1
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Pünner F, Sohtome Y, Lyu Y, Hashizume D, Akakabe M, Yoshimura M, Yashiroda Y, Yoshida M, Sodeoka M. Catalytic Aerobic Carbooxygenation for the Construction of Vicinal Tetrasubstituted Centers: Application to the Synthesis of Hexasubstituted γ-Lactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405876. [PMID: 39031750 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Strategic design for the construction of contiguous tetrasubstituted carbon centers represents a daunting challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we report a combined experimental and computational investigation aimed at developing catalytic aerobic carbooxygenation, involving the intramolecular addition of tertiary radicals to geminally disubstituted alkenes, followed by aerobic oxygenation. This reaction provides a straightforward route to various α,α,β,β-tetrasubstituted γ-lactones, which can be readily transformed into hexasubstituted γ-lactones through allylation/translactonization. Computational analysis reveals that the key mechanistic foundation for achieving the developed aerobic carbooxygenation involves the design of endothermic (energetically uphill) C-C bond formation followed by exothermic (energetically downhill) oxygenation. Furthermore, we highlight a unique fluorine-induced stereoelectronic effect that stabilizes the endothermic stereodetermining transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pünner
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
- Catalysis and Integrated Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sohtome
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
- Catalysis and Integrated Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
- Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory Department of Applied Chemistry College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yanzong Lyu
- Catalysis and Integrated Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Materials Characterization Support Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mai Akakabe
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
- Catalysis and Integrated Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mami Yoshimura
- Molecular Ligand Target Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoko Yashiroda
- Molecular Ligand Target Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
- Catalysis and Integrated Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
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2
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Pal A, Ganguly A, Wei P, Barman SR, Chang C, Lin Z. Construction of Triboelectric Series and Chirality Detection of Amino Acids Using Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307266. [PMID: 38032132 PMCID: PMC10811508 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Triboelectrification necessitates a frictional interaction between two materials, and their contact electrification is characteristically based on the polarity variance in the triboelectric series. Utilizing this fundamental advantage of the triboelectric phenomenon, different materials can be identified according to their contact electrification capability. Herein, an in-depth analysis of the amino acids present in the stratum corneum of human skin is performed and these are quantified regarding triboelectric polarization. The principal focus of this study lies in analyzing and identifying the amino acids present in copious amounts in the stratum corneum to explain their positive behavior during the contact electrification process. Thus, an augmented triboelectric series of amino acids with quantified triboelectric charging polarity by scrutinizing the transfer charge, work function, and atomic percentage is presented. Furthermore, the chirality of aspartic acid as it is most susceptible to racemization with clear consequences on the human skin is detected. The study is expected to accelerate research exploiting triboelectrification and provide valuable information on the surface properties and biological activities of these important biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Pal
- International Intercollegiate PhD ProgramNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Anindita Ganguly
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Po‐Han Wei
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Snigdha Roy Barman
- International Intercollegiate PhD ProgramNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Chih Chang
- Department of Applied ChemistryNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung University1001 University RoadHsinchu30010Taiwan
| | - Zong‐Hong Lin
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
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3
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Li G, Shi S, Qian J, Norton JR, Xu GX, Liu JR, Hong X. Kinetics of H· Transfer from CpCr(CO) 3H to Various Enamides: Application to Construction of Pyrrolidines. JACS AU 2023; 3:3366-3373. [PMID: 38155656 PMCID: PMC10751771 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The rate constants kH (kD) have been determined at 27 °C for H· (D·) transfer from CpCr(CO)3H(D) to the C=C bonds of various enamides. This process leads to the formation of α-amino radicals. Vinyl enamides with N-alkyl and N-phenyl substituents have proven to be good H· acceptors, with rate constants close to those of styrene and methyl methacrylate. A methyl substituent on the incipient radical site decreases kH by a factor of 4; a methyl substituent on the carbon that will receive the H· decreases kH by a factor of 380. The measured kH values indicate that these α-amino radicals can be used for the cyclization of enamides to pyrrolidines. A vanadium hydride, HV(CO)4(dppe), has proven more effective at the cyclization of enamides than Cr or Co hydrides-presumably because the weakness of the V-H bond leads to faster H· transfer. The use of the vanadium hydride is operationally simple, employs mild reaction conditions, and has a broad substrate scope. Calculations have confirmed that H· transfer is the slowest step in these cyclization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchen Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shicheng Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jin Qian
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack R. Norton
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Guo-Xiong Xu
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ji-Ren Liu
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang
Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province , China
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China
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4
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Songsri S, Harkiss AH, Sutherland A. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Charge-Transfer-Based Pyrimidine-Derived α-Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13214-13224. [PMID: 37621156 PMCID: PMC10507667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The four-step synthesis of fluorescent pyrimidine-derived α-amino acids from an l-aspartic acid derivative is described. The key synthetic steps involved preparation of ynone intermediates via the reaction of alkynyl lithium salts with a Weinreb amide, followed by an ytterbium-catalyzed heterocyclization reaction with amidines. Variation of substituents at the C2- and C4-position of the pyrimidine ring allowed tuning of the photoluminescent properties of the α-amino acids. This revealed that a combination of highly conjugated or electron-rich aryl substituents with the π-deficient pyrimidine motif resulted in fluorophores with the highest quantum yields and overall brightness. Further analysis of the most fluorogenic α-amino acid demonstrated solvatochromism and sensitivity to pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sineenard Songsri
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander H. Harkiss
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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5
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McGrory R, Clarke R, Marshall O, Sutherland A. Fluorescent α-amino acids via Heck-Matsuda reactions of phenylalanine-derived arenediazonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6932-6939. [PMID: 37580965 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The Heck-Matsuda coupling reaction of arenediazonium salts derived from L-phenylalanine with various alkenes has been developed. A two-step process involving the preparation of a tetrafluoroborate diazonium salt from a 4-aminophenylalanine derivative, followed by a palladium(0)-catalysed Heck-Matsuda coupling reaction allowed access to a range of unnatural α-amino acids with cinnamate, vinylsulfone and stilbene side-chains. Analysis of the photophysical properties of these unnatural α-amino acids demonstrated that the (E)-stilbene analogues exhibited fluorescent properties with red-shifted absorption and emission spectra and larger quantum yields than L-phenylalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle McGrory
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Rebecca Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Olivia Marshall
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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6
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Abstract
Endogenous photosensitizers play a critical role in both beneficial and harmful light-induced transformations in biological systems. Understanding their mode of action is essential for advancing fields such as photomedicine, photoredox catalysis, environmental science, and the development of sun care products. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of endogenous photosensitizers in human skin, investigating the connections between their electronic excitation and the subsequent activation or damage of organic biomolecules. We gather the physicochemical and photochemical properties of key endogenous photosensitizers and examine the relationships between their chemical reactivity, location within the skin, and the primary biochemical events following solar radiation exposure, along with their influence on skin physiology and pathology. An important take-home message of this review is that photosensitization allows visible light and UV-A radiation to have large effects on skin. The analysis presented here unveils potential causes for the continuous increase in global skin cancer cases and emphasizes the limitations of current sun protection approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick L Bastos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank H Quina
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Dong Y, Meng X, Gnawali G, Chang M, Wang W. Photoredox Catalytic Installation of an Alkyl/Aryl Side Chain and Deuterium into ( S)-Methyleneoxazolidinone: Synthesis of Enantioenriched α-Deuterated α-Amino Acid Derivatives. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37326373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A photoredox catalytic asymmetric method has been established for the installation of both aliphatic and aromatic side chains and the introduction of deuterium into the chiral methyleneoxazolidinone simultaneously. Efficient coupling of readily available boronic acids with the chiral auxiliary delivers structurally diverse α-deuterated α-amino acid derivatives with a high level of diastereoselectivity and deuteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Giri Gnawali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Mengyang Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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8
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Zhu K, Ma Y, Wu Z, Wu J, Lu Y. Energy-Transfer-Enabled Regioconvergent Alkylation of Azlactones via Photocatalytic Radical–Radical Coupling. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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9
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Peltier JL, Serrato MR, Thery V, Pecaut J, Tomás-Mendivil E, Bertrand G, Jazzar R, Martin D. An air-stable radical with a redox-chameleonic amide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:595-598. [PMID: 36524847 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An air-stable (amino)(amido)radical was synthesized by reacting a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene with carbazoyl chloride, followed by one-electron reduction. We show that an adjacent radical center weakens the amide bond. It enables the amino group to act as a strong acceptor under steric contraint, thus enhancing the stabilizing capto-dative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Peltier
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
| | - Melinda R Serrato
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
| | - Valentin Thery
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, Grenoble 38000, France.
| | - Jacques Pecaut
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, UMR 5819, Grenoble 38000, France
| | | | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA
| | - David Martin
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, Grenoble 38000, France.
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10
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Song HY, Kim KI, Han JM, Park WY, Seo HS, Lim S, Byun EB. Ionizing radiation technology to improve the physicochemical and biological properties of natural compounds by molecular modification: A review. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Suktanarak P, Leeladee P, Tuntulani T. Oxidative ligand cleavage in a copper(
II
) complex containing aniline moiety induced by copper(
II
) perchlorate in acetonitrile. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pattira Suktanarak
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences Thailand National Sports University Lampang Campus Lampang Thailand
| | - Pannee Leeladee
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Thawatchai Tuntulani
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
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12
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Visible-light-mediated catalyst-free synthesis of unnatural α-amino acids and peptide macrocycles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6873. [PMID: 34824205 PMCID: PMC8617070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The visible light induced, photocatalysts or photoabsorbing EDA complexes mediated cleavage of pyridinium C-N bond were reported in the past years. Here, we report an ionic compound promote homolytic cleavage of pyridinium C-N bond by exploiting the photonic energy from visible light. This finding is successfully applied in deaminative hydroalkylation of a series of alkenes including naturally occurring dehydroalanine, which provides an efficient way to prepare β-alkyl substituted unnatural amino acids under mild and photocatalyst-free conditions. Importantly, by using this protocol, the deaminative cyclization of peptide backbone N-terminals is realized. Furthermore, the use of Et3N or PPh3 as reductants and H2O as hydrogen atom source is a practical advantage. We anticipate that our protocol will be useful in peptide synthesis and modern peptide drug discovery.
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13
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Venugopal N, Moser J, Vojtíčková M, Císařová I, König B, Jahn U. Single Electron Transfer‐Induced Selective α‐Oxygenation of Glycine Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navyasree Venugopal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Moser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Margaréta Vojtíčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 8 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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14
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Hsiao YT, Beadle J, Pascoe C, Annadate R, Vederas JC. Decarboxylative Radical Addition to Methylideneoxazolidinones for Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Selectively Protected Diamino Diacids. Org Lett 2021; 23:7270-7273. [PMID: 34491060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses of stereochemically pure and selectively protected diamino diacids can be achieved by redox decarboxylation of distal N-hydroxyphthalimide esters of protected aspartic, glutamic or α-aminoadipic acids via radical addition to methylideneoxazolidinones. The products are useful for solid-supported syntheses of robust bioactive carbocyclic peptide analogs. Yields of reactive primary radical addition are superior to those of more stabilized radicals, and the reaction fails if the alkylideneoxazolidinone has a methyl substituent on its terminus (i.e., 13a/13b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - Jonathan Beadle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - Cameron Pascoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - Ritesh Annadate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
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15
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Zhao J, Li X, Han YF. Air-/Heat-Stable Crystalline Carbon-Centered Radicals Derived from an Annelated N-Heterocyclic Carbene. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14428-14432. [PMID: 34469133 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic radicals are open-shell species and have been extensively applied to functional materials due to their unique physicochemical properties with unpaired electrons; however, most of them are highly reactive and short-lived. Herein, a series of stable radicals were readily accessed in two steps from a bis(imino)acenaphthene-supported N-heterocyclic carbene (IPr(BIAN)) through enhancing the delocalization of spin density. The IPr(BIAN)-based radicals 3a-c, obtained by reduction of the corresponding iminium salts 2a-c with KC8, have been spectroscopically and crystallographically (3a,c) characterized. DFT calculations indicate that increasing the electron-withdrawing properties of the para substituent on the carbene carbon atom results in the spin density evolving from the acenaphthene ring to the phenyl ring. The IPr(BIAN)-based radicals 3a-c show excellent stability: they have half-lives of 1 week in well-aerated solutions and feature a high thermal decomposition temperature up to 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, People's Republic of China
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16
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Gupta SS, Mishra V, Mukherjee MD, Saini P, Ranjan KR. Amino acid derived biopolymers: Recent advances and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:542-567. [PMID: 34384802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, amino acids (AA) have emerged as promising biomaterials for the synthesis of functional polymers. Owing to the diversity of functional groups in amino acids, various polymerization methods may be used to make a wide range of well-defined functional amino-acid/peptide-based optically active polymers with varying polymer lengths, compositions, and designs. When incorporated with chirality and self-assembly, they offer a wide range of applications and are particularly appealing in the field of drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing. There are several classes of these polymers that include polyamides (PA), polyesters (PE), poly(ester-amide)s (PEA)s, polyurethanes (PU)s, poly(depsipeptide)s (PDP)s, etc. They offer the ability to control functionality, conjugation, crosslinking, stimuli responsiveness, and tuneable mechanical/thermal properties. In this review, we present the recent advancements in the synthesis strategies for obtaining these amino acid-derived bio-macromolecules, their self-assembly properties, and the wealth of prevalent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Mishra
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, NOIDA, India.
| | | | | | - Kumar Rakesh Ranjan
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, NOIDA, India.
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17
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Merkens K, Aguilar Troyano FJ, Anwar K, Gómez-Suárez A. Synthesis of γ-Oxo-α-amino Acids via Radical Acylation with Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8448-8456. [PMID: 34060842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a highly efficient, light-mediated, deoxygenative protocol to access γ-oxo-α-amino acid derivatives. This radical methodology employs photoredox catalysis, in combination with triphenylphosphine, to generate acyl radicals from readily available (hetero)aromatic and vinylic carboxylic acids. This approach allows for the straightforward synthesis of γ-oxo-α-amino acids bearing a wide range of functional groups (e.g., Cl, CN, furan, thiophene, Bpin) in synthetically useful yields (∼60% average yield). To further highlight the utility of the methodology, several deprotection and derivatization reactions were carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Merkens
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Khadijah Anwar
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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18
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Yang L, Qiu Z, Wu J, Zhao J, Shen T, Huang X, Liu ZQ. Molecular Oxygen-Mediated Radical Alkylation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds with Boronic Acids. Org Lett 2021; 23:3207-3210. [PMID: 33821663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A direct and site-specific alkylation of (sp3)C-H bond with aliphatic boronic acid was achieved. By simply heating glycinates and amines together with alkylboronic acids under an oxygen atmosphere, a variety of unnatural α-amino acids and peptides could be obtained in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhihong Qiu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jintao Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianyou Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tong Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhong-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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19
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Aguilar Troyano FJ, Merkens K, Anwar K, Gómez‐Suárez A. Radical-Based Synthesis and Modification of Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1098-1115. [PMID: 32841470 PMCID: PMC7820943 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are key structural motifs with widespread applications in organic synthesis, biochemistry, and material sciences. Recently, with the development of milder and more versatile radical-based procedures, the use of strategies relying on radical chemistry for the synthesis and modification of AAs has gained increased attention, as they allow rapid access to libraries of novel unnatural AAs containing a wide range of structural motifs. In this Minireview, we provide a broad overview of the advancements made in this field during the last decade, focusing on methods for the de novo synthesis of α-, β-, and γ-AAs, as well as for the selective derivatisation of canonical and non-canonical α-AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kay Merkens
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität WuppertalGaussstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Khadijah Anwar
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität WuppertalGaussstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Adrián Gómez‐Suárez
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität WuppertalGaussstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
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20
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Wang Y, Deng L, Zhang X, Mou Z, Niu D. A Radical Approach to Making Unnatural Amino Acids: Conversion of C−S Bonds in Cysteine Derivatives into C−C Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Wang
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Li‐Fan Deng
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ze‐Dong Mou
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
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21
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Wang Y, Deng LF, Zhang X, Mou ZD, Niu D. A Radical Approach to Making Unnatural Amino Acids: Conversion of C−S Bonds in Cysteine Derivatives into C−C Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2155-2159. [PMID: 33022829 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Wang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li-Fan Deng
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ze-Dong Mou
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
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22
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23
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24
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Merkens K, Aguilar Troyano FJ, Djossou J, Gómez‐Suárez A. Synthesis of Unnatural α‐Amino Acid Derivatives via Light‐Mediated Radical Decarboxylative Processes. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Merkens
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | | | - Jonas Djossou
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Adrián Gómez‐Suárez
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
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25
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Matsumoto Y, Sawamura J, Murata Y, Nishikata T, Yazaki R, Ohshima T. Amino Acid Schiff Base Bearing Benzophenone Imine As a Platform for Highly Congested Unnatural α-Amino Acid Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8498-8505. [PMID: 32316721 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unnatural α-amino acids are invaluable building blocks in synthetic organic chemistry and could upgrade the function of peptides. We developed a new mode for catalytic activation of amino acid Schiff bases, serving as a platform for highly congested unnatural α-amino acid synthesis. The redox active copper catalyst enabled efficient cross-coupling to construct contiguous tetrasubstituted carbon centers. The broad functional group compatibility highlights the mildness of the present catalysis. Notably, we achieved successive β-functionalization and oxidation of amino acid Schiff bases to afford dehydroalanine derivatives bearing tetrasubstituted carbon. A three-component cross-coupling reaction of an amino acid Schiff base, alkyl bromides, and styrene derivatives demonstrated the high utility of the present method. The diastereoselective reaction was also achieved using menthol derivatives as a chiral auxiliary, delivering enantiomerically enriched α-amino acid bearing α,β-continuous tetrasubstituted carbon. The synthesized highly congested unnatural α-amino acid could be derivatized and incorporated into peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Sawamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yumi Murata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishikata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Ryo Yazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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26
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Ji P, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Huang H, Wei Y, Wang W. Synthesis of Enantioenriched α-Deuterated α-Amino Acids Enabled by an Organophotocatalytic Radical Approach. Org Lett 2020; 22:1557-1562. [PMID: 32045253 PMCID: PMC7936574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A mild, versatile organophotoredox protocol has been developed for the preparation of diverse, enantioenriched α-deuterated α-amino acids. Distinct from the well-established two-electron transformations, this radical-based strategy offers the unrivaled capacity of the convergent unification of readily accessible feedstock carboxylic acids and a chiral methyleneoxazolidinone fragment and the simultaneous highly diastereo-, chemo-, and regioselective incorporation of deuterium. Furthermore, the approach has addressed the long-standing challenge of the installation of sterically demanding side chains into α-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Yueteng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Yue Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - He Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Yongyi Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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27
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Roohi H, Moghadam B. Decomposition mechanism of the phenylaminyl C6H5N H radical to propargyl and acetylene: A M06-2X, CBS-QB3 and G4 study. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Bell JD, Morgan TEF, Buijs N, Harkiss AH, Wellaway CR, Sutherland A. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Benzotriazole-Derived Unnatural α-Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10436-10448. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Bell
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Timaeus E. F. Morgan
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Ned Buijs
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Alexander H. Harkiss
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Christopher R. Wellaway
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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29
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Horn A, Kazmaier U. Stereoselective Modification of N-(α-Hydroxyacyl)-glycinesters via Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation. Org Lett 2019; 21:4595-4599. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Horn
- Organic Chemistry I, Saarland University, Campus, Building C4.2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Organic Chemistry I, Saarland University, Campus, Building C4.2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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30
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Ticconi B, Mazzonna M, Lanzalunga O, Lapi A. Oxidation of α-amino acids promoted by the phthalimide N-oxyl radical: A kinetic and product study. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Minkoff BB, Bruckbauer ST, Sabat G, Cox MM, Sussman MR. Covalent Modification of Amino Acids and Peptides Induced by Ionizing Radiation from an Electron Beam Linear Accelerator Used in Radiotherapy. Radiat Res 2019; 191:447-459. [PMID: 30849023 PMCID: PMC6506356 DOI: 10.1667/rr15288.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To identify modifications to amino acids that are directly induced by ionizing radiation, free amino acids and 3-residue peptides were irradiated using a linear accelerator (Linac) radiotherapy device. Mass spectrometry was performed to detail the relative sensitivity to radiation as well as identify covalent, radiation-dependent adducts. The order of reactivity of the 20 common amino acids was generally in agreement with published literature except for His (most reactive of the 20) and Cys (less reactive). Novel and previously identified modifications on the free amino acids were detected. Amino acids were far less reactive when flanked by glycine residues in a tripeptide. Order of reactivity, with GVG most and GEG least, was substantially altered, as were patterns of modification. Radiation reactivity of amino acids is clearly and strongly affected by conversion of the α-amino and α-carboxyl groups to peptide bonds, and the presence of neighboring amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. Minkoff
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Steven T. Bruckbauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Grzegorz Sabat
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Michael M. Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Michael R. Sussman
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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32
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Voreakos K, Devel L, Georgiadis D. Late-Stage Diversification of Phosphinic Dehydroalanine Pseudopeptides Based on a Giese-Type Radical C-Alkylation Strategy. Org Lett 2019; 21:4397-4401. [PMID: 30933530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward, late-stage diversification strategy for the installation of side chains on readily accessible unsaturated phosphinopeptidic scaffolds based on a Giese-type addition of alkyl radicals has been investigated. Among different alternatives, the preferred methodology is operationally simple as it can be carried out in an open flask with no need for protection of acidic moieties. Direct application to the synthesis of SPPS-compatible building blocks or to longer peptides is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Voreakos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Laurent Devel
- CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO) , Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette 91190 , France
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
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33
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Chowdhury S, Vaishnav R, Panwar N, Haq W. Regioselective β-Csp 3-Arylation of β-Alanine: An Approach for the Exclusive Synthesis of Diverse β-Aryl-β-amino Acids. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2512-2522. [PMID: 30714366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An approach for the synthesis of a variety of new β-aryl-β-amino acids has been developed via a palladium-catalyzed auxiliary-directed regioselective Csp3-H arylation of the unactivated β-methylene bond of β-alanine. The use of 8-aminoquinoline amide as an auxiliary efficiently directs the desired regioselective β-Csp3-H functionalization. The developed protocol enables the easy and straightforward access to several high-value β-aryl-β-amino acids useful for peptide engineering, starting from inexpensive and readily available β-alanine precursors in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushobhan Chowdhury
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow - 226031 , India
| | - Roopal Vaishnav
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow - 226031 , India
| | - Namita Panwar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow - 226031 , India
| | - Wahajul Haq
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow - 226031 , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi 11000 , India
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34
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Harkiss AH, Bell JD, Knuhtsen A, Jamieson AG, Sutherland A. Synthesis and Fluorescent Properties of β-Pyridyl α-Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2879-2890. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Harkiss
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Bell
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Jamieson
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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35
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Li Y, Ma F, Li P, Miao T, Wang L. Hydrogen and Sulfonyl Radical Generation for the Hydrogenation and Arylsulfonylation of Alkenes Driven by Photochemical Activity of Hydrogen Bond Donor‐Acceptor Complexes. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of ChemistryHuaibei Normal University, Huaibei Anhui 235000 People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Ma
- Department of ChemistryHuaibei Normal University, Huaibei Anhui 235000 People's Republic of China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Department of ChemistryHuaibei Normal University, Huaibei Anhui 235000 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Miao
- Department of ChemistryHuaibei Normal University, Huaibei Anhui 235000 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of ChemistryHuaibei Normal University, Huaibei Anhui 235000 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
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36
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Liu Y, Wang QL, Chen Z, Zhou CS, Xiong BQ, Zhang PL, Yang CA, Zhou Q. Oxidative radical ring-opening/cyclization of cyclopropane derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:256-278. [PMID: 30800176 PMCID: PMC6369981 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ring-opening/cyclization of cyclopropane derivatives has drawn great attention in the past several decades. In this review, recent efforts in the development of oxidative radical ring-opening/cyclization of cyclopropane derivatives, including methylenecyclopropanes, cyclopropyl olefins and cyclopropanols, are described. We hope this review will be of sufficient interest for the scientific community to further advance the application of oxidative radical strategies in the ring-opening/cyclization of cyclopropane derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, P. R. China
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, P. R. China
| | - Cong-Shan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, P. R. China
| | - Bi-Quan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, P. R. China
| | - Pan-Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, P. R. China
| | - Chang-An Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, P. R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, P. R. China
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37
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Chan B, Radom L. An ONIOM investigation of the effect of conformation on bond dissociation energies in peptides. J Comput Chem 2018; 40:82-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering Nagasaki University Bunkyo 1‐14, Nagasaki‐shi, Nagasaki, 852‐8521 Japan
| | - Leo Radom
- School of Chemistry University of Sydney New South Wales, 2006 Australia
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38
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Li Y, Li JH. Decarbonylative Formation of Homoallyl Radical Capable of Annulation with N-Arylpropiolamides via Aldehyde Auto-oxidation. Org Lett 2018; 20:5323-5326. [PMID: 30146885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new metal-free aldehyde auto-oxidation strategy that allows the decarbonylative formation of homoallyl radical capable of cascade annulations with alkynes is described. By using various N-arylpropiolamides, the oxidative radical [3 + 2]/[5 + 2] cascade annulation reaction was achieved to produce benzo[ b]cyclopenta[ e]azepin-4(1 H)-ones, which represent a powerful new platform for the intermolecular cycloadditions of alkyne with broad substrate scope and high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle , Nanchang Hangkong University , Nanchang 330063 , China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle , Nanchang Hangkong University , Nanchang 330063 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
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39
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Brandhofer T, García Mancheño O. Site-Selective C-H Bond Activation/Functionalization of Alpha-Amino Acids and Peptide-Like Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Brandhofer
- Organic Chemistry Institute; Münster University; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry Institute; Münster University; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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40
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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41
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Ticconi B, Colcerasa A, Di Stefano S, Lanzalunga O, Lapi A, Mazzonna M, Olivo G. Oxidative functionalization of aliphatic and aromatic amino acid derivatives with H 2O 2 catalyzed by a nonheme imine based iron complex. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19144-19151. [PMID: 35539690 PMCID: PMC9080596 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02879f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of a series of N-acetyl amino acid methyl esters with H2O2 catalyzed by a very simple iminopyridine iron(ii) complex 1 easily obtainable in situ by self-assembly of 2-picolylaldehyde, 2-picolylamine, and Fe(OTf)2 was investigated. Oxidation of protected aliphatic amino acids occurs at the α-C–H bond exclusively (N-AcAlaOMe) or in competition with the side-chain functionalization (N-AcValOMe and N-AcLeuOMe). N-AcProOMe is smoothly and cleanly oxidized with high regioselectivity affording exclusively C-5 oxidation products. Remarkably, complex 1 is also able to catalyze the oxidation of the aromatic N-AcPheOMe. A marked preference for the aromatic ring hydroxylation over Cα–H and benzylic C–H oxidation was observed, leading to the clean formation of tyrosine and its phenolic isomers. Amino acid derivatives are oxidized by the 1/H2O2 system. A marked preference for the aromatic over Cα–H and benzylic C–H oxidation is observed with phenylalanine.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ticconi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Arianna Colcerasa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Osvaldo Lanzalunga
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Andrea Lapi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Marco Mazzonna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" P.le A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi 17071 Girona Spain
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42
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Chan B, Easton CJ, Radom L. Effect of Hydrogen Bonding and Partial Deprotonation on the Oxidation of Peptides. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1741-1746. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bun Chan
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Easton
- Research
School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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43
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Regnier V, Molton F, Philouze C, Martin D. An air-persistent oxyallyl radical cation with simple di(methyl)amino substituents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:11422-11425. [PMID: 27722255 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report an experimental and theoretical study of the 1,1,3,3-tetrakis-di(methylamino)oxyallyl radical cation. Despite simple substituents with minimal steric hindrance, this radical was found to be stable under an inert atmosphere and persistent for several hours in well-aerated solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Regnier
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250, Université Grenoble-Alpes B. P. 53, 38041 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France.
| | - Florian Molton
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250, Université Grenoble-Alpes B. P. 53, 38041 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France.
| | - Christian Philouze
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250, Université Grenoble-Alpes B. P. 53, 38041 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France.
| | - David Martin
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 5250, Université Grenoble-Alpes B. P. 53, 38041 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France.
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44
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Pipitone LM, Carboni G, Sorrentino D, Galeotti M, Salamone M, Bietti M. Enhancing Reactivity and Site-Selectivity in Hydrogen Atom Transfer from Amino Acid C–H Bonds via Deprotonation. Org Lett 2018; 20:808-811. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maria Pipitone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Carboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Sorrentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche, Università “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy
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45
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Yu CP, Gerlei KZ, Rágyanszki A, Jensen SJK, Viskolcz B, Csizmadia IG. Reactivity of Ala-Gly dipeptide with β-turn secondary structure. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Mahoney JK, Regnier V, Romero EA, Molton F, Royal G, Jazzar R, Martin D, Bertrand G. The serendipitous discovery of a readily available redox-bistable molecule derived from cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbenes. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00447a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple redox bistable system is available in one step from a stable carbene and a bis(acyl chloride).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janell K. Mahoney
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Vianney Regnier
- UMR CNRS 5250
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- Université Grenoble-Alpes
- 38058 GRENOBLE cedex 9
- France
| | - Erik A. Romero
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Florian Molton
- UMR CNRS 5250
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- Université Grenoble-Alpes
- 38058 GRENOBLE cedex 9
- France
| | - Guy Royal
- UMR CNRS 5250
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- Université Grenoble-Alpes
- 38058 GRENOBLE cedex 9
- France
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - David Martin
- UMR CNRS 5250
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- Université Grenoble-Alpes
- 38058 GRENOBLE cedex 9
- France
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
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47
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Chan B, Radom L. Modelling the Effect of Conformation on Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction from Peptides. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Computational quantum chemistry is used to examine the effect of conformation on the kinetics of hydrogen-atom abstraction by HO• from amides of glycine and proline as peptide models. In accord with previous findings, it is found that there are substantial variations possible in the conformations and the corresponding energies, with the captodative effect, hydrogen bonding, and solvation being some of the major features that contribute to the variations. The ‘minimum-energy-structure-pathway’ strategy that is often employed in theoretical studies of peptide chemistry with small models certainly provides valuable fundamental information. However, one may anticipate different reaction outcomes in structurally constrained systems due to modified reaction thermodynamics and kinetics, as demonstrated explicitly in the present study. Thus, using a ‘consistent-conformation-pathway’ approach may indeed be more informative in such circumstances, and in this regard theory provides information that would be difficult to obtain from experimental studies alone.
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48
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Mu X, Lau JKC, Lai CK, Siu KWM, Hopkinson AC, Chu IK. Isomerization versus dissociation of phenylalanylglycyltryptophan radical cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [PMID: 28631796 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02355c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four isomers of the radical cation of tripeptide phenylalanylglycyltryptophan, in which the initial location of the radical center is well defined, have been isolated and their collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra examined. These ions, the π-centered [FGWπ˙]+, α-carbon- [FGα˙W]+, N-centered [FGWN˙]+ and ζ-carbon- [Fζ˙GW]+ radical cations, were generated via collision-induced dissociation (CID) of transition metal-ligand-peptide complexes, side chain fragmentation of a π-centered radical cation, homolytic cleavage of a labile nitrogen-nitrogen single bond, and laser induced dissociation of an iodinated peptide, respectively. The π-centered and tryptophan N-centered peptide radical cations produced almost identical CID spectra, despite the different locations of their initial radical sites, which indicated that interconversion between the π-centered and tryptophan N-centered radical cations is facile. By contrast, the α-carbon-glycyl radical [FGα˙W]+, and ζ-phenyl radical [Fζ˙GW]+, featured different dissociation product ions, suggesting that the interconversions among α-carbon, π-centered (or tryptophan N-centered) and ζ-carbon-radical cations have higher barriers than those to dissociation. Density functional theory calculations have been used to perform systematic mechanistic investigations on the interconversions between these isomers and to study selected fragmentation pathways for these isomeric peptide radical cations. The results showed that the energy barrier for interconversion between [FGWπ˙]+ and [FGWN˙]+ is only 31.1 kcal mol-1, much lower than the barriers to their dissociation (40.3 kcal mol-1). For the [FGWπ˙]+, [FGα˙W]+, and [Fζ˙GW]+, the barriers to interconversion are higher than those to dissociation, suggesting that interconversions among these isomers are not competitive with dissociations. The [z3 - H]˙+ ions isolated from [FGα˙W]+ and [Fζ˙GW]+ show distinctly different fragmentation patterns, indicating that the structures of these ions are different and this result is supported by the DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Mu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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49
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Mu X, Song T, Siu CK, Chu IK. Tautomerization and Dissociation of Molecular Peptide Radical Cations. CHEM REC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Mu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Ivan K. Chu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
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50
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Mahoney JK, Jazzar R, Royal G, Martin D, Bertrand G. The Advantages of Cyclic Over Acyclic Carbenes To Access Isolable Capto-Dative C-Centered Radicals. Chemistry 2017; 23:6206-6212. [PMID: 28105672 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A cyclic and an acyclic di(amino)carbene as well as a cyclic and an acyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene cleanly react with benzoyl chloride to give the corresponding adducts 1+cyc , 1+acy , 2+cyc , and 2+acy , respectively. The reduction of 1+cyc and 2+cyc derived from cyclic carbenes affords the corresponding radicals 1cyc and 2cyc that are stable at room temperature. In contrast, radicals 1acy and 2acy , derived from acyclic carbenes, cannot be isolated. It is shown that 1acy is as thermodynamically stabilized as its cyclic counterpart 1cyc , but its instability is the result of β-hydrogens of the nitrogen substituent, along with the enhanced flexibility around C-N bonds, which allow for a H. -migration-elimination process. Radical 2acy is thermodynamically unstable, and undergoes disproportionation into the corresponding iminium 2+acy and enolate 2-acy . This is due to the excessive steric hindrance, which prevents electron-delocalization on the NCCO fragment, and thus, the capto-dative stabilization. This work suggests general guidelines for the design of highly persistent (amino)(carboxy)radicals, especially by emphasizing the key advantage of cyclic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janell K Mahoney
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Rodolphe Jazzar
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Guy Royal
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 5250), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - David Martin
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 5250), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0358, USA
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