1
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Krzemińska A, Biczysko M, Pernal K, Hapka M. Anisole-Water and Anisole-Ammonia Complexes in Ground and Excited (S 1) States: A Multiconfigurational Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory (SAPT) Study. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:8816-8824. [PMID: 39352939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Binary complexes of anisole have long been considered paradigm systems for studying microsolvation in both the ground and electronically excited states. We report a symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) analysis of intermolecular interactions in anisole-water and anisole-ammonia complexes within the framework of the multireference SAPT(CAS) method. Upon the S1 ← S0 electronic transition, the hydrogen bond in the anisole-water dimer is weakened, which SAPT(CAS) shows to be determined by changes in the electrostatic energy. As a result, the water complex becomes less stable in the relaxed S1 state despite decreased Pauli repulsion. Stronger binding of the anisole-ammonia complex following electronic excitation is more nuanced and results from counteracting shifts in the repulsive (exchange) and attractive (electrostatic, induction and dispersion) forces. In particular, we show that the formation of additional binding N-H···π contacts in the relaxed S1 geometry is possible due to reduced Pauli repulsion in the excited state. The SAPT(CAS) interaction energies have been validated against the coupled cluster (CC) results and experimentally determined shifts of the S1 ← S0 anisole band. While for the hydrogen-bonded anisole-water dimer SAPT(CAS) and CC shifts are in excellent agreement, for ammonia SAPT(CAS) is only qualitatively correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krzemińska
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 217/221, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Biczysko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pernal
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 217/221, 93-005 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Hapka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. L. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Parida S, Patra SK, Mishra S. Structure-Spectroscopy Correlation in the Self-Assembled Perylene Diimide-Based Dimers via Inter-Chromophore Coupling. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:9873-9888. [PMID: 39236114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The impact of conformational change on the ground and excited states of seven perylene diimide (PDI)-based dimeric systems is examined by introducing longitudinal shift, transverse shift, and rotation of one monomer with respect to another. The minimum energy conformations are compared via an energy decomposition analysis. The heteroatom-substituted dimeric systems, such as B2 N2-embedded PDI, trans-thio-PDI (trans-S2-PDI), and N-PDI, show BN···π, C═S···π, and N···H interactions that survive over a longer range of longitudinal and transverse shifts. The excitonic coupling analysis reveals that both Coulomb- and CT-mediated couplings are crucial for understanding aggregate absorption spectra. While the Coulomb coupling exhibits a monotonic behavior with conformation changes, the CT component changes significantly with minor geometrical deviations. The interplay between the two couplings leads to J-type, H-type, and null aggregates, depending on the conformations of the dimers. The overall trend of both couplings is consistent across all systems, although they differ in magnitude. The trans-S2-PDI shows the strongest Coulomb and CT couplings, while it is weak in perylene and B2N2-PDI dimers. The resonant model for strongly coupled Frenkel excitonic (FE) and CT states successfully characterizes the single- and double-band nature of absorption spectra in dimers. In strong coupling regions, the dimers show blue-shifted single-band excitation to the upper FE state. In contrast, excitation to the lower FE and upper CT states produces a red-shifted two-band spectrum in the weakly coupled regions. The intensity of the CT band diminishes with the monomer separation. In most cases, the perpendicularly stacked structures show null-aggregate behavior with no spectral shift due to the absence of Coulomb and CT couplings. The exciton relaxation pathway of the heteroatom-substituted PDIs is found to be influenced by the presence of nπ* states between the FE and CT states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Parida
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sanjib K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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3
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Sharma S, Takkella D, Srivastava A, Czub J, Sappati S, Gavvala K. Unraveling energy transfer and fluorescence quenching dynamics in biomolecular complexes: a comprehensive study of imiquimod-rifampicin interaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39380468 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
In nature, numerous biomolecules are implicated in charge transfer (CT) and energy transfer (ET) mechanisms crucial for fundamental processes such as photosynthesis. Unveiling these mechanisms is pertinent to multiple disciplines including chemistry, engineering and biochemistry. This article presents a detailed study involving two molecules forming a model system with efficient ET properties. Specifically, their complex exhibits dark quenching phenomena arising from fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the donor (imiquimod) to the acceptor (rifampicin). In addition, the energy transfer properties were also elucidated by considering the two forms of rifampicin (RIF), non-ionic and zwitter-ionic in the solution. Supplemented by spectroscopic findings, molecular dynamics simulations and time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations conclusively validate the ET properties from imiquimod (IMQ) to RIF forms. Interestingly, these ET processes were found to be associated with pi-pi and hydrogen bond interactions. Their contribution was observed to depend upon the non-ionic and zwitter-ionic form of RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, India.
| | - Dineshbabu Takkella
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, India.
| | - Abhinav Srivastava
- BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Czub
- BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Subrahmanyam Sappati
- BioTechMed Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krishna Gavvala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, India.
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4
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Yu Z, Jackson NE. Chemically Transferable Electronic Coarse Graining for Polythiophenes. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 39370933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in machine-learning-based electronic coarse graining (ECG) methods have demonstrated the potential to enable electronic predictions in soft materials at mesoscopic length scales. However, previous ECG models have yet to confront the issue of chemical transferability. In this study, we develop chemically transferable ECG models for polythiophenes using graph neural networks. Our models are trained on a data set that samples over the conformational space of random polythiophene sequences generated with 15 different monomer chemistries and three different degrees of polymerization. We systematically explore the impact of coarse-grained representation on ECG accuracy, highlighting the significance of preserving the C-β coordinates in thiophene. We also find that integrating unique polymer sequences into training enhances the model performance more efficiently than augmenting conformational sampling for sequences already in the training data set. Moreover, our ECG models, developed initially for one property and one level of quantum chemical theory, can be efficiently transferred to related properties and higher levels of theory with minimal additional data. The chemically transferable ECG model introduced in this work will serve as a foundation model for new classes of chemically transferable ECG predictions across chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nicholas E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Biffoli F, Bonechi M, Pagliai M, Innocenti M, Giovanardi R, Fontanesi C. Introducing the new concept of a chiral-polaron giant-IRAV signature, optical-active giant-response in vibrational circular dichroism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:25156-25168. [PMID: 39314050 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02876g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of compounds of primary importance in the field of organic semiconductors, with applications in both organic electronics and photovoltaics. This paper delves into two strictly related topics. First, the theoretical rationalization of the physical factors underlying the emergence of the polaron "giant-response infrared active vibrations (IRAVs)" signature in positively charged PAHs. Results are presented concerning the tight comparison between the experimental results and theoretical results obtained within different DFT paradigms (BLYP, B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP and LC-BLYP) and the pure Hartree-Fock Hamiltonian. This allowed the rationalization of the emergence of the giant IRAV response as essentially propelled by long-range electronic interactions. Moreover, the role of vibrational modes and molecular dimensions (topology) is addressed. Second, the analysis is extended to chiral [4]helicene. This allows the introduction of a new concept yet to be explored experimentally: the chiral-polaron giant-IRAV signature in vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Biffoli
- Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Materia Firenze Lab s.r.l., Gruppo Materia Firenze, Via delle Fonti 8/E, 50018 Scandicci (FI), Italy
| | - Marco Bonechi
- Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze (FI), Italy
| | - Marco Pagliai
- Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff", University of Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze (FI), Italy
- National Research Council-Organometallic Compounds Chemistry Institute (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Roberto Giovanardi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", (DIEF), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze (FI), Italy
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", (DIEF), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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6
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Hong F, Su X, Fang Y, He X, Shan B. Manipulating Photoconduction in Supramolecular Networks for Solar-Driven Nitrate Conversion to Ammonia and Oxygen. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25200-25210. [PMID: 39222384 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
For photoelectrodes to be used in practical catalytic applications, challenges exist in achieving the efficient production and transport of photogenerated charge-separated states. Analogous concepts in traditional inorganic photoelectrodes can be applied to their organic-polymer counterparts with improved charge-separation efficiencies. In this work, we develop photoconductive organic networks to form a high-performance photoelectrode for NO3- reduction to NH3. In the integrated network, interfaces between the organic electron-donating photoconductor and electron-accepting catalyst can generate charge carriers efficiently upon illumination, leading to enhanced charge separation for photoelectrocatalysis. The photoelectrode network is capable of converting NO3- to NH3 at an external quantum efficiency of 13%. By coupling with a BiVO4 photoanode in tandem, the system reduces NO3- to NH3 and oxidizes H2O to O2 simultaneously at Faradaic efficiencies of 95-98% with sustained photocurrents and production yields. Investigation of the photoconductive network by steady-state/time-resolved spectroscopies reveals the efficient generation and transport of free charge carriers in the photoelectrode, providing a basis for high photoelectrocatalytic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinhao Su
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanjie Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinjia He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
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7
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Gotfredsen H, Hergenhahn J, Duarte F, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Bimolecular Sandwich Aggregates of Porphyrin Nanorings. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25232-25244. [PMID: 39186461 PMCID: PMC11403599 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Extended π-systems often form supramolecular aggregates, drastically changing their optical and electronic properties. However, aggregation processes can be difficult to characterize or predict. Here, we show that butadiyne-linked 8- and 12-porphyrin nanorings form stable and well-defined bimolecular aggregates with remarkably sharp NMR spectra, despite their dynamic structures and high molecular weights (12.7 to 26.0 kDa). Pyridine breaks up the aggregates into their constituent rings, which are in slow exchange with the aggregates on the NMR time scale. All the aggregates have the same general two-layer sandwich structure, as deduced from NMR spectroscopy experiments, including 1H DOSY, 1H-1H COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, and 1H-13C HSQC. This structure was confirmed by analysis of residual dipolar couplings from 13C-coupled 1H-13C HSQC experiments on one of the 12-ring aggregates. Variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy revealed an internal ring-on-ring rotation process by which two π-π stacked conformers interconvert via a staggered conformation. A slower dynamic process, involving rotation of individual porphyrin units, was also detected by exchange spectroscopy in the 8-ring aggregates, implying partial disaggregation and reassociation. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the 8-ring aggregates are bowl-shaped and highly fluxional, compared to the 12-ring aggregates, which are cylindrical. This work demonstrates that large π-systems can form surprisingly well-defined aggregates and may inspire the design of other noncovalent assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Janko Hergenhahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Timothy D W Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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8
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Yang Y, Jin Q, Yin S. Development of an anisotropic polarizable model for the all-atom AMOEBA force field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:22900-22911. [PMID: 39169824 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
For planar and rigid π-conjugated molecular systems, electrostatic and inductive interactions are pivotal in governing molecular packing structures and electron polarization energies. These electrostatic interactions typically exhibit an anisotropic nature within π-conjugated systems. In this study, we utilize the atoms in molecules (AIM) theory in conjunction with linear response theory to decompose molecular polarizability into distributed atomic polarizability tensors. On the basis of atomic polarizability tensors, we extended an anisotropic polarizable model into the AMOEBA polarizable force field. Both anisotropic and isotropic polarizable models in combination with various density functional theory (DFT)-derived atomic multipoles were applied to optimize the experimental crystals of naphthalene and anthracene. Furthermore, these two types of electrostatic models, coupled with the evolutionary algorithm USPEX program, are utilized to predict the crystal structures of oligoacenes. Our findings demonstrate that the anisotropic polarizable model exhibits superior performance in crystal refinement and crystal structure prediction. This enriched anisotropic polarizable model is seamlessly integrated into the AMOEBA polarizable force field and readily applicable within our modified Tinker program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an City 710119, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qianqian Jin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an City 710119, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an City 710119, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Rosa NMP, Borges I. Photophysical properties of donor (D)-acceptor (A)-donor (D) diketopyrrolopyrrole (A) systems as donors for applications to organic electronic devices. J Comput Chem 2024. [PMID: 39212065 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Fourteen substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) molecules in a donor (D)-acceptor (DPP)-donor (D) arrangement were designed. We employed density functional theory, time-dependent DFT, DFT-MRCI and the ab initio wave function second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC(2)) methods to investigate theoretically these systems. The examined aromatic substituents have one, two, or three hetero- and non-hetero rings. We comprehensively investigated their optical, electronic, and charge transport properties to evaluate potential applications in organic electronic devices. We found that the donor substituents based on one, two, or three aromatic rings bonded to the DPP core can improve the efficiency of an organic solar cell by fine-tuning the highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels to match acceptors in typical bulk heterojunctions acceptors. Several properties of interest for organic photovoltaic devices were computed. We show that the investigated molecules are promising for applications as donor materials when combined with typical acceptors in bulk heterojunctions because they have appreciable energy conversion efficiencies resulting from their low ionization potentials and high electron affinities. This scenario allows a more effective charge separation and reduces the recombination rates. A comprehensive charge transfer analysis shows that D-A (DDP)-D systems have significant intramolecular charge transfer, further confirming their promise as candidates for donor materials in solar cells. The significant photophysical properties of DPP derivatives, including the high fluorescence emission, also allow these materials to be used in organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália M P Rosa
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Itamar Borges
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Guo H, Wang X, Zhang M, Pullerits T, Song P. Regulation of organic solar cells performance through external electric field: From charge transfer mechanisms to photovoltaic properties. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 325:125058. [PMID: 39226669 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.125058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
In organic solar cells (OSCs), comprehending the charge transfer mechanism at D/A interfaces is crucial for photoinduced charge generation and enhancing power conversion efficiency (PCE). The charge transfer mechanism and photovoltaic performance of the parallel stacking interface configuration of the PTQ10 polymer donor and T2EH non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) are systematically studied at the microscopic scale. The analysis of the electron-hole distribution of the PTQ10/T2EH excited states revealed the presence of multiple charge excitation modes and charge transfer pathways. Using Marcus theory, we examine the charge separation rate (KCS) of PTQ10/T2EH under external electric field (Fext) modulation, and it is clarified that reorganization energy (λ) is the main factor that affects the KCS. Our results show that Fext has a positive impact on the photovoltaic properties of PTQ10/T2EH thin films, as evidenced by the modulation of the open circuit voltage (VOC), voltage loss (VLOSS) and fill factor (FF). Overall, this study provides valuable theoretical insights for Fext to accelerate the charge separation process and enhance photovoltaic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Guo
- College of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- College of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- College of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, Lund 22100, Sweden.
| | - Peng Song
- College of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
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11
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Germer S, Bauer M, Hübner O, Dreuw A, Himmel HJ. Aggregation of N-Heteropolycyclic Aromatic Molecules: The Acridine Dimer and Trimer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401340. [PMID: 38804733 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrogen-substituted analogues are of great interest for various applications in organic electronics. The performance of such devices is determined not only by the properties of the single molecules, but also by the structure of their aggregates, which often form via self-aggregation. Gaining insight into such aggregation processes is a challenging task, but crucial for a fine-tuning of the materials properties. In this work, an efficient approach for the generation and characterisation of aggregates is described, based on matrix-isolation experiments and quantum-chemical calculations. This approach is exemplified for aggregation of acridine. The acridine dimer and trimer are thoroughly analysed on the basis of experimental and calculated UV and IR absorption spectra, which agree well with each other. Thereby a novel structure of the acridine dimer is found, which disagrees with a previously reported one. The calculations also show the changes from excitonic coupling towards orbital interactions between two molecules with decreasing distance to each other. In addition, a structure of the trimer is determined. Finally, an outlook is given on how even higher aggregates can be made accessible through experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Germer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Bauer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Hübner
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Inorganic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Manna AK. Thiocarbonyl-Bridged N-Heterotriangulenes for Energy Efficient Triplet Photosensitization: A Theoretical Perspective. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400371. [PMID: 38700483 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Structurally-rigid metal-free organic molecules are of high demand for various triplet harvesting applications. However, inefficient intersystem crossing (ISC) due to large singlet-triplet gap (Δ E S - T ${\Delta {E}_{S-T}}$ ) and small spin-orbit coupling (SOC) between lowest excited singlet and triplet often limits their efficiency. Excited electronic states, fluorescence and ISC rates in several thiocarbonyl-bridged N-heterotriangulene ( m ${m}$ S-HTG) with systematically increased thione content (m = ${m=}$ 0-3) are investigated implementing polarization consistent time-dependent optimally-tuned range-separated hybrid. All m ${m}$ S-HTGs are dynamically stable and also thermodynamically feasible to synthesize. Relative energies of several low-lying singlets (S n ${{S}_{n}}$ ) and triplets (T n ${{T}_{n}}$ ), and their excitation nature (i. e.,n π * ${n{\pi }^{^{\ast}}}$ orπ π * ${\pi {\pi }^{^{\ast}}}$ ) and SOC are determined for these m ${m}$ S-HTGs in dichloromethane. Low-energy optical peak displays gradual red-shift with increasing thione content due to relatively smaller electronic gap resulted from greater degree of orbital delocalization. Significantly large SOC due to different orbital-symmetry and heavy-atom effect produces remarkably high ISC rates (k I S C ${{k}_{ISC}}$ ~1012 s-1) for enthalpically favouredS 1 n π * → T 2 ${{S}_{1}\left(n{\pi }^{^{\ast}}\right)\to {T}_{2}}$ (π π * ${\pi {\pi }^{^{\ast}}}$ ) channel in these m ${m}$ S-HTGs, which outcompete radiative fluorescence rates (~108 s-1) even directly from higher lying optically brightπ π * ${\pi {\pi }^{^{\ast}}}$ singlets. Importantly, high energy triplet excitons of ~1.7 eV resulting from such significantly large ISC rates from non-fluorescentS 1 n π * ${{S}_{1}\left(n{\pi }^{^{\ast}}\right)}$ make these thiocarbonylated HTGs ideal candidates for energy efficient triplet harvest including triplet-photosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, 517619, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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13
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Pagano K, Kim JG, Luke J, Tan E, Stewart K, Sazanovich IV, Karras G, Gonev HI, Marsh AV, Kim NY, Kwon S, Kim YY, Alonso MI, Dörling B, Campoy-Quiles M, Parker AW, Clarke TM, Kim YH, Kim JS. Slow vibrational relaxation drives ultrafast formation of photoexcited polaron pair states in glycolated conjugated polymers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6153. [PMID: 39039039 PMCID: PMC11263616 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycol sidechains are often used to enhance the performance of organic photoconversion and electrochemical devices. Herein, we study their effects on electronic states and electronic properties. We find that polymer glycolation not only induces more disordered packing, but also results in a higher reorganisation energy due to more localised π-electron density. Transient absorption spectroscopy and femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy are utilised to monitor the structural relaxation dynamics coupled to the excited state formation upon photoexcitation. Singlet excitons are initially formed, followed by polaron pair formation. The associated structural relaxation slows down in glycolated polymers (5 ps vs. 1.25 ps for alkylated), consistent with larger reorganisation energy. This slower vibrational relaxation is found to drive ultrafast formation of the polaron pair state (5 ps vs. 10 ps for alkylated). These results provide key experimental evidence demonstrating the impact of molecular structure on electronic state formation driven by strong vibrational coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Pagano
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jin Gwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy (RIMA) Gyeongsang National University Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Joel Luke
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ellasia Tan
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katherine Stewart
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Gabriel Karras
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Hristo Ivov Gonev
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Adam V Marsh
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Na Yeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy (RIMA) Gyeongsang National University Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooncheol Kwon
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Yong Kim
- Beamline Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - M Isabel Alonso
- Department of Nanostructured Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Department of Nanostructured Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Department of Nanostructured Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, E-08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anthony W Parker
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Tracey M Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Molecular Alchemy (RIMA) Gyeongsang National University Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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14
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Lama B, Sarma M. Ultrafast Hot Exciton Nonadiabatic Excited-State Dynamics in Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Analogue. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6786-6796. [PMID: 38959128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The ultrafast high-energy nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics of the benzylidenedimethylimidazolinone chromophore dimer has been investigated using an electronic structure method coupled with on-the-fly quantitative wave function analysis to gain insight into the photophysics of hot excitons in biological systems. The dynamical simulation provides a rationalization of the behavior of the exciton in a dimer after the photoabsorption of light to higher-energy states. The results suggest that hot exciton localization within the manifold of excited states is caused by the hindrance of torsional rotation due to imidazolinone (I) or phenolate (P) bonds i.e., ΦI- or ΦP-dihedral rotation, in the monomeric units of a dimer. This hindrance arises due to weak π-π stacking interaction in the dimer, resulting in an energetically uphill excited-state barrier for ΦI- and ΦP-twisted rotation, impeding the isomerization process in the chromophore. Thus, this study highlights the potential impact of the weak π-π interaction in regulating the photodynamics of the green fluorescent protein chromophore derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bittu Lama
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Manabendra Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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15
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Bhat V, Ganapathysubramanian B, Risko C. Rapid Estimation of the Intermolecular Electronic Couplings and Charge-Carrier Mobilities of Crystalline Molecular Organic Semiconductors through a Machine Learning Pipeline. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7206-7213. [PMID: 38973725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors (OSC) offer tremendous potential across a wide range of (opto)electronic applications. OSC development, however, is often limited by trial-and-error design, with computational modeling approaches deployed to evaluate and screen candidates through a suite of molecular and materials descriptors that generally require hours to days of computational time to accumulate. Such bottlenecks slow the pace and limit the exploration of the vast chemical space comprising OSC. When considering charge-carrier transport in OSC, a key parameter of interest is the intermolecular electronic coupling. Here, we introduce a machine learning (ML) model to predict intermolecular electronic couplings in organic crystalline materials from their three-dimensional (3D) molecular geometries. The ML predictions take only a few seconds of computing time compared to hours by density functional theory (DFT) methods. To demonstrate the utility of the ML predictions, we deploy the ML model in conjunction with mathematical formulations to rapidly screen the charge-carrier mobility anisotropy for more than 60,000 molecular crystal structures and compare the ML predictions to DFT benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Baskar Ganapathysubramanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Translational AI Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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16
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Kuan KY, Yeh SH, Yang W, Hsu CP. Excited-State Charge Transfer Coupling from Quasiparticle Energy Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6126-6136. [PMID: 38830203 PMCID: PMC11181311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The recently developed Quasiparticle Energy (QE) scheme, based on a DFT calculation with one more (or less) electron, offers a good description of excitation energies, even with charge transfer characters. In this work, QE is further extended to calculate electron transfer (ET) couplings involving two excited states. We tested it with a donor-acceptor complex, consisting of a furan and a 1,1-dicyanoethylene (DCNE), in which two low lying charge transfer and local excitation states are involved. With generalized Mülliken-Hush and fragment charge-difference schemes, couplings from the QE approach generally agree well with those obtained from TDDFT, except that QE couplings exhibit better exponential distance dependence. Couplings from half-energy gaps with an external field are also calculated and reported. Our results show that the QE scheme is robust in calculating ET couplings with greatly reduced computational time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yuan Kuan
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang
District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hao Yeh
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang
District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd, Section 4, Da’an
District, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Weitao Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang
District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Division
of Physics, National Center for Theoretical
Sciences, 1 Roosevelt
Road, Section 4, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
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17
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Wang CI, Maier JC, Jackson NE. Accessing the electronic structure of liquid crystalline semiconductors with bottom-up electronic coarse-graining. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8390-8403. [PMID: 38846409 PMCID: PMC11151863 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between multiscale morphology and electronic structure is a grand challenge for semiconducting soft materials. Computational studies aimed at characterizing these relationships require the complex integration of quantum-chemical (QC) calculations, all-atom and coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations, and back-mapping approaches. However, these methods pose substantial computational challenges that limit their application to the requisite length scales of soft material morphologies. Here, we demonstrate the bottom-up electronic coarse-graining (ECG) of morphology-dependent electronic structure in the liquid-crystal-forming semiconductor, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-octyl-benzothienobenzothiophene (BTBT). ECG is applied to construct density functional theory (DFT)-accurate valence band Hamiltonians of the isotropic and smectic liquid crystal (LC) phases using only the CG representation of BTBT. By bypassing the atomistic resolution and its prohibitive computational costs, ECG enables the first calculations of the morphology dependence of the electronic structure of charge carriers across LC phases at the ∼20 nm length scale, with robust statistical sampling. Kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations reveal a strong morphology dependence on zero-field charge mobility among different LC phases as well as the presence of two-molecule charge carriers that act as traps and hinder charge transport. We leverage these results to further evaluate the feasibility of developing mesoscopic, field-based ECG models in future works. The fully CG approach to electronic property predictions in LC semiconductors opens a new computational direction for designing electronic processes in soft materials at their characteristic length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-I Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - J Charlie Maier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Nicholas E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
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18
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Ni F, Huang Y, Qiu L, Yang C. Synthetic progress of organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters via C-H activation and functionalization. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5904-5955. [PMID: 38717257 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have become increasingly prominent due to their promising applications across various fields, prompting a continuous demand for developing reliable synthetic methods to access them. This review aims to highlight the progress made in the last decade in synthesizing organic TADF compounds through C-H bond activation and functionalization. The review begins with a brief introduction to the basic features and design principles of TADF emitters. It then provides an overview of the advantages and concise development of C-H bond transformations in constructing TADF emitters. Subsequently, it summarizes both transition-metal-catalyzed and non-transition-metal-promoted C-H bond transformations used for the synthesis of TADF emitters. Finally, the review gives an outlook on further challenges and potential directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ni
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, State Key Lab of Advanced Display Technology, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China.
| | - Yipan Huang
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, State Key Lab of Advanced Display Technology, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China.
| | - Longzhen Qiu
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, State Key Lab of Advanced Display Technology, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China.
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of New Information Display and Storage Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China.
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19
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De R, Maity M, Joseph A, Gupta SP, Nailwal Y, Namboothiry MAG, Pal SK. High Electrical Conductivity and Hole Transport in an Insightfully Engineered Columnar Liquid Crystal for Solution-Processable Nanoelectronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308983. [PMID: 38332439 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) are widely acknowledged as a class of organic semiconductors that can harmonize charge carrier mobility and device processability through supramolecular self-assembly. In spite of circumventing such a major challenge in fabricating low-cost charge transport layers, DLC-based hole transport layers (HTLs) have remained elusive in modern organo-electronics. In this work, a minimalistic design strategy is envisioned to effectuate a cyanovinylene-integrated pyrene-based discotic liquid crystal (PY-DLC) with a room-temperature columnar hexagonal mesophase and narrow bandgap for efficient semiconducting behavior. Adequately combined photophysical, electrochemical, and theoretical studies investigate the structure-property relations, logically correlating them with efficient hole transport. With a low reorganization energy of 0.2 eV, PY-DLC exhibits superior charge extraction ability from the contact electrodes at low values of applied voltage, achieving an electrical conductivity of 3.22 × 10-4 S m-1, the highest reported value for any pristine DLC film in a vertical charge transport device. The columnar self-assembly, in conjunction with solution-processable self-healed films, results in commendably elevated values of hole mobility (≈10-3 cm2 V-1s-1). This study provides an unprecedented constructive outlook toward the development of DLC semiconductors as practical HTLs in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritobrata De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Madhusudan Maity
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Alvin Joseph
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | | | - Yogendra Nailwal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Manoj A G Namboothiry
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
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20
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Stewart K, Pagano K, Tan E, Daboczi M, Rimmele M, Luke J, Eslava S, Kim JS. Understanding Effects of Alkyl Side-Chain Density on Polaron Formation Via Electrochemical Doping in Thiophene Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2211184. [PMID: 37626011 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Polarons exist when charges are injected into organic semiconductors due to their strong coupling with the lattice phonons, significantly affecting electronic charge-transport properties. Understanding the formation and (de)localization of polarons is therefore critical for further developing organic semiconductors as a future electronics platform. However, there are very few studies reported in this area. In particular, there is no direct in situ monitoring of polaron formation and identification of its dependence on molecular structure and impact on electrical properties, limiting further advancement in organic electronics. Herein, how a minor modification of side-chain density in thiophene-based conjugated polymers affects the polaron formation via electrochemical doping, changing the polymers' electrical response to the surrounding dielectric environment for gas sensing, is demonstrated. It is found that the reduction in side-chain density results in a multistep polaron formation, leading to an initial formation of localized polarons in thiophene units without side chains. Reduced side-chain density also allows the formation of a high density of polarons with fewer polymer structural changes. More numerous but more localized polarons generate a stronger analyte response but without the selectivity between polar and non-polar solvents, which is different from the more delocalized polarons that show clear selectivity. The results provide important molecular understanding and design rules for the polaron formation and its impact on electrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Stewart
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katia Pagano
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ellasia Tan
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matyas Daboczi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martina Rimmele
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Joel Luke
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Salvador Eslava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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21
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Di Maiolo F, Phan Huu DKA, Giavazzi D, Landi A, Racchi O, Painelli A. Shedding light on thermally-activated delayed fluorescence. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5434-5450. [PMID: 38638233 PMCID: PMC11023041 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is a hot research topic in view of its impressive applications in a wide variety of fields from organic LEDs to photodynamic therapy and metal-free photocatalysis. TADF is a rare and fragile phenomenon that requires a delicate equilibrium between tiny singlet-triplet gaps, sizable spin-orbit couplings, conformational flexibility and a balanced contribution of charge transfer and local excited states. To make the picture more complex, this precarious equilibrium is non-trivially affected by the interaction of the TADF dye with its local environment. The concurrent optimization of the dye and of the embedding medium is therefore of paramount importance to boost practical applications of TADF. Towards this aim, refined theoretical and computational approaches must be cleverly exploited, paying attention to the reliability of adopted approximations. In this perspective, we will address some of the most important issues in the field. Specifically, we will critically review theoretical and computational approaches to TADF rates, highlighting the limits of widespread approaches. Environmental effects on the TADF photophysics are discussed in detail, focusing on the major role played by dielectric and conformational disorder in liquid solutions and amorphous matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Maiolo
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - D K Andrea Phan Huu
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Davide Giavazzi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Andrea Landi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Ottavia Racchi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Anna Painelli
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
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22
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Bhattacharjee R, Jervis H, McCormack ME, Petrukhina MA, Kertesz M. Structure and Bonding in π-Stacked Perylenes: The Impact of Charge on Pancake Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10465-10477. [PMID: 38579247 PMCID: PMC11027137 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Perylene (PER) is a prototype of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which play a pivotal role in various functional and electronic materials due to favorable molecule-to-molecule overlaps, which enhance electronic transport. This study provides guidelines regarding the impact of molecular charge on pancake bonding, a form of strong π-stacking interaction. Pancake bonding significantly boosts interaction energies within the monopositive dimer ([(C20H12)2]•+ or PER2+), crucial for stabilizing aggregation and crystal formation. We discovered energetically feasible sliding and rotation pathways within the [(C20H12)2]•+ dimer, connecting different configurations found in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). The dimer's charge profoundly influences the pancake bond order (PBO) and the strength and structural preferences of pancake bonding. The most stable configuration is found in the monocationic state (PER2+), featuring a pancake bond order of 1/2 with one-electron multicenter bonding (1e/mc) with similar characteristics for charge -1. Increasing the total charge of the dimer to +2 or -2 leads to an unstable local minimum. Diverse distribution of pancake bonding types present in crystal structures is interpreted with modeling based on dimer computations with varying charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameswar Bhattacharjee
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
| | - Henry Jervis
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
| | - Megan E. McCormack
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Albany, State
University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
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23
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Banerjee M, Anoop A. Exploring the Theoretical Foundations of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Emission: A Comprehensive TD-DFT Study on Phenothiazine Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304206. [PMID: 38319588 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This study conducts a thorough theoretical investigation of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) in phenothiazine-based systems, examining ten molecular configurations recognized experimentally as TADF-active. Employing Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT), our analysis spans the investigation of singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔEST), spin-orbit coupling, and excitation characteristics using Multiwfn. This approach not only validates the adherence to El Sayed's rule across these systems but also provides a detailed understanding of charge transfer dynamics, as visualized through heat maps. A significant aspect of our study is the exploration of different oxidation states of sulfur and site substitutions on phenothiazine. This systematic variation aims to identify additional TADF-active compounds, drawing parallels with properties characterizing other known TADF emitters. Our investigation into Reverse Intersystem Crossing (rISC) rates and the analysis of dihedral angles in relation to ΔEST values offer nuanced insights into the TADF behaviours of these molecules. By integrating rigorous computational analysis with practical implications, we provide a foundational understanding that enhances the design and optimization of phenothiazine-based materials for optoelectronic applications. This work not only advances our theoretical understanding of TADF in phenothiazine derivatives but also serves as a guide for experimentalists and industry professionals in the strategic design of new TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Anakuthil Anoop
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
- School of Digital Sciences, Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695317, India
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24
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Healing G, Nadinov I, Hadmojo WT, Yin J, Thomas S, Bakr OM, Alshareef HN, Anthopoulos TD, Mohammed OF. Ultrafast Coherent Hole Injection at the Interface between CuSCN and Polymer PM6 Using Femtosecond Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38573046 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Tracking the dynamics of ultrafast hole injection into copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) at the interface can be experimentally challenging. These challenges include restrictions in accessing the ultraviolet spectral range through transient electronic spectroscopy, where the absorption spectrum of CuSCN is located. Time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy solves this problem by tracking marker modes at specific frequencies and allowing direct access to dynamical information at the molecular level at donor-acceptor interfaces in real time. This study uses photoabsorber PM6 (poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl-3-fluoro)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione))]) as a model system to explore and decipher the hole transfer dynamics of CuSCN using femtosecond (fs) mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The time-resolved results indicate that excited PM6 exhibits a sharp vibrational mode at 1599 cm-1 attributed to the carbonyl group, matching the predicted frequency position obtained from time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The fs mid-IR spectroscopy demonstrates a fast formation (<168 fs) and blue spectral shift of the CN stretching vibration from 2118 cm-1 for CuSCN alone to 2180 cm-1 for PM6/CuSCN, confirming the hole transfer from PM6 to CuSCN. The short interfacial distance and high frontier orbital delocalization obtained from the interfacial DFT models support a coherent and ultrafast regime for hole transfer. These results provide direct evidence for hole injection at the interface of CuSCN for the first time using femtosecond mid-IR spectroscopy and serve as a new investigative approach for interfacial chemistry and solar cell communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Healing
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Issatay Nadinov
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wisnu Tantyo Hadmojo
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Simil Thomas
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam N Alshareef
- Materials Science and Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Liu J, Xing G, Chen L. 2D Conjugated Metal-Organic Frameworks: Defined Synthesis and Tailor-Made Functions. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1032-1045. [PMID: 38428035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Conspectus2D conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D -MOFs) have emerged as a class of graphene-like materials with fully π-conjugated aromatic structures. Their unique structural characteristics provide abundant physiochemical features, including regular nanochannels, high electrical conductivity, and customizable band gaps. Recent intensive research has significantly advanced this field, yet the exploration of 2D c-MOFs with enhanced features is limited by the availability of organic linkages and topologies. Designing novel ligands is essential for the construction of new 2D c-MOFs with high crystallinity, excellent conductivity, and tailor-made functions.In this Account, we summarize our recent contributions in fine-tuning the topology of 2D c-MOFs through precise ligand design, thereby giving them fantastic structures and tailor-made functions. First, we propose the concept of replacing planar ligands by nonplanar ligands on conductive MOF skeletons. The incorporation of nonplanar ligands improves the solubility of large π-conjugated organic molecules without interfering with the interlayer π-stacking. Our investigation discovered that conjugate polycyclic aromatics-based ligands can be synthesized through in situ Scholl reactions by means of oxidative cyclodehydrogenation of a nonplanar precursor ligand during the solvothermal synthesis process. Hence, fully conjugated 2D c-MOFs can be directly synthesized from nonplanar organic ligands, simplifying and diversifying the preparation of 2D c-MOFs. Accordingly, the design flexibility of the ligands expands the topological structures and pore types. By controlling the synthesis conditions, we can successfully induce either a rhombus or a kagome topology from a nonplanar D2 symmetric ligand. Moreover, by employing a ligand engineering strategy, we incrementally increase the number of coordination functional groups on a twisted hexabenzocoronene core, resulting in the formation of three distinct symmetric hydroxyl ligands. These ligands elicit diverse target topologies and pore sizes, resulting in variances in the coordination node density on the skeletons. This, in turn, leads to differences in electron transfer abilities, ultimately causing variations in the electrical conductivity and mobility. In addition, we employ a straightforward coupling method to incorporate redox components, such as salphen and pyrazine, into nonplanar ligands, facilitating the synthesis of 2D c-MOFs with highly active centers. This strategy confers upon the resulting frameworks substantial capacity for catalysis and energy storage, offering a good platform for elucidating the structure-property relationships at the molecular level. Moreover, the well-defined synthesis of 2D c-MOFs imparts them with specific properties, particularly in the fields of electrical, electrochemical, and spintronic applications. At the end, the primary challenges facing 2D c-MOFs in achieving tailor functions and their practical applications are proposed. This account is expected to evoke new inspirations and innovative research in the field of 2D c-MOFs, especially in emerging interdisciplinary research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Life and Health Detection, Life and Health Intelligent Research Institute, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Guolong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Green Syntheses and Applications of Fluorine-Containing Specialty Chemicals, Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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S K N, P R, Ann Babu S, John J, Hopf H. A Review on the Synthetic Methods towards Benzothienobenzothiophenes. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202400019. [PMID: 38456791 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Benzothienobenzothiophenes (BTBTs) are a class of heteroacenes for which two distinct isomers have been identified depending on the locations of the fused benzothiophene motifs. Benzothienobenzothiophenes represent a class of heteroacenes demonstrating remarkable electronic properties that make them prominent in the realm of organic semiconductors. The structure of BTBTs, incorporating two sulfur atoms, contributes to their unique electronic characteristics, including narrow bandgaps and effective charge transport pathways. These compounds have gained attention for their high charge carrier mobility, making them desirable candidates for application in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and other electronic devices. Researchers have explored various synthetic strategies to design and tailor the properties of BTBT derivatives, leading to advancements in the development of high-performance organic semiconductors. Various synthetic techniques for benzothienobenzothiophenes have been reported in the literature including multistep synthesis, tandem transformations, electrochemical synthesis, and annulations. This review investigates the generality of each synthetic methodology by highlighting its benefits and drawbacks, and it analyses all synthetic approaches described for the creation of the two isomers. For the advantage of the readers, we have delved upon every mechanism of the reactions that are known. Finally, we have also summarized the synthetic methodologies that are used for making benzothienobenzothiophene analogues for material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandana S K
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rahul P
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sheba Ann Babu
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jubi John
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Henning Hopf
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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27
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Tedy AM, Manna AK. Nature and energetics of low-lying excited singlets/triplets and intersystem crossing rates in selone analogs of perylenediimide: A theoretical perspective. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:114306. [PMID: 38497472 DOI: 10.1063/5.0200211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The structural rigidity and chemical diversity of the highly fluorescent perylenediimide (PDI) provide wide opportunities for developing triplet photosensitizers with sufficiently increased energy efficiency. Remarkably high intersystem crossing (ISC) rates with a complete fluorescence turn-off reported recently for several thione analogs of PDI due to substantially large spin-orbit coupling garners huge attention to develop other potential analogs. Here, several selone analogs of PDI, denoted as mSe-PDIs (m = 1-4) with varied Se content and positions, are investigated to provide a comprehensive and comparative picture down the group-16 using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT implementing optimally tuned range-separated hybrid in toluene dielectric. All mSe-PDIs are confirmed to be dynamically stable and also thermodynamically feasible to synthesize from their oxygen and thione congeners. The first excited-state singlet (S1) of mSe-PDI with relatively low Se-content (m = 1, 2) is of nπ* character with an expected fluorescence turn-off. Whereas, the ππ* nature of the S1 for 3Se-PDI and 4Se-PDI suggests a possible fluorescence turn-on in the absence of any other active nonradiative deactivation pathways. However, ∼4-6 orders greater ISC rates (∼1012-1014 s-1) than the fluorescence ones (∼108 s-1) for all mSe-PDIs signify highly efficient triplet harvest. Importantly, significantly higher ISC rates for these mSe-PDIs than their thione congeners render them efficient triplet photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Mariya Tedy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517619, India
| | - Arun K Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517619, India
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28
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Baños J, Avilés A, Colmenares F. Disruptive Model That Explains for the Long-Lived Triplet States Observed for 2-Thiocytosine upon UVA Radiation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13059-13066. [PMID: 38524487 PMCID: PMC10955585 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The possible role of radical species in the formation of the long-lived triplet states observed for 2-thiocytosine upon UV irradiation was theoretically investigated. It is predicted that the radical fragments arising from the homolytic rupture of the NH group of the thiobase can be yielded upon ultraviolet-A radiation. Recombination of the radicals through the most favorable singlet channel yields the lowest-lying tautomer of the 2-thiocytosine (the amino-thiol form) through a barrierless pathway. The rebounding of the radical fragments along the triplet channels that emerge from the attack of the hydrogen to the nitrogen atoms next to the C-S bond leads to stable structures for the amino-thion-N1H and amino-thion-N3H tautomers. These results allow for the rationalization of the near-unity triplet yields observed when this pure light-atom organic molecule is exposed to UV irradiation, without invoking intersystem crossings between the electronic states of different spin-multiplicities. A similar study for cytosine showed that the energy required to induce the homolytic breaking of the N-H bond of the nucleobase is not attainable under UVA radiation. This result is consistent with the experimental fact that no triplet states are observed when this molecule is exposed to that light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Baños
- Departamento de Física y Química
Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Fernando Colmenares
- Departamento de Física y Química
Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico
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29
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Mahadevan S, Liu T, Pratik SM, Li Y, Ho HY, Ouyang S, Lu X, Yip HL, Chow PCY, Brédas JL, Coropceanu V, So SK, Tsang SW. Assessing intra- and inter-molecular charge transfer excitations in non-fullerene acceptors using electroabsorption spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2393. [PMID: 38493131 PMCID: PMC10944474 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic cells using Y6 non-fullerene acceptors have recently achieved high efficiency, and it was suggested to be attributed to the charge-transfer (CT) nature of the excitations in Y6 aggregates. Here, by combining electroabsorption spectroscopy measurements and electronic-structure calculations, we find that the charge-transfer character already exists in isolated Y6 molecules but is strongly increased when there is molecular aggregation. Surprisingly, it is found that the large enhanced charge transfer in clustered Y6 molecules is not due to an increase in excited-state dipole moment, Δμ, as observed in other organic systems, but due to a reduced polarizability change, Δp. It is proposed that such a strong charge-transfer character is promoted by the stabilization of the charge-transfer energy upon aggregation, as deduced from density functional theory and four-state model calculations. This work provides insight into the correlation between molecular electronic properties and charge-transfer characteristics in organic electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhi Mahadevan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Centre of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Hong Kong Institute of Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Taili Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Saied Md Pratik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0041, USA
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Hang Yuen Ho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Centre of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Hong Kong Institute of Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Shanchao Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Centre of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Hong Kong Institute of Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Centre of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Hong Kong Institute of Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0041, USA
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0041, USA
| | - Shu Kong So
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Sai-Wing Tsang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
- Centre of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
- Hong Kong Institute of Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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30
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Pei S, Tang H, Liu H, Gao S, Duan Y, Gao Y, Su Z. Theoretical Study and Design for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters with Through-Space Charge Transfer from an Acridine Derivative Donor to an O-Bridged Triphenylboron Boroxy Acceptor. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4557-4565. [PMID: 38395040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The through-space charge transfer thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TSCT-TADF) properties of a series of molecules were characterized and tested theoretically by density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory. By analyzing the weak interaction of the molecules at the ground state and calculating the transition contribution ratio of the donor, acceptor, and bridge in the excited state, we verified the through-space charge transfer characteristic of these molecules. We designed new molecules on the basis of the reported molecules (non-TADF molecule 1 and TADF molecule 2) to improve the performance. Smaller singlet-triplet energy gaps and larger spin-orbit coupling were obtained in the designed molecules, which is beneficial to obtain higher intersystem crossing and reverse intersystem crossing rates (kRISC). In addition, we calculated the radiation rate and the singlet-triplet reorganization energy, which is used to characterize the nonradiation rate. The comprehensive evaluation of both radiative and nonradiative processes shows that molecules 4 and 6 have the potential to be highly efficient TSCT-TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Pei
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Han Liu
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Shengxiang Gao
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yingchen Duan
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Ying Gao
- Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Navamani K. Unified Entropy-Ruled Einstein's Relation for Bulk and Low-Dimensional Molecular-Material Systems: A Hopping-to-Band Shift Paradigm. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2519-2528. [PMID: 38411901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
We present a unified paradigm on entropy-ruled Einstein's diffusion-mobility relation (μ/D ratio) for 1D, 2D, and 3D free-electron solid state systems. The localization transport in the extended molecules is well approximated by the continuum time-delayed hopping factor within our unified entropy-ruled transport method of noninteracting quantum systems. Moreover, we generalize an entropy-dependent diffusion relation for 1D, 2D, and 3D systems as defined by D d , h e f f = D d , h e f f = 0 exp ( ( d - 1 ) h e f f d + 2 ) , where heff and d are the effective entropy and dimension (d = 1, 2, 3), respectively. This generalized relation is valid for both equilibrium and nonequilibrium transport systems since the parameter heff is closely connected with the nonequilibrium fluctuation theorem-based entropy production rule. Importantly, we herein revisit the Boltzmann approach using an entropy-ruled method for mobility calculation for the universal quantum materials that is expressed as μ d = [ ( d d + 2 ) q d h e f f d η ] v F 2 τ 2 , where v F 2 τ 2 is the diffusion constant for band transport systems and η is the chemical potential. According to our entropy-ruled μ/D relation, the Navamani-Shockley diode equation is transformed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Navamani
- Department of Physics, Centre for Research and Development (CFRD), KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore-641407, India
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32
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Gong H, Xing Y, Li J, Liu S. Functionalized Linear Conjugated Polymer/TiO 2 Heterojunctions for Significantly Enhancing Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. Molecules 2024; 29:1103. [PMID: 38474617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) have attracted much attention in recent years due to their structural abundance and tunable energy bands. Compared with CP-based materials, the inorganic semiconductor TiO2 has the advantages of low cost, non-toxicity and high photocatalytic hydrogen production (PHP) performance. However, studies on polymeric-inorganic heterojunctions, composed of D-A type CPs and TiO2, for boosting the PHP efficiency are still rare. Herein, an elucidation that the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity can actually be improved by forming polymeric-inorganic heterojunctions TFl@TiO2, TS@TiO2 and TSO2@TiO2, facilely synthesized through efficient in situ direct C-H arylation polymerization, is given. The compatible energy levels between virgin TiO2 and polymeric semiconductors enable the resulting functionalized CP@TiO2 heterojunctions to exhibit a considerable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate (HER). Especially, the HER of TSO2@TiO2 heterojunction reaches up to 11,220 μmol g-1 h-1, approximately 5.47 and 1260 times higher than that of pristine TSO2 and TiO2 photocatalysts. The intrinsic merits of a donor-acceptor conjugated polymer and the interfacial interaction between CP and TiO2 account for the excellent PHP activity, facilitating the separation of photo-generated excitons. Considering the outstanding PHP behavior, our work discloses that the coupling of inorganic semiconductors and suitable D-A conjugated CPs would play significant roles in the photocatalysis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yuqin Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
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33
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Xu Y, Huang X, Wang YC, Zhao Y, Liang W. Identification of the interchromophore interaction in the electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectra of bis-phenanthrenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6155-6163. [PMID: 38299862 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05684h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We characterize the low-lying excited electronic states of a series of bis-phenanthrenes using our newly developed diabatic scheme called the fragment particle-hole density (FPHD) method and calculate both the electronic absorption and circular dichroism (ECD) spectra using the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and the FPHD-based exciton model which couples intrachromophore local excitations (LEs) and the interchromophore charge-transfer excitations (CTEs). TDDFT treats each bis-phenanthrene as a single molecule while the mixed LE-CTE exciton model partitions the molecule into two phenanthrene-based aromatic moieties, and then applies the electronic coupling between the various quasi-diabatic states to cover the interactions. It is found that TDDFT and the mixed LE-CTE model reproduce all experimentally observed trends in the spectral profiles, and the hybridization between LE and CTE states is displayed differently in absorption and ECD spectral intensities, as it usually decreases the absorption maxima and affects the positive/negative extrema of the ECD irregularly. By comparing the results yielded by the LE-CTE model with and without the LE-CTE coupling, we identify the contribution of CTE on the main dipole-allowed transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Xunkun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
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Babu SA, E J, John J. Annulation reactions of electrophilic benzannulated heterocycles towards heteroacenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1674-1689. [PMID: 38258327 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05449g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The current review describes different annulation strategies reported with electrophilic benzannulated heterocycles for accessing heteroacenes. For the past two decades, the chemistry of electrophilic benzannulated heterocycles was extensively investigated, and several dipolar cycloadditions, metal and organo-catalyzed transformations were introduced for the generation of fused heterocycles. In this review, we have collected all the reports where the annulation of electrophilic benzannulated heterocycles results in a fully aromatic system, viz. heteroacenes with tri-, tetra-, and pentacyclic rings. We reviewed every paper on the synthesis of fused heterocycles that was accessible and categorized the review into several parts based on the electrophilic benzannulated heterocycle used in the heteroacene synthesis such as electrophilic indole, electrophilic benzothiophene, and so forth. The generality and mechanistic postulates of each methodology are highlighted. In addition, we have also tried to feature the advantages or shortcomings of each method and have mentioned the possible applications of these methodologies for accessing heteroacenes for material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheba Ann Babu
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram-695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Jijy E
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram-695019, India
- Department of Chemistry, MES College, Nedumkandam, Idukki, Kerala-685553, India.
| | - Jubi John
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram-695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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35
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Roger C, Schmiedel A, Holzapfel M, Lukzen NN, Steiner UE, Lambert C. The influence of hindered rotation on electron transfer and exchange interaction in triarylamine-triptycene-perylene diimide triads. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4954-4967. [PMID: 38277181 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05785b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Stretched electron-donor-bridge-acceptor triads that exhibit intramolecular twisting degrees of freedom are capable of modulating exchange interaction (J) as well as electronic couplings through variable π-overlap at the linear bond links, affecting the rate constants of photoinduced charge separation and recombination. Here we present an in-depth investigation of such effects induced by methyl substituents leading to controlled steric hindrance of intramolecular twisting around biaryl axes. Starting from the parent structure, consisting of a triphenyl amine donor, a triptycene (TTC) bridge and a phenylene-perylene diimide acceptor (Me0), one of the two phenylene linkers attached to the TTC was ortho-substituted by two methyl groups (Me2, Me3), or both such phenylene linkers by two pairs of methyl groups (Me23). Photoinduced charge separation (kCS) leading to a charge-separated (CS) state was studied by fs-laser spectroscopy, charge recombination to either singlet ground state (kS) or to the first excited local triplet state of the acceptor (kT) by ns-laser spectroscopy, whereby kinetic magnetic field effects in an external magnetic field were recorded and analysed using quantum dynamic simulations of the spin dependent kinetics of the CS state. Kinetic spectra of the initial first order rate constants of charge recombination (k(B)) exhibited characteristic J-resonances progressing to lower fields in the series Me0, Me2, Me3, Me23. From the quantum simulations, the values of the parameters J, kS, kT and kSTD, the singlet/triplet dephasing constant, were obtained. They were analysed in terms of molecular dynamics simulations of the intramolecular twisting dynamics based on potentials calculated by density functional theory. Apart from kT, all of the parameters exhibit a clear correlation with the averaged cosine square products of the biaryl angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Roger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Nikita N Lukzen
- International Tomography Center, Russia and Novosibirsk State University, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ulrich E Steiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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36
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Mamada M, Hayakawa M, Ochi J, Hatakeyama T. Organoboron-based multiple-resonance emitters: synthesis, structure-property correlations, and prospects. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1624-1692. [PMID: 38168795 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00837a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Boron-based multiple-resonance (MR) emitters exhibit the advantages of narrowband emission, high absolute photoluminescence quantum yield, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), and sufficient stability during the operation of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Thus, such MR emitters have been widely applied as blue emitters in triplet-triplet-annihilation-driven fluorescent devices used in smartphones and televisions. Moreover, they hold great promise as TADF or terminal emitters in TADF-assisted fluorescence or phosphor-sensitised fluorescent OLEDs. Herein we comprehensively review organoboron-based MR emitters based on their synthetic strategies, clarify structure-photophysical property correlations, and provide design guidelines and future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Hayakawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Junki Ochi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Takuji Hatakeyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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37
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Lüer L, Wang R, Liu C, Dube H, Heumüller T, Hauch J, Brabec CJ. Maximizing Performance and Stability of Organic Solar Cells at Low Driving Force for Charge Separation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305948. [PMID: 38039433 PMCID: PMC10853714 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to the development of novel electron acceptor materials, the power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are now approaching 20%. Further improvement of PCE is complicated by the need for a driving force to split strongly bound excitons into free charges, causing voltage losses. This review discusses recent approaches to finding efficient OPV systems with minimal driving force, combining near unity quantum efficiency (maximum short circuit currents) with optimal energy efficiency (maximum open circuit voltages). The authors discuss apparently contradicting results on the amount of exciton binding in recent literature, and approaches to harmonize the findings. A comprehensive view is then presented on motifs providing a driving force for charge separation, namely hybridization at the donor:acceptor interface and polarization effects in the bulk, of which quadrupole moments (electrostatics) play a leading role. Apart from controlling the energies of the involved states, these motifs also control the dynamics of recombination processes, which are essential to avoid voltage and fill factor losses. Importantly, all motifs are shown to depend on both molecular structure and process conditions. The resulting high dimensional search space advocates for high throughput (HT) workflows. The final part of the review presents recent HT studies finding consolidated structure-property relationships in OPV films and devices from various deposition methods, from research to industrial upscaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Lüer
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
| | - Rong Wang
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT)Paul‐Gordan‐Straße 691052ErlangenGermany
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
| | - Henry Dube
- Department Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergNikolaus‐Fiebiger‐Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jens Hauch
- Helmholtz‐Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg (HI‐ERN)Immerwahrstraße 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i‐MEET)Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐NürnbergMartensstrasse 791058ErlangenGermany
- Helmholtz‐Institute Erlangen‐Nürnberg (HI‐ERN)Immerwahrstraße 291058ErlangenGermany
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38
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Dong CD, Bauch F, Hu Y, Schumacher S. Charge transfer in superbase n-type doping of PCBM induced by deprotonation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4194-4199. [PMID: 38230526 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05105f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
N-type electronic doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) by using superbase compounds shows high doping efficiency (H. Wei, Z. Cheng, T. Wu, Y. Liu, J. Guo, P.-A. Chen, J. Xia, H. Xie, X. Qiu, T. Liu, B. Zhang, J. Hui, Z. Zeng, Y. Bai and Y. Hu, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2300084). While a deprotonation reaction is believed to trigger the doping process, the detailed mechanism therein is not yet fully understood. In the present work we theoretically study the electronic structure of the deprotonated Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) molecule, as well as the charge transfer (CT) between PCBM and its deprotonated species. We find that deprotonated PCBM without formation of a new bond between the deprotonated side chain and fullerene induces electronic structure with broken spin symmetry, where an in-gap state is singly occupied by an unpaired electron. A second scenario that we find to be possible is the formation of a new bond between the deprotonated side chain and a fullerene. This leads to a spin symmetric electronic structure with partially localized in-gap state, which is expected to contribute less to the effective doping. These results show that the deprotonated PCBM species without new bond formation predominantly accounts for the effective n-type doping of PCBM, an insight that will be useful for optimization of this recently discovered doping method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ding Dong
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, Paderborn 33098, Germany.
| | - Fabian Bauch
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, Paderborn 33098, Germany.
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Base for Advanced Display Technologies of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, Paderborn 33098, Germany.
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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39
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Richards R, Song Y, O’Connor L, Wang X, Dailing EA, Bragg AE, Ayzner AL. Exciton Transfer Between Extended Electronic States in Conjugated Inter-Polyelectrolyte Complexes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16. [PMID: 38289236 PMCID: PMC11056932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Artificial light harvesting, a process that involves converting sunlight into chemical potential energy, is considered to be a promising part of the overall solution to address urgent global energy challenges. Conjugated polyelectrolyte complexes (CPECs) are particularly attractive for this purpose due to their extended electronic states, tunable assembly thermodynamics, and sensitivity to their local environment. Importantly, ionically assembled complexes of conjugated polyelectrolytes can act as efficient donor-acceptor pairs for electronic energy transfer (EET). However, to be of use in material applications, we must understand how modifying the chemical structure of the CPE backbone alters the EET rate beyond spectral overlap considerations. In this report we investigate the dependence of the EET efficiency and rate on the electronic structure and excitonic wave function of the CPE backbone. To do so, we synthesized a series of alternating copolymers where the electronic states are systematically altered by introducing comonomers with electron withdrawing and electron-rich character while keeping the linear ionic charge density nearly fixed. We find evidence that the excitonic coupling may be significantly affected by the exciton delocalization radius, in accordance with analytical models based on the line-dipole approximation and quantum chemistry calculations. Our results imply that care should be taken when selecting CPE components for optimal CPEC EET. These results have implications for using CPECs as key components in water-based light-harvesting materials, either as standalone assemblies or as adsorbates on nanoparticles and thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Richards
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Yuqi Song
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Luke O’Connor
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Eric A. Dailing
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,United States
| | - Arthur E. Bragg
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander L. Ayzner
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
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40
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Hudson RJ, MacDonald TSC, Cole JH, Schmidt TW, Smith TA, McCamey DR. A framework for multiexcitonic logic. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-023-00566-y. [PMID: 38273177 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Exciton science sits at the intersection of chemical, optical and spin-based implementations of information processing, but using excitons to conduct logical operations remains relatively unexplored. Excitons encoding information could be read optically (photoexcitation-photoemission) or electrically (charge recombination-separation), travel through materials via exciton energy transfer, and interact with one another in stimuli-responsive molecular excitonic devices. Excitonic logic offers the potential to mediate electrical, optical and chemical information. Additionally, high-spin triplet and quintet (multi)excitons offer access to well defined spin states of relevance to magnetic field effects, classical spintronics and spin-based quantum information science. In this Roadmap, we propose a framework for developing excitonic computing based on singlet fission (SF) and triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA). Various molecular components capable of modulating SF/TTA for logical operations are suggested, including molecular photo-switching and multi-colour photoexcitation. We then outline a pathway for constructing excitonic logic devices, considering aspects of circuit assembly, logical operation synchronization, and exciton transport and amplification. Promising future directions and challenges are identified, and the potential for realizing excitonic computing in the near future is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Hudson
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
| | - Thomas S C MacDonald
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
- School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jared H Cole
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor A Smith
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
| | - Dane R McCamey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, .
- School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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41
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Zheng Y, Venkatesh R, Rojas-Gatjens E, Reichmanis E, Silva-Acuña C. Exciton Bimolecular Annihilation Dynamics in Push-Pull Semiconductor Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:272-280. [PMID: 38166236 PMCID: PMC10788955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Exciton-exciton annihilation is a ubiquitous nonlinear dynamic phenomenon in materials hosting Frenkel excitons. In this work, we investigate the nonlinear exciton dynamics of an electron push-pull conjugated polymer by fluence-dependent transient absorption and excitation-correlation photoluminescence spectroscopy, where we can quantitatively show the latter to be a more selective probe of the nonlinear dynamics. Simulations based on a time-independent exciton annihilation model show a decreasing trend for the extracted annihilation rates with excitation fluence. Further investigation of the fluence-dependent transients suggests that the exciton-exciton annihilation bimolecular rates are not constant in time, displaying a t-1/2 time dependence, which we rationalize as reflective of one-dimensional exciton diffusion, with a diffusion length estimated to be 9 ± 2 nm. In addition, exciton annihilation gives rise to a long-lived species that recombines on a nanosecond time scale. Our conclusions shed broad light onto nonlinear exciton dynamics in push-pull conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zheng
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rahul Venkatesh
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Esteban Rojas-Gatjens
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 124 E. Morton Street, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Carlos Silva-Acuña
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Institut
Courtois & Département de physique, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal H2V 0B3, Québec, Canada
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42
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Vaithiyanathan V, Sivaraman S. Eco-friendly K-10 Clay-Mediated [3 + 3] Spiroannulation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adduct of Isatin with Anthracene: Synthesis of Green Fluorophore Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:934-941. [PMID: 38222519 PMCID: PMC10785619 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
An easy and simple spiroannulation of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman adduct of isatin derivatives with anthracene was achieved in moderate-to-good yields (37-75%). The spiroderivatives synthesized in this work exhibited green fluorescence properties. The reaction occurred in metal-free eco-friendly K-10 clay-mediated conditions. The final products have multiple structural features such as 3-spirooxindole, fluorophoric anthracene, phenanthracene, phenalene, and perylene cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadivel Vaithiyanathan
- Department
of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts College,
(Re-accredited by the NAAC with “B+” and Affiliated
to Annamalai University, Chidambaram), Villupuram 605 602, Tamilnadu
| | - Sivaprakasam Sivaraman
- Department
of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts College,
(Re-accredited by the NAAC with “B+” and Affiliated
to Annamalai University, Chidambaram), Villupuram 605 602, Tamilnadu
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43
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Rashid MAM, Min S, Namgoong SK, Jeong K. Effect of substituting donors on the hole mobility of hole transporting materials in perovskite solar cells: a DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1352-1363. [PMID: 38108402 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04310j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Several hole-transporting materials (HTMs) have been designed by incorporating different types of π-conjugation group such as long chain aliphatic alkenes and condensed aromatic rings of benzene and thiophene and their derivatives on both sides between the planar core and donor of a reference HTM. Various electronic, optical, and dynamic properties have been calculated by using DFT, TDDFT, and Marcus theory. In this study, all the designed HTMs show a lower HOMO energy level and match well with the perovskite absorbers. Inserting condensed rings results in better hole mobility compared to aliphatic double bonds. It is found that the charge transfer integral is the dominant factor which mainly influences the hole mobility in our studied HTMs. Other factors such as hole reorganization energy, hole hopping rate, and centroid distance have a minor effect on hole mobility. Thus, this study is expected to provide guidance for the design and synthesis of new HTMs with increased hole mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Mamunur Rashid
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Sein Min
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, South Korea
| | - Sung Keon Namgoong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, South Korea
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, 01805, South Korea.
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44
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Xu M, Wei C, Zhang Y, Chen J, Li H, Zhang J, Sun L, Liu B, Lin J, Yu M, Xie L, Huang W. Coplanar Conformational Structure of π-Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301671. [PMID: 37364981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical structure of conjugated polymers is critical to dominating their optoelectronic properties and applications. Compared to nonplanar conformational segments, coplanar conformational segments of conjugated polymers (CPs) demonstrate favorable properties for applications as a semiconductor. Herein, recent developments in the coplanar conformational structure of CPs for optoelectronic devices are summarized. First, this review comprehensively summarizes the unique properties of planar conformational structures. Second, the characteristics of the coplanar conformation in terms of optoelectrical properties and other polymer physics characteristics are emphasized. Five primary characterization methods for investigating the complanate backbone structures are illustrated, providing a systematical toolbox for studying this specific conformation. Third, internal and external conditions for inducing the coplanar conformational structure are presented, offering guidelines for designing this conformation. Fourth, the optoelectronic applications of this segment, such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and field-effect transistors, are briefly summarized. Finally, a conclusion and outlook for the coplanar conformational segment regarding molecular design and applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuanxin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiefeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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45
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Fischermeier D, Turkin A, Selby J, Lambert C, Mitrić R. Simulation of exciton spectra in disordered supramolecular polymers: exciton localization in cisoid indolenine squaraine hexamers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:219-229. [PMID: 38055887 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the effects of disorder and defects in oligomers and polymers on the localization of excitons, we investigated the spectral properties of the squaraine B hexamer using long range corrected tight-binding TDDFT (lc-TDDFTB) and Frenkel-exciton model based calculations. Employing classical molecular dynamics, the cisoid indolenine squaraine hexamers helix was propagated in DCM and acetone to obtain ensembles of realistic structures, which naturally exhibit considerable disorder. The trajectories together with several model squaraine systems were studied to show the profound effects of disorder in the superstructure and disorder of the local monomer geometry on optical properties like absorption and exciton localization. We further compared lc-TDDFTB and exciton theory derived spectral data to related experimental data on absorption, exciton transfer and localization in squaraine polymers and oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fischermeier
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Arthur Turkin
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universitüt Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Joshua Selby
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universitüt Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universitüt Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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46
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Medina Rivero S, Alonso-Navarro MJ, Tonnelé C, Marín-Beloqui JM, Suárez-Blas F, Clarke TM, Kang S, Oh J, Ramos MM, Kim D, Casanova D, Segura JL, Casado J. V-Shaped Tröger Oligothiophenes Boost Triplet Formation by CT Mediation and Symmetry Breaking. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27295-27306. [PMID: 38060544 PMCID: PMC10839832 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A new family of molecules obtained by coupling Tröger's base unit with dicyanovinylene-terminated oligothiophenes of different lengths has been synthesized and characterized by steady-state stationary and transient time-resolved spectroscopies. Quantum chemical calculations allow us to interpret and recognize the properties of the stationary excited states as well as the time-dependent mechanisms of singlet-to-triplet coupling. The presence of the diazocine unit in Tröger's base derivatives is key to efficiently producing singlet-to-triplet intersystem crossing mediated by the role of the nitrogen atoms and of the almost orthogonal disposition of the two thiophene arms. Spin-orbit coupling-mediated interstate intersystem crossing (ISC) is activated by a symmetry-breaking process in the first singlet excited state with partial charge transfer character. This mechanism is a characteristic of these molecular triads since the independent dicyanovinylene-oligothiophene branches do not display appreciable ISC. These results show how Tröger's base coupling of organic chromophores can be used to improve the ISC efficiency and tune their photophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Medina Rivero
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Matías J. Alonso-Navarro
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Chemical
and Environmental Technology Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- Ikerbasque
Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Jose M. Marín-Beloqui
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Fátima Suárez-Blas
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Chemical
and Environmental Technology Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tracey M. Clarke
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department
of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - M. Mar Ramos
- Chemical
and Environmental Technology Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Division
of Energy Materials, Pohang University of
Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- Ikerbasque
Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - José L. Segura
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Casado
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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47
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Peng LY, Pan GN, Chen WK, Liu XY, Fang WH, Cui G. Photocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 to HCOOH and CO by a Phosphine-Bipyridine-Phosphine Ir(III) Catalyst: Photophysics, Nonadiabatic Effects, Mechanism, and Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202315300. [PMID: 38085965 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is one of the best solutions to solve the global energy crisis and to realize carbon neutralization. The tetradentate phosphine-bipyridine (bpy)-phosphine (PNNP)-type Ir(III) photocatalyst, Mes-IrPCY2, was reported with a high HCOOH selectivity but the photocatalytic mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we employ electronic structure methods in combination with radiative, nonradiative, and electron transfer rate calculations, to explore the entire photocatalytic cycle to either HCOOH or CO, based on which a new mechanistic scenario is proposed. The catalytic reduction reaction starts from the generation of the precursor metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3 MLCT) state. Subsequently, the divergence happens from the 3 MLCT state, the single electron transfer (SET) and deprotonation process lead to the formation of one-electron-reduced species and Ir(I) species, which initiate the reduction reaction to HCOOH and CO, respectively. Interestingly, the efficient occurrence of proton or electron transfer reduces barriers of critical steps. In addition, nonadiabatic transitions play a nonnegligible role in the cycle. We suggest a lower free-energy barrier in the reaction-limiting step and the very efficient SET in 3 MLCT are cooperatively responsible for a high HCOOH selectivity. The gained mechanistic insights could help chemists to understand, regulate, and design photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction of similar function-integrated molecular photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ya Peng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Guang-Ning Pan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China
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48
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Tedy AM, Manna AK. Does the Intersystem Crossing Rate of β-Iodinated Phosphorus Corrole Depend on Iodine Numbers and/or Positions? J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10118-10127. [PMID: 38011309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The heavy-atom effect is known to enhance the intersystem crossing (ISC) in organic molecular systems. Effects of iodine numbers and positions on the ISC rate of a few meso-difluorophenyl substituted β-iodinated phosphorus corroles (PCs) with axially ligated fluorine atoms (mI-FPC; m = 1-4) are studied using a time-dependent optimally tuned range-separated hybrid. Solvent effects are accounted for through a polarizable continuum model with a toluene dielectric. Calculations suggest similar thermodynamic stability for all mI-FPCs and also reproduce the experimentally measured 0-0 energies for some of the freebase phosphorus corrole (FPC) systems studied here. Importantly, our results reveal that all mI-FPCs display 10 times larger ISC rate (∼109 s-1) than the fluorescence rate (∼108 s-1), and the higher ISC rate stems from the improved spin-orbit coupling (SOC) introduced by lighter heteroatoms like central P and biaxial F rather than the I heavy-atom effect. However, an enhanced SOC is found with increasing I content for El-Sayed forbidden ISC channels. Research findings reported in this study unveil the impact of light heteroatoms and heavy atoms in promoting ISC in several iodinated PCs, which help in designing visible-light-driven efficient triplet photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Mariya Tedy
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Sciences & Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, A.P 517619, India
| | - Arun K Manna
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Sciences & Technologies, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, A.P 517619, India
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49
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Borges I, Guimarães RMPO, Monteiro-de-Castro G, Rosa NMP, Nieman R, Lischka H, Aquino AJA. A comprehensive analysis of charge transfer effects on donor-pyrene (bridge)-acceptor systems using different substituents. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:2424-2436. [PMID: 37638684 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pyrene has photophysical properties that can be tuned with different donor and acceptor substituents. Recently, a D (donor)-Pyrene (bridge)-A (acceptor) system, DPA, with the electron donor N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA), and the electron acceptor trifluoromethylphenyl (TFM), was investigated by means of time-resolved spectroscopic measurements (J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021, 12, 2226-2231). DPA shows great promise for potential applications in organic electronic devices. In this work, we used the ab initio second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction method ADC(2) to investigate the excited-state properties of a series of analogous DPA systems, including the originally synthesized DPAs. The additionally investigated substituents were amino, fluorine, and methoxy as donors and nitrile and nitro groups as acceptors. The focus of this work was on characterizing the lowest excited singlet states regarding charge transfer (CT) and local excitation (LE) characters. For the DMA-pyrene-TFM system, the ADC(2) calculations show two initial electronic states relevant for interpreting the photodynamics. The bright S1 state is locally excited within the pyrene moiety, and an S2 state is localized ~0.5 eV above S1 and characterized as a donor to pyrene CT state. HOMO and LUMO energies were employed to assess the efficiency of the DPA compounds for organic photovoltaics (OPVs). HOMO-LUMO and optical gaps were used to estimate power conversion and light-harvesting efficiencies for practical applications in organic solar cells. Considering the systems using smaller D/A substituents, compounds with the strong acceptor NO2 substituent group show enhanced CT and promising properties for use in OPVs. Some of the other compounds with small substituents are also found to be competitive in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Borges
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nathália M P Rosa
- Departamento de Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Reed Nieman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Adelia J A Aquino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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50
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Debnath P, Ahmed R, Manna AK. Molecular-Scale Design of Azulene-Based Triplet Photosensitizers: Insights from Time-Dependent Optimally Tuned Range-Separated Hybrid. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10016-10024. [PMID: 37950697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free triplet photosensitizers are ubiquitous in photocatalysis, photodynamic therapy, photovoltaics, and so forth. Their photosensitization efficiency strongly depends on the ability of the low-lying excited spin-triplet to be populated through intersystem crossing. Small singlet-triplet gaps and considerable spin-orbit coupling between the excited spin-singlet and spin-triplet facilitate efficient intersystem crossing. Azulene (Az), a classic example of Anti-Kasha's blue emitter with considerable fluorescence quantum yield, holds great promise because of its chemical stability, rich electronic properties, and high structural rigidity. Here, we provide computationally modeled Az-derived photosensitizers, namely, Az-CHO and Az-CHS, implementing polarization consistent time-dependent optimally tuned range-separated hybrid. Calculations reveal energetic reordering of low-lying ππ* and nπ* singlet states between Az-CHO and Az-CHS and, thereby, rendering the latter to a nonfluorescent one. Importantly, a small singlet-triplet gap and large spin-orbit coupling for Az-CHX with X = O and S produce remarkably high intersystem crossing rates. Furthermore, strong nonadiabatic coupling between the S1(nπ*) and S2(ππ*) in Az-CHS due to substantially smaller energy gap causes enhanced S1 population via fast internal conversion. These research findings provide new insights into the development of functional Az and or related heavy-atom-free small organic molecule-based triplet photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prantic Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, A.P517619 ,India
| | - Raka Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, A.P517619 ,India
| | - Arun K Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, A.P517619 ,India
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