1
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Su X, Sun J, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang J, Tang W, Gong J. Bifunctional Chiral Agent Enables One-pot Spontaneous Deracemization of Racemic Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402886. [PMID: 38526333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
A novel one-pot deracemization method using a bifunctional chiral agent (BCA) is proposed for the first time to convert a racemate to the desired enantiomer. Specifically, chiral α, (α-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanol) formed enantiospecific cocrystals with racemic dihydromyricetin, and used its own alkaline catalysis to catalyze the racemization between the (2R,3R)-enantiomer and (2S,3S)-enantiomer in solution, achieving a one-pot spontaneous deracemization. This strategy was also successfully extended to the deracemization of three other racemic compound drugs: (R,S)-carprofen, (R,S)-indoprofen, and (R,S)-indobufen. The one-pot deracemization method based on the BCA strategy provides a feasible approach to address the incompatibility between cocrystallization and racemization reactions that are commonly encountered in the cocrystallization-induced deracemization process and opens a new window to develop essential enantiomerically pure pharmaceutical products with atom economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jie Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- China Petroleum Planning and Engineering Institute (CPPEI), China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yaoguo Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University; The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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2
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Kuzu MY, Schmidt A, Strohmann C. Enantioselective Synthesis of Phosphine Boranes via Crystallization-Induced Dynamic Resolution of Lithiated Intermediate by Understanding the Underlying Epimerization Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319665. [PMID: 38427610 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Described herein is the successful crystallization-induced dynamic resolution (CIDR) of an α-lithiated phosphine borane utilizing the easily accessible and inexpensive ligand (R,R)-TMCDA. Starting from the essential P-prochiral building block dimethyl phenyl phosphine borane we were able to obtain phosphine boranes in yields up to 80 % and e.r. up to 98 : 2 by crystallization of the lithiated intermediate prior to the trapping reaction. NMR-based deuterium labeling experiments indicate that the epimerization in solution is based on the intermolecular proton transfer between nonlithiated phosphine borane and the corresponding lithiated intermediate, rendering the presence of the remaining starting compound in an optimized solvent mixture the main factor for successful enantioselective synthesis. Quantum chemical calculations using different model systems based on solid state structures confirm these experimental results. By gaining insights into the epimerization mechanism, essential principles for CIDR of lithiated phosphine boranes are elucidated that may be expanded to other important P-stereogenic compounds and simple chiral amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yasin Kuzu
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Annika Schmidt
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Inorganic Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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3
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Kurihara Y, Yagi M, Noguchi T, Yasufuku H, Okita A, Yoshimura S, Oishi T, Chida N, Okamura T, Sato T. Total Synthesis of Keramaphidin B and Ingenamine by Base-Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reaction Using Dynamic Regioselective Crystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38592076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The control of the selectivity is a central issue in the total synthesis of complex natural products. In this paper, we report the total synthesis of (±)-keramaphidin B and (±)-ingenamine. The key reaction is a DMAP-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction in which the regioselectivity is completely controlled by dynamic crystallization. Our synthesis successfully demonstrates that dynamic crystallization can be an alternative when the selectivity is not controlled by either kinetic or thermodynamic approaches in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kurihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Minori Yagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Noguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Haruka Yasufuku
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ayane Okita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Sho Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takeshi Oishi
- School of Medicine, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Noritaka Chida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Okamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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4
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Zhang J, Wang K, Zhu C. Deracemization of Atropisomeric Biaryls Enabled by Copper Catalysis. JACS AU 2024; 4:502-511. [PMID: 38425940 PMCID: PMC10900502 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomeric biaryls have found crucial applications in versatile chiral catalysts as well as in ligands for transition metals. Herein, we have developed an efficient crystallization-induced deracemization (CID) method to access chiral biaryls from their racemates with a chiral ammonium salt under copper catalysis including BINOL, NOBIN, and BINAM derivatives. After being significantly accelerated by its bidentate diamine ligand, the copper catalyst exhibits high efficiency and selectivity in racemizing biaryl skeletons, and the cocrystal complex would be enantioselectively formed together with chiral ammonium salt, which on acid-quenching would directly deliver chiral biaryl without further chromatographic purification. This CID process is easily scalable, and the chiral ammonium salt was nicely recoverable. Ligand effect studies showed that bulky alkyl substitution was an indispensable element to ensure efficient racemization, which probably proceeds via a radical-cation intermediate and further allows axial rotation by forming a delocalized radical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Can Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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5
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Sui J, Wang N, Wang J, Huang X, Wang T, Zhou L, Hao H. Strategies for chiral separation: from racemate to enantiomer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11955-12003. [PMID: 37969602 PMCID: PMC10631238 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation has become a crucial topic for effectively utilizing superfluous racemates synthesized by chemical means and satisfying the growing requirements for producing enantiopure chiral compounds. However, the remarkably close physical and chemical properties of enantiomers present significant obstacles, making it necessary to develop novel enantioseparation methods. This review comprehensively summaries the latest developments in the main enantioseparation methods, including preparative-scale chromatography, enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization-based methods for chiral separation, deracemization process coupling racemization and crystallization, porous material method and membrane resolution method, focusing on significant cases involving crystallization, deracemization and membranes. Notably, potential trends and future directions are suggested based on the state-of-art "coupling" strategy, which may greatly reinvigorate the existing individual methods and facilitate the emergence of cross-cutting ideas among researchers from different enantioseparation domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Sui
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
| | - Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
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6
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Sherman ER, Cassels WR, Johnson JS. Crystallization-Enabled Stereoconvergent Michael Additions of β-Keto Esters to Nitroolefins. Org Lett 2023; 25:6779-6783. [PMID: 37669540 PMCID: PMC10586059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric Michael additions are powerful tools to meet the growing need for stereochemically complex products. While 1,3-dicarbonyls are common nucleophiles, the successful use of configurationally unstable β-keto esters in diastereoselective variants remains understudied. In this Letter, crystalline β-keto esters were leveraged in a two-phase, one-pot merger of an asymmetric Michael addition with a crystallization-induced diastereomer transformation. Tuning the crystallinity of β-keto ester adducts enabled stereoconvergence of the products, which were isolated by filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - William R Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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7
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Lisnyak VG, Tan Y, Ramirez A, Wisniewski SR, Sarjeant AA. Development of a Crystallization-Induced Diastereomer Transformation of Oxime Isomers for the Asymmetric Synthesis of (1 S,6 R)-3,9-Diazabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12493-12501. [PMID: 37610241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a practical crystallization-induced diastereomer transformation (CIDT) of oxime isomers for the scalable asymmetric synthesis of the bicyclic diamine (1S,6R)-3,9-diazabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane derivative that serves as a valuable building block in medicinal chemistry. The developed approach utilizes (S)-phenylethylamine as a chiral auxiliary handle for CIDT, and the starting nortropinone derivative is prepared in one step from commercially available materials. The resulting E-oxime is subjected to a stereospecific Beckmann rearrangement, followed by reduction of the resulting lactam with LiAlH4 to afford the monoprotected (1S,6R)-3,9-diazabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane derivative. The development of the CIDT and understanding of the mechanistic implications leading to the high selectivity are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav G Lisnyak
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Yichen Tan
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven R Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Amy A Sarjeant
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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8
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Nimmo AJ, Bitai J, Young CM, McLaughlin C, Slawin AMZ, Cordes DB, Smith AD. Enantioselective isothiourea-catalysed reversible Michael addition of aryl esters to 2-benzylidene malononitriles. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7537-7544. [PMID: 37449062 PMCID: PMC10337745 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations usually rely upon optimal enantioselectivity being observed in kinetically controlled reaction processes, with energy differences between diastereoisomeric transition state energies translating to stereoisomeric product ratios. Herein, stereoselectivity resulting from an unusual reversible Michael addition of an aryl ester to 2-benzylidene malononitrile electrophiles using an isothiourea as a Lewis base catalyst is demonstrated. Notably, the basicity of the aryloxide component and reactivity of the isothiourea Lewis base both affect the observed product selectivity, with control studies and crossover experiments indicating the feasibility of a constructive reversible Michael addition from the desired product. When this reversible addition is coupled with a crystallisation-induced diastereomer transformation (CIDT) it allows isolation of products in high yield and stereocontrol (14 examples, up to 95 : 5 dr and 99 : 1 er). Application of this process to gram scale, plus derivatisations to provide further useful products, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Nimmo
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Jacqueline Bitai
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Claire M Young
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Calum McLaughlin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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9
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Cassels WR, Johnson JS. Development of organic reactions that productively leverage physical properties. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6765. [PMID: 37406122 PMCID: PMC10321729 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization-induced stereoconvergent Michael additions demonstrate the potential of using physical properties to reveal unique reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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10
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Wada K, Yasuzawa K, Fa S, Nagata Y, Kato K, Ohtani S, Ogoshi T. Diastereoselective Rotaxane Synthesis with Pillar[5]arenes via Co-crystallization and Solid-State Mechanochemical Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37411034 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Chiral rotaxanes have attracted much attention in recent decades for their unique chirality based on their interlocked structures. Thus, selective synthesis methods of chiral rotaxanes have been developed. The introduction of substituents with chiral centers to produce diastereomers is a powerful strategy for the construction of chiral rotaxanes. However, in case of a small energy difference between the diastereomers, diastereoselective synthesis is extremely difficult. Herein, we report a new diastereoselective rotaxane synthesis method using solid-phase diastereoselective [3]pseudorotaxane formation and mechanochemical solid-phase end-capping reactions of the [3]pseudorotaxanes. By co-crystallization of stereodynamic planar chiral pillar[5]arene with stereogenic carbons at both rims and axles with suitable end groups and lengths, the [3]pseudorotaxane with a high diastereomeric excess (ca. 92% de) was generated in the solid state because of higher effective molarity with aid by packing effects and significant energy differences between [3]pseudorotaxane diastereomers. In contrast, the de of the pillar[5]arene was low in solution (ca. 10% de) because of a small energy difference between diastereomers. Subsequent end-capping reactions of the polycrystalline [3]pseudorotaxane with high de in solvent-free conditions successfully yielded rotaxanes while maintaining the high de generated by the co-crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Wada
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kiichi Yasuzawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shixin Fa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P.R. China
| | - Yuuya Nagata
- WPI Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohtani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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11
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Giordano MT, Kitzinger KM, de Jesús Cruz P, Liu S, Johnson JS. Catalytic, Asymmetric Michael-Aldol Annulations via a Stereodivergent/Stereoconvergent Path Operating under Curtin-Hammett Control. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:12370-12376. [PMID: 37216269 PMCID: PMC10360212 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A bifunctional iminophosphorane (BIMP)-catalyzed method for the synthesis of densely functionalized cyclohexanols establishes five contiguous stereocenters (diastereoselection up to >20:1, enantioselectivity up to >99:1) in a Michael/aldol domino reaction between trisubstituted electrophilic alkenes and γ-nitroketones. Mechanistic studies suggest a scenario in which stereoconvergency is achieved by kinetically controlled cyclization after the initial diastereodivergent Michael addition. Diastereoconvergency during cyclization is shown to result from Curtin-Hammett kinetics, a finding that contrasts the crystallization-driven stereoconvergency previously reported in similar systems. Despite the change in the stereocontrol mechanism, the operational attributes remain attractive, with the crystalline products typically isolated in analytically pure form upon filtration of the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell T Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Katelyn M Kitzinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Pedro de Jesús Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Shubin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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12
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Cassels WR, Crawford ET, Johnson JS. Enantio- and Diastereoselective Mannich Reactions of ß-Dicarbonyls by Second Stage Diastereoconvergent Crystallization. ACS Catal 2023; 13:6518-6524. [PMID: 38046476 PMCID: PMC10688612 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of chiral α-monosubstituted-ß-dicarbonyls is a challenging task in asymmetric catalysis due to the rapid, typically uncontrolled, product racemization or epimerization under most reaction conditions. For this reason, diastereoselective additions of unsubstituted ß-dicarbonyls to π-electrophiles are unusual. Herein, we disclose a simple catalytic crystallization-driven enantio- and diastereoselective Mannich reaction for the synthesis of stereodefined α-monosubstituted-ß-keto esters, dissymmetric ß-diesters, dissymmetric ß-diketones, and ß-keto amides that productively leverages product epimerization in solution. Mechanistic studies suggest a scenario where the initial enantioselective, diastereodivergent skeletal assembly is catalyzed by a chiral tertiary amine organocatalyst, which then facilitates second stage crystallization-induced diastereoconvergence to provide the challenging α-stereocenter in excellent stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Evan T Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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13
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van Dongen SW, Baglai I, Leeman M, Kellogg RM, Kaptein B, Noorduin WL. Rapid deracemization through solvent cycling: proof-of-concept using a racemizable conglomerate clopidogrel precursor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3838-3841. [PMID: 36825774 PMCID: PMC10043878 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a conglomerate-forming clopidogrel precursor undergoing solution phase racemization can be deracemized through cyclic solvent removal and re-addition. We establish that the combination of slow growth and fast dissolution of crystals is ideal for rapid deracemization, which we achieve by repurposing a Soxhlet apparatus to realize the slow removal and fast re-addition of solvent autonomously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iaroslav Baglai
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands.
| | - Michel Leeman
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, Groningen 9747 AT, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bernard Kaptein
- InnoSyn BV, Urmonderbaan 22, Geleen 6167 RD, The Netherlands
| | - Willem L Noorduin
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands. .,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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van Dongen S, Ahlal I, Leeman M, Kaptein B, Kellogg RM, Baglai I, Noorduin WL. Chiral Amplification through the Interplay of Racemizing Conditions and Asymmetric Crystal Growth. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:436-442. [PMID: 36534614 PMCID: PMC9837840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of enantiomeric excesses (ee) is routinely observed during chiral crystallization of conglomerate crystals for which the enantiomers undergo racemization in solution. Although routes comprising a combination of crystal growth and dissolution are frequently used to obtain enantiopure molecules, crystal growth by itself has rather been considered as a source of enantiomeric erosion and discounted as a potential source of enantiomeric amplification. Counterintuitively, we here demonstrate striking enantiomeric amplification during crystal growth for clopidogrel and tert-leucine precursors. Based on a mechanistic framework, we identify that the interplay between racemization and crystal growth rates elicits this surprising effect. The asymmetric amplification of the solid-phase ee can be enhanced by increasing the mass of grown material relative to the product such that small amounts of seeds of only 60% ee already result in virtually exclusive growth of the majority phase. These results impact our understanding of asymmetric amplification mechanisms during crystallization and offer a tangible basis for practical production of enantiopure molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imane Ahlal
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XGAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Leeman
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747 ATGroningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Iaroslav Baglai
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XGAmsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Willem L. Noorduin
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XGAmsterdam, The Netherlands,Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands,
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15
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De Jesús Cruz P, Johnson JS. Crystallization-Enabled Henry Reactions: Stereoconvergent Construction of Fully Substituted [ N]-Asymmetric Centers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15803-15811. [PMID: 35980759 PMCID: PMC9469918 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tetrasubstituted stereogenic carbon centers bearing a nitrogen substituent represent important motifs in medicinal chemistry and natural products; therefore, the development of efficient methods for the stereoselective synthesis of this class of compounds continues to be an important problem. This article describes stereoconvergent Henry reactions of γ,γ-disubstituted nitroalkanes to deliver highly functionalized building blocks containing up to five contiguous stereogenic centers including a fully substituted [N]-asymmetric center. Henry reactions of higher order nitroalkanes are often characterized by their reversibility and minimal accompanying thermodynamic stereocontrol. In contrast, mechanistic studies for the present case suggest a scenario in which reversibility is productively leveraged through crystallization-based stereocontrol, thereby enabling the efficient sequential π-additions of readily accessible starting materials to assemble complex acyclic stereoarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro De Jesús Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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16
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Achmatowicz MM, Chen CY, Snead DR. Developing an atroposelective dynamic kinetic resolution of MRTX1719 by resolving incompatible chemical operations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10365-10367. [PMID: 36017676 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03627d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A high-yielding protocol for atropisomeric resolution was developed by rectifying incompatibilities between crystallization and epimerization via continuous processing. Application toward synthesis of MRTX1719, a densely functionalized active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), improved yield from 37% to 87%. This protocol provides a complementary means to access rotamers which challenge current asymmetric methodologies, and greatly improves sustainability by decreasing the consumption of solvent and advanced synthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Ct., San Diego, 92121, CA, USA.
| | - David R Snead
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Ct., San Diego, 92121, CA, USA.
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17
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Hirasawa S, Kurashima T, Hasegawa T, Souma K, Kanomata N. Total Synthesis of (±)-Azaspirene via Crystallization-induced Diastereomer Transformation. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Hirasawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurashima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Souma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kanomata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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18
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Peluso P, Chankvetadze B. Recognition in the Domain of Molecular Chirality: From Noncovalent Interactions to Separation of Enantiomers. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13235-13400. [PMID: 35917234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is not a coincidence that both chirality and noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous in nature and synthetic molecular systems. Noncovalent interactivity between chiral molecules underlies enantioselective recognition as a fundamental phenomenon regulating life and human activities. Thus, noncovalent interactions represent the narrative thread of a fascinating story which goes across several disciplines of medical, chemical, physical, biological, and other natural sciences. This review has been conceived with the awareness that a modern attitude toward molecular chirality and its consequences needs to be founded on multidisciplinary approaches to disclose the molecular basis of essential enantioselective phenomena in the domain of chemical, physical, and life sciences. With the primary aim of discussing this topic in an integrated way, a comprehensive pool of rational and systematic multidisciplinary information is provided, which concerns the fundamentals of chirality, a description of noncovalent interactions, and their implications in enantioselective processes occurring in different contexts. A specific focus is devoted to enantioselection in chromatography and electromigration techniques because of their unique feature as "multistep" processes. A second motivation for writing this review is to make a clear statement about the state of the art, the tools we have at our disposal, and what is still missing to fully understand the mechanisms underlying enantioselective recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB, CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Traversa La Crucca 3, Regione Baldinca, Li Punti, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Avenue 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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19
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de Jesús Cruz P, Cassels WR, Chen CH, Johnson JS. Doubly stereoconvergent crystallization enabled by asymmetric catalysis. Science 2022; 376:1224-1230. [PMID: 35679416 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo5048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic methods that enable simultaneous control over multiple stereogenic centers are desirable for the efficient preparation of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we report the discovery and development of a catalyst-mediated asymmetric Michael addition/crystallization-induced diastereomer transformation of broad scope. The sequence controls three stereogenic centers, two of which are stereochemically labile. The configurational instability of 1,3-dicarbonyls and nitroalkanes, typically considered a liability in stereoselective synthesis, is productively leveraged by merging enantioselective Brønsted base organocatalysis and thermodynamic stereocontrol using a single convergent crystallization. The synthesis of useful γ-nitro β-keto amides containing three contiguous stereogenic centers is thus achieved from Michael acceptors containing two prochiral centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro de Jesús Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William R Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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20
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Williams JD, Pöchlauer P, Okumura Y, Inami Y, Kappe CO. Photochemical Deracemization of a Medicinally-Relevant Benzopyran using an Oscillatory Flow Reactor. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200741. [PMID: 35293645 PMCID: PMC9321886 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic deracemization processes, such as crystallization-induced diastereomer transformations (CIDTs), offer the opportunity to combine racemization and resolution processes, to provide high yields of enantiomerically pure compounds. To date, few of these processes have incorporated photochemical racemization. By combining batch crystallization with a flow photoreactor for efficient irradiation, it is possible to perform such deracemization in an effective, scalable and high yielding manner. After applying design of experiment (DoE) principles and mathematical modelling, the most efficient parameter set could be identified, leading to excellent results in just 4 h reaction time: isolated yield of 82 % and assay ee of 96 %. Such photochemical racemization methods can serve to open new avenues for preparation of enantiomerically pure functional molecules on both small and industrially-relevant scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Pöchlauer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Linz, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Yoshiyuki Okumura
- R&D and Business Promotion, AskAt Inc. 2F Dai-Tokai Building, 3-22-8 Meieki Nakamura-ku Nagoya, Aichi, 450-0002, Japan
| | - Yukari Inami
- R&D and Business Promotion, AskAt Inc. 2F Dai-Tokai Building, 3-22-8 Meieki Nakamura-ku Nagoya, Aichi, 450-0002, Japan
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
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21
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Čierna M, Berkeš D, Baran P, Šoral M, Kolarovič A, Jakubec P. Stereochemical switch driven by crystallization: Interplay between stoichiometry and configuration of the products. Chirality 2022; 34:948-954. [PMID: 35470504 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An intriguing example of a crystallization-induced stereochemical switch in the configuration of aza-Michael reaction products is described. Depending on both the stereochemical purity and stoichiometric ratio of the chiral amine used, the reaction delivers crystalline diastereomers of a different stereochemistry. The optically pure diastereomer smoothly converts to its racemic epimer salt upon the addition of a complementary chiral amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Čierna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Berkeš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Baran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Juniata College, Huntington, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michal Šoral
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Kolarovič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Jakubec
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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22
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St-Jean F, Angelaud R, Bachmann S, Carrera DE, Remarchuk T, Piechowicz KA, Niedermann K, Iding H, Meier R, Hou H, Sirois LE, Xu J, Olbrich M, Rege P, Guillemot-Plass M, Gosselin F. Stereoselective Synthesis of the IDO Inhibitor Navoximod. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4955-4960. [PMID: 35317556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient asymmetric synthesis of the IDO inhibitor navoximod, featuring the stereoselective installation of two relative and two absolute stereocenters from an advanced racemic intermediate, is described. The stereocenters were set via a crystallization-induced dynamic resolution along with two selective ketone reductions: one via a biocatalytic ketoreductase transformation and one via substrate-controlled hydride delivery from LiAlH(Ot-Bu)3. Following this strategy, navoximod was synthesized in 10 steps from 2-fluorobenzaldehyde and isolated in 23% overall yield with 99.7% ee and high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric St-Jean
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rémy Angelaud
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Stephan Bachmann
- Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diane E Carrera
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Travis Remarchuk
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katarzyna A Piechowicz
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katrin Niedermann
- Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Iding
- Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Meier
- Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Haiyun Hou
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lauren E Sirois
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Martin Olbrich
- Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pankaj Rege
- Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maud Guillemot-Plass
- Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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23
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Abstract
Many structures in nature look symmetric, but this is not completely accurate, because absolute symmetry is close to death. Chirality (handedness) is one form of living asymmetry. Chirality has been extensively investigated at different levels. Many rules were coined in attempts made for many decades to have control over the selection of handedness that seems to easily occur in nature. It is certain that if good control is realized on chirality, the roads will be ultimately open towards numerous developments in pharmaceutical, technological, and industrial applications. This tutorial review presents a report on chirality from single molecules to supramolecular assemblies. The realized functions are still in their infancy and have been scarcely converted into actual applications. This review provides an overview for starters in the chirality field of research on concepts, common methodologies, and outstanding accomplishments. It starts with an introductory section on the definitions and classifications of chirality at the different levels of molecular complexity, followed by highlighting the importance of chirality in biological systems and the different means of realizing chirality and its inversion in solid and solution-based systems at molecular and supramolecular levels. Chirality-relevant important findings and (bio-)technological applications are also reported accordingly.
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24
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Salom-Roig XJ. Diastereodivergent Synthesis of (+)‐α‐Conhydrine and (‐)‐β‐Conhydrine from a η,γ‐Dibromo‐β‐ketosulfoxide. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier J. Salom-Roig
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron; Université de Montpellier Chimie organique, minérale et industrielle Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier FRANCE
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25
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Kukor AJ, Depner N, Cai I, Tucker JL, Culhane JC, Hein JE. Enantioselective synthesis of (−)-tetrabenazine via continuous crystallization-induced diastereomer transformation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10765-10772. [PMID: 36320713 PMCID: PMC9491067 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01825j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi-well continuous CIDT approach with inline racemization of the solution phase is presented. Using two in-house built PATs and a flow reactor, we were able to successfully crystallize an enantiopure salt of TBZ, the active metabolite of the tardive dyskinesia drug valbenazine. Despite discovering an undesired racemic solid phase, inline racemization combined with careful control of crystallization conditions allowed for multigram quantities of enantiopure material to be harvested using our setup. Critically, this control was made possible by the use of PATs to observe and quantify the composition of both the solid and solution phases. A novel enantioselective route to tetrabenazine has been developed using continuous CIDT in a multiwell crystallization/racemization device outfitted with real-time HPLC to visualize and control the dynamic process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Kukor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Noah Depner
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Isabelle Cai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - John L. Tucker
- Neurocrine Biosciences, San Diego, California, 92130, USA
| | | | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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26
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Nakamura T, Ishikawa H, Ban K, Yoshida Y, Mino T, Kasashima Y, Sakamoto M. Attrition-Enhanced Asymmetric Transformation of Axially Chiral Nicotinamides by Dynamic Chiral Salt Formation. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100504. [PMID: 35023638 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Atroposelective resolution for axially chiral nicotinamides was achieved by dynamic chiral salt formation with L-DBTA using six types of nicotinamides that could not be optically resolved by the preferential crystallization method. Kinetic studies of their racemization indicated that the chiral conformation was retained for a significant period of time. Two methods of crystallization-induced asymmetric transformation were examined by dynamic diastereomeric salt formation: solvent evaporation from a supersaturated solution, and attrition-enhanced asymmetric transformation. The attrition method was more effective for asymmetric amplification of diastereomeric salts of axially chiral materials. Attrition of equimolar amount of the nicotinamide salts with L-DBTA converged to one diastereomer salts, and the corresponding enantiomers in 87-99 % ee were obtained after the chiral acid was removed. Changing the ratio of two of the nicotinamides with L-DBTA to 1 : 2 inverted the axial chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ban
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Mino
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kasashima
- Education Center, Faculty of Creative Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology Shibazono, Narashino, Chiba, 275-0023, Japan
| | - Masami Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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27
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Smolobochkin AV, Gazizov AS, Voronina JK, Burilov AR, Pudovik MA. Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Arylpyrrolidine Derivatives via the Crystallization‐induced Diastereomer Transformation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Smolobochkin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences Arbuzova str., 8 Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Almir S. Gazizov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences Arbuzova str., 8 Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Julia K. Voronina
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Ave. 31 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Stremyanny Per. 36 117997 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexander R. Burilov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences Arbuzova str., 8 Kazan Russian Federation
| | - Michail A. Pudovik
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry FRC Kazan Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences Arbuzova str., 8 Kazan Russian Federation
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28
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Grenet E, Géant PY, Salom-Roig XJ. Crystallization-Induced Diastereomer Transformation of α-Bromo α'-Sulfinyl Ketones. Diastereodivergent Synthesis of (+)-α-Conhydrine and (-)-β-Conhydrine. Org Lett 2021; 23:8539-8542. [PMID: 34677074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization-Induced Diastereomer Transformation (CIDT) of α-bromo-α'-(R)-sulfinylketones is reported. This process provides not readily accessible enantiopure stereolabile α-bromoketones, which after diastereoselective carbonyl group reduction lead to the corresponding highly value-added anti and syn-bromohydrins with excellent diastereoselectivities. As an application, a diastereodivergent synthesis of enantiopure hemlock alkaloid (+)-α-conhydrine and its diastereomer (-)-β-conhydrine is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwann Grenet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Géant
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier J Salom-Roig
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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29
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Lerdwiriyanupap T, Belletti G, Tinnemans P, Meekes H, Rutjes FPJT, Vlieg E, Flood AE. Combining Diastereomeric Resolution and Viedma Ripening by Using a Racemic Resolving Agent. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tharit Lerdwiriyanupap
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Molecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Rayong 21210 Thailand
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Belletti
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Meekes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Elias Vlieg
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Adrian E. Flood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering School of Energy Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Rayong 21210 Thailand
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30
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Voight EA, Greszler SN, Kym PR. Fueling the Pipeline via Innovations in Organic Synthesis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1365-1373. [PMID: 34531945 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The paramount importance of synthetic organic chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry arises from the necessity to physically prepare all designed molecules to obtain key data to feed the design-synthesis-data cycle, with the medicinal chemist at the center of this cycle. Synthesis specialists accelerate the cycle of medicinal chemistry innovation by rapidly identifying and executing impactful synthetic methods and strategies to accomplish project goals, addressing the synthetic accessibility bottleneck that often plagues discovery efforts. At AbbVie, Discovery Synthesis Groups (DSGs) such as Centralized Organic Synthesis (COS) have been deployed as embedded members of medicinal chemistry teams, filling the gap between discovery and process chemistry. COS chemists provide synthetic tools, scaffolds, and lead compounds to fuel the pipeline. Examples of project contributions from neuroscience, cystic fibrosis, and virology illustrate the impact of the DSG approach. In the first ten years of innovative science in pursuit of excellence in synthesis, several advanced drug candidates, including ABBV-2222 (galicaftor) for cystic fibrosis and foslevodopa/foscarbidopa for Parkinson's disease, have emerged with key contributions from COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Voight
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-1802, United States
| | - Stephen N. Greszler
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-1802, United States
| | - Philip R. Kym
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-1802, United States
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31
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Walsh MP, Phelps JM, Lennon ME, Yufit DS, Kitching MO. Enantioselective synthesis of ammonium cations. Nature 2021; 597:70-76. [PMID: 34471272 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Control of molecular chirality is a fundamental challenge in organic synthesis. Whereas methods to construct carbon stereocentres enantioselectively are well established, routes to synthesize enriched heteroatomic stereocentres have garnered less attention1-5. Of those atoms commonly present in organic molecules, nitrogen is the most difficult to control stereochemically. Although a limited number of resolution processes have been demonstrated6-8, no general methodology exists to enantioselectively prepare a nitrogen stereocentre. Here we show that control of the chirality of ammonium cations is easily achieved through a supramolecular recognition process. By combining enantioselective ammonium recognition mediated by 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol scaffolds with conditions that allow the nitrogen stereocentre to racemize, chiral ammonium cations can be produced in excellent yields and selectivities. Mechanistic investigations demonstrate that, through a combination of solution and solid-phase recognition, a thermodynamically driven adductive crystallization process is responsible for the observed selectivity. Distinct from processes based on dynamic and kinetic resolution, which are under kinetic control, this allows for increased selectivity over time by a self-corrective process. The importance of nitrogen stereocentres can be revealed through a stereoselective supramolecular recognition, which is not possible with naturally occurring pseudoenantiomeric Cinchona alkaloids. With practical access to the enantiomeric forms of ammonium cations, this previously ignored stereocentre is now available to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Marc E Lennon
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
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32
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Olbrycht M, Bajek-Bil A, Balawejder M, Poplewska I, Piątkowski W, Antos D. Development of a Route to the Most Active Nafronyl Stereoisomer by Coupling Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Chromatography Separation. Chem Eng Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Olbrycht
- Rzeszow University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Department of Chemical and Process Engineering al. Powstancow Warszawy 6 35-959 Rzeszow Poland
| | - Agata Bajek-Bil
- Rzeszow University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Department of Industrial and Materials Chemistry al. Powstancow Warszawy 6 35-959 Rzeszow Poland
| | - Maciej Balawejder
- University of Rzeszow Faculty of Biology and Agriculture Chair of Chemistry and Food Toxicology ul. Cwiklinskiej 1 35-601 Rzeszow Poland
| | - Izabela Poplewska
- Rzeszow University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Department of Chemical and Process Engineering al. Powstancow Warszawy 6 35-959 Rzeszow Poland
| | - Wojciech Piątkowski
- Rzeszow University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Department of Chemical and Process Engineering al. Powstancow Warszawy 6 35-959 Rzeszow Poland
| | - Dorota Antos
- Rzeszow University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Department of Chemical and Process Engineering al. Powstancow Warszawy 6 35-959 Rzeszow Poland
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33
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Voight EA, Greszler SN, Hartung J, Ji J, Klix RC, Randolph JT, Shelat BH, Waters JE, DeGoey DA. Desymmetrization of pibrentasvir for efficient prodrug synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10076-10082. [PMID: 34349971 PMCID: PMC8317637 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and practical desymmetrization tactic is described to access a new class of pibrentasvir prodrugs. The homotopic benzimidazoles of pibrentasvir (PIB) are differentiated via a one-pot di-Boc/mono-de-Boc selective N-Boc protection and formaldehyde adduct formation sequence, both enabled by crystallization-induced selectivity. The first step represents the only known application of the Horeau principle of statistical amplification for C2-symmetric polyheterocycle regioselective functionalization. The resulting versatile intermediate is employed in the high-yielding preparation of several pibrentasvir prodrug candidates. Horeau principle statistical amplification and solubility-driven selectivities allow C2-desymmetrization of pibrentasvir without typically required internal functionalization or steric proximity effects.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Voight
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago Illinois 60064-1802 USA
| | - Stephen N Greszler
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago Illinois 60064-1802 USA
| | - John Hartung
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago Illinois 60064-1802 USA
| | - Jianguo Ji
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago Illinois 60064-1802 USA
| | - Russell C Klix
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago Illinois 60064-1802 USA
| | - John T Randolph
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago Illinois 60064-1802 USA
| | - Bhadra H Shelat
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago Illinois 60064-1802 USA
| | - Jan E Waters
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago Illinois 60064-1802 USA
| | - David A DeGoey
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road North Chicago Illinois 60064-1802 USA
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34
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Kolarovič A, Jakubec P. State of the Art in Crystallization‐Induced Diastereomer Transformations. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Kolarovič
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Education Trnava University Priemyselná 4 918 43 Trnava Slovakia
| | - Pavol Jakubec
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Catalysis and Petrochemistry Slovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia
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35
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Maddess ML, Cleator E, Morimoto M, Goodyear A, Dieguez-Vazquez A, Gibb A, Kirtley A, Wang J, Qi J, Kong L, Alam M, Keen S, Oliver SF, Wen X, Lam YH. Development of a Stereoselective Synthesis of (1 R,4 R)- and (1 S,4 S)-2-Oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Maddess
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ed Cleator
- Process Research and Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Mariko Morimoto
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adrian Goodyear
- Process Research and Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Alejandro Dieguez-Vazquez
- Process Research and Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Andrew Gibb
- Process Research and Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Andy Kirtley
- Process Research and Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Jie Wang
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6 TaiHe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Ji Qi
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lingzhu Kong
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6 TaiHe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Mahbub Alam
- Process Research and Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Stephen Keen
- Process Research and Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Steven F. Oliver
- Process Research and Development, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Xin Wen
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Ambrosi A, Bringley DA, Calimsiz S, Garber JAO, Huynh H, Mohan S, Sarma K, Shen J, Curl J, Kwong B, Lapina O, Leung E, Lin L, Martins A, McGinitie T, Phull J, Roberts B, Rosario M, Shi B, Standley EA, Wang L, Wang X, Yu G. Synthesis of Rovafovir Etalafenamide (Part III): Evolution of the Synthetic Process to the Phosphonamidate Fragment. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ambrosi
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Dustin A. Bringley
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Selcuk Calimsiz
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A. O. Garber
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Huy Huynh
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Sankar Mohan
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Keshab Sarma
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jinyu Shen
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jonah Curl
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Bernard Kwong
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Olga Lapina
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Edmund Leung
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Lennie Lin
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Andrew Martins
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Teague McGinitie
- Analytical Chemistry, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jaspal Phull
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Ben Roberts
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Mary Rosario
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Bing Shi
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eric A. Standley
- Process Chemistry, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
| | - Guojun Yu
- Process Development, Gilead Alberta ULC, 1021 Hayter Road NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6S 1A1, Canada
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37
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Guillot M, de Meester J, Collard L, Riant O, Leyssens T. Co-Crystallization-Induced Spontaneous Deracemization: An Optimization Study. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guillot
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Lavoisier, Place Louis Pasteur 1, boîte L4.01.06, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Joséphine de Meester
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Lavoisier, Place Louis Pasteur 1, boîte L4.01.06, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Laurent Collard
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Lavoisier, Place Louis Pasteur 1, boîte L4.01.06, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Lavoisier, Place Louis Pasteur 1, boîte L4.01.06, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Tom Leyssens
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Lavoisier, Place Louis Pasteur 1, boîte L4.01.06, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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38
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Kwan MHT, Breen J, Bowden M, Conway L, Crossley B, Jones MF, Munday R, Pokar NPB, Screen T, Blacker AJ. Continuous Flow Chiral Amine Racemization Applied to Continuously Recirculating Dynamic Diastereomeric Crystallizations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2458-2473. [PMID: 33482690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new, dynamic diastereomeric crystallization method has been developed, in which the mother liquors are continuously separated, racemized over a fixed-bed catalyst, and recirculated to the crystallizer in a resolution-racemization-recycle (R3) process. Separating the racemization from crystallization overcomes problems of using catalysts in situ, that suffer conflicting sets of conditions, inhibition, and separation. Continuous racemization has been achieved through the covalent attachment of [IrCp*I2]2 SCRAM catalyst to Wang resin solid support to give a fixed-bed catalyst. One tertiary and a variety of secondary optically enriched amines have been racemized efficiently, with residence times compatible with the crystallization (2.25-30 min). The catalyst demonstrates lower turnover (TOF) than the homogeneous analogue but with reuse shows a long lifetime (e.g., 40 recycles, 190 h) giving acceptable turnover number (TON) (up to 4907). The slow release of methylamine during racemization of N-methyl amines was found to inactivate the catalyst, which could be partially reactivated using hydroiodic acid. Dynamic crystallization is achieved in the R3 process through the continual removal of the more soluble diastereomer and supply of the less soluble one. The solubility of the diastereomers was determined, and the difference correlates to the rate of resolution but is also affected by the rates of racemization, crystal growth, and dissolution. A variety of cyclic and acyclic amine salts were resolved using mandelic acid (MA) and ditoluoyl tartaric acid (DTTA) with higher resolvability (S = yield × d.e.) than the simple diastereomeric crystallization alone. Comparing resolvabilities, resolutions were 1.6-44 times more effective with the R3 process than batch, though one case was worse. Further investigation of this revealed an unusual thermodynamic switching behavior: rac-N-methylphenethylamine was initially resolved as an (S,S)-bis-alkylammonium tartrate crystal but over time became the equivalent (R,S) salt. Thermal, mixing, concentration, stoichiometry, and seeding conditions were all found to affect the onset of the switching behavior which is only associated with difunctional resolving reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H T Kwan
- School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering. Institute of Process Research and Development. University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Jessica Breen
- School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering. Institute of Process Research and Development. University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | | | - Louis Conway
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, U.K
| | | | - Martin F Jones
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Rachel Munday
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Nisha P B Pokar
- School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering. Institute of Process Research and Development. University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | | | - A John Blacker
- School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering. Institute of Process Research and Development. University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
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39
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40
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Gamidi RK, Dandawate M, Tothadi S, Choudhury R, Nangia AK, Reddy DS. Separation of a diastereomeric diol pair using the mechanical properties of crystals. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01055g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The visually indistinguishable acicular crystals of a (2S,3R/S)-3-ethyl-1-phenylhex-5-ene-2,3-diol (ephd) diastereomeric pair are separated via the mechanical response based on elastic (2S,3R, right) and brittle (2S,3S, left) crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Krishna Gamidi
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Monica Dandawate
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Rahul Choudhury
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashwini K. Nangia
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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41
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McDonald MA, Salami H, Harris PR, Lagerman CE, Yang X, Bommarius AS, Grover MA, Rousseau RW. Reactive crystallization: a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00272k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive crystallization is not new, but there has been recent growth in its use as a means of improving performance and sustainability of industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. McDonald
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Hossein Salami
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Patrick R. Harris
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Colton E. Lagerman
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Xiaochuan Yang
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Silver Spring
- USA
| | - Andreas S. Bommarius
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Martha A. Grover
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Ronald W. Rousseau
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
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42
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Guillot M, Meester J, ter Horst JH, Riant O, Leyssens T. Fungicide Precursor Racemization Kinetics for Deracemization in Complex Systems. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guillot
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur 1, boîte L4.01.06 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Josephine Meester
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur 1, boîte L4.01.06 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Joop H. ter Horst
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallization (CMAC) Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences Technology and Innovation University of Strathclyde 99 George Street Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Olivier Riant
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur 1, boîte L4.01.06 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Tom Leyssens
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur 1, boîte L4.01.06 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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43
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Wang Y, Nieto-Ortega B, Bürgi T. Amplification of enantiomeric excess by dynamic inversion of enantiomers in deracemization of Au 38 clusters. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4562. [PMID: 32917885 PMCID: PMC7486404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Symmetry breaking and amplification processes have likely played a fundamental role in the development of homochirality on earth. Such processes have not been much studied for inorganic matter at the nanoscale. Here, we show that the balance between left- and right-handed intrinsically chiral metal clusters can be broken by adsorbing a small amount of a chiral molecule in its ligand shell. We studied the amplification of enantiomeric excess of the Au38(2-PET)24 cluster (2-PET = 2-phenylethylthiolate). By exchanging a small fraction of the achiral 2-PET ligand by chiral R-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dithiol (R-BINAS), a mixture of species is obtained composed of anticlockwise (A) and clockwise (C) versions of Au38(2-PET)24 and Au38(2-PET)22(R-BINAS)1. At 70 °C, the system evolves towards the anticlockwise clusters at the expense of the clockwise antipode. It is shown that the interplay between the diastereospecific ligand exchange, which introduces selectivity but does not change the A/C ratio, and the fast racemization of the Au38(2-PET)24 is at the origin of this observation. Symmetry breaking and amplification processes play a fundamental role in nature and technology. Here, the authors show that the interplay between racemization and ligand exchange leads to amplification of enantiomeric excess of intrinsically chiral metal clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Belén Nieto-Ortega
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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44
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Qiu J, Stevens JM. High-Throughput Classical Chiral Resolution Screening of Synthetic Intermediates: Effects of Resolving Agents, Crystallization Solvents, and Other Factors. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qiu
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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Guillot M, de Meester J, Huynen S, Collard L, Robeyns K, Riant O, Leyssens T. Cocrystallization-Induced Spontaneous Deracemization: A General Thermodynamic Approach to Deracemization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11303-11306. [PMID: 32196879 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Processes leading to enantiomerically pure compounds are of utmost importance, in particular for the pharmaceutical industry. Starting from a racemic mixture, crystallization-induced diastereomeric transformation allows in theory for 100 % transformation of the desired enantiomer. However, this method has the inherent limiting requirement for the organic compound to form a salt. Herein, this limitation is lifted by introducing cocrystallization in the context of thermodynamic deracemization, with the process applied to a model chiral fungicide. We report a new general single thermodynamic deracemization process based on cocrystallization for the deracemization of (R,S)-4,4-dimethyl-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-one. This study demonstrates the feasibility of this novel approach and paves the way to further development of such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guillot
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06, BE-1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Joséphine de Meester
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06, BE-1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sarah Huynen
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06, BE-1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Laurent Collard
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06, BE-1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Koen Robeyns
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06, BE-1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06, BE-1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Tom Leyssens
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06, BE-1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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47
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Guillot M, Meester J, Huynen S, Collard L, Robeyns K, Riant O, Leyssens T. Cocrystallization‐Induced Spontaneous Deracemization: A General Thermodynamic Approach to Deracemization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guillot
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06 BE-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve Belgium
| | - Joséphine Meester
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06 BE-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve Belgium
| | - Sarah Huynen
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06 BE-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve Belgium
| | - Laurent Collard
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06 BE-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve Belgium
| | - Koen Robeyns
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06 BE-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06 BE-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve Belgium
| | - Tom Leyssens
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences Université Catholique de Louvain Place Louis Pasteur, 1 bte L4.01.06 BE-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve Belgium
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Mao J, Hai Y, Ye H, You L. Adaptive Covalent Networks Enabled by Dual Reactivity: The Evolution of Reversible Covalent Bonds, Their Molecular Assemblies, and Guest Recognition. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5351-5361. [PMID: 32250630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive chemistry allows transformation and selection within molecular networks, and adaptive systems composed of different types of dynamic covalent reactions (DCRs) are challenging. Herein, we demonstrate dual reactivity-based covalent networks encompassing the regulation of and switching between C-N- and C-S-based reversible covalent assemblies. The creation and exchange of C-N- or C-S-derived assemblies exhibiting diverse architectures, including linear structures, macrocycles, and cages, were achieved. The shift of reactivity then permitted the interconversion between C-N- and C-S-containing assemblies. Moreover, the adaption of intramolecular and intermolecular scaffolds was feasible via linker design. The latent hemiaminal chirality center offered a pathway for the induction of chirality within assemblies. Finally, switchable structural change and controlled extraction of ions were realized with Hg2+ as a guest for macrocycles. The remarkable complexity of networks described herein could open the door for the utility in sophisticated functional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hebo Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Fu R, So SM, Lough AJ, Chin J. Hydrogen Bond Assisted
l
to
d
Conversion of α‐Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Soon Mog So
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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Fu R, So SM, Lough AJ, Chin J. Hydrogen Bond Assisted l to d Conversion of α-Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4335-4339. [PMID: 31903655 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
l to d conversion of unactivated α-amino acids was achieved by solubility-induced diastereomer transformation (SIDT). Ternary complexes of an α-amino acid with 3,5-dichlorosalicylaldehyde and a chiral guanidine (derived from corresponding chiral vicinal diamine) were obtained in good yield as diastereomerically pure imino acid salt complexes and were hydrolysed to obtain enantiopure α-amino acids. A combination of DFT computation, NMR spectroscopy, and crystal structure provide detailed insight into how two types of strong hydrogen bonds assist in rapid epimerization of the complexes that is essential for SIDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Soon Mog So
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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