1
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Kim KE, Comber JR, Pursel AJ, Hobby GC, McCormick CJ, Fisher MF, Marasa K, Perry B. Modular and divergent synthesis of 2, N3-disubstituted 4-quinazolinones facilitated by regioselective N-alkylation. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4940-4949. [PMID: 38809109 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00564c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a biologically relevant 2-amino-N3-alkylamido 4-quinazolinone has been accomplished in four steps from commercially available materials using design principles from both modular and divergent synthesis. N3-Alkylation of 2-chloro-4(3H)-quinazolinone using methyl bromoacetate, followed by C2-amination produced a suitable scaffold for introducing molecular diversity. Optimization of alkylation conditions afforded full regioselectivity, enabling exclusive access to the N-alkylated isomer. Subsequent C2-amination using piperidine, pyrrolidine, or diethylamine, followed by amide bond formation using variously substituted phenethylamines, generated fifteen unique 4-quinazolinones bearing C2-amino and N3-alkylamido substituents. These efforts highlight the reciprocal influence of C2 and N3 substitution on functionalization at either position, establish an effective synthetic pathway toward 2,N3-disubstituted 4-quinazolinones, and enable preliminary bioactivity studies while providing an experiential learning opportunity for undergraduate student researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Kim
- Sciences and Mathematics Division, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.
| | - Jason R Comber
- Sciences and Mathematics Division, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.
| | - Alexander J Pursel
- Sciences and Mathematics Division, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.
| | - Grant C Hobby
- Sciences and Mathematics Division, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.
| | - Carter J McCormick
- Sciences and Mathematics Division, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.
| | - Matthew F Fisher
- Sciences and Mathematics Division, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.
| | - Kyle Marasa
- Sciences and Mathematics Division, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA.
| | - Benjamin Perry
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Chemin Camille-Vidart 15, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Diaz AP, Canal CAM, Valdés AJ, Delgado JEG, Varela-M RE. GSK-3 kinase a putative therapeutic target in trypanosomatid parasites. Braz J Infect Dis 2024; 28:103736. [PMID: 38467387 PMCID: PMC10955101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2024.103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are an important group of parasites that predominate in tropical and subtropical areas of the planet, which cause diseases that are classified as forgotten and neglected by the world health organization. In this group of parasites, we find Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Leishmania spp, for which there is no vaccine available, and its control has focused mainly on pharmacological treatment. Due to the poverty situation where these diseases are found and the biological complexity of these parasites, there are multiple variables to control, including the diversity of species, the complexity of their life cycles, drug resistance, cytotoxicity, the limited use in pregnant women, the high costs of treatment and the little-known pharmacological mechanisms of action, among others. It is therefore necessary to find new strategies and approaches for the treatment of these parasitic diseases. Among these new approaches is the rational search for new targets based on the allosteric inhibition of protein kinases, which have been little studied in trypanosomatids. Among these kinases, we find Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3), a kinase of great pharmacological interest, which is under intense basic and clinical research by pharmaceutical companies for the treatment of cancer. This kinase, highly studied in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway signaling in humans, has an orthologous gene in these parasites (GSK-3 s), which has proven to be essential for them in response to different challenges; Therefore, it is notable to increase research in this kinase in order to achieve a broad structural and functional characterization in the different species of trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R E Varela-M
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia.
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3
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Bhutia WD, Gupta S, Rani R, Batra K, Sethi K, Kumar S, Kumar R. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of kinase and protease inhibitors against Trypanosoma evansi. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:473-485. [PMID: 35751782 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a causative agent of chronic wasting and fatal disease of livestock and wild animals known as surra. In this study, repurposing approach based on drug target was used to investigate the efficacy of kinase inhibitors (Barasertib-HQPA, BAR and Palbociclib isethionate, PAL) and protease inhibitors (Z-pro-prolinal, Z-PRO and Leupeptin hemisulphate, LEU) against T. evansi in HMI-9 medium. BAR, PAL and Z-PRO exhibited IC50 values of 13.52 µM, 0.6375 µM and 63.20 µM against T. evansi in terms of growth inhibition, in the contrary, LEU failed to exhibit a significant growth inhibition at any time interval. Furthermore, oligopeptidase B and aurora kinase genes of T. evansi were targeted to determine the effect of these drugs on quantitative mRNA expression, which showed significant (p < 0.01) up-regulation of both genes in the BAR and PAL-exposed population at 12 h of exposure, whereas, Z-PRO showed only significant (p < 0.05) up-regulation of aurora kinase gene at 12 h interval. In cytotoxicity assay, BAR exhibited 52% and 41% cytotoxicity at 50 μM concentration (about five folds the IC50 value) on equine PBMC's and Vero cell line, respectively. Similarly, the cytotoxicity of 25% and 24% were recorded at 10 μM concentration (about ten folds to the IC50 value) of PAL in equine PBMC's and Vero cell line, respectively. Of these, BAR and PAL, which were found effective under in vitro trials, raised the longevity of mice at higher doses during in vivo trials. Data generated showed that kinase inhibitors have higher potential to explore therapeutic molecules against surra organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangchuk Dorjee Bhutia
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Ruma Rani
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Khushboo Sethi
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
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4
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Sáez Conde J, Dean S. Structure, function and druggability of the African trypanosome flagellum. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2654-2667. [PMID: 35616248 PMCID: PMC9323424 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomes are early branching protists that cause human and animal diseases, termed trypanosomiases. They have been under intensive study for more than 100 years and have contributed significantly to our understanding of eukaryotic biology. The combination of conserved and parasite‐specific features mean that their flagellum has gained particular attention. Here, we discuss the different structural features of the flagellum and their role in transmission and virulence. We highlight the possibilities of targeting flagellar function to cure trypanosome infections and help in the fight to eliminate trypanosomiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sáez Conde
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Samuel Dean
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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5
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Sebastián-Pérez V, Martínez de Iturrate P, Nácher-Vázquez M, Nóvoa L, Pérez C, Campillo NE, Gil C, Rivas L. Naphthoquinone as a New Chemical Scaffold for Leishmanicidal Inhibitors of Leishmania GSK-3. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051136. [PMID: 35625873 PMCID: PMC9139002 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 1 billion people live in areas endemic for leishmaniasis, which is a relevant threat for public health worldwide. Due to the inadequate treatments, there is an urgent need to develop novel alternative drugs and to validate new targets to fight this disease. One appealing approach is the selective inhibition of protein kinases (PKs), enzymes involved in a wide range of processes along the life cycle of Leishmania. Several PKs, including glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), have been validated as essential for this parasite by genetic or pharmacological methods. Recently, novel chemical scaffolds have been uncovered as Leishmania GSK-3 inhibitors with antiparasitic activity. In order to find new inhibitors of this enzyme, a virtual screening of our in-house chemical library was carried out on the structure of the Leishmania GSK-3. The virtual hits identified were experimentally assayed both for leishmanicidal activity and for in vitro inhibition of the enzyme. The best hits have a quinone scaffold. Their optimization through a medicinal chemistry approach led to a set of new compounds, provided a frame to establish biochemical and antiparasitic structure–activity relationships, and delivered molecules with an improved selectivity index. Altogether, this study paves the way for a systemic search of this class of inhibitors for further development as potential leishmanicidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sebastián-Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.S.-P.); (P.M.d.I.); (M.N.-V.); (L.N.); (N.E.C.)
| | - Paula Martínez de Iturrate
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.S.-P.); (P.M.d.I.); (M.N.-V.); (L.N.); (N.E.C.)
| | - Montserrat Nácher-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.S.-P.); (P.M.d.I.); (M.N.-V.); (L.N.); (N.E.C.)
| | - Luis Nóvoa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.S.-P.); (P.M.d.I.); (M.N.-V.); (L.N.); (N.E.C.)
| | | | - Nuria E. Campillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.S.-P.); (P.M.d.I.); (M.N.-V.); (L.N.); (N.E.C.)
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.S.-P.); (P.M.d.I.); (M.N.-V.); (L.N.); (N.E.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (L.R.)
| | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.S.-P.); (P.M.d.I.); (M.N.-V.); (L.N.); (N.E.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (L.R.)
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6
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Screening the Toxoplasma kinome with high-throughput tagging identifies a regulator of invasion and egress. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:868-881. [PMID: 35484233 PMCID: PMC9167752 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases regulate fundamental aspects of eukaryotic cell biology, making them attractive chemotherapeutic targets in parasites like Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. To systematically examine the parasite kinome, we developed a high-throughput tagging (HiT) strategy to endogenously label protein kinases with an auxin-inducible degron and fluorophore. Hundreds of tagging vectors were assembled from synthetic sequences in a single reaction and used to generate pools of mutants to determine localization and function. Examining 1,160 arrayed clones, we assigned 40 protein localizations and associated 15 kinases with distinct defects. The fitness of tagged alleles was also measured by pooled screening, distinguishing delayed from acute phenotypes. A previously unstudied kinase, associated with delayed loss, was shown to be a regulator of invasion and egress. We named the kinase Store Potentiating/Activating Regulatory Kinase (SPARK), based on its impact on intracellular Ca2+ stores. Despite homology to mammalian PDK1, SPARK lacks a lipid-binding domain, suggesting a rewiring of the pathway in parasites. HiT screening extends genome-wide approaches into complex cellular phenotypes, providing a scalable and versatile platform to dissect parasite biology.
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7
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El-Hawary SS, Mohammed R, Lithy NM, AbouZid SF, Mansour MA, Almahmoud SA, Huwaimel B, Amin E. Digalloyl Glycoside: A Potential Inhibitor of Trypanosomal PFK from Euphorbia abyssinica J.F. Gmel. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:173. [PMID: 35050063 PMCID: PMC8779944 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis is an endemic infectious disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei via the bite of tsetse-fly. Most of the drugs used for the treatment, e.g., Suramin, have shown several problems, including the high level of toxicity. Accordingly, the discovery of anti-trypanosomal drugs from natural sources has become an urgent requirement. In our previous study on the anti-trypanosomal potential of Euphorbia species, Euphorbia abyssinica displayed significant anti-trypanosomal activity. Therefore, a phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of E. abyssinica was carried out. Twelve compounds, including two triterpenes (1, 2); one sterol-glucoside (4); three ellagic acid derivatives (3, 9, 11); three gallic acid derivatives (5, 6, 10); and three flavonoids (7, 8, 12), were isolated. The structures of isolated compounds were determined through different spectroscopic techniques. Compound (10) was obtained for the first time from genus Euphorbia while all other compounds except compound (4), were firstly reported in E. abyssinica. Consequently, an in silico study was used to estimate the anti-trypanosomal activity of the isolated compounds. Several compounds displayed interesting activity where 1,6-di-O-galloyl-d-glucose (10) appeared as the most potent inhibitor of trypanosomal phosphofructokinase (PFK). Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and ADMET calculations were performed for 1,6-di-O-galloyl-d-glucose. In conclusion, 1,6-di-O-galloyl-d-glucose revealed high binding free energy as well as desirable molecular dynamics and pharmacokinetic properties; therefore, it could be suggested for further in vitro and in vivo studies for trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham S. El-Hawary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Rabab Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; (R.M.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Nadia M. Lithy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;
| | - Sameh Fekry AbouZid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; (R.M.); (S.F.A.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A. Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University Beni-Suef, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;
| | - Suliman A. Almahmoud
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bader Huwaimel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 34464, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Elham Amin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; (R.M.); (S.F.A.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
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8
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Bustamante C, Muskus C, Ochoa R. Rational computational approaches to predict novel drug candidates against leishmaniasis. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Sakyi PO, Amewu RK, Devine RNOA, Bienibuor AK, Miller WA, Kwofie SK. Unravelling the myth surrounding sterol biosynthesis as plausible target for drug design against leishmaniasis. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:1152-1171. [PMID: 34790000 PMCID: PMC8556451 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of leishmaniasis is increasing at an alarming rate and is currently second to malaria amongst the other neglected tropical diseases. Unfortunately, many governments and key stakeholders are not investing enough in the development of new therapeutic interventions. The available treatment options targeting different pathways of the parasite have seen inefficiencies, drug resistance, and toxic side effects coupled with longer treatment durations. Numerous studies to understand the biochemistry of leishmaniasis and its pathogenesis have identified druggable targets including ornithine decarboxylase, trypanothione reductase, and pteridine reductase, which are relevant for the survival and growth of the parasites. Another plausible target is the sterol biosynthetic pathway; however, this has not been fully investigated. Sterol biosynthesis is essential for the survival of the Leishmania species because its inhibition could lead to the death of the parasites. This review seeks to evaluate how critical the enzymes involved in sterol biosynthetic pathway are to the survival of the leishmania parasite. The review also highlights both synthetic and natural product compounds with their IC50 values against selected enzymes. Finally, recent advancements in drug design strategies targeting the sterol biosynthesis pathway of Leishmania are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O. Sakyi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 56, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Richard K. Amewu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 56, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Robert N. O. A. Devine
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Alfred K. Bienibuor
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Whelton A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, IL 19104 USA
| | - Samuel K. Kwofie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic & Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, PMB LG 77, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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10
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Serafim RAM, Elkins JM, Zuercher WJ, Laufer SA, Gehringer M. Chemical Probes for Understudied Kinases: Challenges and Opportunities. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1132-1170. [PMID: 34477374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over 20 years after the approval of the first-in-class protein kinase inhibitor imatinib, the biological function of a significant fraction of the human kinome remains poorly understood while most research continues to be focused on few well-validated targets. Given the strong genetic evidence for involvement of many kinases in health and disease, the understudied fraction of the kinome holds a large and unexplored potential for future therapies. Specific chemical probes are indispensable tools to interrogate biology enabling proper preclinical validation of novel kinase targets. In this Perspective, we highlight recent case studies illustrating the development of high-quality chemical probes for less-studied kinases and their application in target validation. We spotlight emerging techniques and approaches employed in the generation of chemical probes for protein kinases and beyond and discuss the associated challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A M Serafim
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Elkins
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - William J Zuercher
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Klug DM, Mavrogiannaki EM, Forbes KC, Silva L, Diaz-Gonzalez R, Pérez-Moreno G, Ceballos-Pérez G, Garcia-Hernández R, Bosch-Navarrete C, Cordón-Obras C, Gómez-Liñán C, Saura A, Momper JD, Martinez-Martinez MS, Manzano P, Syed A, El-Sakkary N, Caffrey CR, Gamarro F, Ruiz-Perez LM, Gonzalez Pacanowska D, Ferrins L, Navarro M, Pollastri MP. Lead Optimization of 3,5-Disubstituted-7-Azaindoles for the Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9404-9430. [PMID: 34156862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are prevalent primarily in tropical climates and among populations living in poverty. Historically, the lack of economic incentive to develop new treatments for these diseases has meant that existing therapeutics have serious shortcomings in terms of safety, efficacy, and administration, and better therapeutics are needed. We now report a series of 3,5-disubstituted-7-azaindoles identified as growth inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite that causes HAT, through a high-throughput screen. We describe the hit-to-lead optimization of this series and the development and preclinical investigation of 29d, a potent antitrypanosomal compound with promising pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. This compound was ultimately not progressed beyond in vivo PK studies due to its inability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), critical for stage 2 HAT treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Klug
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eftychia M Mavrogiannaki
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Katherine C Forbes
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lisseth Silva
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rosario Diaz-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Guiomar Pérez-Moreno
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Gloria Ceballos-Pérez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Raquel Garcia-Hernández
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Cristina Bosch-Navarrete
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Carlos Cordón-Obras
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Claudia Gómez-Liñán
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Andreu Saura
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Maria Santos Martinez-Martinez
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Pilar Manzano
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Ali Syed
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Nelly El-Sakkary
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Dolores Gonzalez Pacanowska
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Lori Ferrins
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Miguel Navarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Michael P Pollastri
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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12
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Exploration of 7-azaindole-coumaranone hybrids and their analogues as protein kinase inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 343:109478. [PMID: 33905741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
7-Azaindole has been labelled a privileged scaffold for the design of new potent inhibitors of protein kinases. In this paper, we determined the inhibition profiles of novel mono- and disubstituted derivatives of 7-azaindole-coumaranone hybrids on various disease-related protein kinases. Eight hit compounds were identified, including a potent Haspin inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.15 μM. An interesting observation was that all active monosubstituted compounds displayed dual inhibition for Haspin and GSK-3β, while disubstituted derivatives inhibited GSK-3β and LmCK1 from Leishmania major parasite. Analyses of structure activity relationships (SARs) also revealed that mono-substitution with para-fluorobenzyloxy ring produced an equipotent inhibition of Haspin and GSK-3β. Haspin and GSK-3β are relevant targets for developing new anticancer agents while LmCK1 is an innovative target for leishmanicidal drugs. Novel compounds reported in this paper constitute promising starting points for the development of new anticancer and leishmanicidal drugs.
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13
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Efstathiou A, Smirlis D. Leishmania Protein Kinases: Important Regulators of the Parasite Life Cycle and Molecular Targets for Treating Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040691. [PMID: 33801655 PMCID: PMC8066228 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite of the trypanosomatid family, causing a wide range of diseases with different clinical manifestations including cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. According to WHO, one billion people are at risk of Leishmania infection as they live in endemic areas while there are 12 million infected people worldwide. Annually, 0.9-1.6 million new infections are reported and 20-50 thousand deaths occur due to Leishmania infection. As current chemotherapy for treating leishmaniasis exhibits numerous drawbacks and due to the lack of effective human vaccine, there is an urgent need to develop new antileishmanial therapy treatment. To this end, eukaryotic protein kinases can be ideal target candidates for rational drug design against leishmaniasis. Eukaryotic protein kinases mediate signal transduction through protein phosphorylation and their inhibition is anticipated to be disease modifying as they regulate all essential processes for Leishmania viability and completion of the parasitic life cycle including cell-cycle progression, differentiation and virulence. This review highlights existing knowledge concerning the exploitation of Leishmania protein kinases as molecular targets to treat leishmaniasis and the current knowledge of their role in the biology of Leishmania spp. and in the regulation of signalling events that promote parasite survival in the insect vector or the mammalian host.
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14
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Comparative phosphoproteomic analysis unravels MAPK1 regulated phosphoproteins in Leishmania donovani. J Proteomics 2021; 240:104189. [PMID: 33757882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase1 (MAPK1) of Leishmania donovani functions as key regulators of various cellular activities, which seem to be imperative for parasite survival, infectivity, drug resistance and post-translational modification of chaperones/co-chaperones. However, very less is known about LdMAPK1 target proteins. With recent advancements in proteomics, we aimed to identify phosphoproteins which were differentially expressed in LdMAPK1 overexpressing (Dd8++/++) and single replacement mutants (Dd8+/) as compared to wild type (Dd8+/+) parasites, utilizing LC-MS/MS approach. An in-depth label-free phospoproteomic analysis revealed that modulation of LdMAPK1 expression significantly modulates expression levels of miscellaneous phosphoproteins which may act as its targets/substrates. Out of 1974 quantified phosphoproteins in parasite, 140 were significantly differentially expressed in MAPK1 overexpressing and single replacement mutants. These differentially expressed phosphoproteins are majorly associated with metabolism, signal transduction, replication, transcription, translation, transporters and cytoskeleton/motor proteins, hence suggested that MAPK1 may act in concert to modulate global biological processes. The study further implicated possible role of LdMAPK1 in regulation and management of stress machinery in parasite through post translational modifications. Precisely, comparative phosphoproteomics study has elucidated significant role of LdMAPK1 in regulating various pathways contributing in parasite biology with relevance to future drug development. SIGNIFICANCE: MAPKinase1, the downstream kinase of MAPK signal transduction pathway, has drawn much attention as potential therapeutic drug target due to their indispensable role in survival and infectivity of Leishmania donovani. However, limited information is available about its downstream effector proteins/signaling networks. Utilizing label free LC-MS/MS analysis, phosphoproteome of LdMAPK1 over-expressing (Dd8++/++) and LdMAPK1 single replacement mutants (Dd8+/-) with wild type (Dd8+/+) parasites was compared and identified 140 LdMAPK1 modulated phosphoproteins, mainly involved in pathways like signal transduction, metabolism, transcriptional, translational, post-translational modification and regulation of heat shock proteins. Interestingly, LdMAPK1 interacts directly with only six phosphoproteins i.e. casein kinase, casein kinase II, HSP83/HSP90, LACK, protein kinase and serine/threonine protein kinase. Thus, the study elucidates significant role of LdMAPK1 in Leishmania biology which may drive drug-discovery efforts against visceral leishmaniasis.
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15
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Abstract
The association of leishmaniasis and malignancies in human and animal models has been highlighted in recent years. The misdiagnosis of coexistence of leishmaniasis and cancer and the use of common drugs in the treatment of such diseases prompt us to further survey the molecular biology of Leishmania parasites and cancer cells. The information regarding common expressed proteins, as possible therapeutic targets, in Leishmania parasites and cancer cells is scarce. Therefore, the current study reviews proteins, and investigates the regulation and functions of several key proteins in Leishmania parasites and cancer cells. The up- and down-regulations of such proteins were mostly related to survival, development, pathogenicity, metabolic pathways and vital signalling in Leishmania parasites and cancer cells. The presence of common expressed proteins in Leishmania parasites and cancer cells reveals valuable information regarding the possible shared mechanisms of pathogenicity and opportunities for therapeutic targeting in leishmaniasis and cancers in the future.
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16
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Hzounda Fokou JB, Dize D, Etame Loe GM, Nko'o MHJ, Ngene JP, Ngoule CC, Boyom FF. Anti-leishmanial and anti-trypanosomal natural products from endophytes. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:785-796. [PMID: 33409640 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-07035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi are parasites belonging to the Trypanosomatidae family and the causative agents for two very important neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), namely leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis, respectively. Together, they affect millions of people worldwide and the number of cases is constantly rising; thus, further effort on identifying and developing non-toxic, affordable and effective new drug is urgently needed to overcome this alarming situation. Exploring natural products from fungal and bacterial origin remains hitherto a valuable approach to find new hits and candidates for the development of new drugs against these protozoal human infections. Endophytes, which are microorganisms (fungal and bacterial) inhabiting plant tissues, represent a promising source, as they hold potential to produce a high number of distinct chemical scaffolds. These structurally diverse natural products have previously been successfully tested against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. The present review provides an update of endophytic compounds exerting anti-trypanosomal and anti-leishmanial effects and their predicted pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Baptiste Hzounda Fokou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, PO Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon.
- Antimicrobial & Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Darline Dize
- Antimicrobial & Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gisele Marguerite Etame Loe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, PO Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Moise Henri Julien Nko'o
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, PO Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Jean Pierre Ngene
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, PO Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Charles Christian Ngoule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, PO Box 2701, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Fabrice Fekam Boyom
- Antimicrobial & Biocontrol Agents Unit, Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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17
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Kumar R, Rani R, Kumar S, Sethi K, Jain S, Batra K, Kumar S, Tripathi BN. Drug-induced reactive oxygen species-mediated inhibitory effect on growth of Trypanosoma evansi in axenic culture system. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3481-3489. [PMID: 32869169 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, an extracellular haemoflagellate, has a wide range of hosts receptive and susceptible to infection, in which it revealed highly inconsistent clinical effects. Drugs used for the treatment of trypanosomosis have been utilized for more than five decades and have several problems like local and systemic toxicity. In the present investigation, imatinib and sorafenib were selected as drugs as they are reported to have the potential to cause reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated effect in cancer cells. Both have also been reported to have potential against T. brucei, T. cruzi and Leishmania donovani. To date, imatinib and sorafenib have not evaluated for their growth inhibitory effect against T. evansi. Imatinib and sorafenib showed significant (p < 0.001) inhibition on parasite growth and multiplication with IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values 6.12 μM and 0.33 μM respectively against T. evansi. Both the drug molecules demonstrated for the generation of ROS in T. evansi and were found up to 65% increased level of ROS as compared with negative control in the axenic culture system. Furthermore, different concentrations of imatinib and sorafenib were found non-toxic on horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Vero cell lines. Also, in conclusion, our results demonstrated that imatinib- and sorafenib-induced generation of ROS contributed inhibitory effect on the growth of Trypanosoma evansi in an axenic culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajender Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equine, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
| | - Ruma Rani
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equine, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, RGSC, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Khushboo Sethi
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equine, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Shikha Jain
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equine, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equine, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - B N Tripathi
- Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equine, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
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18
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Singh B, Diaz-Gonzalez R, Ceballos-Perez G, Rojas-Barros DI, Gunaganti N, Gillingwater K, Martinez-Martinez MS, Manzano P, Navarro M, Pollastri MP. Medicinal Chemistry Optimization of a Diaminopurine Chemotype: Toward a Lead for Trypanosoma brucei Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9912-9927. [PMID: 32786222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted through the bite of infected tsetse flies. The disease is considered fatal if left untreated. To identify new chemotypes against Trypanosoma brucei, previously we identified 797 potent kinase-targeting inhibitors grouped into 59 clusters plus 53 singleton compounds with at least 100-fold selectivity over HepG2 cells. From this set of hits, a cluster of diaminopurine-derived compounds was identified. Herein, we report our medicinal chemistry investigation involving the exploration of structure-activity and structure-property relationships around one of the high-throughput screening (HTS) hits, N2-(thiophen-3-yl)-N6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-purine-2,6-diamine (1, NEU-1106). This work led to the identification of a potent lead compound (4aa, NEU-4854) with improved in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties, which was progressed into proof-of-concept translation of in vitro antiparasitic activity to in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rosario Diaz-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Gloria Ceballos-Perez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Domingo I Rojas-Barros
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Naresh Gunaganti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kirsten Gillingwater
- Parasite Chemotherapy Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Pilar Manzano
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Miguel Navarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Michael P Pollastri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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19
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Cartuche L, Sifaoui I, López-Arencibia A, Bethencourt-Estrella CJ, San Nicolás-Hernández D, Lorenzo-Morales J, Piñero JE, Díaz-Marrero AR, Fernández JJ. Antikinetoplastid Activity of Indolocarbazoles from Streptomyces sanyensis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040657. [PMID: 32344693 PMCID: PMC7226613 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by kinetoplastid parasites of Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera that affect poor and remote populations in developing countries. These parasites share similar complex life cycles and modes of infection. It has been demonstrated that the particular group of phosphorylating enzymes, protein kinases (PKs), are essential for the infective mechanisms and for parasite survival. The natural indolocarbazole staurosporine (STS, 1) has been extensively used as a PKC inhibitor and its antiparasitic effects described. In this research, we analyze the antikinetoplastid activities of three indolocarbazole (ICZs) alkaloids of the family of staurosporine STS, 2-4, and the commercial ICZs rebeccamycin (5), K252a (6), K252b (7), K252c (8), and arcyriaflavin A (9) in order to establish a plausive approach to the mode of action and to provide a preliminary qualitative structure-activity analysis. The most active compound was 7-oxostaurosporine (7OSTS, 2) that showed IC50 values of 3.58 ± 1.10; 0.56 ± 0.06 and 1.58 ± 0.52 µM against L. amazonensis; L. donovani and T. cruzi, and a Selectivity Index (CC50/IC50) of 52 against amastigotes of L. amazonensis compared to the J774A.1 cell line of mouse macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cartuche
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Sección Química Básica y Aplicada, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), San Cayetano alto s/n, A.P. 1101608, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Atteneri López-Arencibia
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos J. Bethencourt-Estrella
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Desirée San Nicolás-Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - José E. Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.E.P.); (A.R.D.-M.); (J.J.F.)
| | - Ana R. Díaz-Marrero
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.E.P.); (A.R.D.-M.); (J.J.F.)
| | - José J. Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez, 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.E.P.); (A.R.D.-M.); (J.J.F.)
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20
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Altamura F, Rajesh R, Catta-Preta CMC, Moretti NS, Cestari I. The current drug discovery landscape for trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis: Challenges and strategies to identify drug targets. Drug Dev Res 2020; 83:225-252. [PMID: 32249457 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are vector-borne neglected tropical diseases caused by infection with the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp., respectively. Once restricted to endemic areas, these diseases are now distributed worldwide due to human migration, climate change, and anthropogenic disturbance, causing significant health and economic burden globally. The current chemotherapy used to treat these diseases has limited efficacy, and drug resistance is spreading. Hence, new drugs are urgently needed. Phenotypic compound screenings have prevailed as the leading method to discover new drug candidates against these diseases. However, the publication of the complete genome sequences of multiple strains, advances in the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and in vivo bioluminescence-based imaging have set the stage for advancing target-based drug discovery. This review analyses the limitations of the narrow pool of available drugs presently used for treating these diseases. It describes the current drug-based clinical trials highlighting the most promising leads. Furthermore, the review presents a focused discussion on the most important biological and pharmacological challenges that target-based drug discovery programs must overcome to advance drug candidates. Finally, it examines the advantages and limitations of modern research tools designed to identify and validate essential genes as drug targets, including genomic editing applications and in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Altamura
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rishi Rajesh
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nilmar S Moretti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Cestari
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Martínez de Iturrate P, Sebastián-Pérez V, Nácher-Vázquez M, Tremper CS, Smirlis D, Martín J, Martínez A, Campillo NE, Rivas L, Gil C. Towards discovery of new leishmanicidal scaffolds able to inhibit Leishmania GSK-3. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:199-210. [PMID: 31752556 PMCID: PMC6882465 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1693704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have validated the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) as a druggable target against the human protozoan parasite Leishmania. This prompted us to search for new leishmanicidal scaffolds as inhibitors of this enzyme from our in-house library of human GSK-3β inhibitors, as well as from the Leishbox collection of leishmanicidal compounds developed by GlaxoSmithKline. As a result, new leishmanicidal inhibitors acting on Leishmania GSK-3 at micromolar concentrations were found. These inhibitors belong to six different chemical classes (thiadiazolidindione, halomethylketone, maleimide, benzoimidazole, N-phenylpyrimidine-2-amine and oxadiazole). In addition, the binding mode of the most active compounds into Leishmania GSK-3 was approached using computational tools. On the whole, we have uncovered new chemical scaffolds with an appealing prospective in the development and use of Leishmania GSK-3 inhibitors against this infectious protozoan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Despina Smirlis
- Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Julio Martín
- Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Klug DM, Tschiegg L, Diaz R, Rojas-Barros D, Perez-Moreno G, Ceballos G, García-Hernández R, Martinez-Martinez MS, Manzano P, Ruiz LM, Caffrey CR, Gamarro F, Pacanowska DG, Ferrins L, Navarro M, Pollastri MP. Hit-to-Lead Optimization of Benzoxazepinoindazoles As Human African Trypanosomiasis Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2527-2546. [PMID: 31670951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with either of two subspecies of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Due to a lack of economic incentive to develop new drugs, current treatments have severe limitations in terms of safety, efficacy, and ease of administration. In an effort to develop new HAT therapeutics, we report the structure-activity relationships around T. brucei for a series of benzoxazepinoindazoles previously identified through a high-throughput screen of human kinase inhibitors, and the subsequent in vivo experiments for HAT. We identified compound 18, which showed an improved kinase selectivity profile and acceptable pharmacokinetic parameters, as a promising lead. Although treatment with 18 cured 60% of mice in a systemic model of HAT, the compound was unable to clear parasitemia in a CNS model of the disease. We also report the results of cross-screening these compounds against T. cruzi, L. donovani, and S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Klug
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Laura Tschiegg
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rosario Diaz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Domingo Rojas-Barros
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Guiomar Perez-Moreno
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Gloria Ceballos
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Hernández
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Maria Santos Martinez-Martinez
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Pilar Manzano
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ruiz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Dolores Gonzalez Pacanowska
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Lori Ferrins
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Miguel Navarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Michael P Pollastri
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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23
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The Novel Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase LmjF.22.0810 from Leishmania major may be Involved in the Resistance to Drugs such as Paromomycin. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110723. [PMID: 31718000 PMCID: PMC6920834 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and clarification of the mechanisms of action of drugs used against leishmaniasis may improve their administration regimens and prevent the development of resistant strains. Herein, for the first time, we describe the structure of the putatively essential Ser/Thr kinase LmjF.22.0810 from Leishmania major. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to assess the stability of the kinase model. The analysis of its sequence and structure revealed two druggable sites on the protein. Furthermore, in silico docking of small molecules showed that aminoglycosides preferentially bind to the phosphorylation site of the protein. Given that transgenic LmjF.22.0810-overexpressing parasites displayed less sensitivity to aminoglycosides such as paromomycin, our predicted models support the idea that the mechanism of drug resistance observed in those transgenic parasites is the tight binding of such compounds to LmjF.22.0810 associated with its overexpression. These results may be helpful to understand the complex machinery of drug response in Leishmania.
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24
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Zak KM, Kalińska M, Wątor E, Kuśka K, Krutyhołowa R, Dubin G, Popowicz GM, Grudnik P. Crystal Structure of Kluyveromyces lactis Glucokinase ( KlGlk1). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194821. [PMID: 31569356 PMCID: PMC6801647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose phosphorylating enzymes are crucial in the regulation of basic cellular processes, including metabolism and gene expression. Glucokinases and hexokinases provide a pool of phosphorylated glucose in an adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- and ATP-dependent manner to shape the cell metabolism. The glucose processing enzymes from Kluyveromyces lactis are poorly characterized despite the emerging contribution of this yeast strain to industrial and laboratory scale biotechnology. The first reports on K. lactis glucokinase (KlGlk1) positioned the enzyme as an essential component required for glucose signaling. Nevertheless, no biochemical and structural information was available until now. Here, we present the first crystal structure of KlGlk1 together with biochemical characterization, including substrate specificity and enzyme kinetics. Additionally, comparative analysis of the presented structure and the prior structures of lactis hexokinase (KlHxk1) demonstrates the potential transitions between open and closed enzyme conformations upon ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Zak
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kalińska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Wątor
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kuśka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Rościsław Krutyhołowa
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
| | - Przemysław Grudnik
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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25
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de Heuvel E, Singh AK, Boronat P, Kooistra AJ, van der Meer T, Sadek P, Blaazer AR, Shaner NC, Bindels DS, Caljon G, Maes L, Sterk GJ, Siderius M, Oberholzer M, de Esch IJ, Brown DG, Leurs R. Alkynamide phthalazinones as a new class of TbrPDEB1 inhibitors (Part 2). Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:4013-4029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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26
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Pep5, a Fragment of Cyclin D2, Shows Antiparasitic Effects in Different Stages of the Trypanosoma cruzi Life Cycle and Blocks Parasite Infectivity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01806-18. [PMID: 30833431 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01806-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pep5 (WELVVLGKL) is a fragment of cyclin D2 that exhibits a 2-fold increase in the S phase of the HeLa cell cycle. When covalently bound to a cell-penetrating peptide (Pep5-cpp), the nonapeptide induces cell death in several tumor cells, including breast cancer and melanoma cells. Additionally, Pep5-cpp reduces the in vivo tumor volume of rat glioblastoma. Chagas disease, which is caused by the flagellated parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected disease that occurs mainly in the Americas, where it is considered an important public health issue. Given that there are only two options for treating the disease, it is exceptionally crucial to search for new molecules with potential pharmacological action against the parasites. In this study, we demonstrate that Pep5-cpp induces cell death in epimastigote, trypomastigote, and amastigote forms of T. cruzi The Pep5-cpp peptide was also able to decrease the percentage of infected cells without causing any detectable toxic effects in mammalian host cells. The infective, i.e., trypomastigote form of T. cruzi pretreated with Pep5-cpp was unable to infect LLC-MK2 monkey kidney cells. Also, Pep5-binding proteins were identified by mass spectrometry, including calmodulin-ubiquitin-associated protein, which is related to the virulence and parasitemia of T. cruzi Taken together, these data suggest that Pep5 can be used as a novel alternative for the treatment of Chagas disease.
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27
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Design, synthesis and molecular docking studies of novel N-arylsulfonyl-benzimidazoles with anti Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Ramu D, Jain R, Kumar RR, Sharma V, Garg S, Ayana R, Luthra T, Yadav P, Sen S, Singh S. Design and synthesis of imidazolidinone derivatives as potent anti‐leishmanial agents by bioisosterism. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800290. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandugudumula Ramu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural SciencesShiv Nadar UniversityGreater NoidaIndia
| | - Ravi Jain
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural SciencesShiv Nadar UniversityGreater NoidaIndia
| | - Ravi R. Kumar
- Department of Bioscience and BiotechnologyBanasthali Vidyapeeth UniversityVanasthaliIndia
- Special Centre for Molecular MedicineJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Veena Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and BiotechnologyBanasthali Vidyapeeth UniversityVanasthaliIndia
| | - Swati Garg
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural SciencesShiv Nadar UniversityGreater NoidaIndia
| | - Rajagopal Ayana
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural SciencesShiv Nadar UniversityGreater NoidaIndia
| | - Tania Luthra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural SciencesShiv Nadar UniversityGreater NoidaIndia
| | - Preeti Yadav
- Special Centre for Molecular MedicineJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural SciencesShiv Nadar UniversityGreater NoidaIndia
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular MedicineJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
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29
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Thomas M, De Rycker M, Ajakane M, Albrecht S, Álvarez-Pedraglio AI, Boesche M, Brand S, Campbell L, Cantizani-Perez J, Cleghorn LA, Copley RC, Crouch SD, Daugan A, Drewes G, Ferrer S, Ghidelli-Disse S, Gonzalez S, Gresham SL, Hill AP, Hindley SJ, Lowe RM, MacKenzie CJ, MacLean L, Manthri S, Martin F, Miguel-Siles J, Nguyen VL, Norval S, Osuna-Cabello M, Woodland A, Patterson S, Pena I, Quesada-Campos MT, Reid IH, Revill C, Riley J, Ruiz-Gomez JR, Shishikura Y, Simeons FR, Smith A, Smith VC, Spinks D, Stojanovski L, Thomas J, Thompson S, Underwood T, Gray DW, Fiandor JM, Gilbert IH, Wyatt PG, Read KD, Miles TJ. Identification of GSK3186899/DDD853651 as a Preclinical Development Candidate for the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1180-1202. [PMID: 30570265 PMCID: PMC6407917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The leishmaniases are diseases that affect millions of people across the world, in particular visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which is fatal unless treated. Current standard of care for VL suffers from multiple issues and there is a limited pipeline of new candidate drugs. As such, there is a clear unmet medical need to identify new treatments. This paper describes the optimization of a phenotypic hit against Leishmania donovani, the major causative organism of VL. The key challenges were to balance solubility and metabolic stability while maintaining potency. Herein, strategies to address these shortcomings and enhance efficacy are discussed, culminating in the discovery of preclinical development candidate GSK3186899/DDD853651 (1) for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
G. Thomas
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Myriam Ajakane
- Cellzome
GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sébastian Albrecht
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | | | - Markus Boesche
- Cellzome
GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen Brand
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Lorna Campbell
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Juan Cantizani-Perez
- Global
Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Laura A.T. Cleghorn
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Royston C.B. Copley
- Platform
Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Sabrinia D. Crouch
- Global
Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Alain Daugan
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette France
| | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome
GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Santiago Ferrer
- Global
Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Sonja Ghidelli-Disse
- Cellzome
GmbH, A GlaxoSmithKline Company, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Gonzalez
- Global
Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Stephanie L. Gresham
- Platform
Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline, David Jack Centre for R&D, Park
Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, U.K.
| | - Alan P. Hill
- Platform
Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Sean J. Hindley
- Platform
Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Rhiannon M. Lowe
- Platform
Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline, David Jack Centre for R&D, Park
Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, U.K.
| | - Claire J. MacKenzie
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Lorna MacLean
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Sujatha Manthri
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Franck Martin
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette France
| | - Juan Miguel-Siles
- Global
Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Van Loc Nguyen
- Centre
de Recherche, GlaxoSmithKline, Les Ulis, 25,27 Avenue du Québec, 91140 Villebon sur Yvette France
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Maria Osuna-Cabello
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Andrew Woodland
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Stephen Patterson
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Imanol Pena
- Global
Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | | | - Iain H. Reid
- Platform
Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Charlotte Revill
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Jose Ramon Ruiz-Gomez
- Global
Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Yoko Shishikura
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Frederick R.C. Simeons
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Alasdair Smith
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Victoria C. Smith
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Daniel Spinks
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - John Thomas
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Stephen Thompson
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Tim Underwood
- Platform
Technology & Science, GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - David W. Gray
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Jose M. Fiandor
- Global
Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Paul G. Wyatt
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division
of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.
| | - Timothy J. Miles
- Global
Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Calle Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
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30
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Evaluation of a class of isatinoids identified from a high-throughput screen of human kinase inhibitors as anti-Sleeping Sickness agents. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007129. [PMID: 30735501 PMCID: PMC6383948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatments are needed for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) such as Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), Chagas disease, and schistosomiasis. Through a whole organism high-throughput screening campaign, we previously identified 797 human kinase inhibitors that grouped into 59 structural clusters and showed activity against T. brucei, the causative agent of HAT. We herein report the results of further investigation of one of these clusters consisting of substituted isatin derivatives, focusing on establishing structure-activity and -property relationship scope. We also describe their in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. For one isatin, NEU-4391, which offered the best activity-property profile, pharmacokinetic parameters were measured in mice. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a parasitic disease prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Current treatments cause severe toxicity, are difficult to administer, and are susceptible to resistance. In order to quickly discover new leads for HAT drug discovery, we screened human kinase inhibitors against Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite that causes HAT, and discovered several hundred compounds that demonstrated antiparasitic activity. In this paper, we present the results of medicinal chemistry follow-up work on a group of compounds known as isatins.
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31
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Computationally-guided drug repurposing enables the discovery of kinase targets and inhibitors as new schistosomicidal agents. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006515. [PMID: 30346968 PMCID: PMC6211772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel therapeutics is urgently required for diseases where existing treatments are failing due to the emergence of resistance. This is particularly pertinent for parasitic infections of the tropics and sub-tropics, referred to collectively as neglected tropical diseases, where the commercial incentives to develop new drugs are weak. One such disease is schistosomiasis, a highly prevalent acute and chronic condition caused by a parasitic helminth infection, with three species of the genus Schistosoma infecting humans. Currently, a single 40-year old drug, praziquantel, is available to treat all infective species, but its use in mass drug administration is leading to signs of drug-resistance emerging. To meet the challenge of developing new therapeutics against this disease, we developed an innovative computational drug repurposing pipeline supported by phenotypic screening. The approach highlighted several protein kinases as interesting new biological targets for schistosomiasis as they play an essential role in many parasite’s biological processes. Focusing on this target class, we also report the first elucidation of the kinome of Schistosoma japonicum, as well as updated kinomes of S. mansoni and S. haematobium. In comparison with the human kinome, we explored these kinomes to identify potential targets of existing inhibitors which are unique to Schistosoma species, allowing us to identify novel targets and suggest approved drugs that might inhibit them. These include previously suggested schistosomicidal agents such as bosutinib, dasatinib, and imatinib as well as new inhibitors such as vandetanib, saracatinib, tideglusib, alvocidib, dinaciclib, and 22 newly identified targets such as CHK1, CDC2, WEE, PAKA, MEK1. Additionally, the primary and secondary targets in Schistosoma of those approved drugs are also suggested, allowing for the development of novel therapeutics against this important yet neglected disease. The rise of resistance through the intensive use of drugs targeted to treat specific infectious diseases means that new therapeutics are continually required. Diseases common in the tropics and sub-tropics, classified as neglected tropical diseases, suffer from a lack of new drug treatments due to the difficulty in developing new drugs and the lack of market incentive. One such disease is schistosomiasis, a major human helminth disease caused by worms from the genus Schistosoma. It is currently treated by a 40-year old drug, praziquantel, but its widespread use has led to signs of drug-resistance emerging, with no alternative effective treatments available. To meet this challenge, we have developed an innovative computational drug repurposing pipeline supported by experimental phenotypic screening. Protein kinases emerged from our pipeline as interesting new biological targets. Given that many human kinase inhibitors have been successfully applied specially in cancer therapy and kinases have conserved structures and functions, we also undertook a detailed analysis of the kinases present in all infective Schistosoma species and human host. This allowed identification of new Schistosoma-specific kinase targets and suggest approved drugs to be used for treating schistosomiasis as well as opening new avenues to treat this neglected disease.
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Rogerio KR, Carvalho LJM, Domingues LHP, Neves BJ, Moreira Filho JT, Castro RN, Bianco Júnior C, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Andrade CH, Graebin CS. Synthesis and molecular modelling studies of pyrimidinones and pyrrolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidinodiones as new antiplasmodial compounds. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e170452. [PMID: 29924131 PMCID: PMC6001580 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is responsible for 429,000 deaths per year worldwide, and more than 200 million cases were reported in 2015. Increasing parasite resistance has imposed restrictions to the currently available antimalarial drugs. Thus, the search for new, effective and safe antimalarial drugs is crucial. Heterocyclic compounds, such as dihydropyrimidinones (DHPM), synthesised via the Biginelli multicomponent reaction, as well as bicyclic compounds synthesised from DHPMs, have emerged as potential antimalarial candidates in the last few years. METHODS Thirty compounds were synthesised employing the Biginelli multicomponent reaction and subsequent one-pot substitution/cyclisation protocol; the compounds were then evaluated in vitro against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites (W2 strain). Drug cytotoxicity in baseline kidney African Green Monkey cells (BGM) was also evaluated. The most active in vitro compounds were evaluated against P. berghei parasites in mice. Additionally, we performed an in silico target fishing approach with the most active compounds, aiming to shed some light into the mechanism at a molecular level. RESULTS The synthetic route chosen was effective, leading to products with high purity and yields ranging from 10-84%. Three out of the 30 compounds tested were identified as active against the parasite and presented low toxicity. The in silico study suggested that among all the molecular targets identified by our target fishing approach, Protein Kinase 3 (PK5) and Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β (GSK-3β) are the most likely molecular targets for the synthesised compounds. CONCLUSIONS We were able to easily obtain a collection of heterocyclic compounds with in vitro anti-P. falciparum activity that can be used as scaffolds for the design and development of new antiplasmodial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Rodrigues Rogerio
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leonardo J M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Luiza Helena Pinto Domingues
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Bruno Junior Neves
- Laboratório de Planejamento de Fármacos e Modelagem Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - José Teófilo Moreira Filho
- Laboratório de Planejamento de Fármacos e Modelagem Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Rosane Nora Castro
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cesare Bianco Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Claudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- Laboratório de Planejamento de Fármacos e Modelagem Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Cedric Stephan Graebin
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
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Polyamine-based analogs and conjugates as antikinetoplastid agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:982-1015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Romero AH, López SE. In silico molecular docking studies of new potential 4-phthalazinyl-hydrazones on selected Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania enzyme targets. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 76:313-329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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RNAi screening identifies Trypanosoma brucei stress response protein kinases required for survival in the mouse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6156. [PMID: 28733613 PMCID: PMC5522463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) are a class of druggable targets in Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), yet little is known about which PKs are essential for survival in mammals. A recent kinome-wide RNAi screen with 176 individual bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei lines identified PKs required for proliferation in culture. In order to assess which PKs are also potential virulence factors essential in vivo, lines were pooled, inoculated into mice, and screened for loss of fitness after 48 h RNAi. The presence of trypanosomes in the bloodstream was assessed using RNAi target sequencing (RITseq) and compared to growth in culture. We identified 49 PKs with a significant loss of fitness in vivo in two independent experiments, and a strong correlation between in vitro and in vivo loss of fitness for the majority. Nine PKs had a more pronounced growth defect in vivo, than in vitro. Amongst these PKs were several with putative functions related to stress responses mediated through the PI3K/TOR or MAPK signaling cascades, which act to protect the parasite from complement-mediated and osmotic lysis. Identification of these virulence-associated PKs provides new insights into T. brucei-host interaction and reveals novel potential protein kinase drug targets.
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The unconventional kinetoplastid kinetochore: from discovery toward functional understanding. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1201-1217. [PMID: 27911702 PMCID: PMC5095916 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the macromolecular protein complex that drives chromosome segregation in eukaryotes. Its most fundamental function is to connect centromeric DNA to dynamic spindle microtubules. Studies in popular model eukaryotes have shown that centromere protein (CENP)-A is critical for DNA-binding, whereas the Ndc80 complex is essential for microtubule-binding. Given their conservation in diverse eukaryotes, it was widely believed that all eukaryotes would utilize these components to make up a core of the kinetochore. However, a recent study identified an unconventional type of kinetochore in evolutionarily distant kinetoplastid species, showing that chromosome segregation can be achieved using a distinct set of proteins. Here, I review the discovery of the two kinetochore systems and discuss how their studies contribute to a better understanding of the eukaryotic chromosome segregation machinery.
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Pham T, Walden M, Butler C, Diaz-Gonzalez R, Pérez-Moreno G, Ceballos-Pérez G, Gomez-Pérez V, García-Hernández R, Zecca H, Krakoff E, Kopec B, Ichire O, Mackenzie C, Pitot M, Ruiz LM, Gamarro F, González-Pacanowska D, Navarro M, Dounay AB. Novel 1,2-dihydroquinazolin-2-ones: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation against Trypanosoma brucei. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3629-3635. [PMID: 28729055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, a published report of the high-throughput screen of>42,000 kinase inhibitors from GlaxoSmithKline against T. brucei identified 797 potent and selective hits. From this rich data set, we selected NEU-0001101 (1) for hit-to-lead optimization. Through our preliminary compound synthesis and SAR studies, we have confirmed the previously reported activity of 1 in a T. brucei cell proliferation assay and have identified alternative groups to replace the pyridyl ring in 1. Pyrazole 24 achieves improvements in both potency and lipophilicity relative to 1, while also showing good in vitro metabolic stability. The SAR developed on 24 provides new directions for further optimization of this novel scaffold for anti-trypanosomal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- ThanhTruc Pham
- Colorado College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, United States
| | - Madeline Walden
- Colorado College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, United States
| | - Christopher Butler
- Colorado College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, United States
| | - Rosario Diaz-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Guiomar Pérez-Moreno
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Gloria Ceballos-Pérez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Veronica Gomez-Pérez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Hernández
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Henry Zecca
- Colorado College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, United States
| | - Emma Krakoff
- Colorado College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, United States
| | - Brian Kopec
- Colorado College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, United States
| | - Ogar Ichire
- Colorado College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, United States
| | - Caden Mackenzie
- Colorado College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, United States
| | - Marika Pitot
- Colorado College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, United States
| | - Luis Miguel Ruiz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Dolores González-Pacanowska
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Miguel Navarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada 18100, Spain
| | - Amy B Dounay
- Colorado College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, United States.
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Haubrich BA, Swinney DC. Enzyme Activity Assays for Protein Kinases: Strategies to Identify Active Substrates. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2016; 13:2-15. [PMID: 26768716 DOI: 10.2174/1570163813666160115125930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are an important class of enzymes and drug targets. New opportunities to discover medicines for neglected diseases can be leveraged by the extensive kinase tools and knowledge created in targeting human kinases. A valuable tool for kinase drug discovery is an enzyme assay that measures catalytic function. The functional assay can be used to identify inhibitors, estimate affinity, characterize molecular mechanisms of action (MMOAs) and evaluate selectivity. However, establishing an enzyme assay for a new kinases requires identification of a suitable substrate. Identification of a new kinase's endogenous physiologic substrate and function can be extremely costly and time consuming. Fortunately, most kinases are promiscuous and will catalyze the phosphotransfer from ATP to alternative substrates with differing degrees of catalytic efficiency. In this manuscript we review strategies and successes in the identification of alternative substrates for kinases from organisms responsible for many of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) towards the goal of informing strategies to identify substrates for new kinases. Approaches for establishing a functional kinase assay include measuring auto-activation and use of generic substrates and peptides. The most commonly used generic substrates are casein, myelin basic protein, and histone. Sequence homology modeling can provide insights into the potential substrates and the requirement for activation. Empirical approaches that can identify substrates include screening of lysates (which may also help identify native substrates) and use of peptide arrays. All of these approaches have been used with a varying degree of success to identify alternative substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Haubrich
- Institute for Rare and Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, 897 Independence Ave, Suite 2C, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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Woolford CA, Lagree K, Xu W, Aleynikov T, Adhikari H, Sanchez H, Cullen PJ, Lanni F, Andes DR, Mitchell AP. Bypass of Candida albicans Filamentation/Biofilm Regulators through Diminished Expression of Protein Kinase Cak1. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006487. [PMID: 27935965 PMCID: PMC5147786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation on implanted medical devices is a major source of lethal invasive infection by Candida albicans. Filamentous growth of this fungus is tied to biofilm formation because many filamentation-associated genes are required for surface adherence. Cell cycle or cell growth defects can induce filamentation, but we have limited information about the coupling between filamentation and filamentation-associated gene expression after cell cycle/cell growth inhibition. Here we identified the CDK activating protein kinase Cak1 as a determinant of filamentation and filamentation-associated gene expression through a screen of mutations that diminish expression of protein kinase-related genes implicated in cell cycle/cell growth control. A cak1diminished expression (DX) strain displays filamentous growth and expresses filamentation-associated genes in the absence of typical inducing signals. In a wild-type background, expression of filamentation-associated genes depends upon the transcription factors Bcr1, Brg1, Efg1, Tec1, and Ume6. In the cak1 DX background, the dependence of filamentation-associated gene expression on each transcription factor is substantially relieved. The unexpected bypass of filamentation-associated gene expression activators has the functional consequence of enabling biofilm formation in the absence of Bcr1, Brg1, Tec1, Ume6, or in the absence of both Brg1 and Ume6. It also enables filamentous cell morphogenesis, though not biofilm formation, in the absence of Efg1. Because these transcription factors are known to have shared target genes, we suggest that cell cycle/cell growth limitation leads to activation of several transcription factors, thus relieving dependence on any one. The ability of the pathogen Candida albicans to grow on surfaces as biofilms is a determinant of infection ability, because biofilms on implanted medical devices seed infections. Biofilm formation by this organism requires growth in the form of filamentous cells and the expression of filamentation-associated genes. Inhibition of cell proliferation can induce filamentous cell formation, as we find here for strains that express greatly reduced levels of the cell cycle regulator Cak1. Surprisingly, biofilm formation occurs independently of many central biofilm regulatory genes when Cak1 levels are reduced. This response to proliferation inhibition may reflect the activation of numerous biofilm regulators, thus relieving the dependence on any one regulator. The stimulation of biofilm formation by proliferation inhibition, a property of many bacterial pathogens as well, may contribute to the limited effectiveness of antimicrobials against biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Woolford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine Lagree
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tatyana Aleynikov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hema Adhikari
- Department of Biological Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Hiram Sanchez
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Frederick Lanni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David R. Andes
- Departments of Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Aaron P. Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rodriguez JB, Falcone BN, Szajnman SH. Detection and treatment ofTrypanosoma cruzi: a patent review (2011-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:993-1015. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1209487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Drug repositioning approaches to parasitic diseases: a medicinal chemistry perspective. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1699-1710. [PMID: 27365271 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Identifying new indications for clinically useful drugs is a worthwhile approach for neglected tropical diseases. The number of successful repurposing cases in the field is growing as not-for-profit organizations, in association with academia and pharmaceutical companies, enable screening campaigns for the identification of new repositioning candidates. Current programs have delivered encouraging results as the use of state-of-the-art technologies, such as genomic and structural biology tools, and high-throughput screening platforms have become increasingly common in infectious disease research. Drug repositioning has played a key part in improving the lives of those suffering from these conditions, as evidenced by successful precedents and recent studies on preeminent parasitic disorders.
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Repurposing strategies for tropical disease drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2569-76. [PMID: 27080183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and other diseases of the developing world, such as malaria, attract research investments that are disproportionately low compared to their impact on human health worldwide. Therefore, pragmatic methods for launching new drug discovery programs have emerged that repurpose existing chemical matter as new drugs or new starting points for optimization. In this Digest we describe applications of different repurposing approaches for NTDs, and provide a means by which these approaches may be differentiated from each other. These include drug repurposing, target repurposing, target class repurposing, and lead repurposing.
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Kooistra AJ, Kanev GK, van Linden OPJ, Leurs R, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. KLIFS: a structural kinase-ligand interaction database. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:D365-71. [PMID: 26496949 PMCID: PMC4702798 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases play a crucial role in cell signaling and are important drug targets in several therapeutic areas. The KLIFS database contains detailed structural kinase-ligand interaction information derived from all (>2900) structures of catalytic domains of human and mouse protein kinases deposited in the Protein Data Bank in order to provide insights into the structural determinants of kinase-ligand binding and selectivity. The kinase structures have been processed in a consistent manner by systematically analyzing the structural features and molecular interaction fingerprints (IFPs) of a predefined set of 85 binding site residues with bound ligands. KLIFS has been completely rebuilt and extended (>65% more structures) since its first release as a data set, including: novel automated annotation methods for (i) the assessment of ligand-targeted subpockets and the analysis of (ii) DFG and (iii) αC-helix conformations; improved and automated protocols for (iv) the generation of sequence/structure alignments, (v) the curation of ligand atom and bond typing for accurate IFP analysis and (vi) weekly database updates. KLIFS is now accessible via a website (http://klifs.vu-compmedchem.nl) that provides a comprehensive visual presentation of different types of chemical, biological and structural chemogenomics data, and allows the user to easily access, compare, search and download the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Kooistra
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Georgi K Kanev
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar P J van Linden
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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Synthesis, antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of 2,3-diaryl- and 2,3,8-trisubstituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:381-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rahmani R, Ban K, Jones AJ, Ferrins L, Ganame D, Sykes ML, Avery VM, White KL, Ryan E, Kaiser M, Charman SA, Baell JB. 6-Arylpyrazine-2-carboxamides: A New Core for Trypanosoma brucei Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6753-65. [PMID: 26247439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
From a whole-organism high throughput screen of approximately 87000 compounds against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, we recently identified eight new unique compounds for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. In an effort to understand the structure-activity relationships around these compounds, we report for the first time our results on a new class of trypanocides, the pyrazine carboxamides. Attracted by the low molecular weight (270 g·mol(-1)) of our starting hit (9) and its potency (0.49 μM), the SAR around the core was explored, leading to compounds having an EC50 as low as 25 nM against T. b. brucei and being more than 1500 times less toxic against mammalian L6 and HEK293 cell lines. The most potent compounds in the series were exquisitely selective for T. brucei over a panel of other protozoan parasites, showing an excellent correlation with the human infective parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the most potent compound (65) having an EC50 of 24 nM. The compounds are highly drug-like and are able to penetrate the CNS, their only limitation currently being their rate of microsomal metabolism. To that effect, efforts to identify potential metabolites of selected compounds are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Rahmani
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kung Ban
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute , 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Amy J Jones
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Lori Ferrins
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Danny Ganame
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute , 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Melissa L Sykes
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Eileen Ryan
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- University of Basel , Petersplatz 1, Basel, 4003, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Socinstrasse 57, Basel, 4051, Switzerland
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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