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Zhang Y, Xiao P, Pan D, Zhou X. New Insights into the Modification of the Non-Core Metabolic Pathway of Steroids in Mycolicibacterium and the Application of Fermentation Biotechnology in C-19 Steroid Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065236. [PMID: 36982310 PMCID: PMC10049677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Androsta-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD), androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD), and 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9-OHAD), which belong to C-19 steroids, are critical steroid-based drug intermediates. The biotransformation of phytosterols into C-19 steroids by Mycolicibacterium cell factories is the core step in the synthesis of steroid-based drugs. The production performance of engineered mycolicibacterial strains has been effectively enhanced by sterol core metabolic modification. In recent years, research on the non-core metabolic pathway of steroids (NCMS) in mycolicibacterial strains has made significant progress. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms and metabolic modifications of NCMS for accelerating sterol uptake, regulating coenzyme I balance, promoting propionyl-CoA metabolism, reducing reactive oxygen species, and regulating energy metabolism. In addition, the recent applications of biotechnology in steroid intermediate production are summarized and compared, and the future development trend of NCMS research is discussed. This review provides powerful theoretical support for metabolic regulation in the biotransformation of phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Peiyao Xiao
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Delong Pan
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xiuling Zhou
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Yue G, Zhao Y. Energy metabolism disturbance in migraine: From a mitochondrial point of view. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1133528. [PMID: 37123270 PMCID: PMC10133718 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1133528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a serious central nervous system disease with a high incidence rate. Its pathogenesis is very complex, which brings great difficulties for clinical treatment. Recently, many studies have revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a key role in migraine, which affects the hyperosmotic of Ca2+, the excessive production of free radicals, the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, the imbalance of mPTP opening and closing, and the decrease of oxidative phosphorylation level, which leads to neuronal energy exhaustion and apoptosis, and finally lessens the pain threshold and migraine attack. This article mainly introduces cortical spreading depression, a pathogenesis of migraine, and then damages the related function of mitochondria, which leads to migraine. Oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle are the main ways to provide energy for the body. 95 percent of the energy needed for cell survival is provided by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. At the same time, hypoxia can lead to cell death and migraine. The pathological opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore can promote the interaction between pro-apoptotic protein and mitochondrial, destroy the structure of mPTP, and further lead to cell death. The increase of mPTP permeability can promote the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to a series of changes in the expression of proteins related to energy metabolism. Both Nitric oxide and Calcitonin gene-related peptide are closely related to the attack of migraine. Recent studies have shown that changes in their contents can also affect the energy metabolism of the body, so this paper reviews the above mechanisms and discusses the mechanism of brain energy metabolism of migraine, to provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of migraine and promote the development of individualized and accurate treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, China
| | - Guangxin Yue
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglie Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yonglie Zhao,
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Baburina Y, Odinokova I, Krestinina O. The Effects of PK11195 and Protoporphyrin IX Can Modulate Chronic Alcohol Intoxication in Rat Liver Mitochondria under the Opening of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081774. [PMID: 32722345 PMCID: PMC7463720 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of active research have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction, the associated oxidative stress, impaired anti-stress defense mechanisms, and the activation of the proapoptotic signaling pathways underlie pathological changes in organs and tissues. Pathologies caused by alcohol primarily affect the liver. Alcohol abuse is the cause of many liver diseases, such as steatosis, alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and, potentially, hepatocellular cancer. In this study, the effect of chronic alcohol exposure on rat liver mitochondria was investigated. We observed an ethanol-induced increase in sensitivity to calcium, changes in the level of protein kinase Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation, an induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), and strong alterations in the expression of mPTP regulators. Moreover, we also showed an enhanced effect of PK11195 and PPIX, on the parameters of the mPTP opening in rat liver mitochondria (RLM) isolated from ethanol-treated rats compared to the RLM from control rats. We suggest that the results of this study could help elucidate the mechanisms of chronic ethanol action on the mitochondria and contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for treating the effects of ethanol-related diseases.
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Giorgio V, Fogolari F, Lippe G, Bernardi P. OSCP subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase: role in regulation of enzyme function and of its transition to a pore. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4247-4257. [PMID: 30291799 PMCID: PMC6887684 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeability transition pore (PTP) is a latent, high-conductance channel of the inner mitochondrial membrane. When activated, it plays a key role in cell death and therefore in several diseases. The investigation of the PTP took an unexpected turn after the discovery that cyclophilin D (the target of the PTP inhibitory effect of cyclosporin A) binds to FO F1 (F)-ATP synthase, thus inhibiting its catalytic activity by about 30%. This observation was followed by the demonstration that binding occurs at a particular subunit of the enzyme, the oligomycin sensitivity conferral protein (OSCP), and that F-ATP synthase can form Ca2+ -activated, high-conductance channels with features matching those of the PTP, suggesting that the latter originates from a conformational change in F-ATP synthase. This review is specifically focused on the OSCP subunit of F-ATP synthase, whose unique features make it a potential pharmacological target both for modulation of F-ATP synthase and its transition to a pore. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Featured Mechanisms and Approaches for Therapy Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giorgio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Federico Fogolari
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Sciences and PhysicsUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal SciencesUniversity of UdineUdineItaly
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
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Luo Z, Zeng W, Du G, Chen J, Zhou J. Enhanced Pyruvate Production in Candida glabrata by Engineering ATP Futile Cycle System. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:787-795. [PMID: 30856339 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism plays an important role in the growth and central metabolic pathways of cells. Manipulating energy metabolism is an efficient strategy to improve the formation of target products and to understand the effects of altering intracellular energy levels on global metabolic networks. Candida glabrata, as a dominant yeast strain for producing pyruvate, principally converts glucose to pyruvate through the glycolytic pathway. However, this process can be severely inhibited by a high intracellular ATP content. Here, in combination with the physiological characteristics of C. glabrata, efforts have been made to construct an ATP futile cycle system (ATP-FCS) in C. glabrata to decrease the intracellular ATP level without destroying F0F1-ATPase function. ATP-FCS was capable of decreasing the intracellular ATP level by 51.0% in C. glabrata. The decrease in the ATP level directly led to an increased pyruvate production and glycolysis efficiency. Moreover, we further optimized different aspects of the ATP-FCS to maximize pyruvate accumulation. Combining ATP-FCS with further genetic optimization strategies, we achieved a final pyruvate titer of 40.2 g/L, with 4.35 g pyruvate/g dry cell weight and a 0.44 g/g substrate conversion rate in 500 mL flasks, which represented increases of 98.5%, 322.3%, and 160%, respectively, compared with the original strain. Thus, these strategies hold great potential for increasing the synthesis of other organic acids in microbes.
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Glu residues of βDELSEED-motif are essential for peptide binding in Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:977-982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Starke I, Glick GD, Börsch M. Visualizing Mitochondrial F oF 1-ATP Synthase as the Target of the Immunomodulatory Drug Bz-423. Front Physiol 2018; 9:803. [PMID: 30022951 PMCID: PMC6039829 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the mitochondrial enzyme FoF1-ATP synthase and modulating its catalytic activities with small molecules is a promising new approach for treatment of autoimmune diseases. The immunomodulatory compound Bz-423 is such a drug that binds to subunit OSCP of the mitochondrial FoF1-ATP synthase and induces apoptosis via increased reactive oxygen production in coupled, actively respiring mitochondria. Here, we review the experimental progress to reveal the binding of Bz-423 to the mitochondrial target and discuss how subunit rotation of FoF1-ATP synthase is affected by Bz-423. Briefly, we report how Förster resonance energy transfer can be employed to colocalize the enzyme and the fluorescently tagged Bz-423 within the mitochondria of living cells with nanometer resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Starke
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gary D Glick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael Börsch
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Nareshkumar B, Akbar SM, Sharma HC, Jayalakshmi SK, Sreeramulu K. Imidacloprid impedes mitochondrial function and induces oxidative stress in cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera larvae (Hubner: Noctuidae). J Bioenerg Biomembr 2018; 50:21-32. [PMID: 29302769 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-017-9739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids have high agonistic affinity to insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and are frequently used as insecticides against most devastating lepidopteran insect pests. Imidacloprid influenced dose-dependent decline in the state III and IV respiration, respiration control index (RCI), and P/O ratios, in vitro and in vivo. The bioassay indicated its LD50 value to be 531.24 μM. The insecticide exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition on F0F1-ATPase and complex IV activity. At 600 μM, the insecticide inhibited 83.62 and 27.13% of F0F1-ATPase and complex IV activity, respectively, and induced the release of 0.26 nmoles/min/mg protein of cytochrome c. A significant dose- and time-dependent increase in oxidative stress was observed; at 600 μM, the insecticide correspondingly induced lipid peroxidation, LDH activity, and accumulation of H2O2 content by 83.33, 31.51 and 223.66%. The stress was the maximum at 48 h of insecticide treatment (91.58, 35.28, and 189.80%, respectively). In contrast, catalase and superoxide dismutase were reduced in a dose- and time-dependent manner in imidacloprid-fed larvae. The results therefore suggest that imidacloprid impedes mitochondrial function and induces oxidative stress in H. armigera, which contributes to reduced growth of the larvae along with its neurotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Nareshkumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 585106, India
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana State, 502324, India
| | - Shaik Mohammad Akbar
- Department of Biochemistry, Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580007, India
| | - Hari Chand Sharma
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana State, 502324, India
- Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173230, India
| | - Senigala K Jayalakshmi
- College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences-Raichur, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 585 103, India
| | - Kuruba Sreeramulu
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 585106, India.
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Ahmad Z, Hassan SS, Azim S. A Therapeutic Connection between Dietary Phytochemicals and ATP Synthase. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:3894-3906. [PMID: 28831918 PMCID: PMC5738703 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170823125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 01/01/1970] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, phytochemicals have been used to prevent and cure multiple health ailments. Phytochemicals have been reported to have antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitussive, antiparasitic, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties. Generally, the therapeutic use of phy-tochemicals is based on tradition or word of mouth with few evidence-based studies. Moreo-ver, molecular level interactions or molecular targets for the majority of phytochemicals are unknown. In recent years, antibiotic resistance by microbes has become a major healthcare concern. As such, the use of phytochemicals with antimicrobial properties has become perti-nent. Natural compounds from plants, vegetables, herbs, and spices with strong antimicrobial properties present an excellent opportunity for preventing and combating antibiotic resistant microbial infections. ATP synthase is the fundamental means of cellular energy. Inhibition of ATP synthase may deprive cells of required energy leading to cell death, and a variety of die-tary phytochemicals are known to inhibit ATP synthase. Structural modifications of phyto-chemicals have been shown to increase the inhibitory potency and extent of inhibition. Site-directed mutagenic analysis has elucidated the binding site(s) for some phytochemicals on ATP synthase. Amino acid variations in and around the phytochemical binding sites can re-sult in selective binding and inhibition of microbial ATP synthase. In this review, the therapeu-tic connection between dietary phytochemicals and ATP synthase is summarized based on the inhibition of ATP synthase by dietary phytochemicals. Research suggests selective target-ing of ATP synthase is a valuable alternative molecular level approach to combat antibiotic resistant microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, Missouri 63501, USA
| | - Sherif S Hassan
- Department of Medical Education, California University of Sciences and Medicine, School of Medicine (Cal Med-SOM), Colton, California 92324, USA
| | - Sofiya Azim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, Missouri 63501, USA
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Bernardi P, Rasola A, Forte M, Lippe G. The Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore: Channel Formation by F-ATP Synthase, Integration in Signal Transduction, and Role in Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1111-55. [PMID: 26269524 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) is a permeability increase of the inner mitochondrial membrane mediated by a channel, the permeability transition pore (PTP). After a brief historical introduction, we cover the key regulatory features of the PTP and provide a critical assessment of putative protein components that have been tested by genetic analysis. The discovery that under conditions of oxidative stress the F-ATP synthases of mammals, yeast, and Drosophila can be turned into Ca(2+)-dependent channels, whose electrophysiological properties match those of the corresponding PTPs, opens new perspectives to the field. We discuss structural and functional features of F-ATP synthases that may provide clues to its transition from an energy-conserving into an energy-dissipating device as well as recent advances on signal transduction to the PTP and on its role in cellular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Michael Forte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lippe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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11
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Doskey CM, van ‘t Erve TJ, Wagner BA, Buettner GR. Moles of a Substance per Cell Is a Highly Informative Dosing Metric in Cell Culture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132572. [PMID: 26172833 PMCID: PMC4501792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The biological consequences upon exposure of cells in culture to a dose of xenobiotic are not only dependent on biological variables, but also the physical aspects of experiments e.g. cell number and media volume. Dependence on physical aspects is often overlooked due to the unrecognized ambiguity in the dominant metric used to express exposure, i.e. initial concentration of xenobiotic delivered to the culture medium over the cells. We hypothesize that for many xenobiotics, specifying dose as moles per cell will reduce this ambiguity. Dose as moles per cell can also provide additional information not easily obtainable with traditional dosing metrics. Methods Here, 1,4-benzoquinone and oligomycin A are used as model compounds to investigate moles per cell as an informative dosing metric. Mechanistic insight into reactions with intracellular molecules, differences between sequential and bolus addition of xenobiotic and the influence of cell volume and protein content on toxicity are also investigated. Results When the dose of 1,4-benzoquinone or oligomycin A was specified as moles per cell, toxicity was independent of the physical conditions used (number of cells, volume of medium). When using moles per cell as a dose-metric, direct quantitative comparisons can be made between biochemical or biological endpoints and the dose of xenobiotic applied. For example, the toxicity of 1,4-benzoquinone correlated inversely with intracellular volume for all five cell lines exposed (C6, MDA-MB231, A549, MIA PaCa-2, and HepG2). Conclusions Moles per cell is a useful and informative dosing metric in cell culture. This dosing metric is a scalable parameter that: can reduce ambiguity between experiments having different physical conditions; provides additional mechanistic information; allows direct comparison between different cells; affords a more uniform platform for experimental design; addresses the important issue of repeatability of experimental results, and could increase the translatability of information gained from in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Doskey
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. van ‘t Erve
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Brett A. Wagner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
| | - Garry R. Buettner
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Selvaraj V, Stocco DM. The changing landscape in translocator protein (TSPO) function. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:341-8. [PMID: 25801473 PMCID: PMC7171652 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein. TSPO has been shown to cooperate with steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and function in the transport of cholesterol into mitochondria. TSPO has also been considered as a structural component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). However, recent advances have changed these views of TSPO's functions and have prompted a re-evaluation of established concepts. This review summarizes the history of TSPO, key elements of the debate, and functional experiments that have changed our understanding. Moving forward, we examine how this fundamental change impacts our understanding of TSPO and affects the future of TSPO as a therapeutic and diagnostic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Douglas M Stocco
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Hitting the Bull's-Eye in Metastatic Cancers-NSAIDs Elevate ROS in Mitochondria, Inducing Malignant Cell Death. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:62-106. [PMID: 25688484 PMCID: PMC4381202 DOI: 10.3390/ph8010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastases that impede the function of vital organs are a major cause of cancer related mortality. Mitochondrial oxidative stress induced by hypoxia, low nutrient levels, or other stresses, such as genotoxic events, act as key drivers of the malignant changes in primary tumors to enhance their progression to metastasis. Emerging evidence now indicates that mitochondrial modifications and mutations resulting from oxidative stress, and leading to OxPhos stimulation and/or enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, are essential for promoting and sustaining the highly metastatic phenotype. Moreover, the modified mitochondria in emerging or existing metastatic cancer cells, by their irreversible differences, provide opportunities for selectively targeting their mitochondrial functions with a one-two punch. The first blow would block their anti-oxidative defense, followed by the knockout blow—promoting production of excess ROS, capitulating the terminal stage—activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), specifically killing metastatic cancer cells or their precursors. This review links a wide area of research relevant to cellular mechanisms that affect mitochondria activity as a major source of ROS production driving the pro-oxidative state in metastatic cancer cells. Each of the important aspects affecting mitochondrial function are discussed including: hypoxia, HIFs and PGC1 induced metabolic changes, increased ROS production to induce a more pro-oxidative state with reduced antioxidant defenses. It then focuses on how the mitochondria, as a major source of ROS in metastatic cancer cells driving the pro-oxidative state of malignancy enables targeting drugs affecting many of these altered processes and why the NSAIDs are an excellent example of mitochondria-targeted agents that provide a one-two knockout activating the mPTP and their efficacy as selective anticancer metastasis drugs.
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Ahmad Z, Tayou J, Laughlin TF. Asp residues of βDELSEED-motif are required for peptide binding in the Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:37-43. [PMID: 25603139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the requirement of Asp-380 and Asp-386 in the βDELSEED-motif of Escherichia coli ATP synthase for peptide binding and inhibition. We studied the inhibition profiles of wild-type and mutant E. coli ATP synthase in presence of c-terminal amide bound melittin and melittin related peptide. Melittin and melittin related peptide inhibited wild-type ATPase almost completely while only partial inhibition was observed in single mutations with replacement of Asp to Ala, Gln, or Arg. Additionally, very little or no inhibition occurred among double mutants βD380A/βD386A, βD380Q/βD386Q, or βD380R/βD386R signifying that removal of one Asp residue allows limited peptide binding. Partial or substantial loss of oxidative phosphorylation among double mutants demonstrates the functional requirement of βD380 and βD386 Asp residues. Moreover, abrogation of wild-type E. coli cell growth and normal growth of mutant cells in presence of peptides provides strong evidence for the requirement of βDELSEED-motif Asp residues for peptide binding. It is concluded that while presence of one Asp residue may allow partial peptide binding, both Asp residues, βD380 and βD386, are essential for proper peptide binding and inhibition of ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States.
| | - Junior Tayou
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States
| | - Thomas F Laughlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A. T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, United States
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Glick GD, Rossignol R, Lyssiotis CA, Wahl D, Lesch C, Sanchez B, Liu X, Hao LY, Taylor C, Hurd A, Ferrara JLM, Tkachev V, Byersdorfer CA, Boros L, Opipari AW. Anaplerotic metabolism of alloreactive T cells provides a metabolic approach to treat graft-versus-host disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:298-307. [PMID: 25125579 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation requires increased ATP and biosynthesis to support proliferation and effector function. Most models of T-cell activation are based on in vitro culture systems and posit that aerobic glycolysis is employed to meet increased energetic and biosynthetic demands. By contrast, T cells activated in vivo by alloantigens in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) increase mitochondrial oxygen consumption, fatty acid uptake, and oxidation, with small increases of glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis. Here we show that these differences are not a consequence of alloactivation, because T cells activated in vitro either in a mixed lymphocyte reaction to the same alloantigens used in vivo or with agonistic anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies increased aerobic glycolysis. Using targeted metabolic (13)C tracer fate associations, we elucidated the metabolic pathway(s) employed by alloreactive T cells in vivo that support this phenotype. We find that glutamine (Gln)-dependent tricarboxylic acid cycle anaplerosis is increased in alloreactive T cells and that Gln carbon contributes to ribose biosynthesis. Pharmacological modulation of oxidative phosphorylation rapidly reduces anaplerosis in alloreactive T cells and improves GVHD. On the basis of these data, we propose a model of T-cell metabolism that is relevant to activated lymphocytes in vivo, with implications for the discovery of new drugs for immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Glick
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Daniel Wahl
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Charles Lesch
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Brian Sanchez
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Xikui Liu
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Ling-Yang Hao
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Clarke Taylor
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Alexander Hurd
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - James L M Ferrara
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Victor Tkachev
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Craig A Byersdorfer
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Laszlo Boros
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
| | - Anthony W Opipari
- Lycera Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.D.G., C.L., B.S., X.L., L.-Y.H., C.T., A.H., A.W.O.); Departments of Chemical Biology (G.D.G., D.W.), Chemistry (G.D.G.), Pediatrics and Communicable Disease (J.L.M.F., V.T., C.A.B.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology (A.W.O.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France (R.R.); Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (C.A.L.); and SIDMAP, Los Angeles, California (L.B.)
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Li S, Chen X, Liu L, Chen J. Pyruvate production inCandida glabrata: manipulation and optimization of physiological function. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 36:1-10. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.811636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Mitocans, Mitochondria-Targeting Anticancer Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b12308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Ahmad Z, Ahmad M, Okafor F, Jones J, Abunameh A, Cheniya RP, Kady IO. Effect of structural modulation of polyphenolic compounds on the inhibition of Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:476-86. [PMID: 22285988 PMCID: PMC4303583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we present the inhibitory effect of a variety of structurally modulated/modified polyphenolic compounds on purified F(1) or membrane bound F(1)F(o)Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Structural modulation of polyphenols with two phenolic rings inhibited ATP synthase essentially completely; one or three ringed polyphenols individually or fused together inhibited partially. We found that the position of hydroxyl and nitro groups plays critical role in the degree of binding and inhibition of ATPase activity. The extended positioning of hydroxyl groups on imino diphenolic compounds diminished the inhibition and abridged position enhanced the inhibition potency. This was contrary to the effect by simple single ringed phenolic compounds where extended positioning of hydroxyl group was found to be effective for inhibition. Also, introduction of nitro group augmented the inhibition on molar scale in comparison to the inhibition by resveratrol but addition of phosphate group did not. Similarly, aromatic diol or triol with rigid or planar ring structure and no free rotation poorly inhibited the ATPase activity. The inhibition was identical in both F(1)F(o) membrane preparations as well as in isolated purified F(1) and was reversible in all cases. Growth assays suggested that modulated compounds used in this study inhibited F(1)-ATPase as well as ATP synthesis nearly equally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Box 610, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA.
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19
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Ahmad Z, Dadi PK, Elord J, Kady IO. Synthesis and evaluation of diphenol aldimines as inhibitors of <i>Escherichia coli</i> ATPase and cell growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2012.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Rohlena J, Dong LF, Ralph SJ, Neuzil J. Anticancer drugs targeting the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2951-74. [PMID: 21777145 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria are emerging as highly intriguing organelles showing promise but that are yet to be fully exploited as targets for anticancer drugs. RECENT ADVANCES A group of compounds that induce mitochondrial destabilization, thereby affecting the physiology of cancer cells, has been defined and termed 'mitocans.' Based on their mode of action of targeting in and around mitochondria, we have placed these agents into several groups including hexokinase inhibitors, compounds targeting Bcl-2 family proteins, thiol redox inhibitors, VDAC/ANT targeting drugs, electron transport chain-targeting drugs, lipophilic cations targeting the inner membrane, agents affecting the tricarboxylic acid cycle, drugs targeting mtDNA, and agents targeting other presently unknown sites. CRITICAL ISSUES Mitocans have a potential to prove highly efficient in suppressing various malignant diseases in a selective manner. They include compounds that are currently in clinical trial and offer substantial promise to become clinically applied drugs. Here we update and redefine the individual classes of mitocans, providing examples of the various members of these groups with a particular focus on agents targeting the electron transport chain, and indicate their potential application in clinical practice. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Even though reactive oxygen species induction is important for the anticancer activity of many mitocans, the precise sequence of events preceding and following this pivotal event are not yet fully clarified, and warrant further investigation. This is imperative for effective deployment of these compounds in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Li B, Vik SB, Tu Y. Theaflavins inhibit the ATP synthase and the respiratory chain without increasing superoxide production. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:953-60. [PMID: 21924889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Four dietary polyphenols, theaflavin, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3'-gallate and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3), have been isolated from black tea, and their effects on oxidative phosphorylation and superoxide production in a model system (Escherichia coli) have been examined. The esterified theaflavins were all potent inhibitors of the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, inhibiting at least 90% of the activity, with IC(50) values in the range of 10-20 μM. ATP-driven proton translocation was inhibited in a similar fashion, as was the purified F(1)-ATPase, indicating that the primary site of inhibition was in the F(1) sector. Computer modeling studies supported this interpretation. All four theaflavins were also inhibitory towards the electron transport chain, whether through complex I (NDH-1) or the alternative NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2). Inhibition of NDH-1 by TF3 appeared to be competitive with respect to NADH, and this was supported by computer modeling studies. Rates of superoxide production during NADH oxidation by each dehydrogenase were measured. Superoxide production was completely eliminated in the presence of about 15 μM TF3, suggesting that inhibition of the respiratory chain by theaflavins does not contribute to superoxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Chinnam N, Dadi PK, Sabri SA, Ahmad M, Kabir MA, Ahmad Z. Dietary bioflavonoids inhibit Escherichia coli ATP synthase in a differential manner. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 46:478-86. [PMID: 20346967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the dietary benefits of bioflavonoids are linked to the inhibition of ATP synthase. We studied the inhibitory effect of 17 bioflavonoid compounds on purified F1 or membrane bound F1Fo E. coli ATP synthase. We found that the extent of inhibition by bioflavonoid compounds was variable. Morin, silymarin, baicalein, silibinin, rimantadin, amantidin, or, epicatechin resulted in complete inhibition. The most potent inhibitors on molar scale were morin (IC50 approximately 0.07 mM)>silymarin (IC50 approximately 0.11 mM)>baicalein (IC50 approximately 0.29 mM)>silibinin (IC50 approximately 0.34 mM)>rimantadin (IC50 approximately 2.0 mM)>amantidin (IC50 approximately 2.5 mM)>epicatechin (IC50 approximately 4.0 mM). Inhibition by hesperidin, chrysin, kaempferol, diosmin, apigenin, genistein, or rutin was partial in the range of 40-60% and inhibition by galangin, daidzein, or luteolin was insignificant. The main skeleton, size, shape, geometry, and position of functional groups on inhibitors played important role in the effective inhibition of ATP synthase. In all cases inhibition was found fully reversible and identical in both F1Fo membrane preparations and isolated purified F1. ATPase and growth assays suggested that the bioflavonoid compounds used in this study inhibited F1-ATPase as well as ATP synthesis nearly equally, which signifies a link between the beneficial effects of dietary bioflavonoids and their inhibitory action on ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagababu Chinnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 70703, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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23
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Stelzer AC, Frazee RW, Van Huis C, Cleary J, Opipari AW, Glick GD, Al-Hashimi HM. NMR studies of an immunomodulatory benzodiazepine binding to its molecular target on the mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase. Biopolymers 2010; 93:85-92. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Redox dysregulation originating from metabolic alterations and dependence on mitogenic and survival signaling through reactive oxygen species represents a specific vulnerability of malignant cells that can be selectively targeted by redox chemotherapeutics. This review will present an update on drug discovery, target identification, and mechanisms of action of experimental redox chemotherapeutics with a focus on pro- and antioxidant redox modulators now in advanced phases of preclinal and clinical development. Recent research indicates that numerous oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes exert their functions in part through redox mechanisms amenable to pharmacological intervention by redox chemotherapeutics. The pleiotropic action of many redox chemotherapeutics that involves simultaneous modulation of multiple redox sensitive targets can overcome cancer cell drug resistance originating from redundancy of oncogenic signaling and rapid mutation.Moreover, some redox chemotherapeutics may function according to the concept of synthetic lethality (i.e., drug cytotoxicity is confined to cancer cells that display loss of function mutations in tumor suppressor genes or upregulation of oncogene expression). The impressive number of ongoing clinical trials that examine therapeutic performance of novel redox drugs in cancer patients demonstrates that redox chemotherapy has made the crucial transition from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg T Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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25
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Zhou J, Huang L, Liu L, Chen J. Enhancement of pyruvate productivity by inducible expression of a F(0)F(1)-ATPase inhibitor INH1 in Torulopsis glabrata CCTCC M202019. J Biotechnol 2009; 144:120-6. [PMID: 19761804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish a controllable intracellular ATP content regulation system applied to the enhancement of pyruvate production in Torulopsis glabrata. The INH1 gene, which encodes a F(0)F(1)-ATPase inhibitor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was expressed under a copper ion inducible promoter in the pyruvate producer Torulopsis glabrata CCTCC M202019. The resultant strain was designated as T. glabrata INH1. The induction efficiency was measured by the inducible expression of an enhanced green fluorescence protein. The copper inducible INH1 gene could control the intracellular ATP content (24 h) in an extensive range between 0.192 mmol/mg protein and 0.642 mmol/mg protein in a flask culture. With T. glabrataINH1, induction with 30 microM of Cu(2+) at 12 h in a 3 L fermentor improved pyruvate yield from glucose on biomass by 29% and its yield by 20%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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26
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Johnson KM, Swenson L, Opipari AW, Reuter R, Zarrabi N, Fierke CA, Börsch M, Glick GD. Mechanistic basis for differential inhibition of the F1Fo-ATPase by aurovertin. Biopolymers 2009; 91:830-40. [PMID: 19462418 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial F(1)F(o)-ATPase performs the terminal step of oxidative phosphorylation. Small molecules that modulate this enzyme have been invaluable in helping decipher F(1)F(o)-ATPase structure, function, and mechanism. Aurovertin is an antibiotic that binds to the beta subunits in the F(1) domain and inhibits F(1)F(o)-ATPase-catalyzed ATP synthesis in preference to ATP hydrolysis. Despite extensive study and the existence of crystallographic data, the molecular basis of the differential inhibition and kinetic mechanism of inhibition of ATP synthesis by aurovertin has not been resolved. To address these questions, we conducted a series of experiments in both bovine heart mitochondria and E. coli membrane F(1)F(o)-ATPase. Aurovertin is a mixed, noncompetitive inhibitor of both ATP hydrolysis and synthesis with lower K(i) values for synthesis. At low substrate concentrations, inhibition is cooperative suggesting a stoichiometry of two aurovertin per F(1)F(o)-ATPase. Furthermore, aurovertin does not completely inhibit the ATP hydrolytic activity at saturating concentrations. Single-molecule experiments provide evidence that the residual rate of ATP hydrolysis seen in the presence of saturating concentrations of aurovertin results from a decrease in the binding change mechanism by hindering catalytic site interactions. The results from these studies should further the understanding of how the F(1)F(o)-ATPase catalyzes ATP synthesis and hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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27
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Blatt NB, Boitano AE, Lyssiotis CA, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Bz-423 superoxide signals B cell apoptosis via Mcl-1, Bak, and Bax. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:966-73. [PMID: 19481066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bz-423 is a pro-apoptotic 1,4-benzodiazepine with therapeutic properties in murine models of lupus demonstrating selectivity for autoreactive lymphocytes. Bz-423 modulates the F(1)F(0)-ATPase, inducing the formation of superoxide within the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which then functions as a second messenger initiating apoptosis. In order to understand some of the features that contribute to the increased sensitivity of lymphocytes, we report the signaling pathway engaged by Bz-423 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Ramos). Following the generation of superoxide, Bz-423-induced apoptosis requires the activation of Bax and Bak to induce mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and cytochrome c release. Knockdown of the BH3-only proteins Bad, Bim, Bik, and Puma inhibits Bz-423 apoptosis, suggesting that these proteins serve as upstream sensors of the oxidant stress induced by Bz-423. Treatment with Bz-423 results in superoxide-dependent Mcl-1 degradation, implicating this protein as the link between Bz-423-induced superoxide and Bax and Bak activation. In contrast to fibroblasts, B cell death induced by Bz-423 is independent of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. These results demonstrate that superoxide generated from the mitochondrial respiratory chain as a consequence of a respiratory transition can signal a specific apoptotic response that differs across cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal B Blatt
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, F6865 Mott SPC 5297, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5297, United States.
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28
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Fukui M, Nagahara Y, Nishio Y, Honjoh T, Shinomiya T. Rokitamycin induces a mitochondrial defect and caspase-dependent apoptosis in human T-cell leukemia Jurkat cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:69-77. [PMID: 19403997 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08267fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are a well-known family of oral antibiotics whose antibacterial spectrum of activity covers most relevant bacterial species responsible for respiratory infectious disease. In recent years, it has been reported that macrolides have not only bactericidal activity but also direct immunomodulating activity in mammals. In this study, we observed new physiological activity of macrolides and examined whether various macrolides induce apoptosis in human leukemia cell lines. We investigated the effects of 13 different macrolides on the viability of Jurkat and HL-60 cells. Among all the macrolides used in this study, rokitamycin, a semisynthetic macrolide with a 16-member ring, effectively induced cell death. Rokitamycin induced DNA fragmentation and caspase activation, resembling the progression of apoptosis. Moreover, rokitamycin reduced the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and released cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, suggesting that mitochondrial perturbation is involved in rokitamycin-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that rokitamycin possesses not only bactericidal activity but also pro-apoptotic activity in human leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Fukui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Inhibition of ATPase activity of Escherichia coli ATP synthase by polyphenols. Int J Biol Macromol 2009; 45:72-9. [PMID: 19375450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the inhibitory effect of five polyphenols namely, resveratrol, piceatannol, quercetin, quercetrin, and quercetin-3-beta-D glucoside on Escherichia coli ATP synthase. Recently published X-ray crystal structures of bovine mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibited by resveratrol, piceatannol, and quercetin, suggest that these compounds bind in a hydrophobic pocket between the gamma-subunit C-terminal tip and the hydrophobic inside of the surrounding annulus in a region critical for rotation of the gamma-subunit. Herein, we show that resveratrol, piceatannol, quercetin, quercetrin, or quercetin-3-beta-d glucoside all inhibit E. coli ATP synthase but to different degrees. Whereas piceatannol inhibited ATPase essentially completely ( approximately 0 residual activity), inhibition by other compounds was partial with approximately 20% residual activity by quercetin, approximately 50% residual activity by quercetin-3-beta-D glucoside, and approximately 60% residual activity by quercetrin or resveratrol. Piceatannol was the most potent inhibitor (IC(50) approximately 14 microM) followed by quercetin (IC(50) approximately 33 microM), quercetin-3-beta-D glucoside (IC(50) approximately 71 microM), resveratrol (IC(50) approximately 94 microM), quercitrin (IC(50) approximately 120 microM). Inhibition was identical in both F(1)F(o) membrane preparations as well as in isolated purified F(1). In all cases inhibition was reversible. Interestingly, resveratrol and piceatannol inhibited both ATPase and ATP synthesis whereas quercetin, quercetrin or quercetin-3-beta-d glucoside inhibited only ATPase activity and not ATP synthesis.
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Zhou J, Liu L, Shi Z, Du G, Chen J. ATP in current biotechnology: regulation, applications and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 27:94-101. [PMID: 19026736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), the most important energy source for metabolic reactions and pathways, plays a vital role in the growth of industrial strain and the production of target metabolites. In this review, current advances in manipulating ATP in industrial strains, including altering NADH availability, and regulating NADH oxidation pathway, oxygen supply, proton gradient, the electron transfer chain activity and the F(0)F(1)-ATPase activity, are summarized and discussed. By applying these strategies, optimal product concentrations, yields and productivity in industrial biotechnology have been achieved. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which ATP extends the substrate utilization spectra and enhances the ability to challenge harsh environmental stress have been elucidated. Finally, three critical issues related to ATP manipulation have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Blatt NB, Boitano AE, Lyssiotis CA, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Bz-423 superoxide signals apoptosis via selective activation of JNK, Bak, and Bax. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1232-42. [PMID: 18718527 PMCID: PMC2837238 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bz-423 is a proapoptotic 1,4-benzodiazepine with potent therapeutic properties in murine models of lupus and psoriasis. Bz-423 modulates the F(1)F(0)-ATPase, inducing the formation of superoxide within the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which then functions as a second messenger initiating apoptosis. Herein, we report the signaling pathway activated by Bz-423 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts containing knockouts of key apoptotic proteins. Bz-423-induced superoxide activates cytosolic ASK1 and its release from thioredoxin. A mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade follows, leading to the specific phosphorylation of JNK. JNK signals activation of Bax and Bak which then induces mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization to cause the release of cytochrome c and a commitment to apoptosis. The response of these cells to Bz-423 is critically dependent on both superoxide and JNK activation as antioxidants and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 prevents Bax translocation, cytochrome c release, and cell death. These results demonstrate that superoxide generated from the mitochondrial respiratory chain as a consequence of a respiratory transition can signal a sequential and specific apoptotic response. Collectively, these data suggest that the selectivity of Bz-423 observed in vivo results from cell-type specific differences in redox balance and signaling by ASK1 and Bcl-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal B. Blatt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Anthony E. Boitano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - Anthony W. Opipari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gary D. Glick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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32
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Toogood PL. Mitochondrial drugs. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12:457-63. [PMID: 18602018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that perform pivotal functions essential for ATP production, homeostasis, and metabolism. Moreover, mitochondria are integral to a variety of cell death and survival pathways. These roles identify mitochondria as a potential target for drugs to treat metabolic and hyperproliferative diseases. Differences in the redox state of pathogenic versus non-pathogenic cells may be exploited to achieve selective anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activity against target cell populations. Pro-oxidant drugs, such as Trisenox and Elesclomol, are demonstrating clinical utility in the treatment of cancer. Results obtained with Bz-423 in mice demonstrate the potential for mitochondria-targeted drugs to control disorders of immune function. Research associating an elevated oxidant state with mitochondrial damage, degenerative disease, and aging dictates the need for a better understanding of when and how pharmacological manipulation of mitochondrial function provides most therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Toogood
- Lycera Corporation, 1663 Snowberry Ridge Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA.
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Bhagavathula N, Nerusu KC, Hanosh A, Aslam MN, Sundberg TB, Opipari AW, Johnson K, Kang S, Glick GD, Varani J. 7-Chloro-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (Bz-423), a benzodiazepine, suppresses keratinocyte proliferation and has antipsoriatic activity in the human skin-severe, combined immunodeficient mouse transplant model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:938-47. [PMID: 18055879 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.130955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Chloro-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-3-(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one (Bz-423) is a benzodiazepine that has cytotoxic and cytostatic activity against a variety of cells in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we demonstrate that Bz-423 (formulated for topical delivery) reduces epidermal hyperplasia in human psoriatic skin after transplantation to severe, combined immunodeficient (scid) mice. Bz-423 also suppresses the hyperplasia that develops in nonpsoriatic human skin as a consequence of transplantation to scid mice. Proliferation of human epidermal keratinocytes in monolayer culture was suppressed by Bz-423 at concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0 muM (noncytotoxic concentrations). Keratinocyte growth inhibition was accompanied by increased oxidant generation in Bz-423-treated cells, and treatment with vitamin E along with Bz-423 reversed the growth inhibition. Growth inhibition was accompanied by a redistribution of beta-catenin from a cytoplasmic pool to the cell membrane and by reduced levels of c-myc and cyclin D1 (two molecules associated with Wnt pathway signaling). Several analogs of Bz-423 were examined for antiproliferative activity against human epidermal keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts in monolayer culture. Each of the analogs tested suppressed growth of both cell types, but in all cases, keratinocytes were more sensitive than fibroblasts. Two of the compounds were found to suppress epidermal hyperplasia induced with all-trans retinoic acid in organ cultures of human skin. Taken together, these data show that Bz-423 and certain analogs produce biological responses in skin cells in vitro and in vivo that are consistent with therapeutic goals for treating psoriasis or epidermal hyperplasia resulting from other causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimharao Bhagavathula
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, 1301 Catherine Rd., Box 0602, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Gledhill JR, Montgomery MG, Leslie AGW, Walker JE. Mechanism of inhibition of bovine F1-ATPase by resveratrol and related polyphenols. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13632-7. [PMID: 17698806 PMCID: PMC1948022 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706290104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of F(1)-ATPase from bovine heart mitochondria inhibited with the dietary phytopolyphenol, resveratrol, and with the related polyphenols quercetin and piceatannol have been determined at 2.3-, 2.4- and 2.7-A resolution, respectively. The inhibitors bind to a common site in the inside surface of an annulus made from loops in the three alpha- and three beta-subunits beneath the "crown" of beta-strands in their N-terminal domains. This region of F(1)-ATPase forms a bearing to allow the rotation of the tip of the gamma-subunit inside the annulus during catalysis. The binding site is a hydrophobic pocket between the C-terminal tip of the gamma-subunit and the beta(TP) subunit, and the inhibitors are bound via H-bonds mostly to their hydroxyl moieties mediated by bound water molecules and by hydrophobic interactions. There are no equivalent sites between the gamma-subunit and either the beta(DP) or the beta(E) subunit. The inhibitors probably prevent both the synthetic and hydrolytic activities of the enzyme by blocking both senses of rotation of the gamma-subunit. The beneficial effects of dietary resveratrol may derive in part by preventing mitochondrial ATP synthesis in tumor cells, thereby inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Gledhill
- *Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin G. Montgomery
- *Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew G. W. Leslie
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - John E. Walker
- *Medical Research Council Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; and
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