1
|
Wei R, Wang XF, Hu C, Liu LL. (Phosphino)(stannyl)carbene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9793-9796. [PMID: 39161315 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03275f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a (phosphino)(stannyl)carbene is documented. The combination of phosphino and stannyl substituents imparts a highly ambiphilic nature to this carbene, enabling reactions with cyanide, isocyanide, and carbon monoxide. This leads to rare stannylketenimines and a stannylketene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fajardo J, Rowen JF, Schleif T, Jariwala P, Garcia-Garibay MA. Elusive Arylalkylcarbenes in Solution and in Crystals: Facile 1,2-R (R = H, Ph) Migrations of 1,2,2-Triphenylethylidene. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23221-23229. [PMID: 39116165 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Highly reactive arylalkylcarbenes generated in solution by photolysis of their aryldiazoalkane precursors tend to undergo competing inter- and intramolecular reactions to yield a complex mixture of products. Having previously shown the use of crystals to effectively control the reactivity of arylalkylcarbenes to afford high yields of a single product, it was of interest to investigate whether the crystalline environment could also enable spectroscopic detection of these intermediates en route to the photoproduct. Using 1,2,2-triphenyldiazoethane (3) as a model substrate to probe the effect of alternative reaction trajectories that yield triphenylethylene (5) by competing 1,2-H shift or 1,2-Ph migration, we report selectivities consistent with reaction from a spin-equilibrated carbene 4 in solution, while reactions in crystals primarily afford alkene 5 via a lattice-controlled 1,2-H shift. Attempts to detect 1,2,2-triphenylethylidene 4 in crystals by nanosecond laser-flash photolysis or by triplet-triplet fluorescence at 77 K were unsuccessful, indicating that arylalkylcarbenes possessing α-H substituents undergo facile 1,2-H shifts both in solution and in the solid state. However, related tert-butylphenylmethylene with no α-H substituents could be observed by triplet-triplet fluorescence at 77 K in glassy matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fajardo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Julien F Rowen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Tim Schleif
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Palak Jariwala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang J, Wang S, Han Y, Wang C, Li J, Zhou H. Visible-Light-Mediated Azidation of α-Diazoesters with TMSN 3 via Direct Photoexcitation and S H2 Mechanism. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11707-11715. [PMID: 39080508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
A visible light-mediated azidation of α-diazoesters with TMSN3 to synthesize valuable α-azidoesters has been developed. Without using any catalysts and additives, the reaction proceeded smoothly under visible light irradiation at room temperature. A variety of α-diazoesters were successfully converted to the desired α-azidoesters, showing good functional group tolerance. The products could be readily transformed into triazole, α-azidoacid, and α-azidoamide. Mechanistic studies suggested that the reaction is mainly carrying out via direct photoexcitation and SH2 mechanism. This work provides a novel, mild, and practical protocol for synthesizing α-azidoesters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shengyu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yating Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Cunhui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jiangjiang Li
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lv ZJ, Eisenlohr KA, Naumann R, Reuter T, Verplancke H, Demeshko S, Herbst-Irmer R, Heinze K, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Triplet carbenes with transition-metal substituents. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01597-8. [PMID: 39103654 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The extraordinary advances in carbene (R1-C-R2) chemistry have been fuelled by strategies to stabilize the electronic singlet state via π interactions. In contrast, the lack of similarly efficient approaches to obtain authentic triplet carbenes with appreciable lifetimes beyond cryogenic temperatures hampers their exploitation in synthesis and catalysis. Transition-metal substitution represents a potential strategy, but metallocarbenes (M-C-R) usually represent high-lying excited electronic configurations of the well-established carbyne complexes (M≡C-R). Here we report the synthesis and characterization of triplet metallocarbenes (M-C-SiMe3, M = PdII, PtII) that are persistent beyond cryogenic conditions, and their selective reactivity towards carbene C-H insertion and carbonylation. Bond analysis reveals significant stabilization by spin-polarized push-pull interactions along both π-bonding planes, which fundamentally differs from bonding in push-pull singlet carbenes. This bonding model, thus, expands key strategies for stabilizing the open-shell carbene electromers and closes a conceptual gap towards carbyne complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jie Lv
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kim A Eisenlohr
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Reuter
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Verplancke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Grotjahn R, Purnomo J, Jin D, Lutfi N, Furche F. Chemically Accurate Singlet-Triplet Gaps of Arylcarbenes from Local Hybrid Density Functionals. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6046-6060. [PMID: 39012067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Singlet-triplet (ST) gaps are key descriptors of carbenes, because their properties and reactivity are strongly spin-dependent. However, the theoretical prediction of ST gaps is challenging and generally thought to require elaborate correlated wave function methods or double-hybrid density functionals. By evaluating two recent test sets of arylcarbenes (AC12 and AC18), we show that local hybrid functionals based on the "common t" local mixing function (LMF) model achieve mean absolute errors below 1 kcal/mol at a computational cost only slightly higher than that of global hybrid functionals. An analysis of correlation contributions to the ST gaps suggests that the accuracy of the common t-LMF model is mainly due to an improved description of nondynamical correlation which, unlike exchange, is not additive in each spin-channel. Although spin-nonadditivity can be achieved using the local spin polarization alone, using the "common", i.e., spin-unresolved, iso-orbital indicator t for constructing the LMF is found to be critical for consistent accuracy in ST gaps of arylcarbenes. The results support the view of LHs as vehicles to improve the description of nondynamical correlation rather than sophisticated exchange mixing approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Grotjahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin Purnomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Dayun Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Nicolas Lutfi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koike T, Yu JK, Hansmann MM. Ph 3PCN 2: A stable reagent for carbon-atom transfer. Science 2024; 385:305-311. [PMID: 39024456 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Precise modification of a chemical site in a molecule at the single-atom level is one of the most elegant yet difficult transformations in chemistry. A reagent specifically designed for chemoselective introduction of monoatomic carbon is a particularly formidable challenge. Here, we report a straightforward, azide-free synthesis of a crystalline and isolable diazophosphorus ylide, Ph3PCN2, a stable compound with a carbon atom bonded to two chemically labile groups, triphenylphosphine (PPh3) and dinitrogen (N2). Without any additives, the diazophosphorus ylide serves as a highly selective transfer reagent for fragments, including Ph3PC, to deliver phosphorus ylide-terminated heterocumulenes and CN2 to produce multisubstituted pyrazoles. Ultimately, even exclusive carbon-atom transfer is possible. In reactions with aldehydes and acyclic and cyclic ketones (R2C=O), the carbon-atom substitution forms a vinylidene (R2C=C:) en route to alkynes or butatrienes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Koike
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jhen-Kuei Yu
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Z, Gevorgyan V. Visible Light-Induced Reactions of Diazo Compounds and Their Precursors. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7214-7261. [PMID: 38754038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, visible light-induced reactions of diazo compounds have attracted increasing attention in organic synthesis, leading to improvement of existing reactions, as well as to the discovery of unprecedented transformations. Thus, photochemical or photocatalytic generation of both carbenes and radicals provide milder tools toward these key intermediates for many valuable transformations. However, the vast majority of the transformations represent new reactivity modes of diazo compounds, which are achieved by the photochemical decomposition of diazo compounds and photoredox catalysis. In particular, the use of a redox-active photocatalysts opens the avenue to a plethora of radical reactions. The application of these methods to diazo compounds led to discovery of transformations inaccessible by the classical reactivity associated with carbenes and metal carbenes. In most cases, diazo compounds act as radical sources but can also serve as radical acceptors. Importantly, the described processes operate under mild, practical conditions. This Review describes this subfield of diazo compound chemistry, particularly focusing on recent advancements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu C, Wang XF, Li J, Chang XY, Liu LL. A stable rhodium-coordinated carbene with a σ 0π 2 electronic configuration. Science 2024; 383:81-85. [PMID: 38175894 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk6533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Isolable singlet carbenes have universally adopted a σ2π0 electronic state, making them σ-donors and π-acceptors. We present a rhodium-coordinated, cationic cyclic diphosphinocarbene with a σ0π2 ground state configuration. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies show a carbene carbon chemical shift below -30.0 parts per million. X-ray crystallography reveals a planar RhP2C configuration. Quantum chemical calculations rationalize how σ-electron delocalization/donation and π-electron negative hyperconjugation together stabilize the formally vacant σ orbital and the filled π orbital at the carbene center. In contrast to traditional carbene counterparts this carbene can undergo synthetic transformations with both a Lewis base and a silver salt, producing a Lewis acid/base adduct and a silver π-complex, respectively. Exhibiting ambiphilic reactivity, it can also form a ketenimine through reaction with an isocyanide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heinz M, Arrowsmith M, Schweizer JI, Krummenacher I, Holthausen MC, Braunschweig H. Experimental and Computational Study of a Confirmed Borylene-to-Diborene Dimerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22685-22696. [PMID: 37802099 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
While the dimerization of heavier group 13 carbene analogues to the corresponding alkene analogues is known and relatively well understood, the dimerization of dicoordinate borylenes (LRB:, L = neutral donor; R = anionic substituent) to the corresponding diborenes (LRB═BRL) has never been directly observed. In this study we present the first example of a formal borylene-to-diborene dimerization through abstraction of a labile phosphine ligand from the tricoordinate hydroborylene precursor (CAAC)(Me3P)BH (CAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene) by bulky Lewis-acidic dihaloboranes (BX2Y, X = Cl, Br, Y = aryl, boryl), generating the corresponding dihydrodiborene (CAAC)HB═BH(CAAC) and (Me3P)BX2Y as the byproduct. An in-depth experimental and computational mechanistic analysis shows that this seemingly simple process (2 LL'BH + 2 BX2Y → LHB═BHL + 2 L'BX2Y) is in fact based on a complex sequence of finely tuned processes, involving the one-electron oxidation of and PMe3 abstraction from the borylene precursor by BX2Y, multiple halide transfers between (di)boron intermediates and BX2Y/[BX3Y]-, and multiple one-electron redox processes between diboron intermediates and the borylene precursor, which make the reaction ultimately autocatalytic in [(CAAC)(Me3P)BH]•+. The findings suggest that [LBXR]• boryl radicals are more likely coupling partners than dicoordinate LRB: borylenes in the reductive coupling of base-stabilized LBX2R boranes to LRB═BRL diborenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myron Heinz
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia I Schweizer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hansmann MM. Diazoalkenes: From an Elusive Intermediate to a Stable Substance Class in Organic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304574. [PMID: 37095063 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Over decades diazoalkenes (R2 C=C=N2 ) were postulated as reactive intermediates in organic chemistry even though their direct spectroscopic detection proved very challenging. In the 1970/80ies several groups probed their existence mainly indirectly by trapping experiments or directly by matrix-isolation studies. In 2021, our group and the Severin group reported independently the synthesis and characterization of the first room-temperature stable diazoalkenes, which initiated a rapidly expanding research field. Up to now four different classes of N-heterocyclic substituted room-temperature stable diazoalkenes have been reported. Their properties and unique reactivity, such as N2 /CO exchange or utilization as vinylidene precursors in organic and transition metal chemistry are presented. This review summarizes the early discoveries of diazoalkenes from their initial postulation as transient, elusive species up to the recent findings of the room-temperature stable derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max M Hansmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cao Y, Mieres-Perez J, Lucht K, Ulrich I, Schweer P, Sanchez-Garcia E, Morgenstern K, Sander W. C-C Coupling of Carbene Molecules on a Metal Surface in the Presence of Water. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11544-11552. [PMID: 37207364 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel surface-confined C-C coupling reaction involving two carbene molecules and a water molecule was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy in real space. Carbene fluorenylidene was generated from diazofluorene in the presence of water on a silver surface. While in the absence of water, fluorenylidene covalently binds to the surface to form a surface metal carbene, and water can effectively compete with the silver surface in reacting with the carbene. Water molecules in direct contact with fluorenylidene protonate the carbene to form the fluorenyl cation before the carbene can bind to the surface. In contrast, the surface metal carbene does not react with water. The fluorenyl cation is highly electrophilic and draws electrons from the metal surface to generate the fluorenyl radical which is mobile on the surface at cryogenic temperatures. The final step in this reaction sequence is the reaction of the radical with a remaining fluorenylidene molecule or with diazofluorene to produce the C-C coupling product. Both a water molecule and the metal surface are essential for the consecutive proton and electron transfer followed by C-C coupling. This C-C coupling reaction is unprecedented in solution chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Cao
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Joel Mieres-Perez
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Lehrstuhl für Computational Bioengineering, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Karsten Lucht
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Iris Ulrich
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Paul Schweer
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Lehrstuhl für Computational Bioengineering, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum D-44801, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pang Y, Nöthling N, Leutzsch M, Kang L, Bill E, van Gastel M, Reijerse E, Goddard R, Wagner L, SantaLucia D, DeBeer S, Neese F, Cornella J. Synthesis and isolation of a triplet bismuthinidene with a quenched magnetic response. Science 2023:eadg2833. [PMID: 37200451 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Large Spin-Orbit Coupling (SOC) is an intrinsic property of the heavy-elements that directly affects the electronic structures of the compounds. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of a mono-coordinate bismuthinidene featuring a rigid and bulky ligand. All magnetic measurements (SQUID, NMR) point to a diamagnetic compound. However, multiconfigurational quantum chemical calculations predict the ground state of the compound to be dominated (76%) by a spin-triplet. The apparent diamagnetism is explained by an extremely large SOC induced positive zero-field-splitting of more than 4500 cm-1 that leaves the MS = 0 magnetic sublevel thermally isolated in the electronic ground state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Liqun Kang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward Reijerse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lucas Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel SantaLucia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Muhasina PV, Parameswaran P. σ versus π-radical: Tuning the electronic nature of neutral carbon (I) compounds with three non-bonding electrons. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:422-431. [PMID: 35802539 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The bonding and reactivity of the hypo-coordinated compounds with one, two, and four non-bonding electrons namely, carbon-centered free radical, carbenes, and carbones were well earlier established. Here, we report stability, bonding and reactivity of compounds RCL, where R is one-electron donor group (R = CH3 (a), CHO (b), and NO2 (c)) and L is two-electron donor ligand (L = cAAC (1), CO (2), NHC (3) and PMe3 (4)), having three non-bonding electrons. The ground states of molecules exist in a doublet with a lone pair of electrons and an unpaired electron at the central carbon atom (C1). The spin hops over from π- to σ-type orbitals is observed as the π-acceptor strength of the donor ligand increases. The replacement of the methyl group by CHO and NO2 indicate that the cAAC and CHO substituted compounds gives a σ-radical except in compound 2c. These molecules show very high proton affinity and exothermic reaction energy for the hydrogen atom addition indicating dual reactivity namely, radical and lone pair reactivity.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hu C, Wang XF, Wei R, Hu C, Ruiz DA, Chang XY, Liu LL. Crystalline monometal-substituted free carbenes. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Photoaffinity labeling and bioorthogonal ligation: Two critical tools for designing "Fish Hooks" to scout for target proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 62:116721. [PMID: 35358862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules remain an important category of therapeutic agents. Their binding to different proteins can lead to both desired and undesired biological effects. Identification of the proteins that a drug binds to has become an important step in drug development because it can lead to safer and more effective drugs. Parent bioactive molecules can be converted to appropriate probes that allow for visualization and identification of their target proteins. Typically, these probes are designed and synthesized utilizing some or all of five major tools; a photoactivatable group, a reporter tag, a linker, an affinity tag, and a bioorthogonal handle. This review covers two of the most challenging tools, photoactivation and bioorthogonal ligation. We provide a historical and theoretical background along with synthetic routes to prepare them. In addition, the review provides comparative analyses of the available tools that can assist decision making when designing such probes. A survey of most recent literature reports is included as well to identify recent trends in the field.
Collapse
|
17
|
Baryshnikov GV, Valiev RR, Valiulina LI, Kurtsevich AE, Kurtén T, Sundholm D, Pittelkow M, Zhang J, Ågren H. Odd-Number Cyclo[ n]Carbons Sustaining Alternating Aromaticity. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2445-2452. [PMID: 35420813 PMCID: PMC9059118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cyclo[n]carbons (n = 5, 7, 9,
..., 29) composed from an odd number of carbon atoms are studied computationally
at density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio complete
active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) levels of theory to get
insight into their electronic structure and aromaticity. DFT calculations
predict a strongly delocalized carbene structure of the cyclo[n]carbons and an aromatic character for all of them. In
contrast, calculations at the CASSCF level yield geometrically bent
and electronically localized carbene structures leading to an alternating
double aromaticity of the odd-number cyclo[n]carbons.
CASSCF calculations yield a singlet electronic ground state for the
studied cyclo[n]carbons except for C25, whereas at the DFT level the energy difference between the lowest
singlet and triplet states depends on the employed functional. The
BHandHLYP functional predicts a triplet ground state of the larger
odd-number cyclo[n]carbons starting from n = 13. Current-density calculations at the BHandHLYP level
using the CASSCF-optimized molecular structures show that there is
a through-space delocalization in the cyclo[n]carbons.
The current density avoids the carbene carbon atom, leading to an
alternating double aromaticity of the odd-number cyclo[n]carbons satisfying the antiaromatic [4k+1] and aromatic [4k+3] rules.
C11, C15, and C19 are aromatic and
can be prioritized in future synthesis. We predict a bond-shift phenomenon
for the triplet state of the cyclo[n]carbons leading
to resonance structures that have different reactivity toward dimerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glib V Baryshnikov
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Rashid R Valiev
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lenara I Valiulina
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | | | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Pittelkow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jinglai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hans Ågren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75120, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Altun A, Neese F, Bistoni G. Open-Shell Variant of the London Dispersion-Corrected Hartree-Fock Method (HFLD) for the Quantification and Analysis of Noncovalent Interaction Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2292-2307. [PMID: 35167304 PMCID: PMC9009084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The London dispersion
(LD)-corrected Hartree–Fock (HF) method
(HFLD) is an ab initio approach for the quantification
and analysis of noncovalent interactions (NCIs) in large systems that
is based on the domain-based local pair natural orbital coupled-cluster
(DLPNO-CC) theory. In the original HFLD paper, we discussed the implementation,
accuracy, and efficiency of its closed-shell variant. Herein, an extension
of this method to open-shell molecular systems is presented. Its accuracy
is tested on challenging benchmark sets for NCIs, using CCSD(T) energies
at the estimated complete basis set limit as reference. The HFLD scheme
was found to be as accurate as the best-performing dispersion-corrected
exchange-correlation functionals, while being nonempirical and equally
efficient. In addition, it can be combined with the well-established
local energy decomposition (LED) for the analysis of NCIs, thus yielding
additional physical insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Altun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Khorshidvand N, Kassaee MZ. A quest for substituent effects on novel diamino(phosphino)phosphinidenes using density functional theory method. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Kutin Y, Reitz J, Antoni PW, Savitsky A, Pantazis DA, Kasanmascheff M, Hansmann MM. Characterization of a Triplet Vinylidene. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21410-21415. [PMID: 34898204 PMCID: PMC8704171 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Singlet vinylidenes
(R2C=C:) are proposed as
intermediates in a series of organic reactions, and very few have
been studied by matrix isolation or gas-phase spectroscopy. Triplet
vinylidenes, however, featuring two unpaired electrons at a monosubstituted
carbon atom are thus far only predicted as electronically excited-state
species and represent an unexplored class of carbon-centered diradicals.
We report the photochemical generation and low-temperature EPR/ENDOR
characterization of the first ground-state high-spin (triplet) vinylidene.
The zero-field splitting parameters (D = 0.377 cm–1 and |E|/D = 0.028)
were determined, and the 13C hyperfine coupling tensor
was obtained by 13C-ENDOR measurements. Most strikingly,
the isotropic 13C hyperfine coupling constant (50 MHz)
is far smaller than the characteristic values of triplet carbenes,
demonstrating a unique electronic structure which is supported by
quantum chemical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kutin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Justus Reitz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick W Antoni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anton Savitsky
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dimitrios A Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Müge Kasanmascheff
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sanov A. Intermolecular interactions in cluster anions. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2021.1983292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Sanov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Murata R, Wang Z, Miyazawa Y, Antol I, Yamago S, Abe M. SOMO-HOMO Conversion in Triplet Carbenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:4955-4959. [PMID: 34048267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the SOMO-HOMO conversion has been shown for the first time in triplet carbenes embedded in cycloparaphenylene units. The high-lying HOMO originating from the curved π-conjugated system and the low-lying SOMO-1 originating due to the small carbene angle are the key to endowing this interesting electronic configuration. Furthermore, simple planar triplet carbenes such as fluorenylidene were found to possess SOMO-HOMO energy-converted electronic configurations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ivana Antol
- Laboratory for Physical Organic Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Isolation and reactivity of an elusive diazoalkene. Nat Chem 2021; 13:587-593. [PMID: 33927373 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most functional groups, especially those consisting of the abundant elements of organic matter-carbon, nitrogen and oxygen-have been extensively studied and only very few remain speculative due to their high intrinsic reactivity. In contrast to the well-explored chemistry of diazoalkanes (R2C=N2), diazoalkenes (R2C=C=N2) have been postulated in several organic transformations, but remain elusive long-sought intermediates. Here, we present a room-temperature stable diazoalkene, utilizing a dinitrogen transfer from nitrous oxide. This functional group shows dual-site nucleophilicity (C and N atoms) and features a bent C-C-N entity (124°) and a long N-N bond together with a remarkable low infrared absorption (1,944 cm-1). Substitution of N2 by an isocyanide leads to a vinylidene ketenimine. Furthermore, photochemically triggered loss of dinitrogen might proceed through a transient triplet vinylidene. We anticipate the existence of a stable diazoalkene functional group to pave an exciting avenue into the chemistry of low-valent carbon and unsaturated carbenes.
Collapse
|
24
|
West AV, Muncipinto G, Wu HY, Huang AC, Labenski MT, Jones LH, Woo CM. Labeling Preferences of Diazirines with Protein Biomolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6691-6700. [PMID: 33876925 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diazirines are widely used in photoaffinity labeling (PAL) to trap noncovalent interactions with biomolecules. However, design and interpretation of PAL experiments is challenging without a molecular understanding of the reactivity of diazirines with protein biomolecules. Herein, we report a systematic evaluation of the labeling preferences of alkyl and aryl diazirines with individual amino acids, single proteins, and in the whole cell proteome. We find that alkyl diazirines exhibit preferential labeling of acidic amino acids in a pH-dependent manner that is characteristic of a reactive alkyl diazo intermediate, while the aryl-fluorodiazirine labeling pattern reflects reaction primarily through a carbene intermediate. From a survey of 32 alkyl diazirine probes, we use this reactivity profile to rationalize why alkyl diazirine probes preferentially enrich highly acidic proteins or those embedded in membranes and why probes with a net positive charge tend to produce higher labeling yields in cells and in vitro. These results indicate that alkyl diazirines are an especially effective chemistry for surveying the membrane proteome and will facilitate design and interpretation of biomolecular labeling experiments with diazirines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V West
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | | | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Andrew C Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | | | - Lyn H Jones
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Christina M Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Priebbenow DL, Pilkington RL, Hearn KN, Polyzos A. Fluorinated Ketones as Trapping Reagents for Visible-Light-Induced Singlet Nucleophilic Carbenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:2783-2789. [PMID: 33733797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Singlet nucleophilic carbenes (SNCs) containing only one heteroatom donor remain underutilized in chemical synthesis. We recently discovered that visible-light-induced SNC intermediates can be trapped by fluorinated ketones via 1,2-carbonyl addition to afford benzoin-type products. This discovery represents a rare example of nucleophilic carbenes reacting with ketones and delivers an efficient, user-friendly, and scalable process for accessing fluorinated tertiary alcohol derivatives driven only by light circumventing the use of exogenous catalysts or additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Priebbenow
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rowan L Pilkington
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kyle N Hearn
- STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.,CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mieres-Perez J, Lucht K, Trosien I, Sander W, Sanchez-Garcia E, Morgenstern K. Controlling Reactivity-Real-Space Imaging of a Surface Metal Carbene. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4653-4660. [PMID: 33599124 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metal carbenes are key intermediates in a plethora of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes. However, despite their importance to heterogeneous catalysis, the influence of surface attachment on carbene reactivity has not yet been explored. Here, we reveal the interactions of fluorenylidene (FY), an archetypical aromatic carbene of extreme reactivity, with a Ag(111) surface. For the first time, the interaction of a highly reactive carbene with a metal surface could be studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). FY chemisorbs on Ag(111) with an estimated desorption energy of 3 eV, forming a surface bound silver-carbene complex. The surface interaction leads to a switching of the electronic ground state of FY from triplet to singlet, and to controlled chemical reactivity. This atomistic understanding of the interplay between carbenes and metal surfaces opens the way for the development of novel classes of catalytic systems based on surface metal carbenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Mieres-Perez
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Computational Biochemistry, Universitätsstr.2, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Karsten Lucht
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr.150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Iris Trosien
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Universitätsstr.150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Universitätsstr.150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Computational Biochemistry, Universitätsstr.2, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie I, Universitätsstr.150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rusydi F, Madinah R, Puspitasari I, Mark-Lee WF, Ahmad A, Rusydi A. Teaching reaction kinetics through isomerization cases with the basis of density-functional calculations. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 49:216-227. [PMID: 32897655 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental mechanism of biochemistry lies on the reaction kinetics, which is determined by the reaction pathways. Interestingly, the reaction pathway is a challenging concept for undergraduate students. Experimentally, it is difficult to observe, and theoretically, it requires some degree of physics knowledge, namely statistical and quantum mechanics. However, students can utilize computational methods to study the reaction kinetics without paying too much attention but not wholly neglecting the comprehension of physics. We hereby provided an approach to study the reaction kinetics based on density-functional calculations. We particularized the study of the isomerization case involving five molecules at three different temperatures and emphasized the importance of the transition state in the study of reaction kinetics. The results we presented were in good agreement with the experiments and provided useful insights to assist students in the application of their knowledge into their research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Febdian Rusydi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Research Center for Quantum Engineering Design, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Roichatul Madinah
- Research Center for Quantum Engineering Design, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ira Puspitasari
- Research Center for Quantum Engineering Design, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Information System Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Wun F Mark-Lee
- Department of Basic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Azizan Ahmad
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrivo Rusydi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Khoirunisa V, Rusydi F, Boli LSP, Puspitasari I, Rachmawati H, Dipojono HK. The significance of long-range correction to the hydroperoxyl radical-scavenging reaction of trans-resveratrol and gnetin C. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201127. [PMID: 33972845 PMCID: PMC8074789 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory has been gaining popularity for studying the radical scavenging activity of antioxidants. However, only a few studies investigate the importance of calculation methods on the radical-scavenging reactions. In this study, we examined the significance of (i) the long-range correction on the coulombic interaction and (ii) the London dispersion correction to the hydroperoxyl radical-scavenging reaction of trans-resveratrol and gnetin C. We employed B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, M06-2X exchange-correlation functionals and B3LYP with the D3 version of Grimme's dispersion in the calculations. The results showed that long-range correction on the coulombic interaction had a significant effect on the increase of reaction and activation energies. The increase was in line with the change of hydroperoxyl radical's orientation in the transition state structure. Meanwhile, the London dispersion correction only had a minor effect on the transition state structure, reaction energy and activation energy. Overall, long-range correction on the coulombic interaction had a significant impact on the radical-scavenging reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Khoirunisa
- Research Center for Quantum Engineering Design, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Engineering Physics Study Program, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia
- Advanced Functional Materials Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Febdian Rusydi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Research Center for Quantum Engineering Design, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Lusia S. P. Boli
- Research Center for Quantum Engineering Design, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Advanced Functional Materials Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Ira Puspitasari
- Research Center for Quantum Engineering Design, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Information System Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Heni Rachmawati
- School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Hermawan K. Dipojono
- Advanced Functional Materials Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Phenyl(triazolyl)carbene revisited: Unique role of triazolyl group on carbene chemistry. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
30
|
Krahfuss MJ, Radius U. N-Heterocyclic silylenes as ambiphilic activators and ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6752-6765. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments of the use of N-heterocyclic silylenes (NHSis), higher homologues of Arduengo-carbenes, as ambiphilic activators and ligands are highlighted and a comparison of NHSi ligands with NHC and phosphine ligands is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam J. Krahfuss
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chapyshev SV, Korchagin DV, Misochko EY. Recent advances in chemistry of high-spin nitrenes. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical studies on aromatic nitrenes bearing from three to six unpaired electrons and having quartet, quintet, sextet or septet ground spin states, published in the last 15 years are analyzed. A comparative analysis of the magnetic properties of high-spin nitrenes and all other known high-spin organic molecules is performed. Promising areas of practical application of high-spin nitrenes as molecular magnets and as qubits and qudits for quantum computations are discussed.
The bibliography includes 214 references.
Collapse
|
32
|
Maiti A, Chandra S, Sarkar B, Jana A. Acyclic diaminocarbene-based Thiele, Chichibabin, and Müller hydrocarbons. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11827-11833. [PMID: 34123209 PMCID: PMC8162802 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03622f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiele, Chichibabin and Müller hydrocarbons are considered as classical Kekulé diradicaloids. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of acyclic diaminocarbene (ADC)-based Thiele, Chichibabin, and Müller hydrocarbons. The calculated singlet–triplet energy gaps are ΔES–T = −27.96, −3.70, −0.37 kcal mol−1, respectively, and gradually decrease with the increasing length of the π-conjugated spacer (p-phenylene vs. p,p′-biphenylene vs. p,p′′-terphenylene) between the two ADC-scaffolds. In agreement with the calculations, we also experimentally observed the enhancement of paramagnetic diradical character as a function of the length of the π-conjugated spacer. ADC-based Thiele's hydrocarbon is EPR silent and exhibits very well resolved NMR spectra, whereas ADC-based Müller's hydrocarbon displays EPR signals and featureless NMR spectra at room temperature. The spacer also has a strong influence on the UV-Vis-NIR spectra of these compounds. Considering that our methodology is modular, these results provide a convenient platform for the synthesis of an electronically modified new class of carbon-centered Kekulé diradicaloids. We report the synthesis of acyclic diaminocarbene (ADC)-scaffold based Thiele, Chichibabin, and Müller hydrocarbons. Studies support that the singlet-triplet energy gap depends on the π-conjugated spacer between the ADC scaffolds.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Maiti
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally Hyderabad-500046 Telangana India
| | - Shubhadeep Chandra
- Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad Gopanpally Hyderabad-500046 Telangana India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Koseki S, Haruta M, Sawada N, Asada T. Exploring the Reaction Paths on the Potential Energy Surfaces of the S 1 and T 1 States in Methylenecyclopropane. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:126-135. [PMID: 32885428 DOI: 10.1111/php.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The reaction paths of methylenecyclopropane 1 on the potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the lowest triplet (T1 ) state and the lowest excited singlet (S1 ) state, as well as that of the ground state (S0 ), were explored by using the nudged elastic band method at the MRMP2//MCSCF/6-31++G(d,p) and DFT(B3LYP)/6-31++G(d,p) levels of theory. After vertical excitation of 1, three transition states on the PES of the lowest triplet state and one transition state on the S1 PES were found along the reaction path to produce a carbene, cyclobutylidene 2. All of these transition states are lower in energy than the S1 state produced by vertical excitation at the S0 energy minimum in 1. Fast transition is predicted to occur from the T1 state or from the S1 state to the S0 state due to strong spin-orbit coupling or nonadiabatic coupling in the geometrical vicinity of 2. On the MRMP2 S0 PES, the energy barriers of 5.0, 10.3 and 13.5 kcal mol-1 were obtained for C migration reaction (backward reaction), 1,2-H migration reaction to cyclobutene 3, and 1,3-H migration reaction to bicyclopropane 4, respectively, started at 2. The introduction of phenyl groups makes the energy barriers smaller due to the π conjugation between the carbene center and phenyl groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Koseki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan.,The Research Institute for Molecular Electronic Devices (RIMED), Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Mamoru Haruta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sawada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Toshio Asada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan.,The Research Institute for Molecular Electronic Devices (RIMED), Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Priebbenow DL. Silicon‐Derived Singlet Nucleophilic Carbene Reagents in Organic Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Priebbenow
- School of ChemistryThe University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria Australia 3010
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Maggard PA, Cheng X, Deng S, Whangbo MH. Physical Properties of Molecules and Condensed Materials Governed by Onsite Repulsion, Spin-Orbit Coupling and Polarizability of Their Constituent Atoms. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040867. [PMID: 32079082 PMCID: PMC7070676 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The onsite repulsion, spin-orbit coupling and polarizability of elements and their ions play important roles in controlling the physical properties of molecules and condensed materials. In celebration of the 150th birthday of the periodic table this year, we briefly review how these parameters affect the physical properties and are interrelated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Maggard
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
- Correspondence: (P.A.M.); (S.D.); (M.-H.W.); Tel.: +1-919-515-3610 (P.A.M.); +86-0591-6317-3252 (S.D.); +1-919-515-3464 (M.-H.W.)
| | - Xiyue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Shuiquan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Correspondence: (P.A.M.); (S.D.); (M.-H.W.); Tel.: +1-919-515-3610 (P.A.M.); +86-0591-6317-3252 (S.D.); +1-919-515-3464 (M.-H.W.)
| | - Myung-Hwan Whangbo
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Correspondence: (P.A.M.); (S.D.); (M.-H.W.); Tel.: +1-919-515-3610 (P.A.M.); +86-0591-6317-3252 (S.D.); +1-919-515-3464 (M.-H.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abbott BZ, Hoobler PR, Schaefer HF. Relatives of cyanomethylene: replacement of the divalent carbon by B -, N +, Al -, Si, P +, Ga -, Ge, and As . Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:26438-26452. [PMID: 31774089 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05777c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The lowest lying singlet and triplet states of HBCN-, HCCN, HNCN+, HAlCN-, HSiCN, HPCN+, HGaCN-, HGeCN, and HAsCN+ were studied using the CCSDT(Q)/CBS//CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ level of theory. Periodic trends in geometries, singlet-triplet gaps, and barriers to linearity were established and analyzed. The first row increasingly favors the triplet state, with a singlet-triplet gap (ΔEST = Esinglet - Etriplet) of 3.5 kcal mol-1, 11.9 kcal mol-1, and 22.6 kcal mol-1, respectively, for HBCN-, HCCN, and HNCN+. The second row increasing favors the singlet state, with singlet-triplet gaps of -20.4 kcal mol-1 (HAlCN-), -26.6 kcal mol-1 (HSiCN), and -26.8 kcal mol-1 (HPCN+). The third row also favors the singlet state, with singlet-triplet gaps of -26.8 kcal mol-1 (HGaCN-), -33.5 kcal mol-1 (HGeCN), and -33.1 kcal mol-1 (HAsCN+). The HXCN species have larger absolute singlet-triplet energy gaps compared to their parent species XH2 except for the case of X = N+. The effect of the substitution of hydrogen with a cyano group was analyzed with isodesmic bond separation analysis and NBO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Z Abbott
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
An alkyl-substituted aluminium anion with strong basicity and nucleophilicity. Nat Chem 2019; 12:36-39. [PMID: 31767993 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium anions with an unoccupied orbital are generally considered as highly difficult synthetic targets, as aluminium is the most electropositive element in the p block. Stabilizing effects from two nitrogen substituents and/or the coordination of a Lewis base were recently used to synthesize the first examples of anionic nucleophilic aluminium species. Here we show the synthesis and properties of a potassium salt of a non-stabilized dialkylaluminium anion that exhibits very strong basicity, which reflects the electropositive character of aluminium. An X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a monomeric structure and the shortest Al-K distance hitherto reported. The ultraviolet visible spectrum in combination with density functional theory calculations suggests an electronic structure characterized by a lone pair of electrons and an unoccupied p orbital on the aluminium centre. This species readily deprotonates benzene to form the corresponding (hydrido)(phenyl)aluminate. Reactions with other electrophiles corroborate the nucleophilicity of the aluminium centre.
Collapse
|
38
|
Sultane PR, Ahumada G, Janssen‐Müller D, Bielawski CW. Cyclic (Aryl)(Amido)Carbenes: NHCs with Triplet‐like Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash R. Sultane
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM)Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Guillermo Ahumada
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM)Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Janssen‐Müller
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM)Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department Chemistry and Department of Energy EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sultane PR, Ahumada G, Janssen‐Müller D, Bielawski CW. Cyclic (Aryl)(Amido)Carbenes: NHCs with Triplet‐like Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16320-16325. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash R. Sultane
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Guillermo Ahumada
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Janssen‐Müller
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Priebbenow DL. Insights into the Stability of Siloxy Carbene Intermediates and Their Corresponding Oxocarbenium Ions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11813-11822. [PMID: 31424932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Siloxy carbenes, formed thermally or photochemically from acyl silanes via a 1,2-Brook rearrangement, are intriguing reactive intermediates that partake in a range of chemical reactions. To gain further insight into the properties of this class of carbenes, the thermodynamic stabilities of a series of known siloxy carbenes were explored on the basis of hydrogenation enthalpies. Calculations were conducted at the B3LYP-D3(BJ) level (using dispersion-corrected DFT) on siloxy carbenes (X-C-OSiR3, singlet and triplet state), oxocarbenium ions (X-CH-OSiR3+), and their hydrogen addition products (X-CH2-OSiR3). Overall, strong correlation between singlet-triplet gaps and hydrogenation enthalpies was observed. Carbene stabilization enthalpy (CSE) values were also determined to provide additional insight into the structural features that influence the stability of siloxy carbenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Priebbenow
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Deakin University , Waurn Ponds , Australia , 3216
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ayoubi-Chianeh M, Kassaee MZ. Novel silicon super bases at DFT level of theory: effects of fused benzene rings on the basicity of 2,4,6-cycloheptatrienesilylene. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
42
|
Papastavrou AT, Pauze M, Gómez‐Bengoa E, Vougioukalakis GC. Unprecedented Multicomponent Organocatalytic Synthesis of Propargylic Esters via CO
2
Activation. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Argyro T. Papastavrou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens GR-15771 Greece
| | - Martin Pauze
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV-EHU 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez‐Bengoa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV-EHU 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Georgios C. Vougioukalakis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens GR-15771 Greece
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mendez‐Vega E, Maehara M, Raut AH, Mieres‐Perez J, Tsuge M, Lee Y, Sander W. Activation of Molecular Hydrogen by Arylcarbenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:18801-18808. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Mendez‐Vega
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Mika Maehara
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Akshay Hemant Raut
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Joel Mieres‐Perez
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Masashi Tsuge
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular ScienceNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
| | - Yuan‐Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular ScienceNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter ScienceNational Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010 (Taiwan)Institute of Atomic and Molecular SciencesAcademia Sinica Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
A crystalline monosubstituted carbene. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1196-1200. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
45
|
Harada Y, Wang Z, Kumashiro S, Hatano S, Abe M. Extremely Long Lived Localized Singlet Diradicals in a Macrocyclic Structure: A Case Study on the Stretch Effect. Chemistry 2018; 24:14808-14815. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Harada
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kumashiro
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Sayaka Hatano
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
- Hiroshima University Research Center for, Photo-Drug-Delivery Systems (HiU-P-DDS); 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ghafarian Shirazi R, Neese F, Pantazis DA. Accurate Spin-State Energetics for Aryl Carbenes. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:4733-4746. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghafarian Shirazi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Dimitrios A. Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shimizu D, Fujimoto K, Osuka A. Stable Diporphyrinylaminyl Radical and Nitrenium Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9434-9438. [PMID: 29882340 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nitrenium ions, isoelectronic nitrogen counterparts of carbenes, are important intermediates in various biological and chemical processes. Herein we describe the first synthesis and characterization of a stable nitrenium ion without resonance stabilization by adjoining amino groups. Namely, a stable salt of a diporphyrinylnitrenium ion was synthesized by stepwise oxidation of the corresponding diporphyrinylamine through a stable aminyl radical. The nitrenium ion exhibits characteristic features such as a singlet ground state, enhanced double-bond character of the central C-N bonds, no reactivity toward water and methanol, and negative solvatochromic behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gan MM, Liu JQ, Zhang L, Wang YY, Hahn FE, Han YF. Preparation and Post-Assembly Modification of Metallosupramolecular Assemblies from Poly(N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Ligands. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9587-9641. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Gan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - F. Ekkehardt Hahn
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Shimizu D, Fujimoto K, Osuka A. Stable Diporphyrinylaminyl Radical and Nitrenium Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu Y, Ma X, Liu Y, Liu P, Dai B. Synthesis of α-arylalkylferrocenes through cesium fluoride-promoted coupling of arylboronic acids with N-tosylhydrazones. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1428816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| |
Collapse
|