blocker MS-222 and pyrethroids (individuals or the mixture) caused a decline in the incidences of body axis curvature and spasms compared to treatment of animals with pyrethroids alone, suggesting that the developmental toxicity of PM and CP to zebrafish was related to disruption of ion channels. We further revealed that mixture of the two pyrethroids caused greater down-regulation in the mRNA levels of proneural genes. The individual pesticides had no effect on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), while the mixture exposure caused significant induction. Treatment with CP or the mixture increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Taken together, our data indicated that the mixture of PM and CP caused higher incidence of morphological defects, greater inhibition in proneural gene expression and more oxidative stress, compared to the single chemical at the corresponding doses. Our findings suggest that the combination of type I and type II pyrethroids poses a greater risk to fish in the water column.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Deanovic LA, Markiewicz D, Stillway M, Fong S, Werner I. Comparing the effectiveness of chronic water column tests with the crustaceans Hyalella azteca (order: Amphipoda) and Ceriodaphnia dubia (order: Cladocera) in detecting toxicity of current-use insecticides. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:707-712. [PMID: 23280766 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratory tests are used to monitor water column toxicity in U.S. surface waters. The water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia is among the most sensitive test species for detecting insecticide toxicity in freshwater environments.Its usefulness is limited, however, when water conductivity exceeds 2,000 µS/cm (approximately 1 ppt salinity) and test effectiveness is insufficient. Water column toxicity tests using the euryhaline amphipod Hyalella azteca could complement C. dubia tests; however, standard chronic protocols do not exist. The present study compares the effectiveness of two water column toxicity tests in detecting the toxicity of two organophosphate (OP) and two pyrethroid insecticides: the short-term chronic C. dubia test, which measures mortality and fecundity, and a 10-d H. azteca test, which measures mortality and growth. Sensitivity was evaluated by comparing effect data, and end point variability was evaluated by comparing minimum significant differences. Tests were performed in synthetic water and filtered ambient water to quantify the influence of water matrix on effect concentrations. The H. azteca test detected pyrethroid toxicity far more effectively, while the C. dubia test was more sensitive to OPs. Among endpoints, H. azteca mortality was most robust. The results demonstrate that the H. azteca test is preferable when conductivity of water samples is 2,000 to 10,000 µS/cm or if contaminants of concern include pyrethroid insecticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Deanovic
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brander SM, He G, Smalling KL, Denison MS, Cherr GN. The in vivo estrogenic and in vitro anti-estrogenic activity of permethrin and bifenthrin. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2848-55. [PMID: 23007834 PMCID: PMC3529915 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are highly toxic to fish at parts per billion or parts per trillion concentrations. Their intended mechanism is prolonged sodium channel opening, but recent studies reveal that pyrethroids such as permethrin and bifenthrin also have endocrine activity. Additionally, metabolites may have greater endocrine activity than parent compounds. The authors evaluated the in vivo concentration-dependent ability of bifenthrin and permethrin to induce choriogenin (an estrogen-responsive protein) in Menidia beryllina, a fish species known to reside in pyrethroid-contaminated aquatic habitats. The authors then compared the in vivo response with an in vitro assay--chemical activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX). Juvenile M. beryllina exposed to bifenthrin (1, 10, 100 ng/L), permethrin (0.1, 1, 10 µg/L), and ethinylestradiol (1, 10, 50 ng/L) had significantly higher ng/mL choriogenin (Chg) measured in whole body homogenate than controls. Though Chg expression in fish exposed to ethinylestradiol (EE2) exhibited a traditional sigmoidal concentration response, curves fit to Chg expressed in fish exposed to pyrethroids suggest a unimodal response, decreasing slightly as concentration increases. Whereas the in vivo response indicated that bifenthrin and permethrin or their metabolites act as estrogen agonists, the CALUX assay demonstrated estrogen antagonism by the pyrethroids. The results, supported by evidence from previous studies, suggest that bifenthrin and permethrin, or their metabolites, appear to act as estrogen receptor (ER) agonists in vivo, and that the unmetabolized pyrethroids, particularly bifenthrin, act as an ER antagonists in cultured mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Brander
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Brander SM, Mosser CM, Geist J, Hladik ML, Werner I. Esfenvalerate toxicity to the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia in the presence of green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:2409-2418. [PMID: 22975895 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of phytoplankton, like other particulate organic matter, can interfere with the effects of hydrophobic contaminants such as pyrethroid pesticides. However, the reduction or elimination of toxicity by algae added as food during testing is not taken into account in standard US EPA whole effluent toxicity (WET) zooplankton tests. On the other hand, WET test conditions may overestimate toxicity of such compounds in highly productive surface waters with high concentrations of detritus and other particulate matter. In addition, WET tests do not measure impaired swimming ability or predator avoidance behavior as an indicator of increased mortality risk. This study used a modified version of the US EPA WET Ceriodaphnia dubia acute test to investigate the effects of phytoplankton on toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide, esfenvalerate. Animals were exposed simultaneously to different concentrations of esfenvalerate and green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). Mortality and predation risk were recorded after 4 and 24 h. Algae at or below concentrations specified in the WET protocol significantly reduced mortality. Regardless, organisms exposed to esfenvalerate were unable to avoid simulated predation in the presence of algae at any concentration. After 12 h, esfenvalerate adsorbed to algae represented 68-99 % of the total amount recovered. The proportion of algae-bound insecticide increased with algal concentration indicating that conclusions drawn from toxicity tests in which algae are added as food must be interpreted with caution as the dissolved fraction of such hydrophobic contaminants is reduced. Additionally, our results strongly suggest that the EPA should consider adding ecologically-relevant endpoints such as swimming behavior to standard WET protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Brander
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
McCoy MR, Yang Z, Fu X, Ahn KC, Gee SJ, Bom DC, Zhong P, Chang D, Hammock BD. Monitoring of total type ii pyrethroid pesticides in citrus oils and water by converting to a common product 3-phenoxybenzoic acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5065-70. [PMID: 22486225 PMCID: PMC3412423 DOI: 10.1021/jf2051653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of insecticides that are becoming increasingly popular in agricultural and home use applications. Sensitive assays for pyrethroid insecticides in complex matrices are difficult with both instrumental and immunochemical methods. Environmental analysis of the pyrethroids by immunoassay requires either knowing which pyrethroids contaminate the source or the use of nonspecific antibodies with cross-reactivities to a class of compounds. We describe an alternative method that converts the type II pyrethroids to a common chemical product, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), prior to analysis. This method is much more sensitive than detecting the parent compound, and it is much easier to detect a single compound rather than an entire class of compounds. This is useful in screening for pyrethroids as a class or in situations where a single type of pyrethroid is used. We demonstrated this technique in both citrus oils and environmental water samples with conversion rates of the pyrethroid to 3-PBA that range from 45 to 75% and methods that require no extraction steps for either the immunoassay or the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. Limits of detection for this technique applied to orange oil are 5 nM, 2 μM, and 0.8 μM when detected by LC-MS/MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and immunoassay, respectively. The limit of detection for pyrethroids in water when detected by immunoassay was 2 nM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. McCoy
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Zheng Yang
- Givaudan Flavors Corp., 4705 U.S. Highway 92 East, Lakeland, FL 33801
| | - Xun Fu
- Givaudan Flavors Corp., 1199 Edison Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45216
| | - Ki Chang Ahn
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - David C. Bom
- Givaudan Flavors Corp., 1199 Edison Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45216
| | - Ping Zhong
- Givaudan Flavors Corp., 1199 Edison Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45216
| | - Dan Chang
- Synthia-LLC, P.O. Box 1238, Gualala, CA 95445
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Werner I, Deanovic LA, Miller J, Denton DL, Crane D, Mekebri A, Moore MT, Wrysinski J. Use of vegetated agricultural drainage ditches to decrease toxicity of irrigation runoff from tomato and alfalfa fields in California, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:2859-2868. [PMID: 20836062 DOI: 10.1002/etc.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the potential of vegetated drainage ditches for mitigating the impact of agricultural irrigation runoff on downstream aquatic ecosystems. Water column toxicity to larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas),and the amphipod Hyalella azteca was measured for 12 h or less at the ditch inflow and outflow, using custom-built in situ exposure systems. In addition, water and sediment samples were subject to standard toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and H. azteca, respectively. No acute toxicity to larval fathead minnow was observed; however, runoff was highly toxic to invertebrates. Passage through a 389- to 402-m section of vegetated ditch had a mitigating effect and reduced toxicity to some degree. However, runoff from an alfalfa field treated with chlorpyrifos remained highly toxic to both invertebrate species, and runoff from a tomato field treated with permethrin remained highly toxic to H. azteca after passage through the ditch. Predicted toxic units calculated from insecticide concentrations in runoff and 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values generally agreed with C. dubia toxicity measured in the laboratory but significantly underestimated in situ toxicity to H. azteca. Sediments collected near the ditch outflow were toxic to H. azteca. Results from the current study demonstrate that experimental vegetated ditches were unable to eliminate the risk of irrigation runoff to aquatic ecosystems. In addition, protective measures based on chemical concentrations or laboratory toxicity tests with C. dubia do not ensure adequate protection of aquatic ecosystems from pyrethroid-associated toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Werner
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Werner I, Deanovic LA, Markiewicz D, Khamphanh M, Reece CK, Stillway M, Reece C. Monitoring acute and chronic water column toxicity in the Northern Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California, USA, using the euryhaline amphipod, Hyalella azteca: 2006 to 2007. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:2190-2199. [PMID: 20872681 DOI: 10.1002/etc.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
After the significant population decline of several pelagic fish species in the Northern Sacramento-San Joaquin (SSJ) Estuary (CA, USA) in 2002, a study was performed to monitor water column toxicity using the amphipod Hyalella azteca. From January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007, water samples were collected biweekly from 15 to 16 sites located in large delta channels and main-stem rivers, selected based on prevalent distribution patterns of fish species of concern. Ten-day laboratory tests with H. azteca survival and relative growth as toxicity endpoints were conducted. The enzyme inhibitor piperonyl butoxide ([PBO], 25 µg/L) was added to synergize or antagonize pyrethroid or organophosphate (OP) insecticide toxicity, respectively. Significant amphipod mortality was observed in 5.6% of ambient samples. Addition of PBO significantly changed survival or growth in 1.1% and 10.1% of ambient samples, respectively. Sites in the Lower Sacramento River had the largest number of acutely toxic samples, high occurrence of PBO effects on amphipod growth (along with sites in the South Delta), and the highest total ammonia/ammonium concentrations (0.28 ± 0.15 mg/L). Ammonia/ammonium, or contaminants occurring in mixture with these, likely contributed to the observed toxicity. Pyrethroid insecticides were detected at potentially toxic concentrations. Overall, results of this study identified specific areas and contaminants of concern and showed that water in the Northern SSJ Estuary was at times acutely toxic to sensitive invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Werner
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Burger J, Fossi C, McClellan-Green P, Orlando EF. Methodologies, bioindicators, and biomarkers for assessing gender-related differences in wildlife exposed to environmental chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 50:8977-92. [PMID: 17207477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Male and female organisms may have significant differences in their exposure, toxicokinetics, and response to chemicals, but gender effects have received relatively little attention, often viewed as a confounder rather than of primary importance. In this paper, we examine some of the key issues and methodologies for incorporating gender in studies of the effects of chemicals on wildlife, and explore bioindicators and biomarkers of gender effects. Examining gender-related differences in response to chemicals is complicated in wildlife because of the vast array of species, and differences in niches, lifespans, reproductive cycles and modes, and population dynamics. Further, organisms are more at risk in some ecosystems than others, which may increase the magnitude of effects. Only by studying wild animals, especially native species, can we truly understand the potential impact of gender-specific effects of chemical exposure on populations. Several factors affect gender-related differences in responses to chemicals, including exposure, age, size, seasonality, and genetic and phenotypic variation. There are clear examples where gender-related differences have had significant effects on reproductive success and population stability, including destabilization of gamete release in invertebrates, and alterations of endocrine and neuroendocrine system functioning in vertebrates. A wide range of new technologies and methods are available for examining gender-related differences in responses to chemicals. We provide examples that show that there are gender-related differences in responses to chemicals that have significant biological effects, and these gender-related differences should be taken into account by scientists, regulators, and policy makers, as well as the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Burger
- Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854P-8082, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|