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Kotammagari TK, Saleh LY, Lönnberg T. Organometallic modification confers oligonucleotides new functionalities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3118-3128. [PMID: 38385213 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
To improve their properties or to introduce entirely new functionalities, the intriguing scaffolds of nucleic acids have been decorated with various modifications, most recently also organometallic ones. While challenging to introduce, organometallic modifications offer the potential of expanding the field of application of metal-dependent functionalities to metal-deficient conditions, notably those of biological media. So far, organometallic moieties have been utilized as probes, labels and catalysts. This Feature Article summarizes recent efforts and predicts likely future developments in each of these lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharun K Kotammagari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Lange Yakubu Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Tuomas Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland.
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2
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Sett A, Gadewar M, Babu MA, Panja A, Sachdeva P, Almutary AG, Upadhye V, Jha SK, Jha NK. Orchestration and theranostic applications of synthetic genome with Hachimoji bases/building blocks. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14378. [PMID: 38230795 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic genomics is a novel field of chemical biology where the chemically modified genetic alphabets have been considered in central dogma of life. Tweaking of chemical compositions of natural nucleotide bases could be developed as novel building blocks of DNA/RNA. The modified bases (dP, dZ, dS, and dB etc.) have been demonstrated to be adaptable for replication, transcription and follow Darwinism law of evolution. With advancement of chemical biology especially nucleotide chemistry, synthetic genetic codes have been discovered and Hachimoji nucleotides are the most important and significant one among them. These additional nucleotide bases can form orthogonal base-pairing, and also follow Darwinian evolution and other structural features. In the Hachimoji base pairing, synthetic building blocks are formed using eight modified nucleotide (DNA/RNA) letters (hence the name "Hachimoji"). Their structural conformations, like polyelectrolyte backbones and stereo-regular building blocks favor thermodynamic stability and confirm Schrodinger aperiodic crystal. From the structural genomics aspect, these synthetic bases could be incorporated into the central dogma of life. Researchers have shown Hachimoji building blocks were transcribed to its RNA counterpart as a functional fluorescent Hachimoji aptamer. Apart from several unnatural nucleotide base pairs maneuvered into its in vitro and in vivo applications, this review describes future perspective towards the development and therapeutic utilization of the genetic codes, a primary objective of synthetic and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Sett
- ERIN Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Av. des Hauts-Fourneaux, Belval, 4362, Esch, Luxembourg
| | - Manoj Gadewar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K R Mangalam University, Gurgaon, India
| | - M Arockia Babu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | | | | | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vijay Upadhye
- Centre of Research for Development (CR4D) and Department of Microbiology, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Centre of Research Impact and Outreach, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India
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3
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Mulholland C, Jestřábová I, Sett A, Ondruš M, Sýkorová V, Manzanares CL, Šimončík O, Muller P, Hocek M. The selection of a hydrophobic 7-phenylbutyl-7-deazaadenine-modified DNA aptamer with high binding affinity for the Heat Shock Protein 70. Commun Chem 2023; 6:65. [PMID: 37024672 PMCID: PMC10079658 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids aptamers often fail to efficiently target some proteins because of the hydrophilic character of the natural nucleotides. Here we present hydrophobic 7-phenylbutyl-7-deaadenine-modified DNA aptamers against the Heat Shock Protein 70 that were selected via PEX and magnetic bead-based SELEX. After 9 rounds of selection, the pool was sequenced and a number of candidates were identified. Following initial screening, two modified aptamers were chemically synthesised in-house and their binding affinity analysed by two methods, bio-layer interferometry and fluorescent-plate-based binding assay. The binding affinities of the modified aptamers were compared with that of their natural counterparts. The resulting modified aptamers bound with higher affinity (low nanomolar range) to the Hsp70 than their natural sequence (>5 µM) and hence have potential for applications and further development towards Hsp70 diagnostics or even therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mulholland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000, Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Jestřábová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000, Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Arghya Sett
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000, Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Ondruš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000, Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Sýkorová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000, Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Lorena Manzanares
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000, Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 Haus E, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Oliver Šimončík
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI), Zluty Kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Muller
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI), Zluty Kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16000, Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, Prague, 12843, Czech Republic.
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4
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Benner SA. Rethinking nucleic acids from their origins to their applications. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220027. [PMID: 36633284 PMCID: PMC9835595 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Reviewed are three decades of synthetic biology research in our laboratory that has generated alternatives to standard DNA and RNA as possible informational systems to support Darwinian evolution, and therefore life, and to understand their natural history, on Earth and throughout the cosmos. From this, we have learned that: • the core structure of nucleic acids appears to be a natural outcome of non-biological chemical processes probably in constrained, intermittently irrigated, sub-aerial aquifers on the surfaces of rocky planets like Earth and/or Mars approximately 4.36 ± 0.05 billion years ago; • however, this core is not unique. Synthetic biology has generated many different molecular systems able to support the evolution of molecular information; • these alternatives to standard DNA and RNA support biotechnology, including DNA synthesis, human diagnostics, biomedical research and medicine; • in particular, they support laboratory in vitro evolution (LIVE) with performance to generate catalysts at least 104-105 fold better than standard DNA libraries, enhancing access to receptors and catalysts on demand. Coupling nanostructures to the products of LIVE with expanded DNA offers new approaches for disease therapy; and • nevertheless, a polyelectrolyte structure and size regular building blocks are required for any informational polymer to support Darwinian evolution. These features serve as universal and agnostic biosignatures, useful for seeking life throughout the Solar System. This article is part of the theme issue 'Reactivity and mechanism in chemical and synthetic biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Benner
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 13709 Progress Boulevard no. 7, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
- Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard no. 17, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
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5
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In vitro evolution of ribonucleases from expanded genetic alphabets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208261119. [PMID: 36279447 PMCID: PMC9636917 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208261119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of nucleic acids to catalyze reactions (as well as store and transmit information) is important for both basic and applied science, the first in the context of molecular evolution and the origin of life and the second for biomedical applications. However, the catalytic power of standard nucleic acids (NAs) assembled from just four nucleotide building blocks is limited when compared with that of proteins. Here, we assess the evolutionary potential of libraries of nucleic acids with six nucleotide building blocks as reservoirs for catalysis. We compare the outcomes of in vitro selection experiments toward RNA-cleavage activity of two nucleic acid libraries: one built from the standard four independently replicable nucleotides and the other from six, with the two added nucleotides coming from an artificially expanded genetic information system (AEGIS). Results from comparative experiments suggest that DNA libraries with increased chemical diversity, higher information density, and larger searchable sequence spaces are one order of magnitude richer reservoirs of molecules that catalyze the cleavage of a phosphodiester bond in RNA than DNA libraries built from a standard four-nucleotide alphabet. Evolved AEGISzymes with nitro-carrying nucleobase Z appear to exploit a general acid–base catalytic mechanism to cleave that bond, analogous to the mechanism of the ribonuclease A family of protein enzymes and heavily modified DNAzymes. The AEGISzyme described here represents a new type of catalysts evolved from libraries built from expanded genetic alphabets.
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6
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Zhang W, Li Y, Du S, Chai Z, He J. Activation of 8-17 DNAzyme with extra functional group at conserved residues is related to catalytic metal ion. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 48:128234. [PMID: 34214510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 8-17 DNAzyme, the end loop A6G7C8 is a highly conserved motif. Here we reported an activation approach by specific chemical modifications on A6 and C8 for more efficient Ca2+-mediated reaction. The importance of the end loop was further highlighted and its critical conservation broken for more powerful catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shanshan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhilong Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Junlin He
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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7
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Wang Y, Nguyen K, Spitale RC, Chaput JC. A biologically stable DNAzyme that efficiently silences gene expression in cells. Nat Chem 2021; 13:319-326. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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McKenzie LK, El-Khoury R, Thorpe JD, Damha MJ, Hollenstein M. Recent progress in non-native nucleic acid modifications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5126-5164. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01430c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While Nature harnesses RNA and DNA to store, read and write genetic information, the inherent programmability, synthetic accessibility and wide functionality of these nucleic acids make them attractive tools for use in a vast array of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke K. McKenzie
- Institut Pasteur
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids
- CNRS UMR3523
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15
| | | | | | | | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Institut Pasteur
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids
- CNRS UMR3523
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15
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9
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Huang PJ, Liu J. In vitro Selection of Chemically Modified DNAzymes. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:1046-1059. [PMID: 33101831 PMCID: PMC7570446 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNAzymes are in vitro selected DNA oligonucleotides with catalytic activities. RNA cleavage is one of the most extensively studied DNAzyme reactions. To expand the chemical functionality of DNA, various chemical modifications have been made during and after selection. In this review, we summarize examples of RNA-cleaving DNAzymes and focus on those modifications introduced during in vitro selection. By incorporating various modified nucleotides via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or primer extension, a few DNAzymes were obtained that can be specifically activated by metal ions such as Zn2+ and Hg2+. In addition, some modifications were introduced to mimic RNase A that can cleave RNA substrates in the absence of divalent metal ions. In addition, single modifications at the fixed regions of DNA libraries, especially at the cleavage junctions, have been tested, and examples of DNAzymes with phosphorothioate and histidine-glycine modified tertiary amine were successfully obtained specific for Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+. Labeling fluorophore/quencher pair right next to the cleavage junction was also used to obtain signaling DNAzymes for detecting various metal ions and cells. Furthermore, we reviewed work on the cleavage of 2'-5' linked RNA and L-RNA substrates. Finally, applications of these modified DNAzymes as biosensors, RNases, and biochemical probes are briefly described with a few future research opportunities outlined at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po‐Jung Jimmy Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntario, N2L 3G1Canada
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntario, N2L 3G1Canada
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10
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Plückthun O, Siegl J, Bryant LL, Mayer G. Dynamic changes in DNA populations revealed by split-combine selection. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9577-9583. [PMID: 34094223 PMCID: PMC8161685 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01952f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clickmers are chemically modified aptamers representing an innovative reagent class for developing binders for biomolecules with great impact on therapeutic and diagnostic applications. To establish a novel layer for screening various chemical entities, we developed a split–combine selection strategy simultaneously enriching for clickmers having different modifications. Due to the inherent design of this strategy, dynamic changes of DNA populations are traceable at an individual sequence level. Besides off-rate guided enrichment, the process makes the survival of the sequences most adapted to the applied selection condition observable. The underlying strategy provides unprecedented molecular insight into the selection process, based on which more sophisticated procedures will become pliable in the future. A split-combine selection approach reveals dynamic population changes in DNA libraries during in vitro selection procedures.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Plückthun
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Julia Siegl
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Laura Lledo Bryant
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Günter Mayer
- Chemical Biology and Chemical Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany .,Center of Aptamer Research and Development (CARD), University of Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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11
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Ito Y, Yamamoto K, Hari Y. Construction of Pyrimidine Bases Bearing Carboxylic Acid Equivalents at the C5 Position by Postsynthetic Modification of Oligonucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 78:e91. [PMID: 31529781 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes postsynthetic modification of oligonucleotides (ONs) containing 2'-deoxy-5-trifluoromethyluridine and 2'-deoxy-5-trifluoromethylcytidine. In ONs, the trifluoromethyl group at the C5 position of pyrimidine bases is converted into a variety of carboxylic acid equivalents using alkaline and amine solutions. In addition, treating fully protected and controlled pore glass (CPG)-attached ONs with methylamine and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution results in deprotection of all protecting groups (except the 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl group), cleavage from CPG, and simultaneous conversion of the trifluoromethyl group to afford the corresponding ONs containing 5-substituted pyrimidine bases. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Nishihama, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan
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12
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Wang Y, Vorperian A, Shehabat M, Chaput JC. Evaluating the Catalytic Potential of a General RNA-Cleaving FANA Enzyme. Chembiochem 2019; 21:1001-1006. [PMID: 31680396 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of synthetic genetic polymers (XNAs) with catalytic activity demonstrates that natural genetic polymers are not unique in their ability to function as enzymes. However, all known examples of in vitro selected XNA enzymes function with lower activity than their natural counterparts, suggesting that XNAs might be limited in their ability to fold into structures with high catalytic activity. To explore this problem, we evaluated the catalytic potential of FANAzyme 12-7, an RNA-cleaving catalyst composed entirely of 2'-fluoroarabino nucleic acid (FANA) that was evolved to cleave RNA at a specific phosphodiester bond located between an unpaired guanine and a paired uracil in the substrate recognition arm. Here, we show that this activity extends to chimeric DNA substrates that contain a central riboguanosine (riboG) residue at the cleavage site. Surprisingly, FANAzyme 12-7 rivals known DNAzymes that were previously evolved to cleave chimeric DNA substrates under physiological conditions. These data provide convincing evidence that FANAzyme 12-7 maintains the catalytic potential of equivalent DNAzymes, which has important implications for the evolution of XNA catalysts and their contributions to future applications in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 101 Theory, Suite 100, Irvine, CA, 92697-3958, USA
| | - Alexander Vorperian
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 101 Theory, Suite 100, Irvine, CA, 92697-3958, USA
| | - Mouhamad Shehabat
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 101 Theory, Suite 100, Irvine, CA, 92697-3958, USA
| | - John C Chaput
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 101 Theory, Suite 100, Irvine, CA, 92697-3958, USA
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13
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Levi-Acobas F, Röthlisberger P, Sarac I, Marlière P, Herdewijn P, Hollenstein M. On the Enzymatic Formation of Metal Base Pairs with Thiolated and pK a -Perturbed Nucleotides. Chembiochem 2019; 20:3032-3040. [PMID: 31216100 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation of artificial metal base pairs is an alluring and versatile method for the functionalization of nucleic acids. Access to DNA functionalized with metal base pairs is granted mainly by solid-phase synthesis. An alternative, yet underexplored method, envisions the installation of metal base pairs through the polymerization of modified nucleoside triphosphates. Herein, we have explored the possibility of using thiolated and pKa -perturbed nucleotides for the enzymatic construction of artificial metal base pairs. The thiolated nucleotides S2C, S6G, and S4T as well as the fluorinated analogue 5FU are readily incorporated opposite a templating S4T nucleotide through the guidance of metal cations. Multiple incorporation of the modified nucleotides along with polymerase bypass of the unnatural base pairs are also possible under certain conditions. The thiolated nucleotides S4T, S4T, S2C, and S6G were also shown to be compatible with the synthesis of modified, high molecular weight single-stranded (ss)DNA products through TdT-mediated tailing reactions. Thus, sulfur-substitution and pKa perturbation represent alternative strategies for the design of modified nucleotides compatible with the enzymatic construction of metal base pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Levi-Acobas
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pascal Röthlisberger
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Ivo Sarac
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Philippe Marlière
- University of Paris Saclay, CNRS, iSSB, UEVE, Genopole, 5 Rue Henri Desbruères, 91030, Evry, France
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat, 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
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14
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Levi-Acobas F, Katolik A, Röthlisberger P, Cokelaer T, Sarac I, Damha MJ, Leumann CJ, Hollenstein M. Compatibility of 5-ethynyl-2'F-ANA UTP with in vitro selection for the generation of base-modified, nuclease resistant aptamers. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8083-8087. [PMID: 31460550 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A modified nucleoside triphosphate bearing two modifications based on a 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-arabinofuranose sugar and a uracil nucleobase equipped with a C5-ethynyl moiety (5-ethynyl-2'F-ANA UTP) was synthesized. This nucleotide analog could enzymatically be incorporated into DNA oligonucleotides by primer extension and reverse transcribed to unmodified DNA. This nucleotide could be used in SELEX for the identification of high binding affinity and nuclease resistant aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Levi-Acobas
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, CNRS UMR 3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. and Institut Pasteur, Department of Genome and Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Adam Katolik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland and Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Rue Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Pascal Röthlisberger
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, CNRS UMR 3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. and Institut Pasteur, Department of Genome and Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Cokelaer
- Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France and Institut Pasteur, Biomics Platform, C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Ivo Sarac
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, CNRS UMR 3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. and Institut Pasteur, Department of Genome and Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Masad J Damha
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Rue Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Christian J Leumann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, CNRS UMR 3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. and Institut Pasteur, Department of Genome and Genetics, Paris, France
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15
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Nucleic acid enzymes based on functionalized nucleosides. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 52:93-101. [PMID: 31307007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based enzymes have recently joined their proteinaceous counterparts as important biocatalysts. While RNA enzymes (ribozymes) are found in nature, deoxyribozymes or DNAzymes are man-made entities. Numerous ribozymes and DNAzymes have been identified by Darwinian selection methods to catalyze a broad array of chemical transformations. Despite these important advances, practical applications involving nucleic acid enzymes are often plagued by relatively poor pharmacokinetic properties and cellular uptake, rapid degradation by nucleases and/or by the limited chemical arsenal carried by natural DNA and RNA. In this review, the two main chemical approaches for the modification of nucleic acid-based catalysts, particularly DNAzymes, are described. These methods aim at improving the functional properties of nucleic acid enzymes by mitigating some of these shortcomings. In this context, recent developments in the post-SELEX processing of existing nucleic acid catalysts as well as efforts for the selection of DNAzymes and ribozymes with modified nucleoside triphosphates are summarized.
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16
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Verdonck L, Buyst D, de Vries AM, Gheerardijn V, Madder A, Martins JC. Tethered imidazole mediated duplex stabilization and its potential for aptamer stabilization. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:11671-11686. [PMID: 30418582 PMCID: PMC6294506 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous investigations of the impact of an imidazole-tethered thymidine in synthetic DNA duplexes, monitored using UV and NMR spectroscopy, revealed a base context dependent increase in thermal stability of these duplexes and a striking correlation with the imidazolium pKa. Unrestrained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated the existence of a hydrogen bond between the imidazolium and the Hoogsteen side of a nearby guanosine which, together with electrostatic interactions, form the basis of the so-called pKa-motif responsible for these duplex-stabilizing and pKa-modulating properties. Here, the robustness and utility of this pKa-motif was explored by introducing multiple imidazole-tethered thymidines at different positions on the same dsDNA duplex. For all constructs, sequence based expectations as to pKa-motif formation were supported by MD simulations and experimentally validated using NOESY. Based on the analysis of the pKa values and melting temperatures, guidelines are formulated to assist in the rational design of oligonucleotides modified with imidazolium-tethered thymidines for increased thermal stability that should be generally applicable, as demonstrated through a triply modified construct. In addition, a proof-of-principle study demonstrating enhanced stability of the l-argininamide binding aptamer modified with an imidazole-tethered thymidine in the presence and absence of ligand, demonstrates its potential for the design of more stable aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Verdonck
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9000, Belgium.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Ghent University, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9000, Belgium
| | - Dieter Buyst
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Ghent University, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9000, Belgium.,NMR Expertise Centre, Ghent University, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9000, Belgium
| | - Anne-Mare de Vries
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9000, Belgium.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Ghent University, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9000, Belgium
| | - Vicky Gheerardijn
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9000, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9000, Belgium
| | - José C Martins
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Ghent University, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9000, Belgium
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17
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Kim J, Jang D, Park H, Jung S, Kim DH, Kim WJ. Functional-DNA-Driven Dynamic Nanoconstructs for Biomolecule Capture and Drug Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707351. [PMID: 30062803 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of sequence-specific hybridization has allowed the development of DNA nanotechnology, which is divided into two categories: 1) structural DNA nanotechnology, which utilizes DNA as a biopolymer; and 2) dynamic DNA nanotechnology, which focuses on the catalytic reactions or displacement of DNA structures. Recently, numerous attempts have been made to combine DNA nanotechnologies with functional DNAs such as aptamers, DNAzymes, amplified DNA, polymer-conjugated DNA, and DNA loaded on functional nanoparticles for various applications; thus, the new interdisciplinary research field of "functional DNA nanotechnology" is initiated. In particular, a fine-tuned nanostructure composed of functional DNAs has shown immense potential as a programmable nanomachine by controlling DNA dynamics triggered by specific environments. Moreover, the programmability and predictability of functional DNA have enabled the use of DNA nanostructures as nanomedicines for various biomedical applications, such as cargo delivery and molecular drugs via stimuli-mediated dynamic structural changes of functional DNAs. Here, the concepts and recent case studies of functional DNA nanotechnology and nanostructures in nanomedicine are reviewed, and future prospects of functional DNA for nanomedicine are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwan Kim
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Donghyun Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hyeongmok Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Sungjin Jung
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Dae Heon Kim
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, 57922, Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
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18
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Flamme M, Clarke E, Gasser G, Hollenstein M. Applications of Ruthenium Complexes Covalently Linked to Nucleic Acid Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:E1515. [PMID: 29932443 PMCID: PMC6099586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides are biopolymers that can be easily modified at various locations. Thereby, the attachment of metal complexes to nucleic acid derivatives has emerged as a common pathway to improve the understanding of biological processes or to steer oligonucleotides towards novel applications such as electron transfer or the construction of nanomaterials. Among the different metal complexes coupled to oligonucleotides, ruthenium complexes, have been extensively studied due to their remarkable properties. The resulting DNA-ruthenium bioconjugates have already demonstrated their potency in numerous applications. Consequently, this review focuses on the recent synthetic methods developed for the preparation of ruthenium complexes covalently linked to oligonucleotides. In addition, the usefulness of such conjugates will be highlighted and their applications from nanotechnologies to therapeutic purposes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Flamme
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, F-75005 Paris, France.
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institute Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Emma Clarke
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, F-75005 Paris, France.
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institute Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institute Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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19
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Wang Y, Ng N, Liu E, Lam CH, Perrin DM. Systematic study of constraints imposed by modified nucleoside triphosphates with protein-like side chains for use in in vitro selection. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:610-618. [PMID: 27942671 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Successful selection of modified DNAzymes depends on the potential for modified nucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to replace their unmodified counterparts in enzyme catalyzed primer extension reactions and, once incorporated, to serve as template bases for information transfer prior to PCR amplification. To date, the most densely modified DNAzymes have been selected from three modified dNTPs: 8-histaminyl-deoxyadenosine (dAimTP), 5-guanidinoallyl-deoxyuridine (dUgaTP), and 5-aminoallyl-deoxycytidine (dCaaTP) to provide several RNA-cleaving DNAzymes with greatly enhanced rate constants compared to unmodified counterparts. Here we report biophysical and enzymatic properties of these three modified nucleosides in the context of specific oligonucleotide sequences to understand how these three modified nucleobases function in combinatorial selection. The base-pairing abilities of oligonucleotides bearing one or three modified nucleosides were investigated by thermal denaturation studies and as templates for enzymatic polymerization with both modified and unmodified dNTPs. While we address certain shortcomings in the use of modified dNTPs, we also provide key evidence of faithful incorporation and enzymatic read-out, which strongly supports their continued use in in vitro selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- Chemistry Department, UBC, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T-1Z1 Canada.
| | - Nicole Ng
- Chemistry Department, UBC, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T-1Z1 Canada.
| | - Erkai Liu
- Chemistry Department, UBC, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T-1Z1 Canada.
| | - Curtis H Lam
- Chemistry Department, UBC, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T-1Z1 Canada.
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department, UBC, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T-1Z1 Canada.
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20
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Wang Y, Liu E, Lam CH, Perrin DM. A densely modified M 2+-independent DNAzyme that cleaves RNA efficiently with multiple catalytic turnover. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1813-1821. [PMID: 29675226 PMCID: PMC5890787 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04491g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence-specific cleavage of RNA targets in the absence of a divalent metal cation (M2+) has been a long-standing goal in bioorganic chemistry. Herein, we report the in vitro selection of novel RNA cleaving DNAzymes that are selected using 8-histaminyl-deoxyadenosine (dAimTP), 5-guanidinoallyl-deoxyuridine (dUgaTP), and 5-aminoallyl-deoxycytidine (dCaaTP) along with dGTP. These modified dNTPs provide key functionalities reminiscent of the active sites of ribonucleases, notably RNase A. Of several such M2+-free DNAymes, DNAzyme 7-38-32 cleaves a 19 nt all-RNA substrate with multiple-turnover, under simulated physiological conditions wherein only 0.5 mM Mg2+ was present, attaining values of kcat of 1.06 min-1 and a KM of 1.37 μM corresponding to a catalytic efficiency of ∼106 M-1 min-1. Therefore, Dz7-38-32 represents a promising candidate towards the development of therapeutically efficient DNAzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- Chemistry Dept. , UBC , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC V6T1Z1 , Canada .
| | - Erkai Liu
- Chemistry Dept. , UBC , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC V6T1Z1 , Canada .
| | - Curtis H Lam
- Chemistry Dept. , UBC , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC V6T1Z1 , Canada .
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Dept. , UBC , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC V6T1Z1 , Canada .
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21
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Thai HBD, Levi-Acobas F, Yum SY, Jang G, Hollenstein M, Ahn DR. Tetrahedral DNAzymes for enhanced intracellular gene-silencing activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9410-9413. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05721d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We prepared tetrahedral DNAzymes (TDzs) to overcome potential limitations such as insufficient serum stability and poor cellular uptake of single-stranded DNAzymes (ssDzs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Bao Dieu Thai
- Center for Theragnosis
- Biomedical Research Institute
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul 02792
- Korea
| | - Fabienne Levi-Acobas
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry
- Institut Pasteur
- CNRS UMR3523
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15
| | - Soo-Young Yum
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research
- Seoul National University
- Gwanak-gu
- Korea
| | - Goo Jang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research
- Seoul National University
- Gwanak-gu
- Korea
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry
- Institut Pasteur
- CNRS UMR3523
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15
| | - Dae-Ro Ahn
- Center for Theragnosis
- Biomedical Research Institute
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul 02792
- Korea
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22
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Novosjolova I, Kennedy SD, Rozners E. 2-Methoxypyridine as a Thymidine Mimic in Watson-Crick Base Pairs of DNA and PNA: Synthesis, Thermal Stability, and NMR Structural Studies. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2165-2170. [PMID: 28858428 PMCID: PMC5920655 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of nucleic acid base-pair analogues that use new modes of molecular recognition is important both for fundamental research and practical applications. The goal of this study was to evaluate 2-methoxypyridine as a cationic thymidine mimic in the A-T base pair. The hypothesis was that including protonation in the Watson-Crick base pairing scheme would enhance the thermal stability of the DNA double helix without compromising the sequence selectivity. DNA and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sequences containing the new 2-methoxypyridine nucleobase (P) were synthesized and studied by using UV thermal melting and NMR spectroscopy. Introduction of P nucleobase caused a loss of thermal stability of ≈10 °C in DNA-DNA duplexes and ≈20 °C in PNA-DNA duplexes over a range of mildly acidic to neutral pH. Despite the decrease in thermal stability, the NMR structural studies showed that P-A formed the expected protonated base pair at pH 4.3. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of cationic unnatural base pairs; however, future optimization of such analogues will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Novosjolova
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Scott D Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Eriks Rozners
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, The State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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23
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Kong D, Yeung W, Hili R. In Vitro Selection of Diversely Functionalized Aptamers. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13977-13980. [PMID: 28938065 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the application of T4 DNA ligase-catalyzed DNA templated oligonucleotide polymerization toward the evolution of a diversely functionalized nucleic acid aptamer for human α-thrombin. Using a 256-membered ANNNN comonomer library comprising 16 sublibraries modified with different functional groups, a highly functionalized aptamer for thrombin was raised with a dissociation constant of 1.6 nM. The aptamer was found to be selective for thrombin and required the modifications for binding affinity. This study demonstrates the most differentially functionalized nucleic acid aptamer discovered by in vitro selection and should enable the future exploration of functional group dependence during the evolution of nucleic acid polymer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wayland Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ryan Hili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department Chemistry, York University , 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Water Institute, and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Runjhun Saran
- Department
of Chemistry, Water Institute, and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Water Institute, and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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25
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Diafa S, Evéquoz D, Leumann CJ, Hollenstein M. Enzymatic Synthesis of 7',5'-Bicyclo-DNA Oligonucleotides. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1347-1352. [PMID: 28371464 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The selection of artificial genetic polymers with tailor-made properties for their application in synthetic biology requires the exploration of new nucleosidic scaffolds that can be used in selection experiments. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a bicyclo-DNA triphosphate (i.e., 7',5'-bc-TTP) and show its potential to serve for the generation of new xenonucleic acids (XNAs) based on this scaffold. 7',5'-bc-TTP is a good substrate for Therminator DNA polymerase, and up to seven modified units can be incorporated into a growing DNA chain. In addition, this scaffold sustains XNA-dependent DNA synthesis and potentially also XNA-dependent XNA synthesis. However, DNA-dependent XNA synthesis on longer templates is hampered by competitive misincorporation of deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) caused by the slow rate of incorporation of 7',5'-bc-TTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Diafa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Damien Evéquoz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian J Leumann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
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26
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Lei Y, Hili R. Structure-activity relationships of the ATP cofactor in ligase-catalysed oligonucleotide polymerisations. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2349-2352. [PMID: 28244520 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02792j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A T4 DNA ligase-catalysed oligonucleotide polymerisation process has been recently developed to enable the incorporation of multiple functional groups throughout a nucleic acid polymer. T4 DNA ligase requires ATP as a cofactor to catalyse phosphodiester bond formation during the polymerisation process. Herein, we describe the structure-activity relationship of ATP within the context of T4 DNA ligase-catalyzed oligonucleotide polymerisation. Using high-throughput sequencing, we study not only the influence of ATP modification on polymerisation efficiency, but also on the fidelity and sequence bias of the polymerisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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27
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Abstract
DNAzymes are catalytically active DNA molecules that are obtained via in vitro selection. RNA-cleaving DNAzymes have attracted significant attention for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications due to their excellent programmability, stability, and activity. They can be designed to cleave a specific mRNA to down-regulate gene expression. At the same time, DNAzymes can sense a broad range of analytes. By combining these two functions, theranostic DNAzymes are obtained. This review summarizes the progress of DNAzyme for theranostic applications. First, in vitro selection of DNAzymes is briefly introduced, and some representative DNAzymes related to biological applications are summarized. Then, the applications of DNAzyme for RNA cleaving are reviewed. DNAzymes have been used to cleave RNA for treating various diseases, such as viral infection, cancer, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Several formulations have entered clinical trials. Next, the use of DNAzymes for detecting metal ions, small molecules and nucleic acids related to disease diagnosis is summarized. Finally, the theranostic applications of DNAzyme are reviewed. The challenges to be addressed include poor DNAzyme activity under biological conditions, mRNA accessibility, delivery, and quantification of gene expression. Possible solutions to overcome these challenges are discussed, and future directions of the field are speculated.
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28
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Röthlisberger P, Levi-Acobas F, Hollenstein M. New synthetic route to ethynyl-dUTP: A means to avoid formation of acetyl and chloro vinyl base-modified triphosphates that could poison SELEX experiments. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:897-900. [PMID: 28089700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine is a common base-modified nucleoside analogue that has served in various applications including selection experiments for potent aptamers and in biosensing. The synthesis of the corresponding triphosphates involves a mild acidic deprotection step. Herein, we show that this deprotection leads to the formation of other nucleoside analogs which are easily converted to triphosphates. The modified nucleoside triphosphates are excellent substrates for numerous DNA polymerases under both primer extension and PCR conditions and could thus poison selection experiments by blocking sites that need to be further modified. The formation of these nucleoside analogs can be circumvented by application of a new synthetic route that is described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Röthlisberger
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR3523 Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Fabienne Levi-Acobas
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR3523 Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR3523 Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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29
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Abstract
Aptamers are nucleic acid-based scaffolds that can bind with high affinity to a variety of biological targets. Aptamers are identified from large DNA or RNA libraries through a process of directed molecular evolution (SELEX). Chemical modification of nucleic acids considerably increases the functional and structural diversity of aptamer libraries and substantially increases the affinity of the aptamers. Additionally, modified aptamers exhibit much greater resistance to biodegradation. The evolutionary selection of modified aptamers is conditioned by the possibility of the enzymatic synthesis and replication of non-natural nucleic acids. Wild-type or mutant polymerases and their non-natural nucleotide substrates that can support SELEX are highlighted in the present review. A focus is made on the efforts to find the most suitable type of nucleotide modifications and the engineering of new polymerases. Post-SELEX modification as a complementary method will be briefly considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Lapa
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Chudinov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Edward N Timofeev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Kong D, Lei Y, Yeung W, Hili R. Enzymatic Synthesis of Sequence-Defined Synthetic Nucleic Acid Polymers with Diverse Functional Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13164-13168. [PMID: 27633832 PMCID: PMC5330676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development and in-depth analysis of T4 DNA ligase-catalyzed DNA templated oligonucleotide polymerization toward the generation of diversely functionalized nucleic acid polymers is described. The NNNNT codon set enables low codon bias, high fidelity, and high efficiency for the polymerization of ANNNN libraries comprising various functional groups. The robustness of the method was highlighted in the copolymerization of a 256-membered ANNNN library comprising 16 sub-libraries modified with different functional groups. This enabled the generation of diversely functionalized synthetic nucleic acid polymer libraries with 93.8 % fidelity. This process should find ready application in DNA nanotechnology, DNA computing, and in vitro evolution of functional nucleic acid polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yi Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Wayland Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ryan Hili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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31
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Lipi F, Chen S, Chakravarthy M, Rakesh S, Veedu RN. In vitro evolution of chemically-modified nucleic acid aptamers: Pros and cons, and comprehensive selection strategies. RNA Biol 2016; 13:1232-1245. [PMID: 27715478 PMCID: PMC5207382 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1236173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotide sequences that bind to a specific target molecule with high affinity and specificity through their ability to adopt 3-dimensional structure in solution. Aptamers have huge potential as targeted therapeutics, diagnostics, delivery agents and as biosensors. However, aptamers composed of natural nucleotide monomers are quickly degraded in vivo and show poor pharmacodynamic properties. To overcome this, chemically-modified nucleic acid aptamers are developed by incorporating modified nucleotides after or during the selection process by Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX). This review will discuss the development of chemically-modified aptamers and provide the pros and cons, and new insights on in vitro aptamer selection strategies by using chemically-modified nucleic acid libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Lipi
- a Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute , Perth , Australia
| | - Suxiang Chen
- a Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute , Perth , Australia.,b Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University , Perth , Australia
| | - Madhuri Chakravarthy
- a Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute , Perth , Australia.,b Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University , Perth , Australia
| | - Shilpa Rakesh
- a Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute , Perth , Australia
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- a Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute , Perth , Australia.,b Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University , Perth , Australia
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32
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Kong D, Lei Y, Yeung W, Hili R. Enzymatic Synthesis of Sequence-Defined Synthetic Nucleic Acid Polymers with Diverse Functional Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Kong
- Department of Chemistry; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Yi Lei
- Department of Chemistry; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Wayland Yeung
- Department of Chemistry; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Ryan Hili
- Department of Chemistry; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
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33
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Zhu J, Li Z, Wang Q, Liu Y, He J. The contribution of adenines in the catalytic core of 10-23 DNAzyme improved by the 6-amino group modifications. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4462-4465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Kong D, Yeung W, Hili R. Generation of Synthetic Copolymer Libraries by Combinatorial Assembly on Nucleic Acid Templates. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:355-70. [PMID: 27275512 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nucleic acid-templated copolymerization have expanded the scope of sequence-controlled synthetic copolymers beyond the molecular architectures witnessed in nature. This has enabled the power of molecular evolution to be applied to synthetic copolymer libraries to evolve molecular function ranging from molecular recognition to catalysis. This Review seeks to summarize different approaches available to generate sequence-defined monodispersed synthetic copolymer libraries using nucleic acid-templated polymerization. Key concepts and principles governing nucleic acid-templated polymerization, as well as the fidelity of various copolymerization technologies, will be described. The Review will focus on methods that enable the combinatorial generation of copolymer libraries and their molecular evolution for desired function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar
Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wayland Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar
Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ryan Hili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar
Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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35
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Hollenstein M. Generation of long, fully modified, and serum-resistant oligonucleotides by rolling circle amplification. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:9820-4. [PMID: 26273951 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01540e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) is an isothermal enzymatic method generating single-stranded DNA products consisting of concatemers containing multiple copies of the reverse complement of the circular template precursor. Little is known on the compatibility of modified nucleoside triphosphates (dN*TPs) with RCA, which would enable the synthesis of long, fully modified ssDNA sequences. Here, dNTPs modified at any position of the scaffold were shown to be compatible with rolling circle amplification, yielding long (>1 kb), and fully modified single-stranded DNA products. This methodology was applied for the generation of long, cytosine-rich synthetic mimics of telomeric DNA. The resulting modified oligonucleotides displayed an improved resistance to fetal bovine serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hollenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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36
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Catalytic DNA: Scope, Applications, and Biochemistry of Deoxyribozymes. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:595-609. [PMID: 27236301 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of natural RNA enzymes (ribozymes) prompted the pursuit of artificial DNA enzymes (deoxyribozymes) by in vitro selection methods. A key motivation is the conceptual and practical advantages of DNA relative to proteins and RNA. Early studies focused on RNA-cleaving deoxyribozymes, and more recent experiments have expanded the breadth of catalytic DNA to many other reactions. Including modified nucleotides has the potential to widen the scope of DNA enzymes even further. Practical applications of deoxyribozymes include their use as sensors for metal ions and small molecules. Structural studies of deoxyribozymes are only now beginning; mechanistic experiments will surely follow. Following the first report 21 years ago, the field of deoxyribozymes has promise for both fundamental and applied advances in chemistry, biology, and other disciplines.
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37
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Zhou W, Zhang Y, Ding J, Liu J. In Vitro Selection in Serum: RNA-Cleaving DNAzymes for Measuring Ca2+ and Mg2+. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhou
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 410013
- Department
of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Yupei Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Jinsong Ding
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 410013
| | - Juewen Liu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 410013
- Department
of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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38
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Räz MH, Hollenstein M. Probing the effect of minor groove interactions on the catalytic efficiency of DNAzymes 8-17 and 10-23. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:1454-61. [PMID: 25854917 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNAzymes (Dz) 8-17 and 10-23 are two widely studied and well-characterized RNA-cleaving DNA catalysts. In an effort to further improve the understanding of the fragile interactions and dynamics of the enzymatic mechanism, this study examines the catalytic efficiency of minimally modified DNAzymes. Five single mutants of Dz8-17 and Dz10-23 were prepared by replacing the adenine residues in the corresponding catalytic cores with 3-deazaadenine units. Kinetic assays were used to assess the effect on the catalytic activity and thereby identify the importance of hydrogen bonding that arises from the N3 atoms. The results suggest that modifications at A15 and A15.0 of Dz8-17 have a significant influence and show a reduction in catalytic activity. Modification at each location in Dz10-23 results in a decrease of the observed rate constants, with A12 appearing to be the most affected with a reduction of ∼80% of kobs and ∼25% of the maximal cleavage rate compared to the wild-type DNAzyme. On the other hand, modification of A12 in Dz8-17 showed an ∼130% increase in kobs, thus unraveling a new potential site for the introduction of chemical modifications. A pH-profile analysis showed that the chemical cleavage step is rate-determining, regardless of the presence and/or location of the mutation. These findings point towards the importance of the N3-nitrogens of certain adenine nucleotides located within the catalytic cores of the DNAzymes for efficient catalytic activity and further suggest that they might directly partake in maintaining the appropriate tertiary structure. Therefore, it appears that minor groove interactions constitute an important feature of DNAzymes as well as ribozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Räz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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39
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Lei Y, Kong D, Hili R. A High-Fidelity Codon Set for the T4 DNA Ligase-Catalyzed Polymerization of Modified Oligonucleotides. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:716-21. [PMID: 26513677 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vitro selection of nucleic acid polymers can readily deliver highly specific receptors and catalysts for a variety of applications; however, it is suspected that the functional group deficit of nucleic acids has limited their potential with respect to proteinogenic polymers. This has stimulated research toward expanding their chemical diversity to bridge the functional gap between nucleic acids and proteins to develop a superior biopolymer. In this study, we investigate the effect of codon library size and composition on the sequence specificity of T4 DNA ligase in the DNA-templated polymerization of both unmodified and modified oligonucleotides. Using high-throughput DNA sequencing of duplex pairs, we have uncovered a 256-membered codon set that yields sequence-defined modified ssDNA polymers in high yield and with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Dehui Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ryan Hili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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40
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Hollenstein M. DNA Catalysis: The Chemical Repertoire of DNAzymes. Molecules 2015; 20:20777-804. [PMID: 26610449 PMCID: PMC6332124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribozymes or DNAzymes are single-stranded catalytic DNA molecules that are obtained by combinatorial in vitro selection methods. Initially conceived to function as gene silencing agents, the scope of DNAzymes has rapidly expanded into diverse fields, including biosensing, diagnostics, logic gate operations, and the development of novel synthetic and biological tools. In this review, an overview of all the different chemical reactions catalyzed by DNAzymes is given with an emphasis on RNA cleavage and the use of non-nucleosidic substrates. The use of modified nucleoside triphosphates (dN*TPs) to expand the chemical space to be explored in selection experiments and ultimately to generate DNAzymes with an expanded chemical repertoire is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hollenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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41
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Identification of the Same Na(+)-Specific DNAzyme Motif from Two In Vitro Selections Under Different Conditions. J Mol Evol 2015; 81:225-34. [PMID: 26577294 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-015-9715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report an investigation of the functional relationship between two independently selected RNA-cleaving DNAzymes, NaA43, and Ce13, through in vitro selection. The NaA43 DNAzyme was obtained through a combination of gel-based and column-based in vitro selection in the presence of Na(+) and reported to be highly selective for Na(+) over other metal ions. The Ce13 DNAzyme was isolated via a gel-based method in the presence of Ce(4+) and found to be active with trivalent lanthanides, Y(3+) and Pb(2+). Despite completely different activities reported for the two DNAzymes, they share a high level of sequence similarity (~60% sequence identity). In this work, we systematically analyzed the activity of both DNAzymes to elucidate their potential functional relationship. We found that Na(+) is an obligate cofactor of the Ce13 DNAzyme and lanthanides cannot initiate the cleavage reaction in the absence of Na(+). Hence, we conclude that the Ce13 DNAzyme is a variant of the NaA43 DNAzyme that catalyzes reaction in the presence Na(+) and also utilizes lanthanides in a potentially allosteric manner. These results have identified a new DNAzyme motif that is not only remarkably Na(+)-specific, but also allows for design of novel allosteric DNAzymes for different biotechnological applications.
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42
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Taylor AI, Holliger P. Directed evolution of artificial enzymes (XNAzymes) from diverse repertoires of synthetic genetic polymers. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1625-42. [PMID: 26401917 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes the directed evolution of artificial endonuclease and ligase enzymes composed of synthetic genetic polymers (XNAzymes), using 'cross-chemistry selective enrichment by exponential amplification' (X-SELEX). The protocol is analogous to (deoxy)ribozyme selections, but it enables the development of fully substituted catalysts. X-SELEX is initiated by the synthesis of diverse repertoires (here 10(14) different sequences), using xeno nucleic acid (XNA) polymerases, on DNA templates primed with DNA, RNA or XNA oligonucleotides that double as substrates, allowing selection for XNA-catalyzed cleavage or ligation. XNAzymes are reverse-transcribed into cDNA using XNA-dependent DNA polymerases, and then PCR-amplified to generate templates for subsequent rounds or deep sequencing. We describe methods developed for four XNA chemistries, arabino nucleic acids (ANAs), 2'-fluoroarabino nucleic acids (FANAs), hexitol nucleic acids (HNAs) and cyclohexene nucleic acids (CeNAs), which require ∼1 week per round, and typically 10-20 rounds; in principle, these methods are scalable and applicable to a wide range of novel XNAzyme chemistries, substrates and reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp Holliger
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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43
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Mačková M, Boháčová S, Perlíková P, Poštová Slavětínská L, Hocek M. Polymerase Synthesis and Restriction Enzyme Cleavage of DNA Containing 7-Substituted 7-Deazaguanine Nucleobases. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2225-36. [PMID: 26382079 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies of polymerase synthesis of base-modified DNAs and their cleavage by restriction enzymes have mostly related only to 5-substituted pyrimidine and 7-substituted 7-deazaadenine nucleotides. Here we report the synthesis of a series of 7-substituted 7-deazaguanine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-O-triphosphates (dG(R) TPs), their use as substrates for polymerase synthesis of modified DNA and the influence of the modification on their cleavage by type II restriction endonucleases (REs). The dG(R) TPs were generally good substrates for polymerases but the PCR products could not be visualised on agarose gels by intercalator staining, due to fluorescence quenching. The presence of 7-substituted 7-deazaguanine residues in recognition sequences of REs in most cases completely blocked the cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Mačková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Boháčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic. .,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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44
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Renders M, Miller E, Hollenstein M, Perrin D. A method for selecting modified DNAzymes without the use of modified DNA as a template in PCR. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1360-2. [PMID: 25487111 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07588a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Modified DNAzyme selections typically depend on recopying catalytically active modified DNA (mDNA) into cDNA in a PCR amplification step. However mDNA is often a poor template in PCR. Herein we propose a selection method in which the catalytically active, mDNA strand is covalently linked to the unmodified DNA template strand from which it was polymerized. Following selection, the unmodified DNA template is amplified in a PCR instead of the mDNA. This method circumvents the PCR amplification of mDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Renders
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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45
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Abstract
To expand the chemical functionality of DNAzymes and aptamers, several new modified deoxyuridine triphosphates have been synthesized. An important precursor that enables this aim is 5-aminomethyl dUTP, whereby the pendent amine serves as a handle for further synthetic functionalization. Five functional groups were conjugated to 5-aminomethyl dUTP. Incorporation assays were performed on several templates that demand 2-5 sequential incorporation events using several commercially available DNA polymerases. It was found that Vent (exo-) DNA polymerase efficiently incorporates all five modified dUTPs. In addition, all nucleoside triphosphates were capable of supporting a double-stranded exponential PCR amplification. Modified PCR amplicons were PCR amplified into unmodified DNA and sequenced to verify that genetic information was conserved through incorporation, amplification, and reamplification. Overall these modified dUTPs represent new candidate substrates for use in selections using modified nucleotide libraries.
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46
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Torabi SF, Wu P, McGhee CE, Chen L, Hwang K, Zheng N, Cheng J, Lu Y. In vitro selection of a sodium-specific DNAzyme and its application in intracellular sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5903-8. [PMID: 25918425 PMCID: PMC4434688 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420361112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, enormous progress has been made in designing fluorescent sensors or probes for divalent metal ions. In contrast, the development of fluorescent sensors for monovalent metal ions, such as sodium (Na(+)), has remained underdeveloped, even though Na(+) is one the most abundant metal ions in biological systems and plays a critical role in many biological processes. Here, we report the in vitro selection of the first (to our knowledge) Na(+)-specific, RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme (DNAzyme) with a fast catalytic rate [observed rate constant (ko(bs)) ∼ 0.1 min(-1)], and the transformation of this DNAzyme into a fluorescent sensor for Na(+) by labeling the enzyme strand with a quencher at the 3' end, and the DNA substrate strand with a fluorophore and a quencher at the 5' and 3' ends, respectively. The presence of Na(+) catalyzed cleavage of the substrate strand at an internal ribonucleotide adenosine (rA) site, resulting in release of the fluorophore from its quenchers and thus a significant increase in fluorescence signal. The sensor displays a remarkable selectivity (>10,000-fold) for Na(+) over competing metal ions and has a detection limit of 135 µM (3.1 ppm). Furthermore, we demonstrate that this DNAzyme-based sensor can readily enter cells with the aid of α-helical cationic polypeptides. Finally, by protecting the cleavage site of the Na(+)-specific DNAzyme with a photolabile o-nitrobenzyl group, we achieved controlled activation of the sensor after DNAzyme delivery into cells. Together, these results demonstrate that such a DNAzyme-based sensor provides a promising platform for detection and quantification of Na(+) in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nan Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Yi Lu
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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47
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Zhou W, Chen Q, Huang PJJ, Ding J, Liu J. DNAzyme Hybridization, Cleavage, Degradation, and Sensing in Undiluted Human Blood Serum. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4001-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhou
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Qingyun Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Po-Jung Jimmy Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jinsong Ding
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Juewen Liu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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48
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Wang F, Saran R, Liu J. Tandem DNAzymes for mRNA cleavage: choice of enzyme, metal ions and the antisense effect. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1460-3. [PMID: 25769818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The concept of DNAzyme-based gene silencing via mRNA cleavage was proposed over twenty years ago. A number of studies regarding intracellular gene silencing have been reported as well. However, questions have been raised regarding the lack of enzyme activity in physiological buffer conditions and it is being doubted that in the previously reported studies, gene silencing might be simply due to an antisense effect. In this work, two classical DNAzymes for RNA cleavage are studied using both chimeric substrates and extracted mRNA. We concluded that the activity of the 8-17 DNAzyme is much higher than that of 10-23 in the same conditions. To illustrate and compare the effect of specific cleavage versus antisense effect in the best possible way, we used tandem DNAzymes. Specific mRNA cleavage occurred with Zn(2+), while with Mg(2+), even the inactive control DNAzymes showed a similar response, suggesting that the antisense effect might be the dominating phenomenon causing gene silencing. This study has thus clarified the choice of DNAzyme sequence, the effect of metal ions and a potential source of antisense effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Runjhun Saran
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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49
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Gheerardijn V, Van den Begin J, Madder A. Versatile synthesis of amino acid functionalized nucleosides via a domino carboxamidation reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2566-72. [PMID: 25383128 PMCID: PMC4222392 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized oligonucleotides have recently gained increased attention for incorporation in modified nucleic acid structures both for the design of aptamers with enhanced binding properties as well as the construction of catalytic DNA and RNA. As a shortcut alternative to the incorporation of multiple modified residues, each bearing one extra functional group, we present here a straightforward method for direct linking of functionalized amino acids to the nucleoside base, thus equipping the nucleoside with two extra functionalities at once. As a proof of principle, we have introduced three amino acids with functional groups frequently used as key-intermediates in DNA- and RNAzymes via an efficient and straightforward domino carboxamidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Gheerardijn
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jos Van den Begin
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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50
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Hollenstein M, Leumann CJ. Synthesis and biochemical characterization of tricyclothymidine triphosphate (tc-TTP). Chembiochem 2014; 15:1901-4. [PMID: 25044722 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tricyclo-DNA (tc-DNA) is a conformationally restricted oligonucleotide analogue that exhibits promising properties as a robust antisense agent. Here we report on the synthesis and biochemical characterization of tc-TTP, the triphosphate of a tc-DNA nucleoside containing the base thymine. Tc-TTP turned out to be a substrate for the Vent (exo(-) ) DNA polymerase, a polymerase that allows for multiple incorporations of tc-T nucleotides under primer extension reaction conditions. However, the substrate acceptance is rather low, as also observed for other sugar-modified analogues. Tc-TTP and tc-nucleotide-containing templates do not sustain enzymatic polymerization under physiological conditions; this indicates that tc-DNA-based antisense agents will not enter natural metabolic pathways that lead to long-term toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hollenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern (Switzerland).
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