1
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Parra-Cadenas B, Fernández I, Carrillo-Hermosilla F, García-Álvarez J, Elorriaga D. Addition of allyl Grignard to nitriles in air and at room temperature: experimental and computational mechanistic insights in pH-switchable synthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5929-5937. [PMID: 38665519 PMCID: PMC11040652 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06403d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A straightforward and selective conversion of nitriles into highly substituted tetrahydropyridines, aminoketones or enamines by using allylmagnesium bromide as an addition partner (under neat conditions) and subsequent treatment with different aqueous-based hydrolysis protocols is reported. Refuting the conventional wisdom of the incompatibility of Grignard reagents with air and moisture, we herein report that the presence of water allows us to promote the chemoselective formation of the target tetrahydropyridines over other competing products (even in the case of highly challenging aliphatic nitriles). Moreover, the careful tuning of both the reaction media employed (acid or basic aqueous solutions for the hydrolysis protocol) and the electronic properties of the starting nitriles allowed us to design a multi-task system capable of producing either β-aminoketones or enamines in a totally selective manner. Importantly, and for the first time in the chemistry of main-group polar organometallic reagents in non-conventional protic solvents (e.g., water), both experimental and computational studies showed that the excellent efficiency and selectivity observed in aqueous media cannot be replicated by using standard dry volatile organic solvents (VOCs) under inert atmosphere conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Parra-Cadenas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando Carrillo-Hermosilla
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Joaquín García-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, (IUQOEM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo E33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - David Elorriaga
- Group of Bioorganometallic Chemistry and Catalysis (BIOMCAT), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo E33071 Oviedo Spain
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2
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Meshalkin SA, Tsybulin SV, Bardakov VG, Tatarinov IA, Shitov DA, Tupikina EY, Efremova MM, Antonov AS. "Buttressing Effect" in the Halogen-Lithium Exchange in ortho-Bromo-N,N-dimethylanilines and Related Naphthalenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303956. [PMID: 38131216 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Non-covalent interactions such as coordination of an organolithium reagent by a directing group and steric repulsion of substituents strongly affect the halogen-lithium exchange process. Here we present the manifestation of the "buttressing effect" - an indirect interaction between two substituents issued by the presence of a third group - and its influence on the ease and selectivity of the bromine-lithium exchange and the reactivity of formed aryllithiums. The increase of the size of the "buttressing" substituent strongly affects the conformation of a NMe2 group, forcing it to hinder ortho-bromine and thus slowing down the exchange. In naphthalene substrates bearing two bromines, this suppresses regioselectivity of the reaction. The "buttressing effect" forces formed aryllithiums to deaggregate, thus boosting their reactivity. This facilitates the decomposition via protolisys by ethereal solvents even at low temperatures and in some cases initiates fast Wurtz-Fittig coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan A Meshalkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Semyon V Tsybulin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Victor G Bardakov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya A Tatarinov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Daniil A Shitov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Y Tupikina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Mariia M Efremova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Antonov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Kouderis C, Tryfon A, Kabanos TA, Kalampounias AG. The Identification of Structural Changes in the Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide-Toluene System via Ultrasonic Relaxation Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations. Molecules 2024; 29:813. [PMID: 38398565 PMCID: PMC10892886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic absorption measurements were carried out over a wide concentration and temperature range by means of a pulse technique to examine the structural mechanisms and the dynamical properties in lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS)-toluene solutions. Acoustic spectra revealed two distinct Debye-type relaxational absorptions attributed to the formation of trimers from dimeric and monomer units and to the formation of aggregates between a LiHMDS dimer and one toluene molecule in low and high frequencies, respectively. The formation of aggregates was clarified by means of molecular docking and DFT methodologies. The aggregation number, the rate constants and the thermodynamic properties of these structural changes were determined by analyzing in detail the concentration-dependent relaxation parameters. The low-frequency relaxation mechanism dominates the acoustic spectra in the high LiHMDS mole fractions, while the high-frequency relaxation influences the spectra in the low LiHMDS mole fractions. In the intermediate mole fraction region (0.25 to 0.46), both relaxations prevail in the spectra. The adiabatic compressibility, the excess adiabatic compressibility and the theoretically estimated mean free length revealed a crossover in the 0.25 to 0.46 LiHMDS mole fractions that signified the transition from one structural mechanism related with the hetero-association of LiHMDS dimers with toluene molecules to the other structural mechanism assigned to the formation of LiHMDS trimers. The combined use of acoustic spectroscopy with theoretical calculations permitted us to disentangle the underlying structural mechanisms and evaluate the volume changes associated with each reaction. The results were compared with the corresponding theoretically predicted volume changes and discussed in the context of the concentration effect on intermolecular bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Kouderis
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Afrodite Tryfon
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Themistoklis A. Kabanos
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Angelos G. Kalampounias
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
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4
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Chen QC, Kress S, Molinelli R, Wuttig A. Interfacial Tuning of Electrocatalytic Ag Surfaces for Fragment-Based Electrophile Coupling. Nat Catal 2024; 7:120-131. [PMID: 38434422 PMCID: PMC10906991 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-01073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Construction of C‒C bonds in medicinal chemistry frequently draws on the reductive coupling of organic halides with ketones or aldehydes. Catalytic C(sp3)‒C(sp3) bond formation, however, is constrained by the competitive side reactivity of radical intermediates following sp3 organic halide activation. Here, an alternative paradigm deploys catalytic Ag surfaces for reductive fragment-based electrophile coupling compatible with sp3 organic halides. We use in-situ spectroscopy, electrochemical analyses, and simulation to uncover the catalytic interfacial structure and guide reaction development. Specifically, Mg(OAc)2 outcompetes the interaction between Ag and the aldehyde, thereby tuning the Ag surface for selective product formation. Data are consistent with an increased population of Mg-bound aldehyde facilitating the addition of a carbon-centered radical (product of Ag-electrocatalyzed organic halide reduction) to the carbonyl. Electron transfer from Ag to the resultant alkoxy radical yields the desired alcohol. Molecular interfacial tuning at reusable catalytic electrodes will accelerate development of sustainable organic synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Sarah Kress
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Rocco Molinelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Anna Wuttig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
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5
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Kaplanskiy MV, Karpov VV, Tupikina EY, Antonov AS. NMR detection of the strained metallacycles in organolithiums: theoretical study. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:982-989. [PMID: 38180388 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01916k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
For the first time through quantum chemistry methods, the effective use of 1JCLi spin-spin coupling constants as descriptors for assessing the formation of strained metallacycles is demonstrated. Both acyclic organolithiums and 3- to 7-membered metallacycles are examined. 80 organolithium compounds, including both monomeric and dimeric species, with ligands containing fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon (in the form of carbanions), are tested. In general, the 1JCLi values below 12 Hz for monomeric species and below 6 Hz for dimeric species serve as clear indicators of strained monomeric metallacycle formation (for 6Li nuclei). The primary contributor to the overall 1JCLi value is the Fermi-contact term, which correlates directly with the carbon-lithium interatomic distance and allows to distinguish between dimers and monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Kaplanskiy
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, 198504 St Petersburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Valerii V Karpov
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, 198504 St Petersburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Elena Yu Tupikina
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg State University, 198504 St Petersburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander S Antonov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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6
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Ohsato H, Kawauchi K, Yamada S, Konno T. Diverse Synthetic Transformations Using 4-Bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorobut-1-ene and Its Applications in the Preparation of CF 2 CF 2 -Containing Sugars, Liquid Crystals, and Light-Emitting Materials. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300080. [PMID: 37140105 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecules with fluoroalkylene scaffolds, especially a tetrafluoroethylene (CF2 CF2 ) moiety, in their molecular structures exhibit unique biological activities, or can be applied to functional materials such as liquid crystals and light-emitting materials. Although several methods for the syntheses of CF2 CF2 -containing organic molecules have been reported to date, they have been limited to methods using explosives and fluorinating agents. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop simple and efficient approaches to synthesize CF2 CF2 -containing organic molecules from readily available fluorinated substrates using carbon-carbon bond formation reactions. This personal account summarizes the simple and efficient transformation of functional groups at both ends of 4-bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorobut-1-ene and discusses its synthetic applications to biologically active fluorinated sugars and functional materials, such as liquid crystals and light-emitting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Ohsato
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kawauchi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Konno
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
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7
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Wang M, Jiang S, Lu XX, Zhang K, Yuan ZY, Xu RL, Zhao BT, Wu AX. Synthesis of primary propargylic alcohols from terminal alkynes using rongalite as the C1 unit. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37449306 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00902e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, an efficient leaving group-activated methylene alcohol strategy for the preparation of primary propargyl alcohols from terminal alkynes by employing the bulk industrial product rongalite as the C1 unit has been described. The reaction avoids the low-temperature reaction conditions and inconvenient lithium reagents required for the classical method of preparing primary propargylic alcohols. Preliminary mechanistic studies showed that the reaction may not proceed via formaldehyde intermediates, but through the direct nucleophilic attack of the terminal alkyne on the carbon atom of rongalite by activation through SO2- as a leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Xin Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Yi Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China.
| | - Rui-Li Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China.
| | - Bang-Tun Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China.
| | - An-Xin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
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8
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Zhang Y, Sun X, Su JH, Li T, Du C, Li K, Sun Q, Zha Z, Wang Z. Switchable Direct Oxygenative Arylation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds via Electrophotocatalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:5067-5072. [PMID: 37387463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free electrophotochemical C(sp3)-H arylation was developed under mild conditions. This method enables a switchable synthesis of diaryl alcohols and diaryl alkanes from inactive benzylic carbons. More importantly, a cheap and safe mediator N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) was developed, which was employed for the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process of the benzylic C-H bond. In addition, this active radical was captured and identified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ji-Hu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tong Li
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chengbin Du
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kuiliang Li
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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9
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Lu Y, Zhou R, Wang N, Yang Y, Zheng Z, Zhang M, An QF, Yuan J. Engineer Nanoscale Defects into Selective Channels: MOF-Enhanced Li + Separation by Porous Layered Double Hydroxide Membrane. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:147. [PMID: 37286909 PMCID: PMC10247908 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01101-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) membrane-based ion separation technology has been increasingly explored to address the problem of lithium resource shortage, yet it remains a sound challenge to design 2D membranes of high selectivity and permeability for ion separation applications. Zeolitic imidazolate framework functionalized modified layered double hydroxide (ZIF-8@MLDH) composite membranes with high lithium-ion (Li+) permeability and excellent operational stability were obtained in this work by in situ depositing functional ZIF-8 nanoparticles into the nanopores acting as framework defects in MLDH membranes. The defect-rich framework amplified the permeability of Li+, and the site-selective growth of ZIF-8 in the framework defects bettered its selectivity. Specifically speaking, the ZIF-8@MLDH membranes featured a high permeation rate of Li+ up to 1.73 mol m-2 h-1 and a desirable selectivity of Li+/Mg2+ up to 31.9. Simulations supported that the simultaneously enhanced selectivity and permeability of Li+ are attributed to changes in the type of mass transfer channels and the difference in the dehydration capacity of hydrated metal cations when they pass through nanochannels of ZIF-8. This study will inspire the ongoing research of high-performance 2D membranes through the engineering of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rongkun Zhou
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Naixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuye Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilong Zheng
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Quan-Fu An
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Crockett MP, Piña J, Gogoi AR, Lalisse RF, Nguyen AV, Gutierrez O, Thomas AA. Breaking the tert-Butyllithium Contact Ion Pair: A Gateway to Alternate Selectivity in Lithiation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10743-10755. [PMID: 37133911 PMCID: PMC10245630 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Lewis basic phosphoramides on the aggregate structure of t-BuLi have been investigated in detail by NMR and DFT methods. It was determined that hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) can shift the equilibrium of t-BuLi to include the triple ion pair (t-Bu-Li-t-Bu)-/HMPA4Li+ which serves as a reservoir for the highly reactive separated ion pair t-Bu-/HMPA4Li+. Because the Li-atom's valences are saturated in this ion pair, the Lewis acidity is significantly decreased; in turn, the basicity is maximized which allowed for the typical directing effects within oxygen heterocycles to be overridden and for remote sp3 C-H bonds to be deprotonated. Furthermore, these newly accessed lithium aggregation states were leveraged to develop a simple γ-lithiation and capture protocol of chromane heterocycles with a variety of alkyl halide electrophiles in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Crockett
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jeanette Piña
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Achyut Ranjan Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Andrew V Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Andy A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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11
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Adamovich V, Benavent L, Boudreault PLT, Esteruelas MA, López AM, Oñate E, Tsai JY. Ligand Design and Preparation, Photophysical Properties, and Device Performance of an Encapsulated-Type Pseudo-Tris(heteroleptic) Iridium(III) Emitter. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3847-3859. [PMID: 36802562 PMCID: PMC10880055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The organic molecule 2-(1-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-6-(3-(1-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)pyridine (H3L) has been designed, prepared, and employed to synthesize the encapsulated-type pseudo-tris(heteroleptic) iridium(III) derivative Ir(κ6-fac-C,C',C″-fac-N,N',N″-L). Its formation takes place as a result of the coordination of the heterocycles to the iridium center and the ortho-CH bond activation of the phenyl groups. Dimer [Ir(μ-Cl)(η4-COD)]2 is suitable for the preparation of this compound of class [Ir(9h)] (9h = 9-electron donor hexadentate ligand), but Ir(acac)3 is a more appropriate starting material. Reactions were carried out in 1-phenylethanol. In contrast to the latter, 2-ethoxyethanol promotes the metal carbonylation, inhibiting the full coordination of H3L. Complex Ir(κ6-fac-C,C',C″-fac-N,N',N″-L) is a phosphorescent emitter upon photoexcitation, which has been employed to fabricate four yellow emitting devices with 1931 CIE (x:y) ∼ (0.52:0.48) and a maximum wavelength at 576 nm. These devices display luminous efficacies, external quantum efficiencies, and power efficacies at 600 cd m-2, which lie in the ranges 21.4-31.3 cd A-1, 7.8-11.3%, and 10.2-14.1 lm W1-, respectively, depending on the device configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Adamovich
- Universal
Display Corporation, Ewing, New Jersey 08618, United States
| | - Llorenç Benavent
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A. Esteruelas
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M. López
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jui-Yi Tsai
- Universal
Display Corporation, Ewing, New Jersey 08618, United States
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12
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Slavík P, Trowse BR, O'Brien P, Smith DK. Organogel delivery vehicles for the stabilization of organolithium reagents. Nat Chem 2023; 15:319-325. [PMID: 36797326 PMCID: PMC9986108 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Organolithium reagents are a vital tool in modern organic chemistry, enabling the synthesis of carbon-carbon bonds. However, due to their high reactivity, low temperatures, inert atmospheres and strictly dried solvents are usually necessary for their use. Here we report an encapsulating method for the stabilization of sensitive organolithium reagents-PhLi, n-BuLi and s-BuLi-in a low-cost hexatriacontane (C36H74) organogel. The use of this technology is showcased in nucleophilic addition reactions under ambient conditions, low-temperature bromine-lithium exchange, ortho-lithiation and C-H functionalization. The gel substantially enhances organolithium stability, allows simple storage, handling and delivery, and enables reproducible reagent portioning. The use of gels as easily divided delivery vehicles for hazardous organometallics has the potential to transform this area of synthetic chemistry, making these powerful reactions safer and more accessible to non-specialist researchers, and enabling the more widespread use of these common synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Slavík
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Peter O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
| | - David K Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
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13
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Lebon J, Mortis A, Maichle‐Mössmer C, Manßen M, Sirsch P, Anwander R. Schlenk's Legacy-Methyllithium Put under Close Scrutiny. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214599. [PMID: 36409199 PMCID: PMC10108226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available stock solutions of organolithium reagents are well-implemented tools in organic and organometallic chemistry. However, such solutions are inherently contaminated with lithium halide salts, which can complicate certain synthesis protocols and purification processes. Here, we report the isolation of chloride-free methyllithium employing K[N(SiMe3 )2 ] as a halide-trapping reagent. The influence of distinct LiCl contaminations on the 7 Li-NMR chemical shift is examined and their quantification demonstrated. The structural parameters of new chloride-free monomeric methyllithium complex [(Me3 TACN)LiCH3 ], ligated by an azacrown ether, are assessed by comparison with a halide-contaminated variant and monomeric lithium chloride [(Me3 TACN)LiCl], further emphasizing the effect of halide impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Lebon
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Alexandros Mortis
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle‐Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Manfred Manßen
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Peter Sirsch
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieEberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
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14
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Lui NM, MacMillan SN, Collum DB. Lithiated Oppolzer Enolates: Solution Structures, Mechanism of Alkylation, and Origin of Stereoselectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23379-23395. [PMID: 36534055 PMCID: PMC10071589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Camphorsultam-based lithium enolates referred to colloquially as Oppolzer enolates are examined spectroscopically, crystallographically, kinetically, and computationally to ascertain the mechanism of alkylation and the origin of the stereoselectivity. Solvent- and substrate-dependent structures include tetramers for alkyl-substituted enolates in toluene, unsymmetric dimers for aryl-substituted enolates in toluene, substrate-independent symmetric dimers in THF and THF/toluene mixtures, HMPA-bridged trisolvated dimers at low HMPA concentrations, and disolvated monomers for the aryl-substituted enolates at elevated HMPA concentrations. Extensive analyses of the stereochemistry of aggregation are included. Rate studies for reaction with allyl bromide implicate an HMPA-solvated ion pair with a +Li(HMPA)4 counterion. Dependencies on toluene and THF are attributed to exclusively secondary-shell (medium) effects. Aided by density functional theory (DFT) computations, a stereochemical model is presented in which neither chelates nor the lithium gegenion serves roles. The stereoselectivity stems from the chirality within the sultam ring and not the camphor skeletal core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Lui
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - David B Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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15
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Chandrasekaran S, Tambo M, Yamazaki Y, Muramatsu T, Kanda Y, Hirose T, Kodama K. Enantioseparation of 3-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids via Diastereomeric Salt Formation by 2-Amino-1,2-diphenylethanol (ADPE) and Cinchonidine. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010114. [PMID: 36615310 PMCID: PMC9822485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids via diastereomeric salt formation was demonstrated using 2-amino-1,2-diphenylethanol (ADPE) and cinchonidine as the resolving agents. Racemic 3-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid (rac-1), 3-hydroxy-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butanoic acid (rac-2), and 3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentanoic acid (rac-3) were efficiently resolved using these resolving agents. Moreover, the successive crystallization of the less-soluble diastereomeric salt of 1 and cinchonidine using EtOH yielded pure (R)-1 · cinchonidine salt in a high yield. The crystal structures of less-soluble diastereomeric salts were elucidated and it was revealed that hydrogen bonding and CH/π interactions play an important role in reinforcing the structure of the less-soluble diastereomeric salts.
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16
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Mandal D, Roychowdhury S, Biswas JP, Maiti S, Maiti D. Transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond alkylation using olefins: recent advances and mechanistic aspects. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7358-7426. [PMID: 35912472 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00923k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis has contributed immensely to C-C bond formation reactions over the last few decades, and alkylation is no exception. The superiority of such methodologies over traditional alkylation is evident from minimal reaction steps, shorter reaction times, and atom economy while also allowing control over regio- and stereo-selectivity. In particular, hydrocarbonation of alkenes has grabbed increased attention due its fundamental ability to effectively and selectively synthesise a wide range of industrially and pharmaceutically relevant moieties. This review attempts to provide a scientific viewpoint and a systematic analysis of the recent developments in transition-metal-catalyzed alkylation of various C-H bonds using simple and activated olefins. The key features and mechanistic studies involved in these transformations are described briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Sumali Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Siddhartha Maiti
- School of Bioengineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Bhopal University, Bhopal-Indore Highway, Kothrikalan, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh-466114, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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17
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Crockett MP, Aguirre LS, Jimenez LB, Hsu HH, Thomas AA. Preparation of Highly Reactive Lithium Metal Dendrites for the Synthesis of Organolithium Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16631-16637. [PMID: 36037085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing problem in the area of organolithium chemistry has been the need for a highly reactive Li-metal source that mimics Li-powders but has the advantage of being freshly prepared from inexpensive and readily available Li-sources. Here, we report a simple and convenient activation method using liquid ammonia that furnishes a new Li-metal source in the form of crystalline Li-dendrites. The Li-dendrites were shown to have ca. 100 times greater surface area than conventional Li-sources created by prototypical mechanical activation methods. Concomitant with the surface area increase, the Li-dendrites were shown to exhibit significant rate enhancements over Li-powders, which are currently the industry standard for the preparation of organolithium compounds. These features were leveraged for the reproducible synthesis of organolithium reagents over a range of common laboratory scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Crockett
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Lupita S Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Leonel B Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Han-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Andy A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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18
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Zhou Q, Bao Y, Yan G. 2‐Bromo‐3,3,3‐Trifluoropropene: A Versatile Reagent for the Synthesis of Fluorinated Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- College of Jiyang Zhejiang A&F University Zhuji 311800 People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Bao
- College of Jiyang Zhejiang A&F University Zhuji 311800 People's Republic of China
| | - Guobing Yan
- College of Jiyang Zhejiang A&F University Zhuji 311800 People's Republic of China
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19
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Liu HF, He MX, Tang HT. Electrochemical C–H functionalization to synthesize 3-hydroxyalkylquinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones via quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones and aldehydes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01281b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We reported an electrocatalytic direct C3-hydroxyalkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones to construct 3-hydroxyalkylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives, which uses unprotected quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones and aliphatic aldehydes as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, School of Public Health of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Xue He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, School of Public Health of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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20
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Lu Z, Wu Y, Ding L, Wei Y, Wang H. A Lamellar MXene (Ti
3
C
2
T
x
)/PSS Composite Membrane for Fast and Selective Lithium‐Ion Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zong Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology 510640 Guangzhou China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology 510640 Guangzhou China
| | - Li Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology 510640 Guangzhou China
| | - Yanying Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology 510640 Guangzhou China
| | - Haihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering Tsinghua University 100084 Beijing China
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21
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Dai XJ, Li CC, Li CJ. Carbonyl umpolung as an organometallic reagent surrogate. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10733-10742. [PMID: 34382626 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00418b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Construction of new carbon-carbon bonds is the cornerstone of organic chemistry. Organometallic reagents are amongst the most robust and versatile nucleophiles for this purpose. Polarization of the metal-carbon bonds in these reagents facilitates their reactions with a vast array of electrophiles to achieve chemical diversification. The dependence on stoichiometric quantities of metals and often organic halides as feedstock precursors, which in turn produces copious amounts of metal halide waste, is the key limitation of the classical organometallic reactions. Inspired by the classical Wolff-Kishner reduction converting carbonyl groups in aldehydes or ketones into methylene derivatives, our group has recently developed strategies to couple various alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones with a broad range of both hard and soft carbon electrophiles in the presence of catalytic amounts of transition metals, via the hydrazone derivatives: i.e., as organometallic reagent surrogates. This Tutorial Review describes the chronological development of this concept in our research group, detailing its creation in the context of a deoxygenation reaction and evolution to a more general carbon-carbon bond-forming strategy. The latter is demonstrated by the employment of carbonyl-derived alkyl carbanions in various transition-metal catalyzed chemical transformations, including 1,2-carbonyl/imine addition, conjugate addition, carboxylation, olefination, cross-coupling, allylation, alkylation and hydroalkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jie Dai
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Chen-Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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22
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Lu Z, Wu Y, Ding L, Wei Y, Wang H. A Lamellar MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x )/PSS Composite Membrane for Fast and Selective Lithium-Ion Separation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22265-22269. [PMID: 34379858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional (2D) laminar membrane with Li+ selective transport channels is obtained by stacking MXene nanosheets with the introduction of poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) with active sulfonate sites, which exhibits excellent Li+ selectivity from ionic mixture solutions of Na+ , K+ , and Mg2+ . The Li+ permeation rate through the MXene@PSS composite membrane is as high as 0.08 mol m-2 h-1 , while the Li+ /Mg2+ , Li+ /Na+ , and Li+ /K+ selectivities are 28, 15.5, and 12.7, respectively. Combining the simulation and experimental results, we further confirm that the highly selective rapid transport of partially dehydrated Li+ within subnanochannels can be attributed to the precisely controlled interlayer spacing and the relatively weaker ion-terminal (-SO3 - ) interaction. This study deepens the understanding of ion-selective permeation in confined channels and provides a general membrane design concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanying Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
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23
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Bodach A, Ortmeyer J, Herrmann B, Felderhoff M. Amino−Organolithium Compounds and their Aggregation for the Synthesis of Amino−Organoaluminium Compounds. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bodach
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Jochen Ortmeyer
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Bastian Herrmann
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Michael Felderhoff
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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24
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Dang Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Xu M, Jia C, Lu Y, Zhang L, Li Y, Xia Y. Nucleophilic Addition and α-C–H Substitution Reactions of an Imine Mediated by Dibutylmagnesium and Organolithium Reagents. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yalan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yafei Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Man Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Chaohong Jia
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yanhua Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yahong Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
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25
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Fath V, Lau P, Greve C, Weller P, Kockmann N, Röder T. Simultaneous self-optimisation of yield and purity through successive combination of inline FT-IR spectroscopy and online mass spectrometry in flow reactions. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSelf-optimisation constitutes a very helpful tool for chemical process development, both in lab and in industrial applications. However, research on the application of model-free autonomous optimisation strategies (based on experimental investigation) for complex reactions of high industrial significance, which involve considerable intermediate and by-product formation, is still in an early stage. This article describes the development of an enhanced autonomous microfluidic reactor platform for organolithium and epoxide reactions that incorporates a successive combination of inline FT-IR spectrometer and online mass spectrometer. Experimental data is collected in real-time and used as feedback for the optimisation algorithms (modified Simplex algorithm and Design of Experiments) without time delay. An efficient approach to handle intricate optimisation problems is presented, where the inline FT-IR measurements are used to monitor the reaction’s main components, whereas the mass spectrometer’s high sensitivity permits insights into the formation of by-products. To demonstrate the platform’s flexibility, optimal reaction conditions of two organic syntheses are identified. Both pose several challenges, as complex reaction mechanisms are involved, leading to a large number of variable parameters, and a considerable amount of by-products is generated under non-ideal process conditions. Through multidimensional real-time optimisation, the platform supersedes labor- and cost-intensive work-up procedures, while diminishing waste generation, too. Thus, it renders production processes more efficient and contributes to their overall sustainability.
Graphical abstract
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26
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Gauld RM, McLellan R, Kennedy AR, Carson FJ, Barker J, Reid J, O'Hara CT, Mulvey RE. Structural Studies of Donor‐Free and Donor‐Solvated Sodium Carboxylates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Gauld
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde G1 1XL Glasgow UK
- Current address: Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Ross McLellan
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde G1 1XL Glasgow UK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde G1 1XL Glasgow UK
| | - Freya J. Carson
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde G1 1XL Glasgow UK
| | - Jim Barker
- Innospec Ltd, Innospec Manufacturing Park Oil Sites Road CH65 4EY Ellesmere Port Cheshire UK
| | - Jacqueline Reid
- Innospec Ltd, Innospec Manufacturing Park Oil Sites Road CH65 4EY Ellesmere Port Cheshire UK
| | - Charles T. O'Hara
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde G1 1XL Glasgow UK
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde G1 1XL Glasgow UK
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27
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Zhang X, Yang C, Gao H, Wang L, Guo L, Xia W. Reductive Arylation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Aldehydes with Cyanoarenes by Electrolysis for the Synthesis of Alcohols. Org Lett 2021; 23:3472-3476. [PMID: 33861088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An electroreductive arylation reaction of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes as well as ketones with electro-deficient (hetero)arenes is described. A variety of cyano(hetero)arenes and carbonyl compounds, especially aliphatic aldehydes, have been examined, providing secondary and tertiary alcohols in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and divided-cell experiments, support the generation of aliphatic ketyl radicals and persistent heteroaryl radical anions via cathodic reduction followed by radical-radical cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Han Gao
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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28
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Zhang S, Li L, Li J, Shi J, Xu K, Gao W, Zong L, Li G, Findlater M. Electrochemical Arylation of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Alcohols: from Cathodic Reduction to Convergent Paired Electrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Lijun Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Jianxue Shi
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Kun Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Wenchao Gao
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Luyi Zong
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79423 USA
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79423 USA
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29
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Zhang S, Li L, Li J, Shi J, Xu K, Gao W, Zong L, Li G, Findlater M. Electrochemical Arylation of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Alcohols: from Cathodic Reduction to Convergent Paired Electrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7275-7282. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Lijun Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Jianxue Shi
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Kun Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Wenchao Gao
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Luyi Zong
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79423 USA
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79423 USA
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30
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Wang W, Bao X, Wei S, Nawaz S, Qu J, Wang B. Asymmetric sequential annulation/aldol process of 4-isothiocyanato pyrazolones and allenones: access to novel spiro[pyrrole-pyrazolones] and spiro[thiopyranopyrrole-pyrazolones]. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:363-366. [PMID: 33319884 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07113g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic asymmetric sequential annulation/aldol reaction of 4-isothiocyanato pyrazolones and allenyl ketones has been developed, which furnished a series of spiro[pyrrole-pyrazolone] heterocycles and structurally novel spiro[thiopyranopyrrole-pyrazolone] derivatives in good yields with high to excellent enantioselectivities. Notably, parallel resolution of racemic spiro[pyrrole-pyrazolones] was achieved by a catalyst-controlled asymmetric intramolecular vinylogous aldol process. Structure diversity of the product was further enhanced by ready transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Dilchert K, Schmidt M, Großjohann A, Feichtner K, Mulvey RE, Gessner VH. Lösungsmitteleinflüsse auf die Struktur und Stabilität von Alkalimetallcarbenoiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dilchert
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Michelle Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Angela Großjohann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
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32
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Dilchert K, Schmidt M, Großjohann A, Feichtner K, Mulvey RE, Gessner VH. Solvation Effects on the Structure and Stability of Alkali Metal Carbenoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:493-498. [PMID: 33006796 PMCID: PMC7821203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
s-Block metal carbenoids are carbene synthons and applied in a myriad of organic transformations. They exhibit a strong structure-activity relationship, but this is only poorly understood due to the challenging high reactivity and sensitivity of these reagents. Here, we report on systematic VT and DOSY NMR studies, XRD analyses as well as DFT calculations on a sulfoximinoyl-substituted model system to explain the pronounced solvent dependency of the carbenoid stability. While the sodium and potassium chloride carbenoids showed high stabilities independent of the solvent, the lithium carbenoid was stable at room temperature in THF but decomposed at -10 °C in toluene. These divergent stabilities could be explained by the different structures formed in solution. In contrast to simple organolithium reagents, the monomeric THF-solvate was found to be more stable than the dimer in toluene, since the latter more readily forms direct Li/Cl interactions which facilitate decomposition via α-elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dilchert
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
- WestCHEMDepartment of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Michelle Schmidt
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Angela Großjohann
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- WestCHEMDepartment of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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33
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Vitale P, Cicco L, Perna FM, Capriati V. Introducing deep eutectic solvents in enolate chemistry: synthesis of 1-arylpropan-2-ones under aerobic conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly procedure for the generation of enolates from 1-arylpropan-2-ones, followed by functionalization with electrophiles and (hetero)aryl halides in deep eutectic solvents under aerobic conditions, is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vitale
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del farmaco, Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Luciana Cicco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del farmaco, Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Perna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del farmaco, Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del farmaco, Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy
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34
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Münch A, Knauer L, Ott H, Sindlinger C, Herbst-Irmer R, Strohmann C, Stalke D. Insight into the Bonding and Aggregation of Alkyllithiums by Experimental Charge Density Studies and Energy Decomposition Analyses. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15897-15906. [PMID: 32811141 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this Article, the organolithiums [((-)-sparteine)LitBu] (1), [(ABCO)LitBu]2 (2), and [(ABCO)2(LiiPr)4] (3) are investigated by means of experimental and theoretical charge density determination to elucidate the nature of the Li-C and Li-N bonds. Furthermore, the valence shell charge concentrations (VSCCs) in the nonbonding region of the deprotonated Cα-atom will provide some insight on the localization of the carbanionic lone pair. Analysis of the electron density (ρ(rBCP)), Laplacian (∇2ρ(rBCP)), and the energy decomposition (EDA) confirmed that the Li-C/N bond exhibits astonishingly similar characteristics, to reveal an increasingly polar contact with decreasing aggregate size. This explains former observations on the incorporation of halide salts in organolithium reagents. Furthermore, it could be shown that the bonding properties of the iPr group are similar to those of the tBu substituent. The accuracy of fit to all previously determined properties in organolithiums is remarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Münch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraβe 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lena Knauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straβe 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Holger Ott
- Bruker AXS GmbH, Östliche Rheinbrückenstraβe 49, Karlsruhe 76187, Germany
| | - Christian Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraβe 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraβe 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straβe 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraβe 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kobe University Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kobe University Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
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36
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Knochel P. Preparation of Functionalized Aryl, Heteroaryl, and Benzylic Potassium Organometallics Using Potassium Diisopropylamide in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12321-12325. [PMID: 32216119 PMCID: PMC7383875 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation of lithium-salt-free KDA (potassium diisopropylamide; 0.6 m in hexane) complexed with TMEDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) and its use for the flow-metalation of (hetero)arenes between -78 °C and 25 °C with reaction times between 0.2 s and 24 s and a combined flow rate of 10 mL min-1 using a commercial flow setup. The resulting potassium organometallics react instantaneously with various electrophiles, such as ketones, aldehydes, alkyl and allylic halides, disulfides, Weinreb amides, and Me3 SiCl, affording functionalized (hetero)arenes in high yields. This flow procedure is successfully extended to the lateral metalation of methyl-substituted arenes and heteroaromatics, resulting in the formation of various benzylic potassium organometallics. A metalation scale-up was possible without further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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37
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Harenberg JH, Weidmann N, Knochel P. Herstellung funktioneller Aryl‐, Heteroaryl‐ und benzylischer Organokalium‐Spezies mittels Kaliumdiisopropylamid im kontinuierlichen Durchfluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Harenberg
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Niels Weidmann
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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38
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39
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Hosoya M, Nishijima S, Kurose N. Investigation into an Unexpected Impurity: A Practical Approach to Process Development for the Addition of Grignard Reagents to Aldehydes Using Continuous Flow Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hosoya
- API R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Shogo Nishijima
- API R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kurose
- API R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., 1-3, Kuise Terajima 2-chome, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0813, Japan
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40
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Fan Z, Wang P, Wu C, Liu Z, Chen X. The Facile Synthesis of Lithium 2‐R‐Hydroquinolinide Complexes and Their High Activity toward ROP of
ε
‐Caprolactone. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University 030006 Taiyuan China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University 030006 Taiyuan China
| | - Chen Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University 030006 Taiyuan China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University 030006 Taiyuan China
| | - Xia Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University 030006 Taiyuan China
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41
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Tiwari MK, Yadav L, Kumar Shyamlal BR, Chaudhary S. Weak Bases‐Mediated Modified Favorskii Reaction‐Type Direct Alkynylation/(
E
)‐Alkenylation: A Unified Rapid Access to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones and Propargyl Alcohols. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K. Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur- 302017 India
| | - Lalit Yadav
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur- 302017 India
| | - Bharti Rajesh Kumar Shyamlal
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur- 302017 India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur- 302017 India
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42
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Orr SA, Border EC, Andrews PC, Blair VL. Lithium-Bromide Exchange versus Nucleophilic Addition of Schiff's base: Unprecedented Tandem Cyclisation Pathways. Chemistry 2019; 25:11876-11882. [PMID: 31282040 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
By exploring lithium-bromide exchange reactivity of aromatic Schiff's bases with tert-butyllithium (tBuLi), we have revealed unprecedented competitive intermolecular and intramolecular cascade annulation pathways, leading to valuable compounds, such as iso-indolinones and N-substituted anthracene derivatives. A series of reaction parameters were probed, including solvent, stoichiometry, sterics and organolithium reagent choice, in order to understand the influences that limit such ring-closing pathways. With two viable reactivity options for the organolithium on the imine; namely, nucleophilic addition or lithium-bromide exchange, a surprising competitive nature was observed, where nucleophilic addition dominated, even under cryogenic conditions. Considering the most commonly used solvents for lithium-bromide exchange, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and diethyl ether (Et2 O), contrasting reactivity outcomes were revealed with nucleophilic addition promoted in THF, while Et2 O yielded almost double the conversion of cyclic products than in THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Orr
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Emily C Border
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Victoria L Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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43
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Fath V, Szmais S, Lau P, Kockmann N, Röder T. Model-Based Scale-Up Predictions: From Micro- to Millireactors Using Inline Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Lau
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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44
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Fath V, Kockmann N, Röder T. In Situ Reaction Monitoring of Unstable Lithiated Intermediates through Inline FTIR Spectroscopy. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- TU Dortmund University, st>Emil-Figge-Strasse 70Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Mannheim University of Applied SciencesInstitute of Chemical Process Engineering Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10 68163 Mannheim Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- TU Dortmund University, st>Emil-Figge-Strasse 70Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Mannheim University of Applied SciencesInstitute of Chemical Process Engineering Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10 68163 Mannheim Germany
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45
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Beutner GL, Cohen BM, DelMonte AJ, Dixon DD, Fraunhoffer KJ, Glace AW, Lo E, Stevens JM, Vanyo D, Wilbert C. Revisiting the Cleavage of Evans Oxazolidinones with LiOH/H2O2. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Beutner
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Cohen
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Albert J. DelMonte
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Darryl D. Dixon
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Fraunhoffer
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Andrew W. Glace
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Ehrlic Lo
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jason M. Stevens
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Dale Vanyo
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Christopher Wilbert
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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46
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Zhang Z, Collum DB. Structures and Reactivities of Sodiated Evans Enolates: Role of Solvation and Mixed Aggregation on the Stereochemistry and Mechanism of Alkylations. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:388-401. [PMID: 30462500 PMCID: PMC7185956 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxazolidinone-based sodiated enolates (Evans enolates) were generated using sodium diisopropylamide (NaDA) or sodium hexamethyldisilazide (NaHMDS) in the presence of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), ( R,R)- trans- N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexanediamine [( R,R)-TMCDA], or ( S,S)-TMCDA. 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis in conjunction with the method of continuous variations (MCV), x-ray crystallography, and density functional theory (DFT) computations revealed the enolates to be octahedral bis-diamine-chelated monomers. Rate and computational studies of an alkylation with allyl bromide implicate a bis-diamine-chelated-monomer-based transition structure. The sodiated Evans enolates form mixed dimers with NaHMDS, NaDA, or sodium 2,6-di- tert-butylphenolate, the reactivities of which are examined. Stereoselective quaternizations, aldol additions, and azaaldol additions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
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47
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Haq SF, Shanbhag AP, Karthikeyan S, Hassan I, Thanukrishnan K, Ashok A, Sukumaran S, Ramaswamy S, Bharatham N, Datta S, Samant S, Katagihallimath N. A strategy to identify a ketoreductase that preferentially synthesizes pharmaceutically relevant (S)-alcohols using whole-cell biotransformation. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:192. [PMID: 30509260 PMCID: PMC6276252 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chemical industries are constantly in search of an expeditious and environmentally benign method for producing chiral synthons. Ketoreductases have been used as catalysts for enantioselective conversion of desired prochiral ketones to their corresponding alcohol. We chose reported promiscuous ketoreductases belonging to different protein families and expressed them in E. coli to evaluate their ability as whole-cell catalysts for obtaining chiral alcohol intermediates of pharmaceutical importance. Apart from establishing a method to produce high value (S)-specific alcohols that have not been evaluated before, we propose an in silico analysis procedure to predict product chirality. Results Six enzymes originating from Sulfolobus sulfotaricus, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Hansenula polymorpha, Corynebacterium sp. ST-10, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 and Bacillus sp. ECU0013 with reported efficient activity for dissimilar substrates are compared here to arrive at an optimal enzyme for the method. Whole–cell catalysis of ketone intermediates for drugs like Aprepitant, Sitagliptin and Dolastatin using E. coli over-expressing these enzymes yielded (S)-specific chiral alcohols. We explain this chiral specificity for the best-performing enzyme, i.e., Z. rouxii ketoreductase using in silico modelling and MD simulations. This rationale was applied to five additional ketones that are used in the synthesis of Crizotinib, MA-20565 (an antifungal agent), Sulopenem, Rivastigmine, Talampanel and Barnidipine and predicted the yield of (S) enantiomers. Experimental evaluation matched the in silico analysis wherein ~ 95% (S)-specific alcohol with a chemical yield of 23–79% was obtained through biotransformation. Further, the cofactor re-cycling was optimized by switching the carbon source from glucose to sorbitol that improved the chemical yield to 85–99%. Conclusions Here, we present a strategy to synthesize pharmaceutically relevant chiral alcohols by ketoreductases using a cofactor balanced whole-cell catalysis scheme that is useful for the industry. Based on the results obtained in these trials, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii ketoreductase was identified as a proficient enzyme to obtain (S)-specific alcohols from their respective ketones. The whole–cell catalyst when combined with nutrient modulation of using sorbitol as a carbon source helped obtain high enantiomeric and chemical yield. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-1036-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anirudh P Shanbhag
- Bugworks Research India, Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru, India.,Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Subbulakshmi Karthikeyan
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru, India.,Centre for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Imran Hassan
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru, India.,PerkinElmer, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kannan Thanukrishnan
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru, India.,Shasun Research Center, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - S Ramaswamy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru, India
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Downey CW, Confair DN, Liu Y, Heafner ED. One-Pot Enol Silane Formation–Alkylation of Ketones with Propargyl Carboxylates Promoted by Trimethylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12931-12938. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Wade Downey
- Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, 28 Westhampton Way, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Danielle N. Confair
- Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, 28 Westhampton Way, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Yiqi Liu
- Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, 28 Westhampton Way, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Elizabeth D. Heafner
- Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, 28 Westhampton Way, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
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49
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Recent developments in non-enzymatic catalytic oxidative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Jermaks J, Tallmadge EH, Keresztes I, Collum DB. Lithium Amino Alkoxide-Evans Enolate Mixed Aggregates: Aldol Addition with Matched and Mismatched Stereocontrol. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3077-3090. [PMID: 29457718 PMCID: PMC6059615 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Building on structural and mechanistic studies of lithiated enolates derived from acylated oxazolidinones (Evans enolates) and chiral lithiated amino alkoxides, we found that amino alkoxides amplify the enantioselectivity of aldol additions. The pairing of enantiomeric series affords matched and mismatched stereoselectivities. The structures of mixed tetramers showing 2:2 and 3:1 (alkoxide-rich) stoichiometries are determined spectroscopically. Rate and computational studies provide a viable mechanistic and stereochemical model based on the direct reaction of the 3:1 mixed tetramers, but they raise unanswered questions for the 2:2 mixed aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Jermaks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Evan H. Tallmadge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - Ivan Keresztes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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