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Zhang L, Zhang C, Berg EJ. Mastering Proton Activities in Aqueous Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2407852. [PMID: 39225353 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Advanced aqueous batteries are promising solutions for grid energy storage. Compared with their organic counterparts, water-based electrolytes enable fast transport kinetics, high safety, low cost, and enhanced environmental sustainability. However, the presence of protons in the electrolyte, generated by the spontaneous ionization of water, may compete with the main charge-storage mechanism, trigger unwanted side reactions, and accelerate the deterioration of the cell performance. Therefore, it is of pivotal importance to understand and master the proton activities in aqueous batteries. This Perspective comments on the following scientific questions: Why are proton activities relevant? What are proton activities? What do we know about proton activities in aqueous batteries? How do we better understand, control, and utilize proton activities?
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala, 751 21, Sweden
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala, 751 21, Sweden
| | - Erik J Berg
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, Uppsala, 751 21, Sweden
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2
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Suzuki W, Mizuhata Y, Tokitoh N, Teranishi T. Dioxygen Activation by Gold(I)-Distorted Porphyrin Dinuclear Complexes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401242. [PMID: 38888030 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between gold-based materials and dioxygen (O2) have motivated researchers to understand reaction mechanisms for O2 activation by homo- and heterogeneous gold catalysts. In this work, gold(I) porphyrin dinuclear complexes were synthesized with a saddle-distorted porphyrin ligand. The gold(I) porphyrin complexes showed unprecedented O2 activation in the presence of protic solvents to form gold(III) tetradentate porphyrin complexes. Mechanistic insights into the O2 activation by the gold(I) center were elucidated by spectroscopic measurements and theoretical calculations, revealing that dissociation of halides on the gold(I) center by alcohol solvents and hydrogen bonding of an N-H proton in the distorted porphyrin with dioxygen played important roles in establishing the unique reactivities of gold(I) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Suzuki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Teranishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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3
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Shi W, Qian X, Zou C, Zhang M, Huang C, Miao X, Ye L. High-Performance Proton Field-Effect Transistor Based on Two-Dimensional Cd Vacancy-Resided Cd 0.85PS 3Li 0.15H 0.15. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22917-22925. [PMID: 39146319 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Ion transport is a critical phenomenon underpinning numerous biological, physical, and chemical systems. Proton transistors leveraging proton transport face significant limitations, such as a low on-off ratio and deficient carrier mobility, which restrict their applicability in biological and other scenarios. This study explores the use of two-dimensional (2D) vacancy-residing transition metal phosphorus trichallcogenide-based membranes as the active layer for proton field-effect transistors. The synthesized Cd0.85PS3Li0.15H0.15 membrane exhibits a well-organized layered structure and high hydrophilicity, with nanometer-sized interlayers containing interconnected water networks. These distinct features facilitate proton conduction, leading to a high proton conductivity value of 0.83 S cm-1 at 98% relative humidity and 90 °C, with an activation energy of 0.26 eV. The Cd0.85PS3Li0.15H0.15-based proton transistor demonstrates tunability via gate voltage, thereby enabling effective modulation of proton flow across source and drain electrodes. The transistor notably showcases superior switching characteristics, with an on/off ratio surpassing 5.51 and a carrier mobility of 8.84 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1. The underlying mechanism for this performance enhancement is attributed to electric-field-induced switching in Cd vacancies. This research boosts the development of highly versatile ionotropic devices by introducing advanced 2D ion-conductive membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Shi
- School of Integrated Circuit, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xitang Qian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Chuankai Zou
- College of Mechanical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Chenhui Huang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Xiangshui Miao
- School of Integrated Circuit, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lei Ye
- School of Integrated Circuit, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
- Hubei Yangtze Memory Laboratories, Wuhan 430205, China
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4
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Antalicz B, Bakker HJ. Temperature Effects and Activation Barriers in Aqueous Proton-Uptake Reactions. JACS AU 2024; 4:2995-3006. [PMID: 39211613 PMCID: PMC11350741 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous proton transfer reactions are fundamental in biology and chemistry, yet kinetics and mechanisms of strong base-weak acid reactions are not well understood. In this work, we present a temperature-dependent reaction kinetic study of the water-soluble photobase actinoquinol, in the presence and absence of succinimide, a weak acid reaction partner. We study the temperature dependence of the reaction and connect the observed dynamics to the reaction's thermodynamics. We find that actinoquinol reacts in associated complexes with water/succinimide, creating an intermediate complex that can undergo either dissociation to create products, or reverse proton transfer within the complex to recreate the initial reactants. We find that the intermediates' formation is energetically unfavorable with both reaction partners, which impacts the net reaction rates. We also find that the net reaction rate is additionally strongly influenced by the competition between the dissociation of the intermediates and their reverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Antalicz
- AMOLF, Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib J. Bakker
- AMOLF, Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Ariafard A, Longhurst M, Swiegers GF, Stranger R. Mechanistic elucidation of O 2 production from tBuOOH in water using the Mn(II) catalyst [Mn 2(mcbpen) 2(H 2O) 2] 2+: a DFT study. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:14089-14097. [PMID: 39120522 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01700e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
This study employs density functional theory at the SMD/B3LYP-D3/6-311+G(2d,p),def2-TZVPP//SMD/B3LYP-D3/6-31G(d),SDD level of theory to explore the mechanistic details of O2 generation from tBuOOH, using H218O as the solvent, in the presence of the Mn(II) catalyst [Mn2(mcbpen)2(H2O)2]2+. Since this chemistry was reported to occur through the reaction of Mn(III)(μ-O)Mn(IV)-O˙ with water, we first revaluated this proposal and found that it occurs with an activation barrier greater than 36 kcal mol-1, ruling out the functioning of such a dimer as the active catalyst. Experimental evidence has shown that the oxidation of [Mn2(mcbpen)2(H2O)2]2+ by tBuOOH in H218O produces the Mn(IV) species [Mn(18O)(mcbpen)]+. Our investigations revealed a plausible mechanism for this observation in which [Mn (18O)(mcbpen)]+ acts as the active catalyst, generating the tert-butyl peroxyl radical (tBuOO˙) through its reaction with tBuOOH. In this proposed mechanism, the O-O bond is formed through the interaction of tBuOO˙ with another [Mn(18O)(mcbpen)]+, finally leading to the formation of the 16O18O product. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of [Mn(18O)(mcbpen)]+ in both generating the active species tBuOO˙ and consuming it to produce 16O18O. With activation barriers as low as about 9 kcal mol-1, these elementary steps highlight the feasibility of our proposed mechanism. Moreover, this mechanism elucidates why, experimentally, one of the oxygen atoms in the released O2 comes from water, while the other originates from tBuOOH. This research broadens our understanding of high oxidation state manganese chemistry, setting the stage for the development of more efficient Mn-based catalysts, aimed at improving processes in both renewable energy and synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ariafard
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Matthew Longhurst
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Gerhard F Swiegers
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Robert Stranger
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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6
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Shah SS, Albadrani A, Fettouhi M, Aziz MA, Helal A. Synthesis and Oxygen Evolution Reaction Application of a Co-Cd Based Bimetallic Metal-Organic Framework. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202301039. [PMID: 38324734 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of renewable energy technologies, the development of efficient and durable electrocatalysts is paramount, especially for applications like electrochemical water splitting. This research focuses on synthesizing a novel bimetallic metal-organic framework (BMMOF11) using earth-abundant elements, cobalt (Co) and cadmium (Cd). BMMOF11 showcases a distinctive structure with distorted octahedral chains of CoO and CdO, linked by benzene tricarboxylic acid (BTC). Our study primarily investigates the electrocatalytic efficiency of BMMOF11, particularly in water oxidation reactions. For practical analysis, BMMOF11 was anchored onto nickel foam, forming BMMOF11/NF, to evaluate its electrocatalytic properties. Electrochemical testing revealed that BMMOF11/NF begins water oxidation at an onset potential of 1.62 V versus RHE, demonstrating high activity with a lower overpotential of 0.4 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Moreover, BMMOF11/NF maintained stable water splitting performance, sustaining a current density of approximately 70 mA/cm2 under a voltage of 1.9 V relative to RHE. These findings indicate that BMMOF11/NF is a promising candidate for large-scale electrochemical water splitting, offering a blend of high activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shaheen Shah
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8520, Japan
| | - Ahmed Albadrani
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Fettouhi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Abdul Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aasif Helal
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Askins EJ, Sarkar A, Navabi P, Kumar K, Finkelmeyer SJ, Presselt M, Cabana J, Glusac KD. Interfacial Electrochemistry of Catalyst-Coordinated Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22360-22373. [PMID: 39087647 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The immobilization of molecular electrocatalysts on conductive electrodes is an appealing strategy for enhancing their overall activity relative to those of analogous molecular compounds. In this study, we report on the interfacial electrochemistry of self-assembled two-dimensional nanosheets of graphene nanoribbons (GNR-2DNS) and analogs containing a Rh-based hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst (RhGNR-2DNS) immobilized on conductive electrodes. Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) taking place at N-centers of the nanoribbons was utilized as an indirect reporter of the interfacial electric fields experienced by the monolayer nanosheet located within the electric double layer. The experimental Pourbaix diagrams were compared with a theoretical model, which derives the experimental Pourbaix slopes as a function of parameter f, a fraction of the interfacial potential drop experienced by the redox-active group. Interestingly, our study revealed that GNR-2DNS was strongly coupled to glassy carbon electrodes (f = 1), while RhGNR-2DNS was not (f = 0.15). We further investigated the HER mechanism by RhGNR-2DNS using electrochemical and X-ray absorption spectroelectrochemical methods and compared it to homogeneous molecular model compounds. RhGNR-2DNS was found to be an active HER electrocatalyst over a broader set of aqueous pH conditions than its molecular analogs. We find that the improved HER performance in the immobilized catalyst arises due to two factors. First, redox-active bipyrimidine-based ligands were shown to dramatically alter the activity of Rh sites by increasing the electron density at the active Rh center and providing RhGNR-2DNS with improved catalysis. Second, catalyst immobilization was found to prevent catalyst aggregation that was found to occur for the molecular analog in the basic pH. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanism by which catalyst immobilization can affect the overall electrocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Askins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Abdul Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Pouyan Navabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Khagesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sarah Jasmin Finkelmeyer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Martin Presselt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- SciClus GmbH & Co. KG, Jena 07745, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ksenija D Glusac
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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8
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Jones TE, Teschner D, Piccinin S. Toward Realistic Models of the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9136-9223. [PMID: 39038270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) supplies the protons and electrons needed to transform renewable electricity into chemicals and fuels. However, the OER is kinetically sluggish; it operates at significant rates only when the applied potential far exceeds the reversible voltage. The origin of this overpotential is hidden in a complex mechanism involving multiple electron transfers and chemical bond making/breaking steps. Our desire to improve catalytic performance has then made mechanistic studies of the OER an area of major scientific inquiry, though the complexity of the reaction has made understanding difficult. While historically, mechanistic studies have relied solely on experiment and phenomenological models, over the past twenty years ab initio simulation has been playing an increasingly important role in developing our understanding of the electrocatalytic OER and its reaction mechanisms. In this Review we cover advances in our mechanistic understanding of the OER, organized by increasing complexity in the way through which the OER is modeled. We begin with phenomenological models built using experimental data before reviewing early efforts to incorporate ab initio methods into mechanistic studies. We go on to cover how the assumptions in these early ab initio simulations─no electric field, electrolyte, or explicit kinetics─have been relaxed. Through comparison with experimental literature, we explore the veracity of these different assumptions. We summarize by discussing the most critical open challenges in developing models to understand the mechanisms of the OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Jones
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Detre Teschner
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Simone Piccinin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Trieste 34136, Italy
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9
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Yang H, Wang Y, Wang LC, Wu XF. Visible light induced cooperative carbonylation and (hetero)aryl migration: synthesis of multi-carbonyl compounds. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03221g. [PMID: 39156934 PMCID: PMC11325186 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03221g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbonylative transformation represents one of the most straightforward procedures for the synthesis of carbonyl-containing compounds. However, the carbonylative procedure toward 1,4-diketones is still limited which are key moieties with potent applications in various areas. Herein, we report a new strategy for the synthesis of multi-carbonyl compounds containing a 1,4-diketone skeleton through remote heteroaryl migration of traditionally restricted 1,3-migratory substrates utilizing carbon monoxide (CO) as the C1 synthon and diazonium compounds as the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefei Yang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 116023 Dalian Liaoning China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Yuanrui Wang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 116023 Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Le-Cheng Wang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 116023 Dalian Liaoning China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 116023 Dalian Liaoning China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. 18059 Rostock Germany
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10
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Fu K, Yang X, Yu Z, Song L, Shi L. Revealing the nature of covalently tethered distonic radical anions in the generation of heteroatom-centered radicals: evidence for the polarity-matching PCET pathway. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12398-12409. [PMID: 39118625 PMCID: PMC11304808 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02602k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Recognition of the intermediacy and regulation of reactivity patterns of radical intermediates in radical chemistry have profound impacts on harnessing and developing the full potential of open-shell species in synthetic settings. In this work, the possibility of in situ formation of O/N-X intermediates from Brønsted base covalently tethered carbonyl hypohalites (BCTCs) for the generation of heteroatom-centered radicals has certainly been excluded by NMR experiments and density functional theory calculations. Instead, the spectroscopic analyses reveal that the BCTCs serve as precursors of tether-tunable distonic radical anions (TDRAs) which have been unequivocally substantiated to be involved in the direct cleavage of O/N-H bonds to generate the corresponding heteroatom-centered radicals. Meanwhile, a deep insight into the properties and reactivities of the resulting TDRAs indicates that the introduction of a tethered Brønsted base on the parent open-shell species reinforces their stabilities and leads to a reversal of electrophilicity. Moreover, the dual descriptor values and electrophilicity indices are calculated based on eleven reported radical reactions involving various electrophilic/nucleophilic radical species, further confirming their validity in the prediction of the polar effect and the polarity-matching consistency between nucleophilic TDRAs and protic O/N-H bonds. The additional halogen-free experiments mediated by the combination of phthaloyl peroxide and TEMPO also prove the feasibility of the TDRA-assisted philicity-regulation approach. Lastly, detailed intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) and Hirschfeld spin population analyses are employed to elucidate that the H-atom abstraction processes are the polarity-matching proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) pathways, with a degree of oxidative asynchronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Science(shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Xihui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Science(shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Zhiyou Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Science(shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Lijuan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Science(shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Science(shenzhen), Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
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11
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Hoque MA, Jiang T, Poole DL, Stahl SS. Manganese-Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation of Thioethers to Sulfoxides Using Water as the Source of Oxygen Atoms. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21960-21967. [PMID: 39042816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen-atom transfer reactions are a prominent class of synthetic redox reactions that often use high-energy oxygen-atom donor reagents. Electrochemical methods can bypass these reagents by using water as the source of oxygen atoms through pathways involving direct or indirect (mediated) electrolysis. Here, manganese porphyrins and related mediators are shown to be effective molecular electrocatalysts for selective oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides, without overoxidation to the sulfone. The reactions proceed by proton-coupled oxidation of a MnIII-OH2 species to generate a MnIV-OH and MnV═O species. This methodology is compared to direct electrolysis methods initiated by single-electron oxidation of the thioether, and chloride-mediated electrochemical oxidation of thioethers. The Mn-mediated reactions operate at lower applied potential and exhibit improved substrate scope and functional group compatibility relative to direct electrolysis, and the tunability of the Mn-based mediators allows for improved performance relative to chloride-mediated electrolysis. An electrochemical parallel screening platform is developed and applied to a library of pharmaceutically relevant thioethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tianxiao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Darren L Poole
- Molecular Modalities Capabilities, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Zhu Q, Soudackov AV, Tommos C, Hammes-Schiffer S. Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer upon Oxidation of Tyrosine in a De Novo Protein: Analysis of Proton Acceptor Candidates. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1999-2008. [PMID: 39024184 PMCID: PMC11402026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Redox-active residues, such as tyrosine and tryptophan, play important roles in a wide range of biological processes. The α3Y de novo protein, which is composed of three α helices and a tyrosine residue Y32, provides a platform for investigating the redox properties of tyrosine in a well-defined protein environment. Herein, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction that occurs upon oxidation of tyrosine in this model protein by a ruthenium photosensitizer is studied by using a vibronically nonadiabatic PCET theory that includes hydrogen tunneling and excited vibronic states. The input quantities to the analytical nonadiabatic rate constant expression, such as the diabatic proton potential energy curves and associated proton vibrational wave functions, reorganization energy, and proton donor-acceptor distribution functions, are obtained from density functional theory calculations on model systems and molecular dynamics simulations of the solvated α3Y protein. Two possible proton acceptors, namely, water or a glutamate residue in the protein scaffold, are explored. The PCET rate constant is greater when glutamate is the proton acceptor, mainly due to the more favorable driving force and shorter equilibrium proton donor-acceptor distance, although contributions from excited vibronic states mitigate these effects. Nevertheless, water could be the dominant proton acceptor if its equilibrium constant associated with hydrogen bond formation is significantly greater than that for glutamate. Although these calculations do not definitively identify the proton acceptor for this PCET reaction, they elucidate the conditions under which each proton acceptor can be favored. These insights have implications for tyrosine-based PCET in a wide variety of biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Cecilia Tommos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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13
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Zhu Q, Shi L, Li Z, Li G, Xu X. Protonation of an Imine-linked Covalent Organic Framework for Efficient H 2O 2 Photosynthesis under Visible Light up to 700 nm. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408041. [PMID: 38738797 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising photocatalysts for H2O2 production from water via oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The design of COFs for efficient H2O2 production indubitably hinges on an in-depth understanding of their ORR mechanisms. In this work, taking an imine-linked COF as an example, we demonstrate that protonation of the functional units such as imine, amine, and triazine, is a highly efficient strategy to upgrade the activity levels for H2O2 synthesis. The protonation not only extends the light absorption of the COF but also provides proton sources that directly participate in H2O2 generation. Notably, the protonation simplifies the reaction pathways of ORR to H2O2, i.e. from an indirect superoxide radical (O 2 • - ${{O}_{2}^{\bullet -}}$ ) mediated route to a direct one-step two-electron route. Theoretical calculations confirm that the protonation favors H2O2 synthesis due to easy access of protons near the reaction sites that removes the energy barrier for generating *OOH intermediate. These findings not only extend the mechanistic insight into H2O2 photosynthesis but also provide a rational guideline for the design and upgradation of efficient COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China
| | - Li Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China
| | - Guisheng Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China
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14
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Kikura T, Taura Y, Aramaki Y, Ooi T. p-Diarylboryl Halothiophenols as Multifunctional Catalysts via Photoactive Intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20425-20431. [PMID: 38973719 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
p-Diarylboryl halothiophenols are developed and unequivocally characterized. Their photophysical properties and catalytic performance are unveiled by experimental and theoretical investigations. This novel class of triarylboranes behaves as a Brønsted acid to generate the corresponding borylthiophenolate that can absorb visible light to undergo intramolecular charge transfer to form a radical pair consisting of a boron radical anion and thiyl radical, which acts as a single-electron reductant while engaging in hydrogen atom transfer to regenerate the parent borylthiophenol. The synthetic relevance of this mode of action is demonstrated by the establishment of unique catalysis that integrates three different yet tunable functions in a single catalytic cycle, thereby allowing borylthiophenols to solely promote the assembly of sterically congested 1,2-diols and 1,2-aminoalcohol derivatives via radical-radical cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Kikura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuya Taura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Aramaki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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15
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Gu Y, Luo M, Yuan H, Liu G, Wang S. Photocatalytic Enantioselective Radical Cascade Multicomponent Minisci Reaction of β-Carbolines Using Diazo Compounds as Radical Precursors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402272. [PMID: 38639395 PMCID: PMC11220658 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Here, a photocatalytic asymmetric multicomponent cascade Minisci reaction of β-carbolines with enamides and diazo compounds is reported, enabling an effective enantioselective radical C─H functionalization of β-carbolines with high yields and enantioselectivity (up to 83% yield and 95% ee). This enantioselective multicomponent Minisci protocol exhibits step economy, high chemo-/enantio-selective control, and good functional group tolerance, allowing access to a variety of valuable chiral β-carbolines. Notably, diazo compounds are suitable radical precursors in enantioselective cascade radical reactions. Moreover, the efficiency and practicality of this approach are demonstrated by the asymmetric synthesis of bioactive compounds and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Jie Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and TechnologyXiangtan411201P. R. China
| | - Mu‐Peng Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and TechnologyXiangtan411201P. R. China
| | - Guo‐Kai Liu
- School of PharmacyShenzhen University Medical SchoolShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Shou‐Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
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16
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Liu ZR, Zhu XY, Guo JF, Ma C, Zuo Z, Mei TS. Synergistic use of photocatalysis and convergent paired electrolysis for nickel-catalyzed arylation of cyclic alcohols. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1866-1874. [PMID: 38670850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The merging of transition metal catalysis with electrochemistry has become a powerful tool for organic synthesis because catalysts can govern the reactivity and selectivity. However, coupling catalysts with alkyl radical species generated by anodic oxidation remains challenging because of electrode passivation, dimerization, and overoxidation. In this study, we developed convergent paired electrolysis for the coupling of nickel catalysts with alkyl radicals derived from photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge-transfer of cyclic alcohols and iron catalysts, providing a practical method for site-specific and remote arylation of ketones. The synergistic use of photocatalysis with convergent paired electrolysis can provide alternative avenues for metal-catalyzed radical coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-Feng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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17
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Yang YD, Zhang Q, Khrouz L, Chau CV, Yang J, Wang Y, Bucher C, Henkelman G, Gong HY, Sessler JL. Chemically Mediated Artificial Electron Transport Chain. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1148-1155. [PMID: 38947209 PMCID: PMC11212131 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Electron transport chains (ETCs) are ubiquitous in nearly all living systems. Replicating the complexity and control inherent in these multicomponent systems using ensembles of small molecules opens up promising avenues for molecular therapeutics, catalyst design, and the development of innovative energy conversion and storage systems. Here, we present a noncovalent, multistep artificial electron transport chains comprising cyclo[8]pyrrole (1), a meso-aryl hexaphyrin(1.0.1.0.1.0) (naphthorosarin 2), and the small molecules I2 and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Specifically, we show that 1) electron transfer occurs from 1 to give I3 - upon the addition of I2, 2) proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) from 1 to give H 3 2 •2+ and H 3 2 + upon the addition of TFA to a dichloromethane mixture of 1 and 2, and 3) that further, stepwise treatment of 1 and 2 with I2 and TFA promotes electron transport from 1 to give first I3 - and then H 3 2 •2+ and H 3 2 + . The present findings are substantiated through UV-vis-NIR, 1H NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic analyses, cyclic voltammetry studies, and DFT calculations. Single-crystal structure analyses were used to characterize compounds in varying redox states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- ENSL,
CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Calvin V. Chau
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jian Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Christophe Bucher
- ENSL,
CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Han-Yuan Gong
- College
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinJieKouWai St, HaiDian
District, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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18
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Hill EH. Driving a Multistep Electron Transport Chain between Macrocycles with Chemically Mediated Proton-Coupled Electron Transport. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1132-1134. [PMID: 38947201 PMCID: PMC11212037 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
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19
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Gupta R, Malik A, Kumari K, Singh SK, Vivier V, Mondal PC. Metal-free platforms for molecular thin films as high-performance supercapacitors. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8775-8785. [PMID: 38873075 PMCID: PMC11168099 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00611a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling chemical functionalization and achieving stable electrode-molecule interfaces for high-performance electrochemical energy storage applications remain challenging tasks. Herein, we present a simple, controllable, scalable, and versatile electrochemical modification approach of graphite rods (GRs) extracted from low-cost Eveready cells that were covalently modified with anthracene oligomers. The anthracene oligomers with a total layer thickness of ∼24 nm on the GR electrode yield a remarkable specific capacitance of ∼670 F g-1 with good galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling stability (10 000) recorded in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Such a boost in capacitance is attributed mainly to two contributions: (i) an electrical double-layer at the anthracene oligomer/GR/electrolyte interfaces, and (ii) the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction, which ensures a substantial faradaic contribution to the total capacitance. Due to the higher conductivity of the anthracene films, it possesses more azo groups (-N[double bond, length as m-dash]N-) during the electrochemical growth of the oligomer films compared to pyrene and naphthalene oligomers, which is key to PCET reactions. AC-based electrical studies unravel the in-depth charge interfacial electrical behavior of anthracene-grafted electrodes. Asymmetrical solid-state supercapacitor devices were made using anthracene-modified biomass-derived porous carbon, which showed improved performance with a specific capacitance of ∼155 F g-1 at 2 A g-1 with an energy density of 5.8 W h kg-1 at a high-power density of 2010 W kg-1 and powered LED lighting for a longer period. The present work provides a promising metal-free approach in developing organic thin-film hybrid capacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
| | - Ankur Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
| | - Kusum Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Telangana 502285 India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Telangana 502285 India
| | - Vincent Vivier
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, Sorbonne Université 4 place Jussieu Paris 75005 Cedex 05 France
| | - Prakash Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 208016 India
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20
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Nakayama T, Uno B. Concerted Two-Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer from Piceatannol to Electrogenerated Superoxide in N, N-Dimethylformamide. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24889-24898. [PMID: 38882073 PMCID: PMC11171091 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of 4-[(E)-2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene-1,2-diol (piceatannol) toward electrochemically generated superoxide radical anion (O2 •-) was investigated using electrochemistry and in situ controlled-potential electrolytic electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements in N,N-dimethylformamide with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The quasireversible cyclic voltammogram of dioxygen/O2 •-, modified in the presence of piceatannol, indicated that the electrogenerated O2 •- was scavenged by piceatannol via proton-coupled electron transfer. Differences in the reactivities of piceatannol and 5-[(E)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethen-1-yl]benzene-1,3-diol (trans-resveratrol) toward O2 •-, originating from the presence of the benzene-1,2-diol (catechol) moiety, were observed in the voltammograms and ESR measurements. The electrochemical and computational results show that the reaction mechanism is a concerted two-proton-coupled electron transfer (2PCET) via the catechol moiety of piceatannol. The stilbene moiety of piceatannol kinetically promotes 2PCET via its catechol moiety. These findings indicate that piceatannol is a better O2 •- scavenger than catechol and trans-resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Nakayama
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Bunji Uno
- Gifu University of Medical Science, 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani, Gifu 509-0923, Japan
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21
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Torić J, Karković Marković A, Mustać S, Pulitika A, Jakobušić Brala C, Pilepić V. Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer and Hydrogen Tunneling in Olive Oil Phenol Reactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6341. [PMID: 38928048 PMCID: PMC11203655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Olive oil phenols are recognized as molecules with numerous positive health effects, many of which rely on their antioxidative activity, i.e., the ability to transfer hydrogen to radicals. Proton-coupled electron transfer reactions and hydrogen tunneling are ubiquitous in biological systems. Reactions of olive oil phenols, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, oleacein, oleocanthal, homovanillyl alcohol, vanillin, and a few phenolic acids with a DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical in a 1,4-dioxane:water = 95:5 or 99:1 v/v solvent mixture were studied through an experimental kinetic analysis and computational chemistry calculations. The highest rate constants corresponding to the highest antioxidative activity are obtained for the ortho-diphenols hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, and oleacein. The experimentally determined kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for hydroxytyrosol, homovanillyl alcohol, and caffeic acid reactions are 16.0, 15.4, and 16.7, respectively. Based on these KIEs, thermodynamic activation parameters, and an intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) analysis along the IRC path calculations, we propose a proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism. The average local ionization energy and electron donor Fukui function obtained for the phenolic compounds show that the most reactive electron-donating sites are associated with π electrons above and below the aromatic ring, in support of the IBO analysis and proposed PCET reaction mechanism. Large KIEs and isotopic values of Arrhenius pre-exponential factor AH/AD determined for the hydroxytyrosol, homovanillyl alcohol, and caffeic acid reactions of 0.6, 1.3, and 0.3, respectively, reveal the involvement of hydrogen tunneling in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Torić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.T.); (A.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Ana Karković Marković
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.T.); (A.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Stipe Mustać
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.T.); (A.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Anamarija Pulitika
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Cvijeta Jakobušić Brala
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.T.); (A.K.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Viktor Pilepić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.T.); (A.K.M.); (S.M.)
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22
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Eaves JD. Multielectron Dynamics in the Condensed Phase: Quantum Structure-Function Relationships. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:437-456. [PMID: 38941526 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-042018-052515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Quantum information promises dramatic advances in computing last seen in the digital revolution, but quantum hardware is fragile, noisy, and resource intensive. Chemistry has a role in developing new materials for quantum information that are robust to noise, scalable, and operable in ambient conditions. While molecular structure is the foundation for understanding mechanism and reactivity, molecular structure/quantum function relationships remain mostly undiscovered. Using singlet fission as a specific example of a multielectron process capable of producing long-lived spin-entangled electronic states at high temperatures, I describe how to exploit molecular structure and symmetry to gain quantum function and how some principles learned from singlet fission apply more broadly to quantum science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Eaves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA;
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23
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Carli B, Salaverri N, Martinez-Fernandez L, Goicuría M, Alemán J, Marzo L. Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Ring Opening of Cycloalkanols Followed by a Giese Radical Addition Enabled by an Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex. Org Lett 2024; 26:4542-4547. [PMID: 38775727 PMCID: PMC11148845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the formation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between electron-rich cycloalkanols and electron-deficient alkenes that triggers the proton-coupled electron transfer ring opening of strained and unstrained cycloalkanols without the need for an external photocatalyst. This activation generates a remote alkyl radical that undergoes a Giese reaction with the Michael acceptor in an efficient manner. Mechanistic investigations corroborate both the formation of the EDA complex and the consecutive Giese reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Carli
- Organic Chemistry Department
(Módulo 1), Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Calle Francisco
Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Salaverri
- Organic Chemistry Department
(Módulo 1), Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Calle Francisco
Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Goicuría
- Organic Chemistry Department
(Módulo 1), Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Calle Francisco
Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Tran DK, West SM, Speck EMK, Jenekhe SA. Observation of super-Nernstian proton-coupled electron transfer and elucidation of nature of charge carriers in a multiredox conjugated polymer. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7623-7642. [PMID: 38784743 PMCID: PMC11110174 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00785a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nernstian proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a fundamental process central to many physical and biological systems, such as electrocatalysis, enzyme operation, DNA biosynthesis, pH-/bio-sensors, and electrochemical energy storage devices. We report herein the discovery of super-Nernstian PCET behavior with two protons per electron transferred in the electrochemical doping of a redox conjugated polymer, phenazine-substituted ladder poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL-P), in aqueous electrolyte. We show that the super-Nernstian response originates from existence of multiredox centers that have a gradient of pKa on the conjugated polymer. Our use of various pH-dependent in operando techniques to probe the nature of charge carriers in n-doped BBL-P found that polarons are the charge carriers at low to intermediate levels of doping (0.1-1.0 electron per repeat unit (eru)) whereas at higher doing levels (1.3 eru), polarons, polaron pairs, and bipolarons co-exist, which evolve into strongly coupled polaron pairs at the highest doping levels (>1.5 eru). We show that PCET-assisted n-doping of BBL-P results in very high redox capacity (>1200 F cm-3) in acidic electrolyte. Our results provide important new insights into PCET in organic materials and the nature of charge carriers in n-doped conjugated polymers while having implications for various electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyen K Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-1750 USA
| | - Sarah M West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-1750 USA
| | - Elizabeth M K Speck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-1750 USA
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-1750 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-1750 USA
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25
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Noll N, Würthner F. Bioinspired Water Preorganization in Confined Space for Efficient Water Oxidation Catalysis in Metallosupramolecular Ruthenium Architectures. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1538-1549. [PMID: 38710509 PMCID: PMC11112732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusNature has established a sustainable way to maintain aerobic life on earth by inventing one of the most sophisticated biological processes, namely, natural photosynthesis, which delivers us with organic matter and molecular oxygen derived from the two abundant resources sunlight and water. The thermodynamically demanding photosynthetic water splitting is catalyzed by the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II (OEC-PSII), which comprises a distorted tetramanganese-calcium cluster (CaMn4O5) as catalytic core. As an ubiquitous concept for fine-tuning and regulating the reactivity of the active site of metalloenzymes, the surrounding protein domain creates a sophisticated environment that promotes substrate preorganization through secondary, noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions. Based on the high-resolution X-ray structure of PSII, several water channels were identified near the active site, which are filled with extensive hydrogen-bonding networks of preorganized water molecules, connecting the OEC with the protein surface. As an integral part of the outer coordination sphere of natural metalloenzymes, these channels control the substrate and product delivery, carefully regulate the proton flow by promoting pivotal proton-coupled electron transfer processes, and simultaneously stabilize short-lived oxidized intermediates, thus highlighting the importance of an ordered water network for the remarkable efficiency of the natural OEC.Transferring this concept from nature to the engineering of artificial metal catalysts for fuel production has fostered the fascinating field of metallosupramolecular chemistry by generating defined cavities that conceptually mimic enzymatic pockets. However, the application of supramolecular approaches to generate artificial water oxidation catalysts remained scarce prior to our initial reports, since such molecular design strategies for efficient activation of substrate water molecules in confined nanoenvironments were lacking. In this Account, we describe our research efforts on combining the state-of-the art Ru(bda) catalytic framework with structurally programmed ditopic ligands to guide the water oxidation process in defined metallosupramolecular assemblies in spatial proximity. We will elucidate the governing factors that control the quality of hydrogen-bonding water networks in multinuclear cavities of varying sizes and geometries to obtain high-performance, state-of-the-art water oxidation catalysts. Pushing the boundaries of artificial catalyst design, embedding a single catalytic Ru center into a well-defined molecular pocket enabled sophisticated water preorganization in front of the active site through an encoded basic recognition site, resulting in high catalytic rates comparable to those of the natural counterpart OEC-PSII.To fully explore their potential for solar fuel devices, the suitability of our metallosupramolecular assemblies was demonstrated under (electro)chemical and photocatalytic water oxidation conditions. In addition, testing the limits of structural diversity allowed the fabrication of self-assembled linear coordination oligomers as novel photocatalytic materials and long-range ordered covalent organic framework (COF) materials as recyclable and long-term stable solid-state materials for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Noll
- Institut für Organische Chemie
& Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie
& Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
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26
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Price NJ, Nakamura A, Castagnoli N, Tanko JM. Why Does Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Catalyze the Oxidation of Some Tetrahydropyridines? Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400126. [PMID: 38602445 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Results pertaining to the mechanism of the oxidation of the tertiary amine 1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1-H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MMTP, a close analog of the Parkinsonism inducing compound MPTP) by 3-methyllumiflavin (3MLF), a chemical model for the FAD cofactor of monoamine oxidase, are reported. MMTP and related compounds are among the few tertiary amines that are monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) substrates. The MMTP/3MLF reaction is catalytic in the presence of O2 and the results under anaerobic conditions strongly suggest the involvement of radical intermediates, consistent with a single electron transfer mechanism. These observations support a new hypothesis to explain the MAO-catalyzed oxidations of amines. In general, electron transfer is thermodynamically unfavorable, and as a result, most 1° and 2° amines react via one of the currently accepted polar pathways. Steric constraints prevent 3° amines from reacting via a polar pathway. Those select 3° amines that are MAO substrates possess certain structural features (e. g., a C-H bond that is α- both to nitrogen and a C=C) that dramatically lower the pKa of the corresponding radical cation. Consequently, the thermodynamically unfavorable electron transfer equilibrium is driven towards products by an extremely favorable deprotonation step in the context of Le Chatelier's principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Price
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Akiko Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Neal Castagnoli
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - James M Tanko
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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27
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Nishino S, Sudo K, Kurahashi T. Nickel-Photoredox-Catalyzed Stereoconvergent Coupling of Alkenyl Halides and Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles. Org Lett 2024; 26:4049-4054. [PMID: 38717164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles possessing N-alkenyl substituents are an important structural motif. However, the synthetic methods reported thus far cannot selectively synthesize the Z stereoisomer on the basis of the stereochemistry of the substituted alkenes. Herein, we report the stereoconvergent coupling of heterocycles and alkenyl halides consisting of a mixture of E/Z stereoisomers, which selectively afforded the thermodynamically less stable Z-coupling product. Mechanistic studies suggest that a nickel photoredox catalyst facilitates the formation of N-centered heteroarene radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodai Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kô Sudo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Takuya Kurahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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28
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Yang H, Wu R, Li W, Wen J. Ultrafast hydrogen production in boron/oxygen-codoped graphitic carbon nitride revealed by nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14205-14215. [PMID: 38689538 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01085j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4 or GCN) shows promise in photocatalytic water splitting, despite facing the challenge of rapid electron-hole recombination. In this study, we investigated the influence of boron/oxygen codoping on the photocatalytic performance of GCN systems for hydrogen generation. First-principles calculations and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations were employed to reveal that the recombination time of photogenerated carriers could be increased by 16% to 64% in the codoped systems compared to the pristine GCN. The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) scheme was utilized to select energy windows and initiate dynamics in cluster models of B/O co-doped heptazine with water molecules. Notably, we observed efficient direct photodissociation of hydrogen atoms from water molecules within 60 fs and proton hops within the hydrogen-bonded network within 80 fs in the co-doped system, diverging from the previously proposed mechanism for pristine heptazine in NAMD simulations. This discovery underscores the significant role of faster proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions and rapid radiationless relaxation in achieving high photocatalytic efficiency in water splitting. Our work enhances the understanding of the internal mechanism of highly efficient photocatalysts for water splitting and provides a new design strategy for doped GCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Rongliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Xu J, Hao J, Bu C, Meng Y, Xiao H, Zhang M, Li C. XMECP: Reaching State-of-the-Art MECP Optimization in Multiscale Complex Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3590-3600. [PMID: 38651739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The Python-based program, XMECP, is developed for realizing robust, efficient, and state-of-the-art minimum energy crossing point (MECP) optimization in multiscale complex systems. This article introduces the basic capabilities of the XMECP program by theoretically investigating the MECP mechanism of several example systems including (1) the photosensitization mechanism of benzophenone, (2) photoinduced proton-coupled electron transfer in the cytosine-guanine base pair in DNA, (3) the spin-flip process in oxygen activation catalyzed by an iron-containing 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase (Fe/2OGX), and (4) the photochemical pathway of flavoprotein adjusted by the intensity of an external electric field. MECPs related to multistate reaction and multistate reactivity in large-scale complex biochemical systems can be well-treated by workflows suggested by the XMECP program. The branching plane updating the MECP optimization algorithm is strongly recommended as it provides derivative coupling vector (DCV) with explicit calculation and can equivalently evaluate contributions from non-QM residues to DCV, which can be nonadiabatic coupling or spin-orbit coupling in different cases. In the discussed QM/MM examples, we also found that the influence on the QM region by DCV can occur through noncovalent interactions and decay with distance. In the example of DNA base pairs, the nonadiabatic coupling occurs across the π-π stacking structure formed in the double-helix system. In contrast to general intuition, in the example of Fe/2OGX, the central ferrous and oxygen part contribute little to the spin-orbit coupling; however, a nearby arginine residue, which is treated by molecular mechanics in the QM/MM method, contributes significantly via two hydrogen bonds formed with α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). This indicates that the arginine residue plays a significant role in oxygen activation, driving the initial triplet state toward the productive quintet state, which is more than the previous knowledge that the arginine residue can bind α-KG at the reaction site by hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Caijie Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Minyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Chunsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, P. R. China
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30
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Garrido-Barros P, Romero CG, Winkler JR, Peters JC. Intermolecular Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactivity from a Persistent Charge-Transfer State for Reductive Photoelectrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12750-12757. [PMID: 38669102 PMCID: PMC11082884 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Interest in applying proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reagents in reductive electro- and photocatalysis requires strategies that mitigate the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. Photoexcitation of a PCET donor to a charge-separated state (CSS) can produce a powerful H-atom donor capable of being electrochemically recycled at a comparatively anodic potential corresponding to its ground state. However, the challenge is designing a mediator with a sufficiently long-lived excited state for bimolecular reactivity. Here, we describe a powerful ferrocene-derived photoelectrochemical PCET mediator exhibiting an unusually long-lived CSS (τ ∼ 0.9 μs). In addition to detailed photophysical studies, proof-of-concept stoichiometric and catalytic proton-coupled reductive transformations are presented, which illustrate the promise of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay R. Winkler
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology
(Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C. Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology
(Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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31
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Ariafard A, Longhurst M, Swiegers GF, Stranger R. Elucidating the catalytic mechanisms of O 2 generation by [Mn 2(μ-O) 2(terpy) 2(OH 2) 2] 3+ using DFT calculations: a focus on ClO - as oxidant. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7580-7589. [PMID: 38616680 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00734d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The experimentally reported Mn(IV)Mn(III) complex [Mn2(μ-O)2(terpy)2(OH2)2]3+ has been observed catalyzing O2 generation with oxidants like ClO- and HSO5-. Previous mechanistic studies primarily focused on O2 generation with HSO5-, concluding that Mn(IV)Mn(III) acts as a catalyst, generating a Mn(IV)Mn(IV)-oxyl species as a key intermediate responsible for O-O bond formation. This computational study employs DFT calculations to investigate whether the catalytic generation of O2 using ClO- follows the same mechanism previously identified with HSO5- as the oxidant, or if it proceeds through an alternate pathway. To this end, we explored multiple pathways using ClO- as the oxidant. Interestingly, our findings confirm that in the case of ClO- as the oxidant, similar to what was observed with HSO5-, the Mn(IV)Mn(IV)-oxyl species indeed plays a crucial role in driving the catalytic evolution of O2 with the potential formation of the binuclear complexes Mn(IV)Mn(IV)-oxy and Mn(IV)Mn(IV)-OH during the reaction. These complexes are reactive in producing O2, with activation free energies of 15.9 and 14.3 kcal mol-1, respectively. However, our calculations revealed that the Mn(IV)Mn(IV)-oxyl complex is significantly more reactive in producing O2 than Mn(IV)Mn(IV)-oxy and Mn(IV)Mn(IV)-OH, with a lower free energy barrier of 8.1 kcal mol-1. Consequently, even though Mn(IV)Mn(IV)-oxyl is predicted to be present in much lower concentrations than Mn(IV)Mn(IV)-oxy and Mn(IV)Mn(IV)-OH, it emerges as the species acting as the active catalyst for catalytic O2 generation. This study enhances our knowledge of high oxidation state (+3 and +4) manganese chemistry, highlighting its key role in catalysis and paving the way for more efficient Mn-based catalysts with broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ariafard
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Matthew Longhurst
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Gerhard F Swiegers
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Robert Stranger
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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32
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Hwang J, Zhao Q, Ahmed M, Yakisan AC, Espenship MF, Laskin J, Savoie BM, Mei J. Reductive Doping Inhibits the Formation of Isomerization-Derived Structural Defects in N-doped Poly(benzodifurandione) (n-PBDF). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401465. [PMID: 38346013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Recently, solution-processable n-doped poly(benzodifurandione) (n-PBDF) has been made through in-situ oxidative polymerization and reductive doping, which exhibited exceptionally high electrical conductivities and optical transparency. The discovery of n-PBDF is considered a breakthrough in the field of organic semiconductors. In the initial report, the possibility of structural defect formation in n-PBDF was proposed, based on the observation of structural isomerization from (E)-2H,2'H-[3,3'-bibenzofuranylidene]-2,2'-dione (isoxindigo) to chromeno[4,3-c]chromene-5,11-dione (dibenzonaphthyrone) in the dimer model reactions. In this study, we present clear evidence that structural isomerization is inhibited during polymerization. We reveal that the dimer (BFD1) and the trimer (BFD2) can be reductively doped by several mechanisms, including hydride transfer, forming charge transfer complexes (CTC) or undergoing an integer charge transfer (ICT) with reactants available during polymerization. Once the hydride transfer adducts, the CTC, or the ICT product forms, structural isomerization can be effectively prevented even at elevated temperatures. Our findings provide a mechanistic understanding of why isomerization-derived structural defects are absent in n-PBDF backbone. It lays a solid foundation for the future development of n-PBDF as a benchmark polymer for organic electronics and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyo Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Qiyuan Zhao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mustafa Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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33
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Rubanov ZM, Levin VV, Dilman AD. Dual Acridine/Decatungstate Photocatalysis for the Decarboxylative Radical Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Azomethines. Org Lett 2024; 26:3174-3178. [PMID: 38587457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A concept for the dual use of acridine and tetrabutylammonium decatungstate photocatalysts in the reactions of carboxylic acids is proposed. Imines generated in situ from aldehydes and p-methoxyaniline, as well as other azomethines, were used as radical acceptors. The role of the decatungstate is believed to facilitate the turnover of the acridine photocatalyst by means of hydrogen atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakhar M Rubanov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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34
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Pan X, Yan M, Liu Q, Zhou X, Liao X, Sun C, Zhu J, McAleese C, Couture P, Sharpe MK, Smith R, Peng N, England J, Tsang SCE, Zhao Y, Mai L. Electric-field-assisted proton coupling enhanced oxygen evolution reaction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3354. [PMID: 38637529 PMCID: PMC11026508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of Mn-Ca complex in photosystem II stimulates research of manganese-based catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, conventional chemical strategies face challenges in regulating the four electron-proton processes of OER. Herein, we investigate alpha-manganese dioxide (α-MnO2) with typical MnIV-O-MnIII-HxO motifs as a model for adjusting proton coupling. We reveal that pre-equilibrium proton-coupled redox transition provides an adjustable energy profile for OER, paving the way for in-situ enhancing proton coupling through a new "reagent"- external electric field. Based on the α-MnO2 single-nanowire device, gate voltage induces a 4-fold increase in OER current density at 1.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Moreover, the proof-of-principle external electric field-assisted flow cell for water splitting demonstrates a 34% increase in current density and a 44.7 mW/cm² increase in net output power. These findings indicate an in-depth understanding of the role of proton-incorporated redox transition and develop practical approach for high-efficiency electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Mengyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China.
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xunbiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Congli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jiexin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Callum McAleese
- UK National Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Pierre Couture
- UK National Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Matthew K Sharpe
- UK National Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Richard Smith
- UK National Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Nianhua Peng
- UK National Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Jonathan England
- UK National Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Shik Chi Edman Tsang
- Wolfson Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, UK.
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - Liqiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China.
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35
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Xu H, Wang J, He H, Hwang I, Liu Y, Sun C, Zhang H, Li T, Muntean JV, Xu T, Liu DJ. Modulating CO 2 Electrocatalytic Conversion to the Organics Pathway by the Catalytic Site Dimension. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10357-10366. [PMID: 38574191 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to organic chemicals provides a value-added route for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. We report a family of carbon-supported Sn electrocatalysts with the tin size varying from single atom, ultrasmall clusters to nanocrystallites. High single-product Faradaic efficiency (FE) and low onset potential of CO2 conversion to acetate (FE = 90% @ -0.6 V), ethanol (FE = 92% @ -0.4 V), and formate (FE = 91% @ -0.6 V) were achieved over the catalysts of different active site dimensions. The CO2 conversion mechanism behind these highly selective, size-modulated p-block element catalysts was elucidated by structural characterization and computational modeling, together with kinetic isotope effect investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Xu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Depart-ment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Depart-ment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Haiying He
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, United States
| | - Inhui Hwang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chengjun Sun
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Haozhe Zhang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Tao Li
- Depart-ment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - John V Muntean
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tao Xu
- Depart-ment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Di-Jia Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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36
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Li F, Lan J, Li X, Chung LW. A Synergistic Bimetallic Ti/Co-Catalyzed Isomerization of Epoxides to Allylic Alcohols Enabled by Two-State Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6285-6295. [PMID: 38517250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Isomerization of epoxides into versatile allylic alcohols is an atom-economical synthetic method to afford vicinal bifunctional groups. Comprehensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to elucidate the complex mechanism of a bimetallic Ti/Co-catalyzed selective isomerization of epoxides to allyl alcohols by examining several possible pathways. Our results suggest a possible mechanism involving (1) radical-type epoxide ring opening catalyzed by Cp2Ti(III)Cl leading to a Ti(IV)-bound β-alkyl radical, (2) hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) catalyzed by the Co(II) catalyst to form the Ti(IV)-enolate and Co(III)-H intermediate, (3) protonation to give the alcohols, and (4) proton abstraction to form the Co(I) species followed by electron transfer to regenerate the active Co(II) and Ti(III) species. Moreover, bimetallic catalysis and two-state reactivity enable the key rate-determining HAT step. Furthermore, a subtle balance between dispersion-driven bimetallic processes and entropy-driven monometallic processes determines the most favorable pathway, among which the monometallic process is energetically more favorable in all steps except the vital hydrogen-atom transfer step. Our study should provide an in-depth mechanistic understanding of bimetallic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jialing Lan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lung Wa Chung
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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37
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Mallick S, Mandal T, Kumari N, Roy L, De Sarkar S. Divergent Electrochemical Synthesis of Indoles through pK a Regulation of Amides: Synthetic and Mechanistic Insights. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304002. [PMID: 38290995 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
A divergent synthetic approach to access highly substituted indole scaffolds is illustrated. By virtue of a tunable electrochemical strategy, distinct control over the C-3 substitution pattern was achieved by employing two analogous 2-styrylaniline precursors. The chemoselectivity is governed by the fine-tuning of the acidity of the amide proton, relying on the appropriate selection of N-protecting groups, and assisted by the reactivity of the electrogenerated intermediates. Detailed mechanistic investigations based on cyclic voltametric experiments and computational studies revealed the crucial role of water additive, which assists the proton-coupled electron transfer event for highly acidic amide precursors, followed by an energetically favorable intramolecular C-N coupling, causing exclusive fabrication of the C-3 unsubstituted indoles. Alternatively, the implementation of an electrogenerated cationic olefin activator delivers the C-3 substituted indoles through the preferential nucleophilic nature of the N-acyl amides. This electrochemical approach of judicious selection of N-protecting groups to regulate pKa/E° provides an expansion in the domain of switchable generation of heterocyclic derivatives in a sustainable fashion, with high regio- and chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Mallick
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Tanumoy Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Nidhi Kumari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-IOC Odisha Campus, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
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38
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Hess KM, Leach IF, Wijtenhorst L, Lee H, Klein JEMN. Valence Tautomerism Induced Proton Coupled Electron Transfer:X-H Bond Oxidation with a Dinuclear Au(II) Hydroxide Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318916. [PMID: 38324462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We report the preparation and characterization of the dinuclear AuII hydroxide complex AuII 2(L)2(OH)2 (L=N,N'-bis (2,6-dimethyl) phenylformamidinate) and study its reactivity towards weak X-H bonds. Through the interplay of kinetic analysis and computational studies, we demonstrate that the oxidation of cyclohexadiene follows a concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (cPCET) mechanism, a rare type of reactivity for Au complexes. We find that the Au-Au σ-bond undergoes polarization in the PCET event leading to an adjustment of oxidation levels for both Au centers prior to C(sp3)-H bond cleavage. We thus describe the oxidation event as a valence tautomerism-induced PCET where the basicity of one reduced Au-OH unit provides a proton acceptor and the second more oxidized Au center serves as an electron acceptor. The coordination of these events allows for unprecedented radical-type reactivity by a closed shell AuII complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher M Hess
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isaac F Leach
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Wijtenhorst
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hangyul Lee
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes E M N Klein
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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39
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Xiong Y, Wang Y, Zhou J, Liu F, Hao F, Fan Z. Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction: Ammonia Synthesis and the Beyond. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304021. [PMID: 37294062 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural nitrogen cycle has been severely disrupted by anthropogenic activities. The overuse of N-containing fertilizers induces the increase of nitrate level in surface and ground waters, and substantial emission of nitrogen oxides causes heavy air pollution. Nitrogen gas, as the main component of air, has been used for mass ammonia production for over a century, providing enough nutrition for agriculture to support world population increase. In the last decade, researchers have made great efforts to develop ammonia processes under ambient conditions to combat the intensive energy consumption and high carbon emission associated with the Haber-Bosch process. Among different techniques, electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) can achieve nitrate removal and ammonia generation simultaneously using renewable electricity as the power, and there is an exponential growth of studies in this research direction. Here, a timely and comprehensive review on the important progresses of electrochemical NO3RR, covering the rational design of electrocatalysts, emerging CN coupling reactions, and advanced energy conversion and storage systems is provided. Moreover, future perspectives are proposed to accelerate the industrialized NH3 production and green synthesis of chemicals, leading to a sustainable nitrogen cycle via prosperous N-based electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yunhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Fu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Fengkun Hao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhanxi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center (NPMM), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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40
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Liu S, Liu X, Zhang TS, Bao X, Sheng X, Qi Z, Jiang D. Electro-oxidative intermolecular C SP2-H amination of heteroarenes via proton-coupled electron transfer. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2549-2553. [PMID: 38446035 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00164h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
A new electrochemical proton-coupled electron transfer method for the intermolecular CSP2-H amination of heteroarenes without oxidants, metal catalysts and external electrolytes has been developed. Various new N-containing heteroarenes were prepared in medium to high yields, and the indole-containing product could be converted into practical 2-oxindole by simple basic hydrolysis. Mechanistic investigation indicated that ester sulfonyl-substituted N-radicals could be formed by the combination of 2,6-lutidine and electrochemical oxidation, which is the key to achieve the desired chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, P. R. China.
| | - Tian-Shu Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyu Bao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyu Sheng
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenjie Qi
- Department of Engineering, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong, 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Dongfang Jiang
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, Hunan, 412008, P. R. China.
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41
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Kang XW, Wang K, Zhang X, Zhong D, Ding B. Elementary Reactions in the Functional Triads of the Blue-Light Photoreceptor BLUF Domain. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2065-2075. [PMID: 38391132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The blue light using the flavin (BLUF) domain is one of the smallest photoreceptors in nature, which consists of a unique bidirectional electron-coupled proton relay process in its photoactivation reaction cycle. This perspective summarizes our recent efforts in dissecting the photocycle into three elementary processes, including proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), proton rocking, and proton relay. Using ultrafast spectroscopy, we have determined the temporal sequence, rates, kinetic isotope effects (KIEs), and concertedness of these elementary steps. Our findings provide important implications for illuminating the photoactivation mechanism of the BLUF domain and suggest an engineering platform to characterize intricate reactions involving proton motions that are ubiquitous in nonphotosensitive protein machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Wen Kang
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kailin Wang
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dongping Zhong
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Programs of Biophysics, Programs of Chemical Physics, and Programs of Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Bei Ding
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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42
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Lewis NB, Bisbey RP, Westendorff KS, Soudackov AV, Surendranath Y. A molecular-level mechanistic framework for interfacial proton-coupled electron transfer kinetics. Nat Chem 2024; 16:343-352. [PMID: 38228851 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions can proceed via an outer-sphere electron transfer to solution (OS-PCET) or through an inner-sphere mechanism by interfacial polarization of surface-bound active sites (I-PCET). Although OS-PCET has been extensively studied with molecular insight, the inherent heterogeneity of surfaces impedes molecular-level understanding of I-PCET. Herein we employ graphite-conjugated carboxylic acids (GC-COOH) as molecularly well-defined hosts of I-PCET to isolate the intrinsic kinetics of I-PCET. We measure I-PCET rates across the entire pH range, uncovering a V-shaped pH-dependence that lacks the pH-independent regions characteristic of OS-PCET. Accordingly, we develop a mechanistic model for I-PCET that invokes concerted PCET involving hydronium/water or water/hydroxide donor/acceptor pairs, capturing the entire dataset with only four adjustable parameters. We find that I-PCET is fourfold faster with hydronium/water than water/hydroxide, while both reactions display similarly high charge transfer coefficients, indicating late proton transfer transition states. These studies highlight the key mechanistic distinctions between I-PCET and OS-PCET, providing a framework for understanding and modelling more complex multistep I-PCET reactions critical to energy conversion and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan P Bisbey
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karl S Westendorff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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43
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Xie SL, Nichols EM. Molecularly defined electrodes host a concert of protons and electrons. Nat Chem 2024; 16:301-303. [PMID: 38424173 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan L Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eva M Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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44
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McCarver GA, Yildirim T, Zhou W. Hetero-bimetallic paddlewheel complexes for enhanced CO 2 reduction selectivity in MOFs: a first principles study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7627-7637. [PMID: 38363117 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05694e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added feedstock materials, fine chemicals, and fuels represents a crucial approach for meeting contemporary chemical demands while reducing dependence on petrochemical sources. Optimizing catalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) can entail employing first principles methodology to identify catalysts possessing desirable attributes, including the ability to form diverse products or selectively produce a limited set of products, or exhibit favorable reaction kinetics. In this study, we investigate CO2RR on bimetallic Cu-based paddlewheel complexes, aiming to understand the impact metal substitution with Mn(II), Co(II), or Ni(II) has on bimetallic paddlewheel metal-organic frameworks. Substituting one of the Cu sites of the paddlewheel complex with Mn results in a more catalytically active Cu center, poised to produce substantial quantities of formic acid (HCOOH) and smaller quantities of methane (CH4) with a suppressed production of C2 products such as ethanol (CH3CH2OH) or ethylene (C2H4). Moreover, the presence of Mn significantly reduces the limiting potential for CO2 reduction from 2.22 eV on the homo-bimetallic Cu paddlewheel complex to 1.19 eV, thereby necessitating a smaller applied potential. Conversely, within the Co-substituted paddlewheel complex, the Co site emerges as the primary catalytic center, selectively yielding CH4 as the sole reduced CO2 product, with a limiting potential of 1.22 eV. Notably, the Co site faces significant competition from H2 production due to a lower limiting potential of 0.81 eV for hydrogen reduction. Our examination of the Cu-Ni paddlewheel complex, featuring a Ni substituent site, reveals two catalytically active centers, each promoting distinct reductive processes. Both the Ni and Cu sites exhibit a propensity for HCOOH formation, with the Ni site favoring further reduction to CH4, whereas the Cu site directs the reaction towards methanol (CH3OH) production. This study holds significance in informing and streamlining future experimental efforts for synthesizing and evaluating novel catalysts with superior capabilities for CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin A McCarver
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, USA.
| | - Taner Yildirim
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, USA.
| | - Wei Zhou
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, USA.
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45
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Fidalgo-Marijuan A, Ruiz de Larramendi I, Barandika G. Superprotonic Conductivity in a Metalloporphyrin-Based SMOF (Supramolecular Metal-Organic Framework). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:398. [PMID: 38470729 PMCID: PMC10934030 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks and supramolecular metal-organic frameworks (SMOFs) exhibit great potential for a broad range of applications taking advantage of the high surface area and pore sizes and tunable chemistry. In particular, metalloporphyrin-based MOFs and SMOFs are becoming of great importance in many fields due to the bioessential functions of these macrocycles that are being mimicked. On the other hand, during the last years, proton-conducting materials have aroused much interest, and those presenting high conductivity values are potential candidates to play a key role in some solid-state electrochemical devices such as batteries and fuel cells. In this way, using metalloporphyrins as building units we have obtained a new crystalline material with formula [H(bipy)]2[(MnTPPS)(H2O)2]·2bipy·14H2O, where bipy is 4,4'-bipyidine and TPPS4- is the meso-tetra(4-sulfonatephenyl) porphyrin. The crystal structure shows a zig-zag water chain along the [100] direction located between the sulfonate groups of the porphyrin. Taking into account those structural features, the compound was tested for proton conduction by complex electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The as-obtained conductivity is 1 × 10-2 S·cm-1 at 40 °C and 98% relative humidity, which is a remarkably high value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaitz Fidalgo-Marijuan
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Idoia Ruiz de Larramendi
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Gotzone Barandika
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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46
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Edwin A, Krishnan G, Jayaprakash A, Pathiyil Anilkumar S, Sabapathi G. Template Assisted Formation of 32 and 34π Octaphyrins Embedded with Dithienopyrrole Cores: A New Scaffold to Unravel Proton Coupled Redox Switching and (Anti)Aromaticity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303326. [PMID: 38126952 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report two distinct octaphyrins obtained by the condensation of new dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole based tetrapyrrane under two different acidic conditions. Fourfold meso-substituted octaphyrin was the major product when the reaction was performed in the presence of an aryl aldehyde using trifluoroacetic acid. Whereas, the sixfold meso-substituted octaphyrin was obtained when the precursor was condensed with pentafluorobenzaldehyde using para-toluenesulfonic acid. Such a template effect of aryl aldehydes in oxidative coupling reactions is realized for the first time in literature. Experimental and theoretical studies suggested that the oxidized form of fourfold meso-substituted octaphyrin is 32π antiaromatic and undergoes proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) to the protonated form of 34π aromatic congener upon treatment with protic acids. Furthermore, small organic molecules such as alcohols and amines were also found to promote chemical reduction. Single crystal X-ray structure revealed that the aromatic counterpart is highly planar and stabilized by several intermolecular H-bonding and F-F interactions, leading to a large 3D supramolecular arrangement and exhibited colorimetric sensing for fluoride and hydroxide anions. On the other hand, sixfold meso-substituted octaphyrin did not show (anti)aromatic features, PCET or anion sensing, but its intriguing absorption features associated with protonation could make it an ideal candidate for pH-dependent bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aathira Edwin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India -, 695551
| | - Gayathri Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India -, 695551
| | - Ajay Jayaprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India -, 695551
| | - Sankeerthana Pathiyil Anilkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India -, 695551
| | - Gokulnath Sabapathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India -, 695551
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47
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Chen C, Jin H, Wang P, Sun X, Jaroniec M, Zheng Y, Qiao SZ. Local reaction environment in electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2022-2055. [PMID: 38204405 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00669g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Beyond conventional electrocatalyst engineering, recent studies have unveiled the effectiveness of manipulating the local reaction environment in enhancing the performance of electrocatalytic reactions. The general principles and strategies of local environmental engineering for different electrocatalytic processes have been extensively investigated. This review provides a critical appraisal of the recent advancements in local reaction environment engineering, aiming to comprehensively assess this emerging field. It presents the interactions among surface structure, ions distribution and local electric field in relation to the local reaction environment. Useful protocols such as the interfacial reactant concentration, mass transport rate, adsorption/desorption behaviors, and binding energy are in-depth discussed toward modifying the local reaction environment. Meanwhile, electrode physical structures and reaction cell configurations are viable optimization methods in engineering local reaction environments. In combination with operando investigation techniques, we conclude that rational modifications of the local reaction environment can significantly enhance various electrocatalytic processes by optimizing the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the reaction interface. We also outline future research directions to attain a comprehensive understanding and effective modulation of the local reaction environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Huanyu Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Pengtang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Xiaogang Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Yao Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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48
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Shen D, Li L, Ren T, Chen K, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhang S, Gong P, Zhang F, Chao M. Radical-Smiles Rearrangement by a Vitamin B2-Derived Photocatalyst in Water. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2691-2702. [PMID: 38277486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a catalytic radical-Smiles rearrangement system of arene migration from ether to carboxylic acid with riboflavin tetraacetate (RFT), a readily available ester of natural vitamin B2, as the photocatalyst and water as a green solvent, being free of external oxidant, base, metal, inert gas protection, and lengthy reaction time. Not only the known substituted 2-phenyloxybenzoic acids substrates but also a group of naphthalene- and heterocycle-based analogues was converted to the corresponding aryl salicylates for the first time. Mechanistic studies, especially a couple of kinetic isotope effect (KIE) experiments, suggested a sequential electron transfer-proton transfer processes enabled by the bifunctional flavin photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Linghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Ting Ren
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Kaihui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Haixing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Shumiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Peiwei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Fanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Mianran Chao
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
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49
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Reed JH, Seebeck FP. Reagent Engineering for Group Transfer Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311159. [PMID: 37688533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has become a major driver in the innovation of preparative chemistry. Enzyme discovery, engineering and computational design have matured to reliable strategies in the development of biocatalytic processes. By comparison, substrate engineering has received much less attention. In this Minireview, we highlight the idea that the design of synthetic reagents may be an equally fruitful and complementary approach to develop novel enzyme-catalysed group transfer chemistry. This Minireview discusses key examples from the literature that illustrate how synthetic substrates can be devised to improve the efficiency, scalability and sustainability, as well as the scope of such reactions. We also provide an opinion as to how this concept might be further developed in the future, aspiring to replicate the evolutionary success story of natural group transfer reagents, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular Systems Engineering, National Competence Center in Research, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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50
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Nayek A, Dey S, Patra S, Rana A, Serrano PN, George SJ, Cramer SP, Ghosh Dey S, Dey A. Facile electrocatalytic proton reduction by a [Fe-Fe]-hydrogenase bio-inspired synthetic model bearing a terminal CN - ligand. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2167-2180. [PMID: 38332837 PMCID: PMC10848691 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05397k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
An azadithiolate bridged CN- bound pentacarbonyl bis-iron complex, mimicking the active site of [Fe-Fe] H2ase is synthesized. The geometric and electronic structure of this complex is elucidated using a combination of EXAFS analysis, infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The electrochemical investigations show that complex 1 effectively reduces H+ to H2 between pH 0-3 at diffusion-controlled rates (1011 M-1 s-1) i.e. 108 s-1 at pH 3 with an overpotential of 140 mV. Electrochemical analysis and DFT calculations suggests that a CN- ligand increases the pKa of the cluster enabling hydrogen production from its Fe(i)-Fe(0) state at pHs much higher and overpotential much lower than its precursor bis-iron hexacarbonyl model which is active in its Fe(0)-Fe(0) state. The formation of a terminal Fe-H species, evidenced by spectroelectrochemistry in organic solvent, via a rate determining proton coupled electron transfer step and protonation of the adjacent azadithiolate, lowers the kinetic barrier leading to diffusion controlled rates of H2 evolution. The stereo-electronic factors enhance its catalytic rate by 3 order of magnitude relative to a bis-iron hexacarbonyl precursor at the same pH and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nayek
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Subal Dey
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Suman Patra
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Atanu Rana
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Pauline N Serrano
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis CA 94616 USA
| | - Simon J George
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis CA 94616 USA
- SETI Institute 339 Bernardo Ave, Suite, 200 Mountain View CA 94043 USA
| | - Stephen P Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis CA 94616 USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- SETI Institute 339 Bernardo Ave, Suite, 200 Mountain View CA 94043 USA
| | - Somdatta Ghosh Dey
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Kolkata 700032 India
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