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Tournier V, Duquesne S, Guillamot F, Cramail H, Taton D, Marty A, André I. Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5612-5701. [PMID: 36916764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are everywhere in our modern way of living, and their production keeps increasing every year, causing major environmental concerns. Nowadays, the end-of-life management involves accumulation in landfills, incineration, and recycling to a lower extent. This ecological threat to the environment is inspiring alternative bio-based solutions for plastic waste treatment and recycling toward a circular economy. Over the past decade, considerable efforts have been made to degrade commodity plastics using biocatalytic approaches. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent advances in enzyme-based biocatalysis and in the design of related biocatalytic processes to recycle or upcycle commodity plastics, including polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, and polyolefins. We also discuss scope and limitations, challenges, and opportunities of this field of research. An important message from this review is that polymer-assimilating enzymes are very likely part of the solution to reaching a circular plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tournier
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Duquesne
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Frédérique Guillamot
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alain Marty
- Carbios, Parc Cataroux-Bâtiment B80, 8 rue de la Grolière, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France, 135, avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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2
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Kahraman Y, Alkan Goksu Y, Özdemir B, Eker Gümüş B, Nofar M. Composition design of
PLA
/
TPU
emulsion blends compatibilized with multifunctional epoxy‐based chain extender to tackle high impact resistant ductile structures. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Kahraman
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yonca Alkan Goksu
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Burcu Özdemir
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Beril Eker Gümüş
- Science and Technology Application and Research Center Yıldız Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
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3
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Wlodarczyk J, Stojko M, Musial-Kulik M, Karpeta-Jarzabek P, Pastusiak M, Janeczek H, Dobrzynski P, Sobota M, Kasperczyk J. Dual-jet electrospun PDLGA/PCU nonwovens and their mechanical and hydrolytic degradation properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:105050. [PMID: 34959096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A dual-jet electrospinning was used to mix a different hydrophilicity poly(carbonate urethanes) (PCUs) nanofibers with a biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PDLGA) copolyester microfibers. As a result, PDLGA/PCU partially degradable nonwovens consisting of an interlaced of both components fibers were obtained. In order to examine the hydrolytic degradation process of polyester fraction, as well as changes that occurred in the mechanical properties of the whole nonwovens, gel permeation chromatography, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy as well as static tensile test were performed. Obtained results showed that for the introduction of more hydrophobic PCU nanofibers (ChronoSil), the process of copolyester chain scission slowed down and the erosion mechanism proceeded in bulk. Unexpectedly, even greater deceleration of PDLGA fibers degradation was observed in case of more hydrophilic PCU (HydroThane), and erosion mechanism changed to surface. Enhancement the affinity of the whole nonwoven to the water, manifested by strong water uptake, facilitated the diffusion processes of both: water and acid degradation by-products, which limited autocatalysis reactions of the hydrolysis of ester bonds. On the other hand, strength tests showed the synergy in the mechanical characteristics of both components. Presented method allows influencing the mechanism and rate of polyester degradation without changing its chemical composition and physical properties, affecting only the physical interactions between the nonwoven and the degradation environment, and thus, on diffusion processes. Obtained partially degradable materials possessed also time prolonged functional properties, compared to the copolyester-only nonwoven itself, thus could be considered as promising for biomedical applications e.g. in drug release systems, implants or surgical meshes for supporting soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Stojko
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland; Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jednosci St., 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Monika Musial-Kulik
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Paulina Karpeta-Jarzabek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Pastusiak
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobrzynski
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Michal Sobota
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Janusz Kasperczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland; Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 8 Jednosci St., 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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4
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Sarwar MS, Ghaffar A, Huang Q, Zafar MS, Usman M, Latif M. Controlled-release behavior of ciprofloxacin from a biocompatible polymeric system based on sodium alginate/poly(ethylene glycol) mono methyl ether. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1047-1054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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5
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Hirai T, Kawada J, Narita M, Ikawa T, Takeshima H, Satoh K, Kamigaito M. Fully bio-based polymer blend of polyamide 11 and Poly(vinylcatechol) showing thermodynamic miscibility and excellent engineering properties. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Poly (lactic acid) blends: Processing, properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:307-360. [PMID: 30528997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a commercial biobased, biodegradable, biocompatible, compostable and non-toxic polymer that has competitive material and processing costs and desirable mechanical properties. Thereby, it can be considered favorably for biomedical applications and as the most promising substitute for petroleum-based polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications. However, PLA has some significant shortcomings such as low melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, high brittleness, low toughness, and low service temperature, which limit its applications. To overcome these limitations, blending PLA with other polymers is an inexpensive approach that could also tailor the final properties of PLA-based products. During the last two decades, researchers investigated the synthesis, processing, properties, and development of various PLA-based blend systems including miscible blends of poly l-lactide (PLLA) and poly d-lactide (PDLA), which generate stereocomplex crystals, binary immiscible/miscible blends of PLA with other thermoplastics, multifunctional ternary blends using a third polymer or fillers such as nanoparticles, as well as PLA-based blend foam systems. This article reviews all these investigations and compares the syntheses/processing-morphology-properties interrelationships in PLA-based blends developed so far for various applications.
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Glova AD, Falkovich SG, Dmitrienko DI, Lyulin AV, Larin SV, Nazarychev VM, Karttunen M, Lyulin SV. Scale-Dependent Miscibility of Polylactide and Polyhydroxybutyrate: Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artyom D. Glova
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stanislav G. Falkovich
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daniil I. Dmitrienko
- Faculty
of Physics, Saint-Petersburg University, Ulyanovskaya str. 1, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Lyulin
- Theory
of Polymers and Soft Matter Group, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey V. Larin
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor M. Nazarychev
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Applied Mathematics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Sergey V. Lyulin
- Institute
of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj
pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty
of Physics, Saint-Petersburg University, Ulyanovskaya str. 1, Petrodvorets, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
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8
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Hydrolysis and Biodegradation of Poly(lactic acid). SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLY(LACTIC ACID) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2016_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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9
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Xu H, Yang X, Xie L, Hakkarainen M. Conformational Footprint in Hydrolysis-Induced Nanofibrillation and Crystallization of Poly(lactic acid). Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:985-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Lan Xie
- College
of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
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10
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Jiang N, Abe H. Effect of atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) block on the crystallization and degradation behavior of 6-arm poly(l-lactide)-b-atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Jiang N, Abe H. Miscibility and morphology study on crystalline/crystalline partially miscible polymer blends of 6-arm Poly( l -lactide) and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co -3-hydroxyvalerate). POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Arias V, Höglund A, Odelius K, Albertsson AC. Tuning the degradation profiles of poly(L-lactide)-based materials through miscibility. Biomacromolecules 2013; 15:391-402. [PMID: 24279455 PMCID: PMC3892759 DOI: 10.1021/bm401667b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The effective use of biodegradable polymers relies on the ability to control the onset of and time needed for degradation. Preferably, the material properties should be retained throughout the intended time frame, and the material should degrade in a rapid and controlled manner afterward. The degradation profiles of polyester materials were controlled through their miscibility. Systems composed of PLLA blended with poly[(R,S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (a-PHB) and polypropylene adipate (PPA) with various molar masses were prepared through extrusion. Three different systems were used: miscible (PLLA/a-PHB5 and PLLA/a-PHB20), partially miscible (PLLA/PPA5/comp and PLLA/PPA20/comp), and immiscible (PLLA/PPA5 and PLLA/PPA20) blends. These blends and their respective homopolymers were hydrolytically degraded in water at 37 °C for up to 1 year. The blends exhibited entirely different degradation profiles but showed no diversity between the total degradation times of the materials. PLLA presented a two-stage degradation profile with a rapid decrease in molar mass during the early stages of degradation, similar to the profile of PLLA/a-PHB5. PLLA/a-PHB20 presented a single, constant linear degradation profile. PLLA/PPA5 and PLLA/PPA20 showed completely opposing degradation profiles relative to PLLA, exhibiting a slow initial phase and a rapid decrease after a prolonged degradation time. PLLA/PPA5/comp and PLLA/PPA20/comp had degradation profiles between those of the miscible and the immiscible blends. The molar masses of the materials were approximately the same after 1 year of degradation despite their different profiles. The blend composition and topographical images captured at the last degradation time point demonstrate that the blending component was not leached out during the period of study. The hydrolytic stability of degradable polyester materials can be tailored to obtain different and predetermined degradation profiles for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veluska Arias
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Shinozaki Y, Kikkawa Y, Sato S, Fukuoka T, Watanabe T, Yoshida S, Nakajima-Kambe T, Kitamoto HK. Enzymatic degradation of polyester films by a cutinase-like enzyme from Pseudozyma antarctica: surface plasmon resonance and atomic force microscopy study. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8591-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Singh NK, Purkayastha BPD, Panigrahi M, Gautam RK, Banik RM, Maiti P. Enzymatic degradation of polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposites: Effect of organic modifiers. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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El-Hadi AM. Effect of processing conditions on the development of morphological features of banded or nonbanded spherulites of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLLA) blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Bonartsev AP, Bonartseva GA, Shaitan KV, Kirpichnikov MP. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-based biopolymer systems. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750811010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Fan X, Ruan J, Chen Q, Chen J, Zhou Z, Zou J. The Effect of Poly(Ethylene Succinate) on Mechanical Properties of PLLA/PES Blend Prepared by Melt-Blending. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222341003652260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha, 410083, Peoples Republic of China
- b State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy , Central South University , Changsha, 410083, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jianming Ruan
- b State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy , Central South University , Changsha, 410083, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Qiyuan Chen
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha, 410083, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- b State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy , Central South University , Changsha, 410083, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Zhongcheng Zhou
- b State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy , Central South University , Changsha, 410083, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Zou
- b State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy , Central South University , Changsha, 410083, Peoples Republic of China
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Bonartzev A, Bonartzeva G, Shaitan K, Kirpichnikov M. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and biopolymer systems on the basis of this polyester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20115704374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable biopolymers attract much attention in biology and medicine due to its wide application. The present review is designed to be a comprehensive source for research of biodegradable and biocompatible bacterial polymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). This paper focuses on basic properties of biopolymer: biodegradability and biocompatibility, as well as on biopolymer systems: various materials, devices and compositions on the basis of biopolymer. Application of biopolymer systems based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in medicine as surgical implants, in bioengineering as scaffold for cell cultures, and in pharmacy as drug dosage forms and drug systems is observed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.P. Bonartzev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
Bakh Institute of Biochemistry RAS
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Oyama HT, Tanaka Y, Hirai S, Shida S, Kadosaka A. Water-disintegrative and biodegradable blends containing poly(L
-lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate-co
-terephthalate). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Kikkawa Y, Kurokawa K, Kimura R, Takahashi M, Kanesato M, Abe H. Solvent-induced morphological diversification in poly(l-lactide-b-ɛ-caprolactone) block copolymer thin films. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Ke Y, Wang Y, Ren L, Wu G, Xue W. Surface modification of PHBV films with different functional groups: Thermal properties andin vitrodegradation. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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