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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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2
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Mai J, Kockler K, Parisi E, Chan CM, Pratt S, Laycock B. Synthesis and physical properties of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based block copolymers: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130204. [PMID: 38365154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of natural polyesters that are synthesised by microorganisms. In general, their thermoplasticity and (in some forms) their elasticity makes them attractive alternatives to petrochemical-derived polymers. However, the high crystallinity of some PHAs - such as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) - results in brittleness and a narrow processing window for applications such as packaging. The production of copolymeric PHA materials is one approach to improving the mechanical and thermal properties of PHAs. Another solution is the manufacture of PHA-based block copolymers. The incorporation of different polymer and copolymer blocks coupled to PHA, and the resulting tailorable microstructure of these block copolymers, can result in a step-change improvement in PHA-based material properties. A range of production strategies for PHA-based block copolymers has been reported in the literature, including biological production and chemical synthesis. Biological production is typically less controllable, with products of a broad molecular weight and compositional distribution, unless finely controlled using genetically modified organisms. By contrast, chemical synthesis delivers relatively controllable block structures and narrowly defined compositions. This paper reviews current knowledge in the areas of the production and properties of PHA-based block copolymers, and highlights knowledge gaps and future potential areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Mai
- Fujian Normal University, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China
| | - Katrin Kockler
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Emily Parisi
- Parisi Technologies, LLC Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Clement Matthew Chan
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Steven Pratt
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Laycock
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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3
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Parroquin-Gonzalez M, Winterburn J. Continuous bioreactor production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in Haloferax mediterranei. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1220271. [PMID: 37781542 PMCID: PMC10534070 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1220271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the viability of continuous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) production with controlled composition in Haloferax mediterranei when fed volatile fatty acids is demonstrated. Continuous fermentations showed to greatly outperform batch fermentations with continuous feeding. Operating the bioreactor continuously allowed for PHBV productivity normalised by cell density to increase from 0.29 to 0.38 mg L-1 h-1, in previous continuously fed-fed batch fermentations, to 0.87 and 1.43 mg L-1 h-1 in a continuous mode of operation for 0.1 and 0.25 M carbon concentrations in the media respectively. Continuous bioreactor experiments were carried out for 100 h, maintaining control over the copolymer composition at around 30 mol% 3-hydroxyvalerate 3HV. This work presents the first continuous production of PHBV in Haloferax mediterranei which continuously delivers polymer at a higher productivity, compared to fed-batch modes of operation. Operating bioreactors continuously whilst maintaining control over copolymer composition brings new processing opportunities for increasing biopolymer production capacity, a crucial step towards the wider industrialisation of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Winterburn
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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4
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Production efficiency and properties of poly(3hydroxybutyrate-co-3hydroxyvalerate) generated via a robust bacterial consortium dominated by Zoogloea sp. using acidified discarded fruit juices as carbon source. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:1500-1514. [PMID: 36511266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, a mixed microbial culture (MMC) of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) producers was developed under nutrient stress and was assessed as biocatalyst for the production of high-yielding PHAs from fermented (acidified) discarded fruit juices (DFJ). The structure of the MMC was analyzed periodically to determine its microbial dynamics, revealing that Zoogloae sp. dominated throughout the operation of the system. The efficiency of PHAs production from the MMC was further optimized in batch mode by altering the ratio of C to N, the ratio of carbon sources (propionate and butyrate), and the initial pH, and subsequently different fermentation mixtures of acidified DFJ were assessed as substrates at optimal conditions. Upon solvent extraction, the properties of recovered PHAs were analyzed, showing that in all cases P(3HB-co-3HV) was produced, with Tm ranging from 90.5 to 168.8 °C, and maximum obtained yields 54.61 ± 4.31 % and 43.27 ± 2.13 %, from synthetic substrates and DFJ, respectively. Overall, it was shown that the developed MMC can be efficiently applied as biocatalyst for the exploitation of sugary wastewaters, such as DFJ, towards bio-based and biodegradable plastics bearing the required properties to substitute fossil plastics, into the concept of a circular economy.
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Effect of 3-Hydroxyvalerate Content on Thermal, Mechanical, and Rheological Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Biopolymers Produced from Fermented Dairy Manure. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194140. [PMID: 36236088 PMCID: PMC9571417 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with various 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) contents biosynthesized by mixed microbial consortia (MMC) fed fermented dairy manure at the large-scale level was assessed over a 3-month period. The thermal, mechanical, and rheological behavior and the chemical structure of the extracted PHBV biopolymers were studied. The recovery of crude PHBV extracted in a large Soxhlet extractor with CHCl3 for 24 h ranged between 20.6% to 31.8% and purified to yield between 8.9% to 26.9% all based on original biomass. 13C-NMR spectroscopy revealed that the extracted PHBVs have a random distribution of 3HV and 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) units and with 3HV content between 16% and 24%. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the extracted PHBVs varied between −0.7 and −7.4 °C. Some of the extracted PHBVs showed two melting temperatures (Tm) which the lower Tm1 ranged between 126.1 °C and 159.7 °C and the higher Tm2 varied between 152.1 °C and 170.1 °C. The weight average molar mass of extracted PHBVs was wide ranging from 6.49 × 105 g·mol−1 to 28.0 × 105 g·mol−1. The flexural and tensile properties were also determined. The extracted polymers showed a reverse relationship between the 3HV content and Young’s modulus, tensile strength, flexural modulus, and flexural strength properties.
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Montiel-Jarillo G, Morales-Urrea DA, Contreras EM, López-Córdoba A, Gómez-Pachón EY, Carrera J, Suárez-Ojeda ME. Improvement of the Polyhydroxyalkanoates Recovery from Mixed Microbial Cultures Using Sodium Hypochlorite Pre-Treatment Coupled with Solvent Extraction. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193938. [PMID: 36235886 PMCID: PMC9573287 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mixed microbial cultures (MMC) and organic wastes and wastewaters as feed sources is considered an appealing approach to reduce the current polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production costs. However, this method entails an additional hurdle to the PHAs downstream processing (recovery and purification). In the current work, the effect of a sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) pre-treatment coupled with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or chloroform (CF) as extraction solvents on the PHAs recovery efficiency (RE) from MMC was evaluated. MMC were harvested from a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with a synthetic prefermented olive mill wastewaster. Two different carbon-sources (acetic acid and acetic/propionic acids) were employed during the batch accumulation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) from MMC. Obtained PHAs were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, gel-permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The results showed that when a NaClO pre-treatment is not added, the use of DMC allows to obtain higher RE of both biopolymers (PHB and PHBV), in comparison with CF. In contrast, the use of CF as extraction solvent required a pre-treatment step to improve the PHB and PHBV recovery. In all cases, RE values were higher for PHBV than for PHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Montiel-Jarillo
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Escola d’Enginyeria. Edifici Q Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego A. Morales-Urrea
- División Catalizadores y Superficies, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, INTEMA (CONICET), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
- Correspondence: (D.A.M.-U.); (M.E.S.-O.)
| | - Edgardo M. Contreras
- División Catalizadores y Superficies, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, INTEMA (CONICET), Av. Colón 10850, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Alex López-Córdoba
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioeconomía y Sostenibilidad Agroalimentaria, Escuela de Administración de Empresas Agropecuarias, Facultad Seccional Duitama, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Carrera 18 con Calle 22, Duitama 150461, Colombia
| | - Edwin Yesid Gómez-Pachón
- Grupo de Investigación en Diseño, Innovación y Asistencia Técnica de Materiales Avanzados-DITMAV, Escuela de Diseño Industrial, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia-UPTC, Duitama 150461, Colombia
| | - Julián Carrera
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Escola d’Enginyeria. Edifici Q Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Suárez-Ojeda
- GENOCOV Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Escola d’Enginyeria. Edifici Q Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.A.M.-U.); (M.E.S.-O.)
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Mai J, Chan CM, Colwell J, Pratt S, Laycock B. Characterisation of end groups of hydroxy-functionalised scl-PHAs prepared by transesterification using ethylene glycol. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Production and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Wastewater via Mixed Microbial Cultures and Microalgae. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In the context of circular economy and sustainable production of materials, this project investigated the feasibility of producing sustainable polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from microalgae and sludge used in the treatment of municipal wastewater. The overall process was studied looking at the main steps: microalgae production, fermentation of the biomass, production and characterization of the PHAs. It was possible to obtain blends of hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers with high molecular weights and different compositions depending on the nature of the feedstock (mixed volatile fatty acids). In some cases, almost completely amorphous PHA materials were obtained, suggesting a potential diversification of uses and applications.
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9
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Adamus G, Domiński A, Kowalczuk M, Kurcok P, Radecka I. From Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of β-Butyrolactone to Biodegradable Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s: Our Contributions in This Field. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4365. [PMID: 34960919 PMCID: PMC8707542 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of synthesis of functionalized poly(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) analogue and its copolymers via ring-opening polymerization of β-butyrolactone mediated by activated anionic initiators is presented. Using these new synthetic approaches, polyesters with a defined chemical structure of the end groups, as well as block, graft, and random copolymers, have been obtained and characterized by modern instrumental techniques, with special emphasis on ESI-MS. The relationship between the structure and properties of the prepared polymeric materials is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowskiej Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (G.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Adrian Domiński
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowskiej Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (G.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowskiej Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (G.A.); (A.D.)
- Wolverhampton School of Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
| | - Piotr Kurcok
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowskiej Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (G.A.); (A.D.)
| | - Iza Radecka
- Wolverhampton School of Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
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10
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Róth G, Nagy T, Kuki Á, Hashimov M, Vonza Z, Timári I, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Polydispersity Ratio and Its Application for the Characterization of Poloxamers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Róth
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mahir Hashimov
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Vonza
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Timári
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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11
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Bossu J, Le Moigne N, Dieudonné-George P, Dumazert L, Guillard V, Angellier-Coussy H. Impact of the processing temperature on the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of poly[R-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R-3-hydroxyvalerate)]. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Bossu J, Angellier-Coussy H, Totee C, Matos M, Reis M, Guillard V. Effect of the Molecular Structure of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P(3HB-3HV)) Produced from Mixed Bacterial Cultures on Its Crystallization and Mechanical Properties. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4709-4723. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bossu
- JRU IATE 1208—CIRAD/INRA/Montpellier Supagro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34060, France
| | - Hélène Angellier-Coussy
- JRU IATE 1208—CIRAD/INRA/Montpellier Supagro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34060, France
| | - Cedric Totee
- ICGM, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34095, France
| | - Mariana Matos
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT-UNL), Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Maria Reis
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT-UNL), Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Valérie Guillard
- JRU IATE 1208—CIRAD/INRA/Montpellier Supagro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34060, France
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13
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Bayon-Vicente G, Zarbo S, Deutschbauer A, Wattiez R, Leroy B. Photoheterotrophic Assimilation of Valerate and Associated Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Rhodospirillum rubrum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00901-20. [PMID: 32651203 PMCID: PMC7480388 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00901-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purple nonsulfur bacteria are increasingly recognized for industrial applications in bioplastics, pigment, and biomass production. In order to optimize the yield of future biotechnological processes, the assimilation of different carbon sources by Rhodospirillum rubrum has to be understood. As they are released from several fermentation processes, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) represent a promising carbon source in the development of circular industrial applications. To obtain an exhaustive characterization of the photoheterotrophic metabolism of R. rubrum in the presence of valerate, we combined phenotypic, proteomic, and genomic approaches. We obtained evidence that valerate is cleaved into acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and propionyl-CoA and depends on the presence of bicarbonate ions. Genomic and enzyme inhibition data showed that a functional methylmalonyl-CoA pathway is essential. Our proteomic data showed that the photoheterotrophic assimilation of valerate induces an intracellular redox stress which is accompanied by an increased abundance of phasins (the main proteins present in polyhydroxyalkanoate [PHA] granules). Finally, we observed a significant increase in the production of the copolymer P(HB-co-HV), accounting for a very high (>80%) percentage of HV monomer. Moreover, an increase in the PHA content was obtained when bicarbonate ions were progressively added to the medium. The experimental conditions used in this study suggest that the redox imbalance is responsible for PHA production. These findings also reinforce the idea that purple nonsulfur bacteria are suitable for PHA production through a strategy other than the well-known feast-and-famine process.IMPORTANCE The use and the littering of plastics represent major issues that humanity has to face. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are good candidates for the replacement of oil-based plastics, as they exhibit comparable physicochemical properties but are biobased and biodegradable. However, the current industrial production of PHAs is curbed by the production costs, which are mainly linked to the carbon source. Volatile fatty acids issued from the fermentation processes constitute interesting carbon sources, since they are inexpensive and readily available. Among them, valerate is gaining interest regarding the ability of many bacteria to produce a copolymer of PHAs. Here, we describe the photoheterotrophic assimilation of valerate by Rhodospirillum rubrum, a purple nonsulfur bacterium mainly known for its metabolic versatility. Using a knowledge-based optimization process, we present a new strategy for the improvement of PHA production, paving the way for the use of R. rubrum in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bayon-Vicente
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sarah Zarbo
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Adam Deutschbauer
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Leroy
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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14
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Nagy T, Kuki Á, Hashimov M, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Multistep Mass-Remainder Analysis and its Application in Copolymer Blends. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mahir Hashimov
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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15
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Johnston B, Radecka I, Chiellini E, Barsi D, Ilieva VI, Sikorska W, Musioł M, Zięba M, Chaber P, Marek AA, Mendrek B, Ekere AI, Adamus G, Kowalczuk M. Mass Spectrometry Reveals Molecular Structure of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Attained by Bioconversion of Oxidized Polypropylene Waste Fragments. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101580. [PMID: 31569718 PMCID: PMC6835674 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the molecular structure of the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) produced via a microbiological shake flask experiment utilizing oxidized polypropylene (PP) waste as an additional carbon source. The bacterial strain Cupriavidus necator H16 was selected as it is non-pathogenic, genetically stable, robust, and one of the best known producers of PHA. Making use of PHA oligomers, formed by controlled moderate-temperature degradation induced by carboxylate moieties, by examination of both the parent and fragmentation ions, the ESI-MS/MS analysis revealed the 3-hydroxybutyrate and randomly distributed 3-hydroxyvalerate as well as 3-hydroxyhexanoate repeat units. Thus, the bioconversion of PP solid waste to a value-added product such as PHA tert-polymer was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Johnston
- Wolverhampton School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
| | - Iza Radecka
- Wolverhampton School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
| | - Emo Chiellini
- Laboratorio Materiali Polimerici Ecocompatibili (LMPE), via Nuova, 44/a, Segromigno in Monte, 55018 Capannori (LU), Italy.
| | - David Barsi
- Laboratorio Materiali Polimerici Ecocompatibili (LMPE), via Nuova, 44/a, Segromigno in Monte, 55018 Capannori (LU), Italy.
| | - Vassilka Ivanova Ilieva
- Laboratorio Materiali Polimerici Ecocompatibili (LMPE), via Nuova, 44/a, Segromigno in Monte, 55018 Capannori (LU), Italy.
| | - Wanda Sikorska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Marta Musioł
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Zięba
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Paweł Chaber
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Adam A Marek
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Barbara Mendrek
- Wolverhampton School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Anabel Itohowo Ekere
- Wolverhampton School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Wolverhampton School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
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16
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A comparative study of three-dimensional printing directions: The degradation and toxicological profile of a PLA/PHA blend. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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17
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Ghysels S, Mozumder MSI, De Wever H, Volcke EIP, Garcia-Gonzalez L. Targeted poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) bioplastic production from carbon dioxide. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 249:858-868. [PMID: 29136942 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A microbial production process was developed to convert CO2 and valeric acid into tailored poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) bioplastics. The aim was to understand microbial PHBV production in mixotrophic conditions and to control the monomer distribution in the polymer. Continuous sparging of CO2 with pulse and pH-stat feeding of valeric acid were evaluated to produce PHBV copolyesters with predefined properties. The desired random monomer distribution was obtained by limiting the valeric acid concentration (below 1 gL-1). 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and chromatographic analysis of the PHBV copolymer confirmed both the monomer distribution and the 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) fraction in the produced PHBV. A physical-based model was developed for mixotrophic PHBV production, which was calibrated and validated with independent experimental datasets. To produce PHBV with a predefined 3HV fraction, an operating diagram was constructed. This tool was able to predict the 3HV fraction with a very good accuracy (2% deviation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Ghysels
- Ghent University, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Md Salatul Islam Mozumder
- Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Heleen De Wever
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Business Unit Separation and Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eveline I P Volcke
- Ghent University, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Linsey Garcia-Gonzalez
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Business Unit Separation and Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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18
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Johnston B, Jiang G, Hill D, Adamus G, Kwiecień I, Zięba M, Sikorska W, Green M, Kowalczuk M, Radecka I. The Molecular Level Characterization of Biodegradable Polymers Originated from Polyethylene Using Non-Oxygenated Polyethylene Wax as a Carbon Source for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4030073. [PMID: 28952552 PMCID: PMC5615319 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for bio-based polymers that are developed from recycled materials. The production of biodegradable polymers can include bio-technological (utilizing microorganisms or enzymes) or chemical synthesis procedures. This report demonstrates the corroboration of the molecular structure of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) obtained by the conversion of waste polyethylene (PE) via non-oxygenated PE wax (N-PEW) as an additional carbon source for a bacterial species. The N-PEW, obtained from a PE pyrolysis reaction, has been found to be a beneficial carbon source for PHA production with Cupriavidus necator H16. The production of the N-PEW is an alternative to oxidized polyethylene wax (O-PEW) (that has been used as a carbon source previously) as it is less time consuming to manufacture and offers fewer industrial applications. A range of molecular structural analytical techniques were performed on the PHAs obtained; which included nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Our study showed that the PHA formed from N-PEW contained 3-hydroxybutyrate (HB) with 11 mol% of 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV) units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Johnston
- Wolverhampton School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
| | - Guozhan Jiang
- Wolverhampton School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
| | - David Hill
- Wolverhampton School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Iwona Kwiecień
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Zięba
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Wanda Sikorska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Matthew Green
- Recycling Technologies Ltd., South Marston Industrial Park, Swindon SN3 4WA, UK.
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Wolverhampton School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Iza Radecka
- Wolverhampton School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK.
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19
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Chaber P, Kwiecień M, Zięba M, Sobota M, Adamus G. The heterogeneous selective reduction of PHB as a useful method for preparation of oligodiols and surface modification. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06111k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A selective heterogeneous reduction of natural PHB with lithium borohydride as a reducing agent has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chaber
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Zabrze 41-800
- Poland
| | - Michał Kwiecień
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Zabrze 41-800
- Poland
| | - Magdalena Zięba
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Zabrze 41-800
- Poland
| | - Michał Sobota
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Zabrze 41-800
- Poland
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Zabrze 41-800
- Poland
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20
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Kwiecień M, Kwiecień I, Radecka I, Kannappan V, Morris MR, Adamus G. Biocompatible terpolyesters containing polyhydroxyalkanoate and sebacic acid structural segments – synthesis and characterization. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27980e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A convenient synthetic route of poly(3HB-co-3HH-co-SEB) terpolyesters has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kwiecień
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Zabrze 41-800
- Poland
| | - Iwona Kwiecień
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Zabrze 41-800
- Poland
| | - Iza Radecka
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- University of Wolverhampton
- Wolverhampton WV1 1LY
- UK
| | - Vinodh Kannappan
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- University of Wolverhampton
- Wolverhampton WV1 1LY
- UK
| | - Mark R. Morris
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- University of Wolverhampton
- Wolverhampton WV1 1LY
- UK
| | - Grażyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Zabrze 41-800
- Poland
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21
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Oxidized Polyethylene Wax as a Potential Carbon Source for PHA Production. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9050367. [PMID: 28773492 PMCID: PMC5503007 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report on the ability of bacteria to produce biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) using oxidized polyethylene wax (O-PEW) as a novel carbon source. The O-PEW was obtained in a process that used air or oxygen as an oxidizing agent. R. eutropha H16 was grown for 48 h in either tryptone soya broth (TSB) or basal salts medium (BSM) supplemented with O-PEW and monitored by viable counting. Study revealed that biomass and PHA production was higher in TSB supplemented with O-PEW compared with TSB only. The biopolymers obtained were preliminary characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The detailed structural evaluation at the molecular level was performed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). The study revealed that, when TSB was supplemented with O-PEW, bacteria produced PHA which contained 3-hydroxybutyrate and up to 3 mol % of 3-hydroxyvalerate and 3-hydroxyhexanoate co-monomeric units. The ESI-MS/MS enabled the PHA characterization when the content of 3-hydroxybutyrate was high and the appearance of other PHA repeating units was very low.
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22
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Myung J, Flanagan JC, Waymouth RM, Criddle CS. Methane or methanol-oxidation dependent synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by obligate type II methanotrophs. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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23
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Maksymiak M, Bałakier T, Jurczak J, Kowalczuk M, Adamus G. Bioactive (co)oligoesters with antioxidant properties – synthesis and structural characterization at the molecular level. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09870c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anionic ring opening (co)polymerization of novel β-substituted β-lactones to bioactive (co)oligoesters with antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maksymiak
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- 41-819 Zabrze
- Poland
| | - Tomasz Bałakier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- 41-819 Zabrze
- Poland
- School of Biology
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- 41-819 Zabrze
- Poland
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24
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Myung J, Galega WM, Van Nostrand JD, Yuan T, Zhou J, Criddle CS. Long-term cultivation of a stable Methylocystis-dominated methanotrophic enrichment enabling tailored production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:811-818. [PMID: 26454368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Methane (CH4) is a readily available feedstock for production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). The structure and PHA production capacity of a Methylocystis-dominated methanotrophic enrichment was stable in long-term operation (>175 days) when grown exponentially under non-aseptic conditions in fill-and-draw batch cultures with ammonium as nitrogen source. Cells harvested in the draw step were incubated in the absence of nitrogen with various combinations of CH4 and valerate to assess capacity for synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). When fed CH4 alone, only P3HB was produced. When fed CH4 plus valerate, PHBV was synthesized. The mol% of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) increased with added valerate. Oxidation of CH4 was required for valerate assimilation, and the fraction of CH4 oxidized increased with increased mol% 3 HV. By separating PHA accumulation from cell replication, tailored PHA-rich biomass can be generated by addition of co-substrate, while retaining a large inoculum for the next cycle of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewook Myung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Wakuna M Galega
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Joy D Van Nostrand
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Tong Yuan
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Craig S Criddle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; William and Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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25
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Koller M, Rodríguez-Contreras A. Techniques for tracing PHA-producing organisms and for qualitative and quantitative analysis of intra- and extracellular PHA. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Koller
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz; Graz Austria
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26
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Engler MS, Crotty S, Barthel MJ, Pietsch C, Knop K, Schubert US, Böcker S. COCONUT—An Efficient Tool for Estimating Copolymer Compositions from Mass Spectra. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5223-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Engler
- Chair
of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz
2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Crotty
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCMS), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus J. Barthel
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCMS), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Pietsch
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCMS), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Knop
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCMS), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCMS), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Böcker
- Chair
of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz
2, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCMS), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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27
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Rydz J, Sikorska W, Kyulavska M, Christova D. Polyester-based (bio)degradable polymers as environmentally friendly materials for sustainable development. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:564-96. [PMID: 25551604 PMCID: PMC4307263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the polyesters such as polylactide and polyhydroxyalkonoates, as well as polyamides produced from renewable resources, which are currently among the most promising (bio)degradable polymers. Synthetic pathways, favourable properties and utilisation (most important applications) of these attractive polymer families are outlined. Environmental impact and in particular (bio)degradation of aliphatic polyesters, polyamides and related copolymer structures are described in view of the potential applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rydz
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Polymers, Acad. Georgi Bonchev St., Bl. 103A, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Wanda Sikorska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska St., Zabrze 41-800, Poland.
| | - Mariya Kyulavska
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Polymers, Acad. Georgi Bonchev St., Bl. 103A, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Darinka Christova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Polymers, Acad. Georgi Bonchev St., Bl. 103A, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
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28
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Mutlu H, Lutz JF. Reading Polymers: Sequencing of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13010-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Mutlu H, Lutz JF. “Lesen” von Polymeren: Die Sequenzierung natürlicher und synthetischer Makromoleküle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Yol AM, Janoski J, Quirk RP, Wesdemiotis C. Sequence Analysis of Styrenic Copolymers by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9576-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5019815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleer M. Yol
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jonathan Janoski
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Roderic P. Quirk
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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31
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Laycock B, Arcos-Hernandez MV, Langford A, Pratt S, Werker A, Halley PJ, Lant PA. Crystallisation and fractionation of selected polyhydroxyalkanoates produced from mixed cultures. N Biotechnol 2014; 31:345-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Laycock B, Arcos-Hernandez MV, Langford A, Buchanan J, Halley PJ, Werker A, Lant PA, Pratt S. Thermal properties and crystallization behavior of fractionated blocky and random polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers from mixed microbial cultures. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Laycock
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | | | - Alexandra Langford
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Jessica Buchanan
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Peter J. Halley
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Alan Werker
- AnoxKaldnes AB; Klosterängsvägen 11A SE-226 47 Lund Sweden
| | - Paul A. Lant
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Steven Pratt
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
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33
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Investigation of the effect of nano-clay type on the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and morphology of poly(3(R)-hydroxybutyrate) PHB/clay nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Laycock B, Halley P, Pratt S, Werker A, Lant P. The chemomechanical properties of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Wei L, Guho NM, Coats ER, McDonald AG. Characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) biosynthesized by mixed microbial consortia fed fermented dairy manure. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wei
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-1132
| | - Nicholas M. Guho
- Department of Civil Engineering; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-1022
| | - Erik R. Coats
- Department of Civil Engineering; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-1022
| | - Armando G. McDonald
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-1132
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Rizzarelli P, Carroccio S. Modern mass spectrometry in the characterization and degradation of biodegradable polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:18-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kwiecień I, Adamus G, Bartkowiak A, Kowalczuk M. Synthesis and structural characterization at the molecular level of oligo(3-hydroxybutyrate) conjugates with antimicrobial agents designed for food packaging materials. Des Monomers Polym 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2013.840505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Kwiecień
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska Street, 41819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - G. Adamus
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska Street, 41819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - A. Bartkowiak
- Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, Centre of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packing Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 35, Klemensa Janickiego Street, 71270, Szczecin, Poland
| | - M. Kowalczuk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska Street, 41819, Zabrze, Poland
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Adamus G, Kwiecień I, Maksymiak M, Bałakier T, Jurczak J, Kowalczuk M. Molecular level structure of novel synthetic analogues of aliphatic biopolyesters as revealed by multistage mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 808:104-14. [PMID: 24370097 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study focuses on electrospray ionisation (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry of novel copolyesters obtained by anionic ring-opening copolymerisation of β-substituted β-lactones. Detailed analysis of these copolyesters, including molecular chain architecture as well as the structures of the end groups, was performed using ESI-MS/MS collision-induced dissociation spectra. The random arrangement of comonomeric units along the copolyester chains was demonstrated by comparison of ESI-MS(n) fragmentation spectra and fragmentation pathways. Sequence distribution analysis of comonomeric units confirmed the copolymer's random structure. ESI-MS(n) proved to be a promising technique for structural analysis of copolyesters obtained via anionic ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Iwona Kwiecień
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maksymiak
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bałakier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Jurczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
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Arcos-Hernández MV, Laycock B, Donose BC, Pratt S, Halley P, Al-Luaibi S, Werker A, Lant PA. Physicochemical and mechanical properties of mixed culture polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHBV). Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kwiecień M, Adamus G, Kowalczuk M. Selective reduction of PHA biopolyesters and their synthetic analogues to corresponding PHA oligodiols proved by structural studies. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1181-8. [PMID: 23464789 DOI: 10.1021/bm400141s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective method is described for controlling the degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA, via a reduction reaction that uses lithium borohydride. Using this method, oligo(hydroxyalkanoate)diols derived from a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) biopolyester [poly(3HB-co-4HB)] and from synthetic atactic poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (a-PHB) were obtained. The structural characterization of the oligo(hydroxyalkanoate)diols was conducted using NMR and ESI-mass spectrometry analyses, which confirmed that oligomers that were terminated by two hydroxyl end groups were formed. The reduction of the ester groups occurred in a statistical way regardless of the chemical structure of the comonomer units or of the microstructure of the polyester chain. The presented method can be used to synthesize various PHA oligodiols that are potentially useful in the further synthesis of tailor-made biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kwiecień
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences , 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska Street, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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Laycock B, Halley P, Pratt S, Werker A, Lant P. The chemomechanical properties of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kwiecień I, Adamus G, Kowalczuk M. Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry molecular-level structural characterisation of novel phenoxycarboxylic acid-oligo(3-hydroxybutyrate) conjugates with potential agricultural applications. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2673-2682. [PMID: 23124657 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Due to the low resistance of forms of pesticides to environmental conditions, agrochemicals frequently do not reach their objective, which may cause environmental pollution. The minimisation of the adverse effects of pesticides requires the development of a system for their long-term controlled release. In the present work, we report the synthesis and structural studies of novel controlled-release pesticide-oligo-3-hydroxybutyrate systems with potential agricultural applications. METHODS The novel controlled-release pesticide-oligo(3-hydroxybutyrate) systems were obtained via the anionic ring-opening oligomerisation of (R,S)-β-butyrolactone initiated by the potassium salt of selected pesticides. Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)) analyses in positive-ion mode, supported by (1)H NMR results, were used for the structural characterisation of the obtained conjugates. The presence of the respective pesticides in an unchanged form associated with oligo-3-hydroxybutyrate chains was confirmed by ESI-MS/MS experiments performed for selected pesticide-oligo(3-hydroxybutyrate) ions and by the subsequent investigation of their fragmentation pathways. RESULTS The structures of the resulting conjugates were established at the molecular level with the aid of ESI-MS(n). The presence of one and two chlorine atoms (derived from MCPA and 2,4-D pesticides) in the conjugates studied was confirmed by comparison of the calculated and experimental isotopic profiles for the selected ions of the respective conjugates. The fragmentation of the selected ions of the resulting conjugates confirmed that the respective pesticides are covalently bonded with oligo(3-hydroxybutyrate) through a hydrolysable ester bond. CONCLUSIONS An analytical method has been developed for the characterisation of new pesticide-oligo(3-hydroxybutyrate) conjugates. A detailed NMR and MS structural characterisation of the designed controlled-release system of the pesticides was performed. These results are important in the analysis of designed biodegradable polymeric conjugates with potential agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Kwiecień
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska Street, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
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Arcos-Hernandez MV, Laycock B, Pratt S, Donose BC, Nikolić MA, Luckman P, Werker A, Lant PA. Biodegradation in a soil environment of activated sludge derived polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHBV). Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tripathi L, Wu LP, Chen J, Chen GQ. Synthesis of Diblock copolymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate -block-poly-3-hydroxyhexanoate [PHB-b-PHHx] by a β-oxidation weakened Pseudomonas putida KT2442. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:44. [PMID: 22480145 PMCID: PMC3442986 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Block polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were reported to be resistant against polymer aging that negatively affects polymer properties. Recently, more and more attempts have been directed to make PHA block copolymers. Diblock copolymers PHB-b-PHHx consisting of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) block covalently bonded with poly-3-hydroxyhexanoate (PHHx) block were for the first time produced successfully by a recombinant Pseudomonas putida KT2442 with its β-oxidation cycle deleted to its maximum. RESULTS The chloroform extracted polymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermo- and mechanical analysis. NMR confirmed the existence of diblock copolymers consisting of 58 mol% PHB as the short chain length block with 42 mol% PHHx as the medium chain length block. The block copolymers had two glass transition temperatures (Tg) at 2.7°C and -16.4°C, one melting temperature (Tm) at 172.1°C and one cool crystallization temperature (Tc) at 69.1°C as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. This is the first microbial short-chain-length (scl) and medium-chain-length (mcl) PHA block copolymer reported. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to produce PHA block copolymers of various kinds using the recombinant Pseudomonas putida KT2442 with its β-oxidation cycle deleted to its maximum. In comparison to a random copolymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate (P(HB-co-HHx)) and a blend sample of PHB and PHHx, the PHB-b-PHHx showed improved structural related mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Tripathi
- MOE Key Lab of Bioinformatics, Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Novel block copolymers of atactic PHB with natural PHA for cardiovascular engineering: Synthesis and characterization. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pomeranz CN, Olesik SV. Separation of poly-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate through gradient polymer elution chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7943-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gębarowska K, Kasperczyk J, Dobrzyński P, Scandola M, Zini E, Li S. NMR analysis of the chain microstructure of biodegradable terpolymers with shape memory properties. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mumtaz T, Abd-Aziz S, Rahman NA, Yee PL, Wasoh H, Shirai Y, Hassan MA. Visualization of Core-Shell PHBV Granules of Wild TypeComamonassp. EB172In Vivounder Transmission Electron Microscope. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2011.569990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mumtaz T, Abd-Aziz S, Yee PL, Yunus WMZW, Shirai Y, Hassan MA. Synthesis, Characterization, and Structural Properties of Intracellular Copolyester Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Produced byComamonassp. EB 172 from Renewable Resource. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2010.500522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kowalczuk MM. Anionic ring-opening polymerization for synthetic analogues of aliphatic biopolyesters. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x09110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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