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Lee JY, Mohammadi M, Wang Y. Detecting and differentiating neurotransmitters using ultraviolet plasmonic engineered native fluorescence. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32582-32588. [PMID: 37942452 PMCID: PMC10628848 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05405e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting neurotransmitters with high sensitivity and selectivity is important to understand their roles in biological functions. Current detection methods for neurotransmitters suffer from poor sensitivity or selectivity. In this article, we propose ultraviolet (UV) plasmonic engineered native fluorescence as a new sensing mechanism to detect neurotransmitters with high sensitivity and selectivity. We measured the native fluorescence of three monoamine neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). The average net enhancement and total photon yield enhancement on an aluminum hole array with 300 nm hole spacing substrate were found to be 50× and 60×, for the three molecules. We also observed a 1.5-1.7× reduction in the dominant photon bleaching rate on an aluminum hole array compared to an aluminum-thin film substrate. The photobleaching rates of the native fluorescence of DA, NE and DOPAC were found to be highly sensitive to their molecular structures and can be further engineered by UV plasmonic substrates. The differences in the photobleaching rates for DA and NE were 2× and 1.6× larger on an aluminum thin film and an aluminum hole array than on a silicon substrate. As a proof-of-concept experiment, we mixed DA with NE at different concentration ratios and measured the average photobleaching rates of the mixture. We found that the average photobleaching rate is proportional to the concentration of NE in the mixture. Our findings demonstrate the potential of UV plasmonic engineered native fluorescence to achieve sensitive and selective detection of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah Salt Lake City 84112 USA
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah Salt Lake City 84112 USA
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah Salt Lake City 84112 USA
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2
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Saidi S, Shtrahman M. Evaluation of compact pulsed lasers for two-photon microscopy using a simple method for measuring two-photon excitation efficiency. NEUROPHOTONICS 2023; 10:044303. [PMID: 38076726 PMCID: PMC10704185 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.10.4.044303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Significance Two-photon (2p) microscopy has historically relied on titanium sapphire pulsed lasers that are expensive and have a large footprint. Recently, several manufacturers have developed less expensive compact pulsed lasers optimized for 2p excitation of green fluorophores. However, quantitative evaluation of their quality is lacking. Aim We describe a simple approach to systematically evaluate 2p excitation efficiency, an empiric measure of the quality of a pulsed laser and its ability to elicit 2p induced fluorescence. Approach By measuring pulse width, repetition rate, and fluorescence output, we calculated a measure of 2p excitation efficiency η , which we compared for four commercially available compact pulsed lasers in the 920 to 930 nm wavelength range. Results 2p excitation efficiency varied substantially among tested lasers. The Coherent Axon exhibited the best 2p excitation efficiency (1.09 ± 0.03 ), exceeding that of a titanium sapphire reference laser (defined to have efficiency = 1). However, its measured fluorescence was modest due to its long pulse width. Of the compact lasers, the Toptica Femtofiber Ultra exhibited the best combination of measured fluorescence (0.75 ± 0.01 ) and 2p excitation efficiency (0.86 ± 0.01 ). Conclusions We describe a simple method that both laser developers and end users can use to benchmark the 2p excitation efficiency of lasers used for 2p microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Saidi
- University of California, San Diego, Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Matthew Shtrahman
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, California, United States
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3
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Paul J, Moniruzzaman M, Kim J. Framing of Poly(arylene-ethynylene) around Carbon Nanotubes and Iodine Doping for the Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:308. [PMID: 36979520 PMCID: PMC10046453 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA), an organic biomolecule that acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter, is essential in regulating emotions and metabolism in living organisms. The accurate determination of DA is important because it indicates early signs of serious neurological disorders. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received considerable attention in recent years as promising porous materials with an unrivaled degree of tunability for electrochemical biosensing applications. This study adopted a solvothermal strategy for the synthesis of a conjugated microporous poly(arylene ethynylene)-4 (CMP-4) network using the Sonagashira-Hagihara cross-coupling reaction. To increase the crystallinity and electrical conductivity of the material, CMP-4 was enveloped around carbon nanotubes (CNTs), followed by iodine doping. When used as an electrochemical probe, the as-synthesized material (I2-CMP-CNT-4) exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity to dopamine in the phosphate-buffered solution. The detection limits of the electrochemical sensor were 1 and 1.7 μM based on cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Moniruzzaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
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4
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Da Y, Luo S, Tian Y. Real-Time Monitoring of Neurotransmitters in the Brain of Living Animals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:138-157. [PMID: 35394736 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters, as important chemical small molecules, perform the function of neural signal transmission from cell to cell. Excess concentrations of neurotransmitters are often closely associated with brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, the release of neurotransmitters under the induced stimulation indicates the occurrence of reward-related behaviors, including food and drug addiction. Therefore, to understand the physiological and pathological functions of neurotransmitters, especially in complex environments of the living brain, it is urgent to develop effective tools to monitor their dynamics with high sensitivity and specificity. Over the past 30 years, significant advances in electrochemical sensors and optical probes have brought new possibilities for studying neurons and neural circuits by monitoring the changes in neurotransmitters. This Review focuses on the progress in the construction of sensors for in vivo analysis of neurotransmitters in the brain and summarizes current attempts to address key issues in the development of sensors with high selectivity, sensitivity, and stability. Combined with the latest advances in technologies and methods, several strategies for sensor construction are provided for recording chemical signal changes in the complex environment of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Da
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shihua Luo
- Department of Traumatology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
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5
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Song JY, Patton CD, Friedman R, Mahajan LS, Nordlicht R, Sayed R, Lipton ML. Hormonal contraceptives and the brain: A systematic review on 60 years of neuroimaging, EEG, and biochemical studies in humans and animals. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 68:101051. [PMID: 36577486 PMCID: PMC9898167 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal contraception has been widely prescribed for decades. Although safety and efficacy are well-established, much uncertainty remains regarding brain effects of hormonal contraception. We systematically review human and animal studies on the brain effects of hormonal contraception which employed neuroimaging techniques such as MRI, PET and EEG, as well as animal studies which reported on neurotransmitter and other brain biochemical effects. We screened 1001 articles and ultimately extracted data from 70, comprising 51 human and 19 animal studies. Of note, there were no animal studies which employed structural or functional MRI, MRS or PET. In summary, our review shows hormonal contraceptive associations with changes in the brain have been documented. Many questions remain and more studies are needed to describe the effects of hormonal contraception on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Y Song
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Renee Friedman
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmi S Mahajan
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Nordlicht
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rahman Sayed
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michael L Lipton
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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6
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Swain BC, Das AK, Pathak NK, Tripathy U. Z-scan analysis and theoretical studies of dopamine under physiological conditions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 271:120890. [PMID: 35066443 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a widely researched catecholamine best known for its role in motor, motivation, addiction, and reward. Disruption in dopamine homeostasis and signaling within the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In the periphery, circulating DA is stored in blood platelets, and its disruption correlates with pathological conditions such as head and neck paragangliomas, Huntington's chorea, and schizophrenia. Various methods to sensitively and selectively detect dopamine have been reported, but sparse attempts have been made to exploit its intrinsic properties. Previously, we have harnessed dopamine's natural mid-ultraviolet auto-fluorescence to carry out its label-free imaging in live brain tissues. Recently, we used the closed-aperture (CA) Z-scan method to provide the first line of evidence on the existence of dopamine nonlinearity. Here, we utilized this simple, sensitive, and straightforward CA Z-scan technique and coupled this with theoretical simulations to further investigate the nonlinear photophysical properties of DA under physiological conditions. Our combined approach revealed that the nonlinear property of dopamine is governed by the thermo-optical effects, and the CA Z-scan profiles can be modulated by parameters such as phase-shift, orders of absorption, and time dependency. Simple and physiologically relevant systems, such as the platelets, are amenable to Z-scan analysis, thereby empowering us to scrutinize in the future if nonlinearity and its alterations, if any, have a direct bearing on DA homeostasis and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Swain
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | - Anand Kant Das
- Physics Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, 129188 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nitesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | - Umakanta Tripathy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India.
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Sakshi, Swain BC, Das AK, Pathak NK, Tripathy U. Norepinephrine exhibits thermo-optical nonlinearity under physiological conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23473-23477. [PMID: 34657946 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03534g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE), a crucial modulatory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in human physiology. Here, we use the Z-scan technique to investigate the nonlinear properties of NE at physiological conditions. Results reveal that NE exhibits thermo-optical nonlinearity. Outcomes can be utilized to investigate noradrenergic processes in correlation with various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
| | - Bikash Chandra Swain
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
| | - Anand Kant Das
- Physics Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nitesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
| | - Umakanta Tripathy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
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8
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Post MR, Sulzer D. The chemical tools for imaging dopamine release. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:748-764. [PMID: 33894160 PMCID: PMC8532025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a modulatory neurotransmitter involved in learning, motor functions, and reward. Many neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, autism, and schizophrenia, are associated with imbalances or dysfunction in the dopaminergic system. Yet, our understanding of these pervasive public health issues is limited by our ability to effectively image dopamine in humans, which has long been a goal for chemists and neuroscientists. The last two decades have witnessed the development of many molecules used to trace dopamine. We review the small molecules, nanoparticles, and protein sensors used with fluorescent microscopy/photometry, MRI, and PET that shape dopamine research today. None of these tools observe dopamine itself, but instead harness the biology of the dopamine system-its synthetic and metabolic pathways, synaptic vesicle cycle, and receptors-in elegant ways. Their advantages and weaknesses are covered here, along with recent examples and the chemistry and biology that allow them to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Post
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Tang XY, Liu YM, Bai XL, Yuan H, Hu YK, Yu XP, Liao X. Turn-on fluorescent probe for dopamine detection in solutions and live cells based on in situ formation of aminosilane-functionalized carbon dots. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1157:338394. [PMID: 33832585 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a critical biomarker for a variety of neurological diseases. Methods for simple and rapid DA detection are crucial for clinical diagnosis and treatments for those diseases. In this work, we developed a novel pretreatment-free method for dopamine detection using carbon dots as a turn-on fluorescent probe synthesized in situ. The aminosilane-functionalized carbon dots (SiCDs) were produced in a mild condensation reaction between N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (AEATMS) and dopamine, which were directly used for probing of dopamine. The prepared SiCDs exhibited green fluorescence with excitation/emission maximum at 380/495 nm, the intensity of which can be measured to quantify the DA present in the reaction mixture. The linear range of the assay was between 0.1 and 100 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 56.2 nM. The probe is of good selectivity and the recoveries of the developed method were in the range of 101.77-119.91% with RSDs within 3.67% in human serum sample tests. The SiCDs were also synthesized within MN9D cells under 37 °C and generated bright fluorescence, which can probe the DA's distribution in the cells. The described method exhibit potential in DA detection and live-cell imaging for its feature of facility, inexpensiveness, and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Tang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St., Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
| | - Xiao-Lin Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi-Kao Hu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Fan T, Chen L, Qiu S, Yang C, Hu L, Peng X, Zhang J, Yan Z. Synthesis of hierarchical porous ZIF-8/3DCNTs composite sensor for ultrasensitive detection of DA and DFT studies. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixia Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization Hubei Normal University Huangshi China
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada
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12
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Swain BC, Das AK, Tripathy U. Probing third-order nonlinearity in serotonin: A Z-scan study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 223:117319. [PMID: 31280124 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a crucial endogenous monoamine neurotransmitter that modulates neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. There have been numerous attempts to study the biochemical and photophysical properties of serotonin to carry out its molecular imaging and quantitative estimation. Here, we investigate the properties of serotonin at physiological concentration and pH using a continuous wave (CW) laser excitation closed-aperture (CA) Z-scan technique. Serotonin is packaged at high concentration inside the acidic environment of vesicles, and upon release gets diluted at the release sites in a neutral pH environment. Our solution-based measurements indicate that serotonin showed negative refractive nonlinearity and positive absorptive nonlinearity at a neutral pH. However, in the acidic medium, it showed negative refractive nonlinearity and mostly negative absorptive nonlinearity. The effect of excitation laser power on the observed nonlinearity is also verified. We attribute the origin of the nonlinearity in serotonin to the thermal lensing effect. Our robust and straightforward strategy to probe the monoamine neurotransmitter properties will provide new avenues to investigate serotonergic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Swain
- Department of Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | - Anand Kant Das
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Umakanta Tripathy
- Department of Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India.
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13
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Silwal AP, Lu HP. Mode-Selective Raman Imaging of Dopamine-Human Dopamine Transporter Interaction in Live Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:3117-3127. [PMID: 30024721 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is the catecholamine neurotransmitter which interacts with dopamine receptors (DARs) to generate dopaminergic signals in the nervous system. Dopamine transporter (DAT) interacts with DA to maintain DA's homeostasis in synaptic and perisynaptic space. DAT and DARs have great importance in the central nervous system (CNS) because they are associated with the targeted binding of drugs. Interactions of DA, its analogue with DARs, or DAT have been studied extensively to understand the mechanism of the dopaminergic signaling process and several neurodegenerative diseases, including schizophrenia, Parkinson's diseases, addiction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and bipolar disorder. However, there is still a lack of a risk-free, label-free, and minimally invasive imaging approach to probe the interaction between DA and DAT or DARs. Here, we probed the DA, human dopamine transporter (hDAT), and DA-hDAT interactions in live cells using combined approach of two-photon excited (2PE) fluorescence imaging and mode-selective Raman measurement. We utilized the signature Raman peak at 1287 cm-1 to probe the location of DA and 807 and 1076 cm-1 to probe the DA-hDAT interaction in live cells. We found that the combined approach of mode-selective Raman imaging, 2PE fluorescence imaging, and computational methods is successful to probe and confirm the DA-hDAT interactions in living cells. The probing of the interactions of DARs or DAT with DA or other targeting drugs is crucial for the diagnosis and cure of several neurodegenerative diseases. Also, this analytical approach could be extended to probe other types of protein-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achut P. Silwal
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - H. Peter Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Ohio 43403, United States
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14
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Label-free imaging of neurotransmitters in live brain tissue by multi-photon ultraviolet microscopy. Neuronal Signal 2018; 2:NS20180132. [PMID: 32714595 PMCID: PMC7373235 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualizing small biomolecules in living cells remains a difficult challenge. Neurotransmitters provide one of the most frustrating examples of this difficulty, as our understanding of signaling in the brain critically depends on our ability to follow the neurotransmitter traffic. Last two decades have seen considerable progress in probing some of the neurotransmitters, e.g. by using false neurotransmitter mimics, chemical labeling techniques, or direct fluorescence imaging. Direct imaging harnesses the weak UV fluorescence of monoamines, which are some of the most important neurotransmitters controlling mood, memory, appetite, and learning. Here we describe the progress in imaging of these molecules using the least toxic direct excitation route found so far, namely multi-photon (MP) imaging. MP imaging of serotonin, and more recently that of dopamine, has allowed researchers to determine the location of the vesicles, follow their intracellular dynamics, probe their content, and monitor their release. Recent developments have even allowed ratiometric quantitation of the vesicular content. This review shows that MP ultraviolet (MP-UV) microscopy is an effective but underutilized method for imaging monoamine neurotransmitters in neurones and brain tissue.
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Guo Y, Lu J, Kang Q, Fang M, Yu L. Fabrication of Biocompatible, Luminescent Supramolecular Structures and Their Applications in the Detection of Dopamine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:9195-9202. [PMID: 30001135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular materials assembled by amide-functionalized surface active ionic liquid, N-dodecyl- N'-acetamido imidazolium bromide ([C12ImCONH2]Br), and europium-containing polyoxometalates (Eu-POM) were fabricated in aqueous solution by a one-step method via ionic self-assembly strategy. The [C12ImCONH2]Br/Eu-POM supramolecular structures exhibit favorable fluorescence properties and represent a 15-fold increase in quantum yield (∼13.68%) compared to Eu-POM. Besides, more fluorescence was quenched obviously with the increasing concentration of dopamine (DA) (within the range of 0-100 μM), based on which DA monitoring could be achieved. The detection limit was identified to be 0.1 μM. The supramolecular nanoparticles are highly specific for the detection of DA. In addition, the hybrid assemblies display not only low cytotoxicity but also excellent biocompatibility to MC3T3-E1 cells. As a result, as-prepared supramolecular materials with these superior properties show the promising application in some fields such as biochemistry and biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , P.R. China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , P.R. China
| | - Qi Kang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
| | - Ming Fang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston 77204 , United States
| | - Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , P.R. China
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Bolton AD, Constantine-Paton M. Synaptic Effects of Dopamine Breakdown and Their Relation to Schizophrenia-Linked Working Memory Deficits. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:16. [PMID: 29950984 PMCID: PMC6008544 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory is the ability to hold information "online" over a time delay in order to perform a task. This kind of memory is encoded in the brain by persistent neural activity that outlasts the presentation of a stimulus. Patients with schizophrenia perform poorly in working memory tasks that require the brief memory of a target location in space. This deficit indicates that persistent neural activity related to spatial locations may be impaired in the disease. At the circuit level, many studies have shown that NMDA receptors and the dopamine system are involved in both schizophrenia pathology and working memory-related persistent activity. In this Hypothesis and Theory article, we examine the possible connection between NMDA receptors, the dopamine system, and schizophrenia-linked working memory deficits. In particular, we focus on the dopamine breakdown product homocysteine (HCY), which is consistently elevated in schizophrenia patients. Our previous studies have shown that HCY strongly reduces the desensitization of NMDA currents. Here, we show that HCY likely affects NMDA receptors in brain regions that support working memory; this is because these areas favor dopamine breakdown over transport to clear dopamine from synapses. Finally, within the context of two NMDA-based computational models of working memory, we suggest a mechanism by which HCY could give rise to the working memory deficits observed in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Bolton
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Martha Constantine-Paton
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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17
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Bera K, Das AK, Rakshit A, Sarkar B, Rawat A, Maity BK, Maiti S. Fluorogenic Detection of Monoamine Neurotransmitters in Live Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:469-474. [PMID: 29226666 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine neurotransmission is key to neuromodulation, but imaging monoamines in live neurons has remained a challenge. Here we show that externally added ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) can permeate live cells and form bright fluorogenic adducts with intracellular monoamines (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) and with L-DOPA, which can be imaged sensitively using conventional single-photon excitation in a fluorescence microscope. The peak excitation and emission wavelengths (λex = 401 nm and λem = 490 nm for serotonin; λex = 446 nm and λem = 557 nm for dopamine; and λex = 446 nm and λem = 544 nm for norepinephrine, respectively) are accessible to most modern confocal imaging instruments. The identity of monoamine containing structures (possibly neurotransmitter vesicles) in serotonergic RN46A cells is established by quasi-simultaneous imaging of serotonin using three-photon excitation microscopy. Mass spectrometry of cell extracts and of in vitro solutions helps us identify the chemical nature of the adducts and establishes the reaction mechanisms. Our method has low toxicity, high selectivity, and the ability to directly report the location and concentration of monoamines in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallol Bera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Anand Kant Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Ananya Rakshit
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Bidyut Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Anoop Rawat
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Barun Kumar Maity
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Sudipta Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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18
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Das AK, Maity BK, Surendran D, Tripathy U, Maiti S. Label-Free Ratiometric Imaging of Serotonin in Live Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2369-2373. [PMID: 28796481 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ratiometric imaging can quantitatively measure changes in cellular analyte concentrations using specially designed fluorescent labels. We describe a label-free ratiometric imaging technique for direct detection of changes in intravesicular serotonin concentration in live cells. At higher concentrations, serotonin forms transient oligomers whose ultraviolet emission is shifted to longer wavelengths. We access the ultraviolet/blue emission using relatively benign three-photon excitation and split it into two imaging channels, whose ratio reports the concentration. The technique is sensitive at a physiologically relevant concentration range (10-150 mM serotonin). As a proof of principle, we measure the increase of intravesicular serotonin concentration with the addition of external serotonin. In general, since emission spectra of molecules are often sensitive to concentration, our method may be applicable to other natively fluorescent intracellular molecules which are present at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kant Das
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba,
Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Barun Kumar Maity
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba,
Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Dayana Surendran
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba,
Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Umakanta Tripathy
- Department
of Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004 Jharkhand, India
| | - Sudipta Maiti
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba,
Mumbai 400005, India
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19
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Lin HJ, Lu HH, Liu KM, Chau CM, Hsieh YZ, Li YK, Liau I. Toward live-cell imaging of dopamine neurotransmission with fluorescent neurotransmitter analogues. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:14080-3. [PMID: 26251847 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel 'fluorescent dopamine' that possesses essential features of natural dopamine. Our method is simple and is readily extended to monoamine neurotransmitters such as L-norepinephrine, serotonin and GABA, providing a more practical approach. Because of its compatibility with sensitive fluorescent measurements, we envisage that our approach will have a broad range of applications in neural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jen Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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20
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Roshchina VV. The Fluorescence Methods to Study Neurotransmitters (Biomediators) in Plant Cells. J Fluoresc 2016; 26:1029-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-016-1791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Das AK, Pandit R, Maiti S. Effect of amyloids on the vesicular machinery: implications for somatic neurotransmission. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0187. [PMID: 26009766 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain neurodegenerative diseases are thought to be initiated by the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. However, the mechanism underlying toxicity remains obscure. Most of the suggested mechanisms are generic in nature and do not directly explain the neuron-type specific lesions observed in many of these diseases. Some recent reports suggest that the toxic aggregates impair the synaptic vesicular machinery. This may lead to an understanding of the neuron-type specificity observed in these diseases. A disruption of the vesicular machinery can also be deleterious for extra-synaptic, especially somatic, neurotransmission (common in serotonergic and dopaminergic systems which are specifically affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively), though this relationship has remained unexplored. In this review, we discuss amyloid-induced damage to the neurotransmitter vesicular machinery, with an eye on the possible implications for somatic exocytosis. We argue that the larger size of the system, and the availability of multi-photon microscopy techniques for directly visualizing monoamines, make the somatic exocytosis machinery a more tractable model for understanding the effect of amyloids on all types of vesicular neurotransmission. Indeed, exploring this neglected connection may not just be important, it may be a more fruitful route for understanding AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kant Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Rucha Pandit
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Sudipta Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
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22
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Hettie KS, Glass TE. Turn-On Near-Infrared Fluorescent Sensor for Selectively Imaging Serotonin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:21-5. [PMID: 26521705 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular imaging tool that provides for the direct visualization of serotonin would significantly aid in the investigation of neuropsychiatric disorders that are attributed to its neuronal dysregulation. Here, the design, synthesis, and evaluation of NeuroSensor 715 (NS715) is presented. NS715 is the first molecular sensor that exhibits a turn-on near-infrared fluorescence response toward serotonin. Density functional theory calculations facilitated the design of a fluorophore based on a coumarin-3-aldehyde scaffold that derives from an electron-rich 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline framework, which provides appropriate energetics to prevent the hydroxyindole moiety of serotonin from quenching its fluorescence emission. Spectroscopic studies revealed that NS715 produces an 8-fold fluorescence enhancement toward serotonin with an emission maximum at 715 nm. Accompanying binding studies indicated NS715 displays a 19-fold selective affinity for serotonin and a modest affinity for catecholamines over other primary-amine neurotransmitters. The utility of NS715 toward neuroimaging applications was validated by selectively labeling and directly imaging norepinephrine within secretory vesicles using live chromaffin cells, which serve as a model system for specialized neurons that synthesize, package, and release only a single, unique type of neurotransmitter. In addition, NS715 effectively differentiated between cell populations that express distinct neurotransmitter phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Hettie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Timothy E. Glass
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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23
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Leon-Pinzon C, Cercós MG, Noguez P, Trueta C, De-Miguel FF. Exocytosis of serotonin from the neuronal soma is sustained by a serotonin and calcium-dependent feedback loop. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:169. [PMID: 25018697 PMCID: PMC4072984 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The soma of many neurons releases large amounts of transmitter molecules through an exocytosis process that continues for hundreds of seconds after the end of the triggering stimulus. Transmitters released in this way modulate the activity of neurons, glia and blood vessels over vast volumes of the nervous system. Here we studied how somatic exocytosis is maintained for such long periods in the absence of electrical stimulation and transmembrane Ca(2+) entry. Somatic exocytosis of serotonin from dense core vesicles could be triggered by a train of 10 action potentials at 20 Hz in Retzius neurons of the leech. However, the same number of action potentials produced at 1 Hz failed to evoke any exocytosis. The 20-Hz train evoked exocytosis through a sequence of intracellular Ca(2+) transients, with each transient having a different origin, timing and intracellular distribution. Upon electrical stimulation, transmembrane Ca(2+) entry through L-type channels activated Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release. A resulting fast Ca(2+) transient evoked an early exocytosis of serotonin from sparse vesicles resting close to the plasma membrane. This Ca(2+) transient also triggered the transport of distant clusters of vesicles toward the plasma membrane. Upon exocytosis, the released serotonin activated autoreceptors coupled to phospholipase C, which in turn produced an intracellular Ca(2+) increase in the submembrane shell. This localized Ca(2+) increase evoked new exocytosis as the vesicles in the clusters arrived gradually at the plasma membrane. In this way, the extracellular serotonin elevated the intracellular Ca(2+) and this Ca(2+) evoked more exocytosis. The resulting positive feedback loop maintained exocytosis for the following hundreds of seconds until the last vesicles in the clusters fused. Since somatic exocytosis displays similar kinetics in neurons releasing different types of transmitters, the data presented here contributes to understand the cellular basis of paracrine neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Leon-Pinzon
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico D.F., México
| | - Montserrat G. Cercós
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatriìa Ramoìn de la Fuente MunñizMéxico D.F., México
| | - Paula Noguez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico D.F., México
| | - Citlali Trueta
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatriìa Ramoìn de la Fuente MunñizMéxico D.F., México
| | - Francisco F. De-Miguel
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico D.F., México
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