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Mudaliar D, Mansky RH, White A, Baudhuin G, Hawkinson J, Wong H, Walters MA, Gomez-Pastor R. Discovery of a CK2α'-Biased ATP-Competitive Inhibitor from a High-Throughput Screen of an Allosteric-Inhibitor-Like Compound Library. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38908003 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is a holoenzyme composed of two regulatory subunits (CK2β) and two catalytic subunits (CK2α and CK2α'). CK2 controls several cellular processes, including proliferation, inflammation, and cell death. However, CK2α and CK2α' possess different expression patterns and substrates and therefore impact each of these processes differently. Elevated CK2α participates in the development of cancer, while increased CK2α' has been associated with neurodegeneration, especially Huntington's disease (HD). HD is a fatal disease for which no effective therapies are available. Genetic deletion of CK2α' in HD mouse models has ameliorated neurodegeneration. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of CK2α' presents a promising therapeutic strategy for treating HD. However, current CK2 inhibitors are unable to discriminate between CK2α and CK2α' due to their high structural homology, especially in the targeted ATP-binding site. Using computational analyses, we found a potential type IV ("D" pocket) allosteric site that contained different residues between CK2α and CK2α' and was distal from the ATP-binding pocket featured in both kinases. We decided to look for allosteric modulators that might interact in a biased fashion with the type IV pocket on both CK2α and CK2α'. We screened a commercial library containing ∼29,000 allosteric-kinase-inhibitor-like compounds using a CK2α' activity-dependent ADP-Glo Kinase assay. Obtained hits were counter-screened against CK2α using the ADP-Glo Kinase assay, revealing two CK2α'-biased compounds. These two compounds might serve as the basis for further medicinal chemistry optimization for the potential treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Mudaliar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Rachel H Mansky
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Angel White
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Grace Baudhuin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | | | - Henry Wong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Michael A Walters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Rocio Gomez-Pastor
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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2
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Zhuri D, Dusenkalkan F, Tunca Alparslan G, Gurkan H. A Case of Okur-Chung Neurodevelopmental Syndrome with a Novel, de novo Variant on the CSNK2A1 Gene in a Turkish Patient. Mol Syndromol 2024; 15:43-50. [PMID: 38357263 PMCID: PMC10862324 DOI: 10.1159/000530585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Okur-Chung neurodevelopmental syndrome (OCNDS; #617062) has been associated with heterozygous mutations in the CSNK2A1 gene (*115440) mapped on the chromosome's 20p13 region. Case Presentation The analysis was performed on a 2-year-old patient who was admitted to our genetic diseases evaluation center by his family with a complaint of hypotonia. We detected a heterozygous NM_177559.3 (CSNK2A1):c.1139_1140dupGG (p.Met381GlyfsTer32) variant in the CSNK2A1 gene from a whole-exome sequence analysis. Conclusion The variant that we detected has not been reported in open-access databases to date, so it was evaluated as a novel likely pathogenic variant according to the ACMG-2015 criteria. No variant was detected upon segregation analysis of the patient's parents; therefore, the related variant was evaluated as de novo. In this study, we offer the first report of a pathogenic frameshift variant in the CSNK2A1 gene that has a relationship with OCNDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drenushe Zhuri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Fulya Dusenkalkan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Guzin Tunca Alparslan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Trakya University Faculty of Engineering, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gurkan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
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3
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Mudaliar D, Mansky RH, White A, Baudhuin G, Hawkinson J, Wong H, Walters MA, Gomez-Pastor R. Identification of CK2α' selective inhibitors by the screening of an allosteric-kinase-inhibitor-like compound library. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.18.576328. [PMID: 38328231 PMCID: PMC10849513 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.576328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Protein Kinase CK2 is a holoenzyme composed of two regulatory subunits (CK2β) and two catalytic subunits (CK2α and CK2α'). CK2 controls several cellular processes including proliferation, inflammation, and cell death. However, CK2α and CK2α' possess different expression patterns and substrates and therefore impact each of these processes differently. Elevated CK2α participates in the development of cancer, while increased CK2α' has been associated with neurodegeneration, especially Huntington's disease (HD). HD is a fatal disease for which no effective therapies are available. Genetic deletion of CK2α' in HD mouse models has ameliorated neurodegeneration. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of CK2α' presents a promising therapeutic strategy for treating HD. However, current CK2 inhibitors are unable to discriminate between CK2α and CK2α' due to their high structural homology, especially in the targeted ATP binding site. Using computational analyses, we found a potential Type IV ("D" pocket) allosteric site on CK2α' that contained different residues than CK2α and was distal from the ATP binding pocket featured in both kinases. With this potential allosteric site in mind, we screened a commercial library containing ~29,000 allosteric-kinase-inhibitor-like compounds using a CK2α' activity-dependent ADP-Glo™ Kinase assay. Obtained hits were counter-screened against CK2α revealing two CK2α' selective compounds. These two compounds might serve as the basis for further medicinal chemistry optimization for the potential treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Mudaliar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Rachel H Mansky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Angel White
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Grace Baudhuin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Jon Hawkinson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Henry Wong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Michael A Walters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Rocio Gomez-Pastor
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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4
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Montenarh M, Götz C. Protein Kinase CK2α', More than a Backup of CK2α. Cells 2023; 12:2834. [PMID: 38132153 PMCID: PMC10741536 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase CK2 is implicated in the regulation of fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. CK2 consists of two catalytic α or α' isoforms and two regulatory CK2β subunits. These three proteins exist in a free form, bound to other cellular proteins, as tetrameric holoenzymes composed of CK2α2/β2, CK2αα'/β2, or CK2α'2/β2 as well as in higher molecular forms of the tetramers. The catalytic domains of CK2α and CK2α' share a 90% identity. As CK2α contains a unique C-terminal sequence. Both proteins function as protein kinases. These properties raised the question of whether both isoforms are just backups of each other or whether they are regulated differently and may then function in an isoform-specific manner. The present review provides observations that the regulation of both CK2α isoforms is partly different concerning the subcellular localization, post-translational modifications, and aggregation. Up to now, there are only a few isoform-specific cellular binding partners. The expression of both CK2α isoforms seems to vary in different cell lines, in tissues, in the cell cycle, and with differentiation. There are different reports about the expression and the functions of the CK2α isoforms in tumor cells and tissues. In many cases, a cell-type-specific expression and function is known, which raises the question about cell-specific regulators of both isoforms. Another future challenge is the identification or design of CK2α'-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Montenarh
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
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5
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Trembley JH, Kren BT, Afzal M, Scaria GA, Klein MA, Ahmed K. Protein kinase CK2 – diverse roles in cancer cell biology and therapeutic promise. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:899-926. [PMID: 36114992 PMCID: PMC9483426 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The association of protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II or 2) with cell growth and proliferation in cells was apparent at early stages of its investigation. A cancer-specific role for CK2 remained unclear until it was determined that CK2 was also a potent suppressor of cell death (apoptosis); the latter characteristic differentiated its function in normal versus malignant cells because dysregulation of both cell growth and cell death is a universal feature of cancer cells. Over time, it became evident that CK2 exerts its influence on a diverse range of cell functions in normal as well as in transformed cells. As such, CK2 and its substrates are localized in various compartments of the cell. The dysregulation of CK2 is documented in a wide range of malignancies; notably, by increased CK2 protein and activity levels with relatively moderate change in its RNA abundance. High levels of CK2 are associated with poor prognosis in multiple cancer types, and CK2 is a target for active research and testing for cancer therapy. Aspects of CK2 cellular roles and targeting in cancer are discussed in the present review, with focus on nuclear and mitochondrial functions and prostate, breast and head and neck malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Betsy T Kren
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - George A Scaria
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | - Mark A Klein
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Primary Care Service Line, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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6
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The Role of Protein Kinase CK2 in Development and Disease Progression: A Critical Review. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10030031. [PMID: 35997395 PMCID: PMC9397010 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous holoenzyme involved in a wide array of developmental processes. The involvement of CK2 in events such as neurogenesis, cardiogenesis, skeletogenesis, and spermatogenesis is essential for the viability of almost all organisms, and its role has been conserved throughout evolution. Further into adulthood, CK2 continues to function as a key regulator of pathways affecting crucial processes such as osteogenesis, adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, neuron differentiation, and the immune response. Due to its vast role in a multitude of pathways, aberrant functioning of this kinase leads to embryonic lethality and numerous diseases and disorders, including cancer and neurological disorders. As a result, CK2 is a popular target for interventions aiming to treat the aforementioned diseases. Specifically, two CK2 inhibitors, namely CX-4945 and CIBG-300, are in the early stages of clinical testing and exhibit promise for treating cancer and other disorders. Further, other researchers around the world are focusing on CK2 to treat bone disorders. This review summarizes the current understanding of CK2 in development, the structure of CK2, the targets and signaling pathways of CK2, the implication of CK2 in disease progression, and the recent therapeutics developed to inhibit the dysregulation of CK2 function in various diseases.
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7
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Fabbian S, Giachin G, Bellanda M, Borgo C, Ruzzene M, Spuri G, Campofelice A, Veneziano L, Bonchio M, Carraro M, Battistutta R. Mechanism of CK2 Inhibition by a Ruthenium-Based Polyoxometalate. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:906390. [PMID: 35720133 PMCID: PMC9201508 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.906390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CK2 is a Ser/Thr protein kinase involved in many cellular processes such as gene expression, cell cycle progression, cell growth and differentiation, embryogenesis, and apoptosis. Aberrantly high CK2 activity is widely documented in cancer, but the enzyme is also involved in several other pathologies, such as diabetes, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and viral infections, including COVID-19. Over the last years, a large number of small-molecules able to inhibit the CK2 activity have been reported, mostly acting with an ATP-competitive mechanism. Polyoxometalates (POMs), are metal-oxide polyanionic clusters of various structures and dimensions, with unique chemical and physical properties. POMs were identified as nanomolar CK2 inhibitors, but their mechanism of inhibition and CK2 binding site remained elusive. Here, we present the biochemical and biophysical characterizing of the interaction of CK2α with a ruthenium-based polyoxometalate, [Ru4(μ-OH)2(μ-O)4(H2O)4 (γ-SiW10O36)2]10− (Ru4POM), a potent inhibitor of CK2. Using analytical Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC), and SAXS we were able to unravel the mechanism of inhibition of Ru4POM. Ru4POM binds to the positively-charged substrate binding region of the enzyme through electrostatic interactions, triggering the dimerization of the enzyme which consequently is inactivated. Ru4POM is the first non-peptide molecule showing a substrate-competitive mechanism of inhibition for CK2. On the basis of SAXS data, a structural model of the inactivated (CK2α)2(Ru4POM)2 complex is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fabbian
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giachin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Ruzzene, ; Mauro Carraro, ; Roberto Battistutta,
| | - Giacomo Spuri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ambra Campofelice
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Veneziano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM)-CNR, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Carraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM)-CNR, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Ruzzene, ; Mauro Carraro, ; Roberto Battistutta,
| | - Roberto Battistutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Ruzzene, ; Mauro Carraro, ; Roberto Battistutta,
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8
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CK2 Regulation: Perspectives in 2021. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101361. [PMID: 34680478 PMCID: PMC8533506 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase CK2 (CK2) family encompasses a small number of acidophilic serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate substrates involved in numerous biological processes including apoptosis, cell proliferation, and the DNA damage response. CK2 has also been implicated in many human malignancies and other disorders including Alzheimer′s and Parkinson’s diseases, and COVID-19. Interestingly, no single mechanism describes how CK2 is regulated, including activation by external proteins or domains, phosphorylation, or dimerization. Furthermore, the kinase has an elongated activation loop that locks the kinase into an active conformation, leading CK2 to be labelled a constitutively active kinase. This presents an interesting paradox that remains unanswered: how can a constitutively active kinase regulate biological processes that require careful control? Here, we highlight a selection of studies where CK2 activity is regulated at the substrate level, and discuss them based on the regulatory mechanism. Overall, this review describes numerous biological processes where CK2 activity is regulated, highlighting how a constitutively active kinase can still control numerous cellular activities. It is also evident that more research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms that regulate CK2 and what causes aberrant CK2 signaling in disease.
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9
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Iegre J, Atkinson EL, Brear PD, Cooper BM, Hyvönen M, Spring DR. Chemical probes targeting the kinase CK2: a journey outside the catalytic box. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4380-4396. [PMID: 34037044 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00257k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CK2 is a protein kinase that plays important roles in many physio-pathological cellular processes. As such, the development of chemical probes for CK2 has received increasing attention in the past decade with more than 40 lead compounds developed. In this review, we aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the chemical probes acting outside the highly-conserved ATP-site developed to date. Such probes belong to different classes of molecules spanning from small molecules to peptides, act with a range of mechanisms of action and some of them present themselves as promising tools to investigate the biology of CK2 and therefore develop therapeutics for many disease areas including cancer and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Iegre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Eleanor L Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Paul D Brear
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Bethany M Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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Dalle Vedove A, Zonta F, Zanforlin E, Demitri N, Ribaudo G, Cazzanelli G, Ongaro A, Sarno S, Zagotto G, Battistutta R, Ruzzene M, Lolli G. A novel class of selective CK2 inhibitors targeting its open hinge conformation. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 195:112267. [PMID: 32283296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 sustains cancer growth, especially in hematological malignancies. Its inhibitor SRPIN803, based on a 6-methylene-5-imino-1,3,4-thiadiazolopyrimidin-7-one scaffold, showed notable specificity. Our synthesis of the initially proposed SRPIN803 resulted in its constitutional isomer SRPIN803-revised, where the 2-cyano-2-propenamide group does not cyclise and fuse to the thiadiazole ring. Its crystallographic structure in complex with CK2α identifies the structural determinants of the reported specificity. SRPIN803-revised explores the CK2 open hinge conformation, extremely rare among kinases, also interacting with side chains from this region. Its optimization lead to the more potent compound 4, which inhibits endocellular CK2, significantly affects viability of tumour cells and shows remarkable selectivity on a panel of 320 kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dalle Vedove
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Zonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Zanforlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza-Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Cazzanelli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Alberto Ongaro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Roberto Battistutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences and CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Graziano Lolli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123, Trento, Italy.
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11
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Alcaraz E, Vilardell J, Borgo C, Sarró E, Plana M, Marin O, Pinna LA, Bayascas JR, Meseguer A, Salvi M, Itarte E, Ruzzene M. Effects of CK2β subunit down-regulation on Akt signalling in HK-2 renal cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227340. [PMID: 31910234 PMCID: PMC6946142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt pathway is interconnected to protein kinase CK2, which directly phosphorylates Akt1 at S129. We have previously found that, in HK-2 renal cells, downregulation of the CK2 regulatory subunit β (shCK2β cells) reduces S129 Akt phosphorylation. Here, we investigated in more details how the different CK2 isoforms impact on Akt and other signaling pathways. We found that all CK2 isoforms phosphorylate S129 in vitro, independently of CK2β. However, in HK-2 cells the dependence on CK2β was confirmed by rescue experiments (CK2β re-expression in shCK2β HK-2 cells), suggesting the presence of additional components that drive Akt recognition by CK2 in cells. We also found that CK2β downregulation altered the phosphorylation ratio between the two canonical Akt activation sites (pT308 strongly reduced, pS473 slightly increased) in HK-2 cells. Similar results were found in other cell lines where CK2β was stably knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9 technology. The phosphorylation of rpS6 S235/S236, a downstream effector of Akt, was strongly reduced in shCK2β HK-2 cells, while the phosphorylation of two Akt direct targets, PRAS40 T246 and GSK3β S9, was increased. Differently to what observed in response to CK2β down-regulation, the chemical inhibition of CK2 activity by cell treatment with the specific inhibitor CX-4945 reduced both the Akt canonical sites, pT308 and pS473. In CX-4945-treated cells, the changes in rpS6 pS235/S236 and GSK3β pS9 mirrored those induced by CK2β knock-down (reduction and slight increase, respectively); on the contrary, the effect on PRAS40 pT246 phosphorylation was sharply different, being strongly reduced by CK2 inhibition; this suggests that this Akt target might be dependent on Akt pS473 status in HK-2 cells. Since PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2/p90rsk pathways are known to be interconnected and both modulated by CK2, with GSK3β pS9 representing a convergent point, we investigated if ERK1/2/p90rsk signaling was affected by CK2β knock-down and CX-4945 treatment in HK-2 cells. We found that p90rsk was insensitive to any kind of CK2 targeting; therefore, the observation that, similarly, GSK3β pS9 was not reduced by CK2 blockade suggests that GSK3β phosphorylation is mainly under the control of p90rsk in these cells. However, we found that the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reduced GSK3β pS9, and concomitantly decreased Snail1 levels (a GSK3β target and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition marker). The effects of LY294002 were observed also in CK2β-downregulated cells, suggesting that reducing GSK3β pS9 could be a strategy to control Snail1 levels in any situation where CK2β is defective, as possibly occurring in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Alcaraz
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
| | - Jordi Vilardell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eduard Sarró
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Plana
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
| | - José R. Bayascas
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Meseguer
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Emilio Itarte
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (MR); (EI)
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail: (MR); (EI)
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12
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Park CK, Horton NC. Structures, functions, and mechanisms of filament forming enzymes: a renaissance of enzyme filamentation. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:927-994. [PMID: 31734826 PMCID: PMC6874960 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filament formation by non-cytoskeletal enzymes has been known for decades, yet only relatively recently has its wide-spread role in enzyme regulation and biology come to be appreciated. This comprehensive review summarizes what is known for each enzyme confirmed to form filamentous structures in vitro, and for the many that are known only to form large self-assemblies within cells. For some enzymes, studies describing both the in vitro filamentous structures and cellular self-assembly formation are also known and described. Special attention is paid to the detailed structures of each type of enzyme filament, as well as the roles the structures play in enzyme regulation and in biology. Where it is known or hypothesized, the advantages conferred by enzyme filamentation are reviewed. Finally, the similarities, differences, and comparison to the SgrAI endonuclease system are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad K. Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Nancy C. Horton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
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13
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Cozza G, Zonta F, Dalle Vedove A, Venerando A, Dall'Acqua S, Battistutta R, Ruzzene M, Lolli G. Biochemical and cellular mechanism of protein kinase CK2 inhibition by deceptive curcumin. FEBS J 2019; 287:1850-1864. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine University of Padua Padua Italy
| | - Francesca Zonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences CNR Institute of Neuroscience University of Padua Padua Italy
| | - Andrea Dalle Vedove
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO University of Trento Trento Italy
| | - Andrea Venerando
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science University of Padua Legnaro Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padua Padua Italy
| | - Roberto Battistutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padua Padua Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry National Research Council (CNR) Padua Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences CNR Institute of Neuroscience University of Padua Padua Italy
| | - Graziano Lolli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO University of Trento Trento Italy
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14
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Biggi S, Pancher M, Stincardini C, Luotti S, Massignan T, Dalle Vedove A, Astolfi A, Gatto P, Lolli G, Barreca ML, Bonetto V, Adami V, Biasini E. Identification of compounds inhibiting prion replication and toxicity by removing PrP C from the cell surface. J Neurochem 2019; 152:136-150. [PMID: 31264722 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of therapeutic approaches tested so far for prion diseases, transmissible neurodegenerative disorders of human and animals, tackled PrPSc , the aggregated and infectious isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC ), with largely unsuccessful results. Conversely, targeting PrPC expression, stability or cell surface localization are poorly explored strategies. We recently characterized the mode of action of chlorpromazine, an anti-psychotic drug known to inhibit prion replication and toxicity by inducing the re-localization of PrPC from the plasma membrane. Unfortunately, chlorpromazine possesses pharmacokinetic properties unsuitable for chronic use in vivo, namely low specificity and high toxicity. Here, we employed HEK293 cells stably expressing EGFP-PrP to carry out a semi-automated high content screening (HCS) of a chemical library directed at identifying non-cytotoxic molecules capable of specifically relocalizing PrPC from the plasma membrane as well as inhibiting prion replication in N2a cell cultures. We identified four candidate hits inducing a significant reduction in cell surface PrPC , one of which also inhibited prion propagation and toxicity in cell cultures in a strain-independent fashion. This study defines a new screening method and novel anti-prion compounds supporting the notion that removing PrPC from the cell surface could represent a viable therapeutic strategy for prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Biggi
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Michael Pancher
- HTS Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Claudia Stincardini
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvia Luotti
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tania Massignan
- HTS Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Dalle Vedove
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography and Structure-Based Drug Design, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Astolfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pamela Gatto
- HTS Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Graziano Lolli
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography and Structure-Based Drug Design, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Bonetto
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Adami
- HTS Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Emiliano Biasini
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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15
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Battistutta R, Lolli G. Inhibitory Properties of ATP-Competitive Coumestrol and Boldine Are Correlated to Different Modulations of CK2 Flexibility. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1014-1018. [PMID: 30840451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is an anti-apoptotic cancer-sustaining protein kinase. Its crystallographic structures with the natural compounds coumestrol, a phytoestrogen, and boldine, an alkaloid, are reported. Coumestrol shows different inhibitory activity against the isolated catalytic α-subunit and the α2β2 holoenzyme and is able to discriminate between two conformations of the hinge/αD region, whose intrinsic flexibility is a relevant selectivity determinant among kinases. Boldine explores a small cavity at the bottom of the ATP-binding pocket through a local deviation from planarity, a unique case among CK2 inhibitors. The two compounds have different impacts on protein flexibility, which correlate with their different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Battistutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Padua and Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR) , 35131 Padua , Italy
| | - Graziano Lolli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO , University of Trento , Via Sommarive 9 , 38123 Povo (TN) , Italy
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16
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Bestgen B, Kufareva I, Seetoh W, Abell C, Hartmann RW, Abagyan R, Le Borgne M, Filhol O, Cochet C, Lomberget T, Engel M. 2-Aminothiazole Derivatives as Selective Allosteric Modulators of the Protein Kinase CK2. 2. Structure-Based Optimization and Investigation of Effects Specific to the Allosteric Mode of Action. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1817-1836. [PMID: 30689946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein CK2 has gained much interest as an anticancer drug target in the past decade. We had previously described the identification of a new allosteric site on the catalytic α-subunit, along with first small molecule ligands based on the 4-(4-phenylthiazol-2-ylamino)benzoic acid scaffold. In the present work, structure optimizations guided by a binding model led to the identification of the lead compound 2-hydroxy-4-((4-(naphthalen-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)amino)benzoic acid (27), showing a submicromolar potency against purified CK2α (IC50 = 0.6 μM). Furthermore, 27 induced apoptosis and cell death in 786-O renal cell carcinoma cells (EC50 = 5 μM) and inhibited STAT3 activation even more potently than the ATP-competitive drug candidate CX-4945 (EC50 of 1.6 μM vs 5.3 μM). Notably, the potencies of our allosteric ligands to inhibit CK2 varied depending on the individual substrate. Altogether, the novel allosteric pocket was proved a druggable site, offering an excellent perspective to develop efficient and selective allosteric CK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Bestgen
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453, INSERM US7, 69373 Lyon Cedex 8, France.,Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Saarland University , Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , U1036, 38000 Grenoble , France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, 38000 Grenoble , France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036 , University of Grenoble Alpes , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Weiguang Seetoh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Rolf W Hartmann
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Marc Le Borgne
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453, INSERM US7, 69373 Lyon Cedex 8, France
| | - Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , U1036, 38000 Grenoble , France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, 38000 Grenoble , France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036 , University of Grenoble Alpes , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Claude Cochet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , U1036, 38000 Grenoble , France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, 38000 Grenoble , France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036 , University of Grenoble Alpes , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Thierry Lomberget
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453, INSERM US7, 69373 Lyon Cedex 8, France
| | - Matthias Engel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Saarland University , Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
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17
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The protein kinase CK2 catalytic domain from Plasmodium falciparum: crystal structure, tyrosine kinase activity and inhibition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7365. [PMID: 29743645 PMCID: PMC5943518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria causes every year over half-a-million deaths. The emergence of parasites resistant to available treatments makes the identification of new targets and their inhibitors an urgent task for the development of novel anti-malaria drugs. Protein kinase CK2 is an evolutionary-conserved eukaryotic serine/threonine protein kinase that in Plasmodium falciparum (PfCK2) has been characterized as a promising target for chemotherapeutic intervention against malaria. Here we report a crystallographic structure of the catalytic domain of PfCK2α (D179S inactive single mutant) in complex with ATP at a resolution of 3.0 Å. Compared to the human enzyme, the structure reveals a subtly altered ATP binding pocket comprising five substitutions in the vicinity of the adenine base, that together with potential allosteric sites, could be exploited to design novel inhibitors specifically targeting the Plasmodium enzyme. We provide evidence for the dual autophosphorylation of residues Thr63 and Tyr30 of PfCK2. We also show that CX4945, a human CK2 inhibitor in clinical trials against solid tumor cancers, is effective against PfCK2 with an IC50 of 13.2 nM.
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18
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Vilardell J, Alcaraz E, Sarró E, Trilla E, Cuadros T, de Torres I, Plana M, Ramón Y Cajal S, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M, Morote J, Meseguer A, Itarte E. Under-expression of CK2β subunit in ccRCC represents a complementary biomarker of p-STAT3 Ser727 that correlates with patient survival. Oncotarget 2017; 9:5736-5751. [PMID: 29464030 PMCID: PMC5814170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common and aggressive subtype of renal cancer. STAT3 pathway is altered in these tumors and p-STAT3 Ser727 is an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC. Protein kinase CK2 is altered in different types of tumors and overexpression of CK2α is considered predictive of bad prognosis and metastatic risk. CK2 subunits analyses in ccRCC samples showed increased CK2α/α’ nuclear content in all cases, but decreased cytosolic CK2β (CK2βcyt) levels in the more advanced tumors. Stable downregulation of CK2β in renal proximal tubular (HK-2) and clear cell adenocarcinoma (786-O) cells triggered changes in E-cadherin, vimentin and Snail1 protein levels indicative of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and increased HIF-α. Moreover, CK2β was required in order to observe STAT3 Ser727 phosphorylation in HK-2 but not in 786-O cells. We also observed that CK2β improved the prognostic value of p-STAT3 Ser727, as CK2βcyt>41 (median value) discriminates patients free of disease for a period of 10 years upon surgery, from those with CK2βcyt<41, when p-STAT3 Ser727levels are low. We conclude that CK2β down-regulation might represent a mechanism to support EMT and angiogenesis and that CK2βcyt levels are instrumental to refine prognosis of ccRCC patients with low p-STAT3 Ser727 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Vilardell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefania Alcaraz
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sarró
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Trilla
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thaïs Cuadros
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés de Torres
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Plana
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón Y Cajal
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Juan Morote
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Meseguer
- Fisiopatología Renal, CIBBIM, VHIR, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Itarte
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Leney AC, Rafie K, van Aalten DMF, Heck AJR. Direct Monitoring of Protein O-GlcNAcylation by High-Resolution Native Mass Spectrometry. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2078-2084. [PMID: 28609614 PMCID: PMC5565903 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
O-GlcNAcylation is one of the most
abundant metazoan nuclear-cytoplasmic post-translational modifications.
Proteins modified by O-GlcNAc play key cellular roles in signaling,
transcription, metabolism, and cell division. Mechanistic studies
on protein O-GlcNAcylation are hampered by the lack of methods that
can simultaneously quantify O-GlcNAcylation, determine its stoichiometry,
and monitor O-GlcNAcylation kinetics. Here, we demonstrate that high-resolution
native mass spectrometry can be employed to monitor the small mass
shifts induced by modification by O-GlcNAc on two known protein substrates,
CK2α and TAB1, without the need for radioactive labeling or
chemoenzymatic tagging using large mass tags. Limited proteolysis
enabled further localization of the O-GlcNAc sites. In peptide-centric
MS analysis, the O-GlcNAc moiety is known to be easily lost. In contrast,
we demonstrate that the O-GlcNAc is retained under native MS conditions,
enabling precise quantitative analysis of stoichiometry and O-GlcNAcylation
kinetics. Together, the data highlight that high resolution native
MS may provide an alternative tool to monitor kinetics on one of the
most labile of protein post-translational modifications, in an efficient,
reliable, and quantitative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneika C. Leney
- Biomolecular Mass
Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research
and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Netherlands
Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karim Rafie
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Daan M. F. van Aalten
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass
Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research
and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Netherlands
Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Cheng Z, Gao W, Fan X, Chen X, Mei H, Liu J, Luo X, Hu Y. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 associates with casein kinase II to regulate GPIb-IX-mediated platelet activation via the PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1679-1688. [PMID: 28603902 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Essentials The mechanisms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) in GPIb-IX signaling are unclear. Function of ERK5 in GPIb-IX was tested using aggregation, western blotting, and mass spectrometry. The protein interacting with ERK5 in human platelets was identified as casein kinase II (CKII). ERK5 associates with CKII to regulate the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in GPIb-IX signaling. SUMMARY Background The platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX complex plays essential roles in thrombosis and hemostasis. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1/2 and p38 have been shown to be important in the GPIb-IX-mediated signaling leading to integrin activation. However, the roles of the MAPK extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) in GPIb-IX-mediated platelet activation are unknown. Objective To reveal the function and mechanisms of ERK5 in GPIb-IX-mediated platelet activation. Methods The functions of ERK5 in GPIb-IX-mediated human platelet activation were assessed using botrocetin/VWF, ristocetin/VWF, or platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor (VWF) under shear stress in the presence of a specific inhibitor of ERK5. ERK5-associated proteins were pulled down from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with HA-tagged-ERK5, identified by mass spectrometry, and confirmed in human platelets. Roles of ERK5-associated proteins in GPIb-IX-mediated platelet activation were clarified using specific inhibitors. Results The phosphorylation levels of ERK5 were significantly enhanced in human platelets stimulated with botrocetin/VWF or ristocetin/VWF. The ERK5 inhibitor XMD8-92 suppressed the second wave of human platelet aggregation induced by botrocetin/VWF or ristocetin/VWF and inhibited human platelet adhesion on immobilized VWF under shear stress. Casein kinase II (CKII) was identified as an ERK5-associated protein in human platelets. The CKII inhibitor TBB, similar to the ERK5 inhibitor XMD8-92, specifically restrained PTEN phosphorylation, therefore suppressing Akt phosphorylation in human platelets treated with botrocetin/VWF. Conclusion ERK5 associates with CKII to play essential roles in GPIb-IX-mediated platelet activation via the PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - W Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - H Mei
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Hu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Characterization of the oligomeric states of the CK2 α2β2 holoenzyme in solution. Biochem J 2017; 474:2405-2416. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanism of protein kinase CK2 has still to be fully clarified. The prevailing hypothesis is that CK2 is controlled by a self-polymerisation mechanism leading to inactive supramolecular assemblies that, when needed, can be disassembled into the α2β2 monomer, the active form of the holoenzyme. In vitro, monomeric α2β2 seems present only at high ionic strengths, typically 0.35–0.50 M NaCl, while at lower salt concentrations oligomers are formed. In the present study, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and mutagenesis have been employed for the characterization of the oligomeric states of CK2 in solution. SAXS measurements at 0.35 M NaCl show for the first time the shape of the α2β2 active monomer in solution. At 0.25 M salt, despite single average properties indicating an aggregated holoenzyme, deconvolution analysis of SAXS data reveals an equilibrium involving not only circular trimeric and linear oligomeric (3–4 units) forms of α2β2, but also considerable amounts of the monomer. Together SAXS and mutagenesis confirm the presence in solution of the oligomers deduced by crystal structures. The lack of intermediate species such as αβ2, α or β2 indicates that the holoenzyme is a strong complex that does not spontaneously dissociate, challenging what was recently proposed on the basis of mass spectrometry data. A significant novel finding is that a considerable amount of monomer, the active form of CK2, is present also at low salt. The solution properties of CK2 shown in the present study complement the model of regulation by polymerization.
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22
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De Fusco C, Brear P, Iegre J, Georgiou KH, Sore HF, Hyvönen M, Spring DR. A fragment-based approach leading to the discovery of a novel binding site and the selective CK2 inhibitor CAM4066. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3471-3482. [PMID: 28495381 PMCID: PMC5587527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently we reported the discovery of a potent and selective CK2α inhibitor CAM4066. This compound inhibits CK2 activity by exploiting a pocket located outside the ATP binding site (αD pocket). Here we describe in detail the journey that led to the discovery of CAM4066 using the challenging fragment linking strategy. Specifically, we aimed to develop inhibitors by linking a high-affinity fragment anchored in the αD site to a weakly binding warhead fragment occupying the ATP site. Moreover, we describe the remarkable impact that molecular modelling had on the development of this novel chemical tool. The work described herein shows potential for the development of a novel class of CK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia De Fusco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Paul Brear
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Jessica Iegre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kathy Hadje Georgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Hannah F. Sore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - David R. Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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23
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Seetoh WG, Chan DSH, Matak-Vinković D, Abell C. Mass Spectrometry Reveals Protein Kinase CK2 High-Order Oligomerization via the Circular and Linear Assembly. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1511-7. [PMID: 26999075 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CK2 is an intrinsically active protein kinase that is crucial for cellular viability. However, conventional kinase regulatory mechanisms do not apply to CK2, and its mode of regulation remains elusive. Interestingly, CK2 is known to undergo reversible ionic-strength-dependent oligomerization. Furthermore, a regulatory mechanism based on autoinhibitory oligomerization has been postulated on the basis of the observation of circular trimeric oligomers and linear CK2 assemblies in various crystal structures. Here, we employ native mass spectrometry to monitor the assembly of oligomeric CK2 species in an ionic-strength-dependent manner. A subsequent combination of ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry techniques was used to analyze the conformation of CK2 oligomers. Our findings support ionic-strength-dependent CK2 oligomerization, demonstrate the transient nature of the α/β interaction, and show that CK2 oligomerization proceeds via both the circular and linear assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guang Seetoh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Shiu-Hin Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Dijana Matak-Vinković
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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De novo mutations in CSNK2A1 are associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities and dysmorphic features. Hum Genet 2016; 135:699-705. [PMID: 27048600 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing (WES) can be used to efficiently identify de novo genetic variants associated with genetically heterogeneous conditions including intellectual disabilities. We have performed WES for 4102 (1847 female; 2255 male) intellectual disability/developmental delay cases and we report five patients with a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral problems, hypotonia, speech problems, microcephaly, pachygyria and dysmorphic features in whom we have identified de novo missense and canonical splice site mutations in CSNK2A1, the gene encoding CK2α, the catalytic subunit of protein kinase CK2, a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase composed of two regulatory (β) and two catalytic (α and/or α') subunits. Somatic mutations in CSNK2A1 have been implicated in various cancers; however, this is the first study to describe a human condition associated with germline mutations in any of the CK2 subunits.
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Filhol O, Giacosa S, Wallez Y, Cochet C. Protein kinase CK2 in breast cancer: the CK2β regulatory subunit takes center stage in epithelial plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3305-22. [PMID: 25990538 PMCID: PMC11113558 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structurally, protein kinase CK2 consists of two catalytic subunits (α and α') and two regulatory subunits (β), which play a critical role in targeting specific CK2 substrates. Compelling evidence shows the complexity of the CK2 cellular signaling network and supports the view that this enzyme is a key component of regulatory protein kinase networks that are involved in several aspects of cancer. CK2 both activates and suppresses the expression of a number of essential oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and its expression and activity are upregulated in blood tumors and virtually all solid tumors. The prognostic significance of CK2α expression in association with various clinicopathological parameters highlighted this kinase as an adverse prognostic marker in breast cancer. In addition, several recent studies reported its implication in the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an early step in cancer invasion and metastasis. In this review, we briefly overview the contribution of CK2 to several aspects of cancer and discuss how in mammary epithelial cells, the expression of its CK2β regulatory subunit plays a critical role in maintaining an epithelial phenotype through CK2-mediated control of key EMT-related transcription factors. Importantly, decreased CK2β expression in breast tumors is correlated with inefficient phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Snail1 and Foxc2, ultimately leading to EMT induction. This review highlights the pivotal role played by CK2β in the mammary epithelial phenotype and discusses how a modest alteration in its expression may be sufficient to induce dramatic effects facilitating the early steps in tumor cell dissemination through the coordinated regulation of two key transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sofia Giacosa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yann Wallez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Cochet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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26
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Gratz A, Bollacke A, Stephan S, Nienberg C, Le Borgne M, Götz C, Jose J. Functional display of heterotetrameric human protein kinase CK2 on Escherichia coli: a novel tool for drug discovery. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:74. [PMID: 26036951 PMCID: PMC4451881 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human protein kinase CK2 represents a novel therapeutic target for neoplastic diseases. Inhibitors are in need to explore the druggability and the therapeutic options of this enzyme. A bottleneck in the search for new inhibitors is the availability of the target for testing. Therefore an assay was developed to provide easy access to CK2 for discovery of novel inhibitors. Results Autodisplay was used to present human CK2 on the surface of Escherichia coli. Heterotetrameric CK2 consists of two subunits, α and β, which were displayed individually on the surface. Co-display of CK2α and CK2β on the cell surface led to the formation of functional holoenzyme, as demonstrated by NaCl dependency of enzymatic activity, which differs from that of the catalytic subunit CK2α without β. In addition interaction of CK2α and CK2β at the cell surface was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation assays. Surface displayed CK2 holoenzyme enabled an easy IC50 value determination. The IC50 values for the known CK2 inhibitors TBB and Silmitasertib were determined to be 50 and 3.3 nM, respectively. Conclusion Surface-displayed CK2α and CK2β assembled on the cell surface of E. coli to an active tetrameric holoenzyme. The whole-cell CK2 autodisplay assay as developed is suitable for inhibition studies. Furthermore, it can be used to determine quantitative CK2 inhibition data such as IC50 values. In summary, this is the first report on the functional surface display of a heterotetrameric enzyme on E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gratz
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Andre Bollacke
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Sara Stephan
- Lehrstuhl für Biophysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Christian Nienberg
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Marc Le Borgne
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie-ISPB, EA 4446 Biomolécules Cancer et Chimiorésistances, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453-INSERM US7, 69373, Lyon Cedex 8, France.
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Str., Geb. 44, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, PharmaCampus, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
The term 'casein kinase' has been widely used for decades to denote protein kinases sharing the ability to readily phosphorylate casein in vitro. These fall into three main classes: two of them, later renamed as protein kinases CK1 (casein kinase 1, also known as CKI) and CK2 (also known as CKII), are pleiotropic members of the kinome functionally unrelated to casein, whereas G-CK, or genuine casein kinase, responsible for the phosphorylation of casein in the Golgi apparatus of the lactating mammary gland, has only been identified recently with Fam20C [family with sequence similarity 20C; also known as DMP-4 (dentin matrix protein-4)], a member of the four-jointed family of atypical protein kinases, being responsible for the phosphorylation of many secreted proteins. In hindsight, therefore, the term 'casein kinase' is misleading in every instance; in the case of CK1 and CK2, it is because casein is not a physiological substrate, and in the case of G-CK/Fam20C/DMP-4, it is because casein is just one out of a plethora of its targets, and a rather marginal one at that. Strikingly, casein kinases altogether, albeit representing a minimal proportion of the whole kinome, appear to be responsible for the generation of up to 40-50% of non-redundant phosphosites currently retrieved in human phosphopeptides database. In the present review, a short historical explanation will be provided accounting for the usage of the same misnomer to denote three unrelated classes of protein kinases, together with an update of our current knowledge of these pleiotropic enzymes, sharing the same misnomer while playing very distinct biological roles.
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28
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Schnitzler A, Olsen BB, Issinger OG, Niefind K. The Protein Kinase CK2Andante Holoenzyme Structure Supports Proposed Models of Autoregulation and Trans-Autophosphorylation. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:1871-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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