1
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Möbitz H, Dittrich B, Rodde S, Strang R. Nonclassical Zwitterions as a Design Principle to Reduce Lipophilicity without Impacting Permeability. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9485-9494. [PMID: 38747896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The ionization of bioactive molecules impacts many ADME-relevant physicochemical properties, in particular, solubility, lipophilicity, and permeability. Ampholytes contain both acidic and basic groups and are distinguished as ordinary ampholytes and zwitterions. An influential review states that zwitterions only exist if the acidic pKa is significantly lower than the basic pKa. Through concordance of measured and calculated pKa and log P, we show that the zwitterionic behavior of several marketed drugs and natural products occurs despite a low or negative ΔpKa. These nonclassical zwitterions are characterized by a weak acidic and basic pKa and conjugation through an extended aromatic system, often including pseudorings via intramolecular hydrogen bonds. In contrast to most classical zwitterions, nonclassical zwitterions can exhibit excellent permeability. As permeability and lipophilicity are typically correlated, the combination of low lipophilicity and high permeability makes nonclassical zwitterions an attractive design principle in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Möbitz
- Novartis BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ross Strang
- Novartis BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Betzemeier B, Braun C, Sieger P, Heckel A, Linz G, Linehan B, Veser T, Wiedenmayer D, Kley JT. Discovery and development of BI 1265162, an ENaC inhibitor for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116038. [PMID: 38157597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lung selective inhibition of the endothelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a potential mutation agnostic treatment of Cystic Fibrosis (CF). We describe the discovery and development of BI 1265162, the first ENaC inhibitor devoid of the amiloride structural motif that entered clinical trials. The design of BI 1265162 focused on its suitability for inhalation via the Respimat® Soft Mist™ Inhaler and a long duration of action. A convergent and scalable route for the synthesis of BI 1265162 as dihydrogen phosphate salt is presented, that was applied to support clinical trials. A phase 2 study with BI 1265162 did not provide a clear sign of clinical benefit. Whether ENaC inhibition will be able to hold its promise for CF patients remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Betzemeier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Chemical Development Germany, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Clemens Braun
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Discovery Sciences Germany, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Peter Sieger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Discovery Sciences Germany, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Armin Heckel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Medicinal Chemistry Germany, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Günter Linz
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Chemical Development Germany, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Brian Linehan
- Material & Analytical Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ridgefield, 06877, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas Veser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Medicinal Chemistry Germany, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Dieter Wiedenmayer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Medicinal Chemistry Germany, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Jörg T Kley
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Medicinal Chemistry Germany, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riß, Germany.
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3
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Verma C, Dubey S, Bose R, Alfantazi A, Ebenso EE, Rhee KY. Zwitterions and betaines as highly soluble materials for sustainable corrosion protection: Interfacial chemistry and bonding with metal surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103091. [PMID: 38281394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The primary requirements for interfacial adsorption and corrosion inhibition are solubility and the existence of polar functional groups, particularly charges. Traditional organic inhibitors have a solubility issue due to the hydrophobic moieties they incorporate. Most documented organic inhibitors have aromatic rings, hydrocarbon chains, and a few functional groups. The excellent solubility and high efficacy of zwitterions and betaines make them the perfect replacements for insoluble corrosion inhibitors. Zwitterions and betaines are more easily soluble because of interactions between their positive and negative charges (-COO-, -PO3-, -NH3, -NHR2, -NH2R, -SO3- etc.) and the polar solvents. The positive and negative charges also aid these molecules' physical and chemical adsorption at the metal-electrolyte interfaces. They develop a corrosion-inhibiting layer through their adsorption. After becoming adsorbed at the metal-electrolyte interface, they act as mixed-type inhibitors, slowing both cathodic and anodic processes. They usually adsorb according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. In this article, the corrosion inhibition potential of zwitterions and betaines in the aqueous phase, as well as their mode of action, are reviewed. This article details the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing zwitterions and betaines for sustainable corrosion protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrabhan Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Shikha Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar 246174, Garhwal, India
| | - Ranjith Bose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Akram Alfantazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eno E Ebenso
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 445-701, South Korea.
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4
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Mora AK, Hundani PZ, Nath S. Contrasting complexation behaviour of zwitterionic amyloid probe, SYPRO orange with β-cyclodextrin and captisol. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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5
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Gardner I, Xu M, Han C, Wang Y, Jiao X, Jamei M, Khalidi H, Kilford P, Neuhoff S, Southall R, Turner DB, Musther H, Jones B, Taylor S. Non-specific binding of compounds in in vitro metabolism assays: a comparison of microsomal and hepatocyte binding in different species and an assessment of the accuracy of prediction models. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:943-956. [PMID: 36222269 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2132426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-specific binding in in vitro metabolism systems leads to an underestimation of the true intrinsic metabolic clearance of compounds being studied. Therefore in vitro binding needs to be accounted for when extrapolating in vitro data to predict the in vivo metabolic clearance of a compound. While techniques exist for experimentally determining the fraction of a compound unbound in in vitro metabolism systems, early in drug discovery programmes computational approaches are often used to estimate the binding in the in vitro system.Experimental fraction unbound data (n = 60) were generated in liver microsomes (fumic) from five commonly used pre-clinical species (rat, mouse, dog, minipig, monkey) and humans. Unbound fraction in incubations with mouse, rat or human hepatocytes was determined for the same 60 compounds. These data were analysed to determine the relationship between experimentally determined binding in the different matrices and across different species. In hepatocytes there was a good correlation between fraction unbound in human and rat (r2=0.86) or mouse (r2=0.82) hepatocytes. Similar correlations were observed between binding in human liver microsomes and microsomes from rat, mouse, dog, Göttingen minipig or monkey liver microsomes (r2 of >0.89, n = 51 - 52 measurements in different species). Physicochemical parameters (logP, pKa and logD) were predicted for all evaluated compounds. In addition, logP and/or logD were measured for a subset of compounds.Binding to human hepatocytes predicted using 5 different methods was compared to the measured data for a set of 59 compounds. The best methods evaluated used measured microsomal binding in human liver microsomes to predict hepatocyte binding. The collated physicochemical data were used to predict the human fumic using four different in silico models for a set of 53-60 compounds. The correlation (r2) and root mean square error between predicted and observed microsomal binding was 0.69 & 0.20, 0.47 & 0.23, 0.56 & 0.21 and 0.54 & 0.26 for the Turner-Simcyp, Austin, Hallifax-Houston and Poulin models, respectively. These analyses were extended to include measured literature values for binding in human liver microsomes for a larger set of compounds (n=697). For the larger dataset of compounds, microsomal binding was well predicted for neutral compounds (r2=0.67 - 0.70) using the Poulin, Austin, or Turner-Simcyp methods but not for acidic or basic compounds (r2<0.5) using any of the models. While the lipophilicity-based models can be used, the in vitro binding should be measured for compounds where more certainty is needed, using appropriately calibrated assays and possibly established weak, moderate, and strong binders as reference compounds to allow comparison across databases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandy Xu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Peter Kilford
- Certara UK Ltd., Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Labcorp Drug Development, Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Barry Jones
- Pharmaron UK, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Taylor
- Pharmaron UK, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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6
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Asnin L, Herciková J, Lindner W, Klimova Y, Ziganshina D, Reshetova E, Kohout M. Chiral separation of dipeptides on Cinchona-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phases under buffer-free reversed-phase conditions. Chirality 2022; 34:1065-1077. [PMID: 35596543 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chiral zwitterion ion exchangers represent efficient chiral stationary phases for stereoselective resolution of various analytes including chiral acids, bases, and zwitterions. In this contribution, we have focused on utilization of chiral zwitterionic sorbents, denoted as ZWIX (+A) and ZWIX (-A). These are analogical chiral systems to commercially available columns, Chiralpak ZWIX (+) and Chiralpak ZWIX (-), which are usually operated with buffered mobile phases. In this contribution, we have studied the enantiorecognition power of the ZWIX (+A) and ZWIX (-A) columns on a series of dipeptides operated under buffer-free reversed-phase conditions. Retention characteristics of zwitterionic dipeptides are discussed using an electrostatically driven adsorption model, which provides a good fit with both monotonous and U-shaped curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Asnin
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
| | - Jana Herciková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Lindner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yana Klimova
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
| | - Daria Ziganshina
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
| | - Elena Reshetova
- Institute of Technical Chemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - Michal Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Czyrski A. The spectrophotometric determination of lipophilicity and dissociation constants of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 265:120343. [PMID: 34500409 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilicity plays a significant role in the permeability of the drugs through cell membranes and impacts the drug activity in the human body. In this paper, the spectrophotometric method was used to determine the apparent partition coefficients of two amphoteric drugs: ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. The apparent partition coefficient was determined with the classic shake-flask method with n-octanol according to OECD guidelines. The lipophilicity profiles in a wide range of pH were determined and described quantitatively with the quadratic function. Basing on the macro- and microdissociation constants, the true partition coefficient for both drugs was calculated. Both levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were lipophilic. The neutral forms, i.e., zwitterionic and uncharged, dominate in the pH relevant to the one in the intestines, the place from which they are absorbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Czyrski
- Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Święcickiego 6 Street, 60-781 Poznań, Poland.
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8
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Tanalp TD, Doğan A. The Microscopic and Tautomeric Protonation Constants of Some α-Amino Acids in Dioxane–Water Mixtures. J SOLUTION CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-021-01099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Removal of Antibiotics and Nutrients by Vetiver Grass ( Chrysopogon zizanioides) from a Plug Flow Reactor Based Constructed Wetland Model. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9040084. [PMID: 33921009 PMCID: PMC8071396 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overuse of antibiotics has resulted in widespread contamination of the environment and triggered antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not equipped to remove antibiotics. Effluents from WWTPs are usually the primary source of antibiotics in aquatic environments. There is an urgent need for cost-effective, environment-friendly technologies to address this issue. Along with antibiotics, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are also present in conventional WWTP effluents at high concentrations, causing environmental problems like eutrophication. In this study, we tested vetiver grass in a plug flow reactor-based constructed wetland model in a greenhouse setup for removing antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIP) and tetracycline (TTC), and nutrients, N and P, from secondary wastewater effluent. The constructed wetland was designed based on a previous batch reaction kinetics study and reached a steady-state in 7 days. The measured concentrations of antibiotics were generally consistent with the modeling predictions using first-order reaction kinetics. Vetiver grass significantly (p < 0.05) removed 93% and 97% of CIP and TTC (initial concentrations of 10 mg/L), simultaneously with 93% and 84% nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Results show that using vetiver grass in constructed wetlands could be a viable green technology for the removal of antibiotics and nutrients from wastewater.
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10
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Ermondi G, Vallaro M, Saame J, Toom L, Leito I, Ruiz R, Caron G. Rifampicin as an example of beyond-rule-of-5 compound: Ionization beyond water and lipophilicity beyond octanol/water. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105802. [PMID: 33716188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionization and lipophilicity in early drug discovery are commonly characterized in water and octanol/water, respectively and thus do not consider the non-polar features of the biomembrane core. This is particularly limiting for bRo5 compounds which may adapt their properties (e.g. ionization and lipophilicity) to the environment. In this paper we used experimental methods to characterize rifampicin for its ionization properties in various water/cosolvent mixtures and in pure MeCN and its lipophilicity in octanol/water and toluene/water systems. Moreover, we also measured log k'80 PLRP-S, a chromatographic index of lipophilicity in non-polar media. Results show that the existence domain of neutral rifampicin is limited compared to the zwitterion, but the lipophilic cationic species is extremely relevant in non-polar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ermondi
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Dept., Università degli Studi di Torino, via Quarello 15, Torino 10135, Italy
| | - Maura Vallaro
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Dept., Università degli Studi di Torino, via Quarello 15, Torino 10135, Italy
| | - Jaan Saame
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Lauri Toom
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Rebeca Ruiz
- Pion Inc., Forest Row Business Park, Forest Row RH18 5DW, UK
| | - Giulia Caron
- Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences Dept., Università degli Studi di Torino, via Quarello 15, Torino 10135, Italy.
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11
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Selimoğlu F, Ünal N, Ceren Ertekin Z, Dinç E. PARAFAC and MCR-ALS approaches to the pKa determination of benzoic acid and its derivatives. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 248:119253. [PMID: 33302215 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In general, the identification of biological activities of a molecule requires the observation of its physicochemical characteristics with its molecular interactions in an organism. The acid-base ionization constant (or pKa) is one of the key parameters that shows the physicochemical behaviors of molecules used in pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics etc. Therefore, the development of new methods (or approaches) is necessary to get simple, rapid, inexpensive and reliable determination of the acidity constants of active and inactive ingredients used in commercial products. In this paper, new UV spectroscopic methods were developed for the first time, by applying parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to the pH-UV spectral data arrays for determining the pKa values of benzoic acid and its five derivatives (4-fluorobenzoic acid, thiosalicylic acid, anthranilic acid, phthalic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid). The pH profiles obtained by the PARAFAC and MCR-ALS decomposition of the pH-UV data arrays were used for the quantitative estimation of the acid-base ionization constants for the investigated compounds without classical titration procedure. We concluded that the proposed PARAFAC and MCR-ALS provided us an opportunity for simple and rapid pKa determination of relevant compounds, which have functional importance in pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faysal Selimoğlu
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology, 42090 Meram, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nazangül Ünal
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zehra Ceren Ertekin
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdal Dinç
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
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12
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Mathew S, Tess D, Burchett W, Chang G, Woody N, Keefer C, Orozco C, Lin J, Jordan S, Yamazaki S, Jones R, Di L. Evaluation of Prediction Accuracy for Volume of Distribution in Rat and Human Using In Vitro, In Vivo, PBPK and QSAR Methods. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1799-1823. [PMID: 33338491 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) is an important pharmacokinetic parameter of a drug candidate. In this study, Vss prediction accuracy was evaluated by using: (1) seven methods for rat with 56 compounds, (2) four methods for human with 1276 compounds, and (3) four in vivo methods and three Kp (partition coefficient) scalar methods from scaling of three preclinical species with 125 compounds. The results showed that the global QSAR models outperformed the PBPK methods. Tissue fraction unbound (fu,t) method with adipose and muscle also provided high Vss prediction accuracy. Overall, the high performing methods for human Vss prediction are the global QSAR models, Øie-Tozer and equivalency methods from scaling of preclinical species, as well as PBPK methods with Kp scalar from preclinical species. Certain input parameter ranges rendered PBPK models inaccurate due to mass balance issues. These were addressed using appropriate theoretical limit checks. Prediction accuracy of tissue Kp were also examined. The fu,t method predicted Kp values more accurately than the PBPK methods for adipose, heart and muscle. All the methods overpredicted brain Kp and underpredicted liver Kp due to transporter effects. Successful Vss prediction involves strategic integration of in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Mathew
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Tess
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Woodrow Burchett
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - George Chang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Nathaniel Woody
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Christopher Keefer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Christine Orozco
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jian Lin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Samantha Jordan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Shinji Yamazaki
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Rhys Jones
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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13
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Dong XB, Chen L, Pan M, Huang WJ, Xiang H, Wang HP, Mo ZW, Ye JW, Zhang K, Chen XM. Intramolecular charge transfer ampholytes with water-induced pendulum-type fluorescence variation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10702-10705. [PMID: 32789365 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03835k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Triphenylimidazole-based ampholytes with intramolecular charge transfer were designed with the introduction of carboxyl groups. In solution, the synergistic solvent and ionization effects on the ampholytes led to a unique pendulum-type fluorescence variation during the water content increasing process. Among them, 4-(4,5-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzoic acid showed the most prominent three-step fluorescence switching property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Dong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529000, P. R. China.
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14
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du Plessis B, Regnier T, Combrinck S, Steenkamp P, Meyer H. Investigation of fumonisin interaction with maize macrocomponents and its bioaccessibility from porridge using the dynamic tiny-TIM gastrointestinal model. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Physicochemical Properties of Zwitterionic Drugs in Therapy. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1102-1110. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Yamauchi S, Inoue D, Sugano K. Permeation characteristics of tetracyclines in parallel artificial membrane permeation assay II: Effect of divalent metal ions and mucin. ADMET AND DMPK 2020; 8:129-138. [PMID: 35300369 PMCID: PMC8915580 DOI: 10.5599/admet.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability of tetracyclines is markedly decreased when co-administered with antacids, milk, or food containing Ca2+. Previously, it was suggested that the effective intestinal permeation of tetracycline (TC) was decreased due to Ca2+ linked mucin binding in the mucosal side. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Ca2+, Mg2+, and mucin on the membrane permeation of six tetracyclines (TC, oxytetracycline (OTC), minocycline (MINO), doxycycline (DOXY), demeclocycline (DMCTC), and chlortetracycline (CTC)). The membrane permeability values (Pe) of tetracyclines were measured by the parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA) using soybean lecithin – decane (SL–PAMPA) and octanol (OCT–PAMPA) membranes. In SL–PAMPA, Ca2+ markedly decreased the Pe values of all tetracyclines. In OCT–PAMPA, Ca2+ increased the Pe values of TC, CTC, and DMCTC, but not DOXY, OTC, and MINO. Mg2+ decreased the Pe values of all tetracyclines in both SL–PAMPA and OCT–PAMPA (except for CTC in OCT–PAMPA). The addition of mucin had little or no effect in all cases. In contrast to the previously suggested mechanism, the results of the present study suggested that Ca2+ chelate formation decreased the membrane permeation of tetracyclines, irrespective of Ca2+ linked mucin binding. Molecular speciation analysis suggested that the permeation of TC – metal chelates was negligibly small in SL-PAMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachika Yamauchi
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab., College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Inoue
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab., College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab., College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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17
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Vallaro M, Ermondi G, Caron G. Chromatographic HILIC indexes to characterize the lipophilicity of zwitterions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 145:105232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Lu Y, Anand S, Shirley W, Gedeck P, Kelley BP, Skolnik S, Rodde S, Nguyen M, Lindvall M, Jia W. Prediction of pKa Using Machine Learning Methods with Rooted Topological Torsion Fingerprints: Application to Aliphatic Amines. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:4706-4719. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yipin Lu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Shankara Anand
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - William Shirley
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Peter Gedeck
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Brian P. Kelley
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Suzanne Skolnik
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephane Rodde
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Mika Lindvall
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Weiping Jia
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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19
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Mazák K, Noszál B, Hosztafi S. Advances in the Physicochemical Profiling of Opioid Compounds of Therapeutic Interest. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:879-887. [PMID: 31312587 PMCID: PMC6610444 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in the physicochemical profiling of morphine and other opioids. The acid-base properties and lipophilicity of these compounds is discussed at the microscopic, species-specific level. Examples are provided where this type of information can reveal the mechanism of pharmacokinetic processes at the submolecular level. The role of lipophilicity in quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies of opioids is reviewed. The physicochemical properties and pharmacology of the main metabolites of morphine are also discussed. Recent studies indicate that the active metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) can contribute to the analgesic activity of systemically administered morphine. The unexpectedly high lipophilicity of M6G partly accounts for its analgesic activity. When administered parenterally, another suspected minor metabolite, morphine-6-sulfate (M6S) has superior antinociceptive effects to those of morphine. However, because sulfate esters of morphine derivatives cannot cross the blood-brain barrier these esters may be good candidates to develop peripheral analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Mazák
- Semmelweis University Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group of Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hőgyes E. u. 9. H-1092 Budapest Hungary
| | - Béla Noszál
- Semmelweis University Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group of Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hőgyes E. u. 9. H-1092 Budapest Hungary
| | - Sándor Hosztafi
- Semmelweis University Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group of Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hőgyes E. u. 9. H-1092 Budapest Hungary
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20
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Permeability prediction for zwitterions via chromatographic indexes and classification into 'certain' and 'uncertain'. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1553-1563. [PMID: 31240942 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The development of zwitterions to a drug is likely to be more challenging than compounds of other charge types. Results: Two chromatographic indexes (log k'80 PLRP-S and log KWIAM) can be successfully used as permeability classifiers of ampholytes. Moreover, a pragmatic classification into ordinary ampholytes; zwitterions 'certain' (i.e., the zwitterionic species is dominant in the physiological pH range); and zwitterions 'uncertain' (multiple species are present in the physiological pH range) enables to study the permeability of ampholytic compounds in relation to species distribution. Methodology: Potentiometry (pKa), reversed-phase (RP)-chromatography, tri-layer parallel artificial membrane permeability assays, quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) and block relevance (BR) analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Conclusion: Structures considered as poorly permeable like zwitterions can be integrated in drug discovery programs by applying ad hoc experimental and computational tools.
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21
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Yamauchi S, Sugano K. Permeation characteristics of tetracyclines in parallel artificial membrane permeation assay. ADMET AND DMPK 2019; 7:151-160. [PMID: 35350658 PMCID: PMC8957236 DOI: 10.5599/admet.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to characterize the passive permeation of tetracyclines in the parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA). Tetracyclines exist as zwitterion at physiological pH. The PAMPA membrane was prepared by impregnating a phospholipid/decane solution to a filter support. The permeation coefficient (Pe) of tetracycline (TC) was markedly affected by the lipid composition of the PAMPA membrane. No permeation was observed when phospholipid was not added (pure decane membrane, Pe < 0.05 × 10-6 cm/sec). With the addition of 2 % PC, little or no increase in Pe was observed. The addition of 1 % PE increased the Pe value more than tenfold. The addition of 2 % soybean lecithin containing phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid (PA) increased the Pe value to above 4 × 10-6 cm/sec. The Pe value was further increased to 15 × 10-6 cm/sec by increasing the concentration of soybean lecithin from 2 to 10 %. The Pe value showed pH and temperature dependence, whereas it was not affected by the ionic strength, TC concentration, and ion-pair transport inhibitors. A weak correlation was observed between the Pe values and octanol-buffer distribution coefficients of tetracyclines. These results suggest that inter-molecular interactions between TC and PE, PI and/or PA facilitate the passive diffusion of TC across the PAMPA membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachika Yamauchi
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab., College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab., College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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22
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Lysova SS, Skripnikova TA, Zevatskii YE. Algorithm for Calculating the Dissociation Constants of Ampholytes in Nonbuffer Systems. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024418050229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Popović-Nikolić MR, Popović GV, Grujić M, Nikolić KM, Agbaba DD. А theoretical study on ionization of sartans in aqueous media and on interactions with surfactant micelles. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 82:67-73. [PMID: 29704812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ionization order of sartans in aqueous media and possible way of interactions between their equilibrium forms and surfactant micelles have been theoretically investigated. The examined sartans are ampholytes (irbesartan and losartan) and a diacid (valsartan) with the close values of ionization constants. In order to get a better insight in the overlapped protolytic equilibria of sartans and to predict an affinity of the equilibrium forms interacting with micelles as biomembrane mimetic systems, the theoretical study was performed. Energy calculation of the optimized structures of the equilibrium forms was performed at the B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level of the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The results of the theoretical study helped to assign the experimentally determined pKa values to the corresponding ionizable centers and confirmed that in all examined compounds, the higher pKa values can be attributed to ionization of tetrazole. The molecular descriptor values showed that sartans interact predominantly with the micelle surfaces. The equilibrium forms of ampholytes demonstrate higher affinity to the micelles, as compared to the forms of the diprotic acid. Additionally, it was shown that the uncharged molecular forms of ampholytes are more lipophylic then their zwitterionic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija R Popović-Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Gordana V Popović
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Grujić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina M Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica D Agbaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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24
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Gunnam A, Suresh K, Ganduri R, Nangia A. Crystal engineering of a zwitterionic drug to neutral cocrystals: a general solution for floxacins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:12610-12613. [PMID: 27711455 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06627e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of zwitterionic Sparfloxacin (SPX) to the neutral form is achieved by cocrystallization. Neutral forms of drugs are important for higher membrane permeability, while zwitterions are more soluble in water. The twin advantages of higher solubility/dissolution rate and good stability of neutral SPX are achieved in a molecular cocrystal compared to its zwitterionic SPX hydrate. The amine-phenol supramolecular synthon drives cocrystal formation, with the paraben ester acting as a "proton migrator" for the ionic to neutral transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Gunnam
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli Central University P.O., Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Kuthuru Suresh
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli Central University P.O., Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Ramesh Ganduri
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ashwini Nangia
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli Central University P.O., Hyderabad 500046, India. and CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India.
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25
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Giaginis C, Tsopelas F, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A. The Impact of Lipophilicity in Drug Discovery: Rapid Measurements by Means of Reversed-Phase HPLC. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1824:217-228. [PMID: 30039409 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8630-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilicity constitutes a vital physicochemical property in drug design as it is connected with pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties as well as toxicological aspects of candidate drugs. Traditional partitioning experiments to determine n-octanol-water coefficients are laborious and time-consuming, while they cannot be reliably performed for highly lipophilic or compounds undergoing degradation. Alternatively, lipophilicity of candidate drugs can be accurately and reproducibly determined using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. In this chapter, the details of protocols for lipophilicity assessment using reversed-phase HPLC, under conditions which provide the best simulation of n-octanol-water partition coefficients, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Fotios Tsopelas
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Tsantili-Kakoulidou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens, Greece.
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26
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Mazák K, Noszál B. Passive Membrane Penetration of the Serotonin Precursor 5-Hydroxytryptophan is Controlled by Its Zwitterion. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Károly Mazák
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Hőgyes E. u. 9. H-1092 Budapest Hungary
| | - Béla Noszál
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Hőgyes E. u. 9. H-1092 Budapest Hungary
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27
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Haskali MB, Denoyer D, Noonan W, Culinane C, Rangger C, Pouliot N, Haubner R, Roselt PD, Hicks RJ, Hutton CA. Sulfonation of Tyrosine as a Method To Improve Biodistribution of Peptide-Based Radiotracers: Novel 18F-Labeled Cyclic RGD Analogues. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1169-1180. [PMID: 28191977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Control of the biodistribution of radiolabeled peptides has proven to be a major challenge in their application as imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET). Modification of peptide hydrophilicity in order to increase renal clearance has been a common endeavor to improve overall biodistribution. Herein, we examine the effect of site-specific sulfonation of tyrosine moieties in cyclic(RGDyK) peptides as a means to enhance their hydrophilicity and improve their biodistribution. The novel sulfonated cyclic(RGDyK) peptides were conjugated directly to 4-nitrophenyl 2-[18F]fluoropropionate, and the biodistribution of the radiolabeled peptides was compared with that of their nonsulfonated, clinically relevant counterparts, [18F]GalactoRGD and [18F]FPPRGD2. Site-specific sulfonation of the tyrosine residues was shown to increase hydrophilicity and improve biodistribution of the RGD peptides, despite contributing just 79 Da toward the MW, compared with 189 Da for both the "Galacto" and mini-PEG moieties, suggesting this may be a broadly applicable approach to enhancing biodistribution of radiolabeled peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B Haskali
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Delphine Denoyer
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne Noonan
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carleen Culinane
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Rangger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Normand Pouliot
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roland Haubner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter D Roselt
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Physico-chemical profiling of semisynthetic opioids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 135:97-105. [PMID: 28012310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Species-specific acid-base and partition equilibrium constants were experimentally determined for the therapeutically important semisynthetic opioid receptor agonist hydromorphone, dihydromorphine, and mixed agonist-antagonist nalorphine and nalbuphine. The acid-base microequilibria were characterized by combining pH-potentiometry and deductive methods using synthesized auxiliary compounds. Independent of the pH, there are approximately 4.8 times as many zwitterionic microspecies than non-charged ones in nalbuphine solutions, while for nalorphine it is the non-charged form that predominates by the same ratio. The non-charged microspecies is the dominant one also in the case of hydromorphone, although its concentration exceeds only 1.3 times that of its zwitterionic protonation isomer. The pH-independent partition coefficients of the individual microspecies were determined by a combination of experimentally measured, pH-dependent, conditional distribution constants and a custom-tailored evaluation method, using highly similar auxiliary compounds. The pH-independent contribution of the zwitterionic microspecies to the distribution constant is 1380, 1070, 3160 and 72,440 times smaller than that of the inherently more lipophilic non-charged one for hydromorphone, dihydromorphine, nalbuphine and nalorphine, respectively.
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29
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Silver LL. A Gestalt approach to Gram-negative entry. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6379-6389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Updating molecular properties during early drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:835-840. [PMID: 27890670 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Current multiparameter optimization (MPO) strategies make use of few experimental physicochemical descriptors (i.e., solubility at physiological pH and lipophilicity in the octanol/water system). Here, we show how new trends in drug discovery (i.e., large and flexible molecules for 'difficult' targets) call for the integration of ad hoc descriptors in MPO approaches. In particular, to rank, select, and optimize drug candidates, it could be relevant to have experimental data relating to the acid-base properties and the folding of the molecule to mask polar groups (so-called 'chameleonic' properties). We propose two strategies to quantify ionization and chameleonic properties and discuss their practical integration in property criteria profiles.
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Zonja B, Delgado A, Abad JL, Pérez S, Barceló D. Abiotic amidine and guanidine hydrolysis of lamotrigine-N2-glucuronide and related compounds in wastewater: The role of pH and N2-substitution on reaction kinetics. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 100:466-475. [PMID: 27232991 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The stability of lamotrigine (LMG) and its principal human metabolite, lamotrigine N2-glucuronide (LMG-N2-G), was studied as a function of pH (4-9). While LMG was stable across the entire pH range, under neutral-basic conditions, LMG-N2-G was converted to three transformation products (TPs) which were identified using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The MS fragmentation studies indicated that two TPs were the result of the hydrolysis of the amidine and guanidine moieties. The third TP detected was an intermediate in the guanidine hydrolysis reaction. In order to evaluate the transformation kinetics of the LMG-N2-G degradation, another set of pH-dependent experiments was carried out in hospital effluent, wastewater influent and effluent spiked at 20 and 200 nM after pH adjustment (pH 6.5, 7, 8, 8.5 and 9), demonstrating that, at higher pH, LMG-N2-G is degraded at higher rate. Later, the pH-dependent stability of related compounds with different nitrogen N2-substituents (N2-R) on the 1,2,4-triazine ring was studied. This revealed that because of different imino tautomer equilibrium LMG (N2-H) and LMG-N2-oxide ((+)N2-O(-)) were stable at all pHs but N2-methyl-LMG (N2-CH3) as well as LMG-N2-G were susceptible to amidine and guanidine hydrolysis at basic pH. Finally, hospital effluent samples collected over the course of one week were monitored for their presence. LMG, LMG-N2-G and two of its TPs were detected with concentrations ranging between 0.01 and 1 μgL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozo Zonja
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Delgado
- University of Barcelona (UB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Avga. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), IQAC-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Luis Abad
- Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), IQAC-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute of Water Research, c/Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H(2)O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, E-17003 Girona, Spain
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32
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Mazák K, Noszál B. Advances in microspeciation of drugs and biomolecules: Species-specific concentrations, acid-base properties and related parameters. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:390-403. [PMID: 27066736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of drugs and the interacting biomolecules are highly influenced by their species-specific physico-chemical properties. The first of such bio-relevant, structure-dependent properties were the species-specific acid-base constants and the co-dependent concentrations, but the past decade brought significant advances to previously uncharted territories, including the experimental determination of species-specific partition coefficients, solubilities and redox equilibrium constants. This review gives an overview of the types and definitions of species-specific physico-chemical and analytical properties. We survey the pertinent literature, the fundamental relationships, and summarize some of our recent work that enabled the determination of species-specific partition coefficients for coexisting, inseparable protonation isomers and pH-independent, microscopic redox equilibrium constants. The thorough insight provided by these species-specific properties improves our understanding of the submolecular mechanism of pharmacokinetic processes. As a result, there are some pieces of clear-cut evidence of practical significance. A few of them are as follows: - passive diffusion into lipophilic media is not necessarily predominated by the non-charged species, contrary to the widespread misbelief. - the reactive microspecies in structure-controlled, highly specific biochemical reactions is not necessarily the major one. - a preventive defence system against oxidative stress can be based upon thiol-disulfide equilibria of custom-tailored redox potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Mazák
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group of Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hőgyes E. u. 9., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Noszál
- Semmelweis University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Group of Drugs of Abuse and Doping Agents, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Hőgyes E. u. 9., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary.
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Bittermann K, Spycher S, Goss KU. Comparison of different models predicting the phospholipid-membrane water partition coefficients of charged compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:382-91. [PMID: 26383265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A large fraction of commercially used chemicals is ionizable. This results in the need for mechanistic models to describe the physicochemical properties of ions, like the membrane-water partition coefficient (K(mw)), which is related to toxicity and bioaccumulation. In this work we compare 3 different and already existing modelling approaches to describe the liposome-water partition coefficient (K(lipw)) of organic ions, including 36 cations, 56 anions, 2 divalent cations and 2 zwitterions (plus 207 neutral compounds for ensuring model consistency). 1) The empirical correlation with the octanol-water partition coefficient of the corresponding neutral species yielded better results for the prediction of anions (RMSE = 0.79) than for cations (RMSE = 1.14). Though describing most anions reasonably well, the lack of mechanistic basis and the poor performance for cations constrain the usage of this model. 2) The polyparameter linear free energy relationship (pp-LFER) model performs worse (RMSE = 1.26/1.12 for anions/cations). The different physicochemical environments, due to different sorption depths into the membrane of the different species, cannot be described with a single pp-LFER model. 3) COSMOmic is based on quantum chemistry and fluid phase thermodynamics and has the widest applicability domain. It was the only model applicable for multiply charged ions and gave the best results for anions (RMSE = 0.66) and cations (RMSE = 0.71). We expect COSMOmic to contribute to a better estimation of the environmental risk of ionizable emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bittermann
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Simon Spycher
- ELPR Ltd., Litzibuch, CH-8966 Oberwil-Lieli, Switzerland.
| | - Kai-Uwe Goss
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Chemistry, Kurt Mothes Str. 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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Bihani M, Bora PP, Verma AK, Baruah R, Boruah HPD, Bez G. PPL catalyzed four-component PASE synthesis of 5-monosubstituted barbiturates: Structure and pharmacological properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5732-6. [PMID: 26546212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic four-component reactions are very rare although three-component enzymatic promiscuous reactions are widely reported. Herein, we report an efficient PASE protocol for the synthesis of potentially lipophilic zwitterionic 5-monosubstituted barbiturates by four component reaction of mixture of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aldehyde and barbituric acid in ethanol at room temperature. Seven different lipases were screened for their promiscuous activity towards the synthesis of 5-monosubstituted barbiturates and the lipase from porcine pancreas (PPL) found to give optimum efficiency. The zwitterionic 5-monosubstituted barbiturates with pyrazolyl ring showed promising pharmacological activity upon screening for antibacterial and apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Bihani
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Pranjal P Bora
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Alakesh K Verma
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Silchar, Assam 788015, India
| | - Reshita Baruah
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
| | - Hari Prasanna Deka Boruah
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
| | - Ghanashyam Bez
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
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Mazák K, Hosztafi S, Noszál B. Species-specific lipophilicity of morphine antagonists. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 78:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Grumetto L, Russo G, Barbato F. Relationships between human intestinal absorption and polar interactions drug/phospholipids estimated by IAM–HPLC. Int J Pharm 2015; 489:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gedeck P, Lu Y, Skolnik S, Rodde S, Dollinger G, Jia W, Berellini G, Vianello R, Faller B, Lombardo F. Benefit of Retraining pKa Models Studied Using Internally Measured Data. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:1449-59. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gedeck
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases Pte. Ltd., 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Yipin Lu
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Suzanne Skolnik
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephane Rodde
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gavin Dollinger
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Weiping Jia
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Giuliano Berellini
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Riccardo Vianello
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Faller
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franco Lombardo
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Ottaviani G, Wendelspiess S, Alvarez-Sánchez R. Importance of Critical Micellar Concentration for the Prediction of Solubility Enhancement in Biorelevant Media. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1171-9. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5006992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Ottaviani
- Roche
Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 720 Cai Lun Road, Building
5 Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - S. Wendelspiess
- Roche
Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - R. Alvarez-Sánchez
- Roche
Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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The impact of physicochemical and molecular properties in drug design: navigation in the "drug-like" chemical space. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 822:187-94. [PMID: 25416989 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08927-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical and molecular properties influence both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic process, as well as drug safety, often in a conflicting way. In this aspect the current trend in drug discovery is to consider ADME (T) properties in parallel with target affinity. The concept of "drug-likeness" defines acceptable boundaries of fundamental properties formulated as simple rules of thumb, in order to aid the medicinal chemist to prioritize drug candidates. Special attention is given to lipophilicity and molecular weight, since there is a tendency for those parameters to increase in regard to complex compounds generated by new technologies, with potential consequences in bioavailability, while high lipophilicity is also associated with undesired effects. Such rules have the advantage to be very simple and are easy to interpret; however their drawback is that they do not take into consideration uncertainties in measurements and calculations as well as the receptor requirements. The case of PPARs, a nuclear receptor family, is discussed in detail in regard to the chemical space covered by the ligands, focusing on the high demands of the ligand binding domain in both lipophilicity and molecular size. Such paradigms indicate that it would be more appropriate to adapt drug-like properties according to specific drug discovery projects.
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Ebrahimpour B, Yamini Y, Rezazadeh M. A sensitive emulsification liquid phase microextraction coupled with on-line phase separation followed by HPLC for trace determination of sulfonamides in water samples. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4162. [PMID: 25427828 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, ion-pair based emulsification liquid phase microextraction coupled with a novel approach for phase separation followed by high performace liquid chromatgraphy (HPLC) was utilized for trace determination of sulfonamides in water samples. After the formation of ion-pair complex with a cationic surfactant, sulfonamides were extracted into the drops of dispersed organic extracting solvent. Then, the cloudy solution was passed through an in-line filter located in a suitable holder and was separated based on emulsion filtration. By changing the HPLC valve position, the filter was laid in the mobile phase path, and the extraction phase was eluted by the mobile phase and introduced into the separation column for analysis. The effects of important parameters, such as type of extraction solvent, type of ion-pair agent and its concentration, pH of sample solution, ionic strength, and volume of extraction phase, on the extraction efficiency, were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the linear range, limits of detection, and precision (relative standard deviations) were 0.3-100, 0.1-0.3 μg L(-1), and 4.7-5.8%, respectively. Preconcentration factors (PFs) for the compounds studied were obtained in the range of 268-664. These PFs correspond to extraction recoveries in the range of 41-97%. The sample throughput of the method was 3 samples per hour, regarding 20 min analysis time for a single procedure. Finally, the method was successfully applied to determine the selected sulfonamides in some water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Ebrahimpour
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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Drug delivery: A process governed by species-specific lipophilicities. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bihani M, Bora PP, Bez G, Askari H. A green four-component synthesis of zwitterionic alkyl/benzyl pyrazolyl barbiturates and their photophysical studies. Mol Divers 2014; 18:745-57. [PMID: 25005075 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-014-9532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of unsymmetrically substituted alkyl/benzyl pyrazolyl barbiturates incorporating highly biologically active pyrazolone and barbiturate moieties was synthesized by four-component reactions of a mixture of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aldehydes and barbituric acid/thiobarbituric acid in ethanol without using a catalyst. The photophysical properties of the newly designed alkyl/benzyl pyrazolyl barbiturates were studied, and good quantum yield of some products indicated a definitive scope in the field of biochemical applications. Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic studies revealed that the newly synthesized compounds exist in zwitterionic form. The zwitterionic nature of the new chimera makes them interesting candidates for drug delivery as zwitterionic drugs are known to have highly water soluble properties, specific protein absorption, slow recognition by immune system, slow blood clearance from body and can constantly diffuse and deposit throughout the physiological pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Bihani
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
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Zapała L, Woźnicka E, Kalembkiewicz J. Tautomeric and Microscopic Protonation Equilibria of Anthranilic Acid and Its Derivatives. J SOLUTION CHEM 2014; 43:1167-1183. [PMID: 25067861 PMCID: PMC4074347 DOI: 10.1007/s10953-014-0190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The acid-base chemistry of three zwitterionic compounds, namely anthranilic (2-aminobenzoic acid), N-methylanthranilic and N-phenylanthranilic acid has been characterized in terms of the macroconstants Ka1, Ka2, the isoelectric point pHI, the tautomerization constant Kz and microconstants k11, k12, k21, k22. The potentiometric titration method was used to determine the macrodissociation constants. Due to the very poor water solubility of N-phenylanthranilic acid the dissociation constants pKa1 and pKa2 were determined in MDM-water mixtures [MDM is a co-solvent mixture, consisting of equal volumes of methanol (MeOH), dioxane and acetonitrile (MeCN)]. The Yasuda-Shedlovsky extrapolation procedure has been used to obtain the values of pKa1 and pKa2 in aqueous solutions. The pKa1 and pKa2 values obtained by this method are 2.86 ± 0.01 and 4.69 ± 0.03, respectively. The tautomerization constant Kz describing the equilibrium between unionized form ⇌ zwitterionic form was evaluated by the Kz method based on UV-VIS spectrometry. The method uses spectral differences between the zwitterionic form (found at isoelectric pH in aqueous solution) and the unionized form (formed in an organic solvent of low dielectric constant). The highest value of the Kz constant has been observed in the case of N-methylantranilic acid (log10Kz = 1.31 ± 0.04). The values of log10Kz for anthranilic and N-phenylanthranilic acids are similar and have values of 0.93 ± 0.03 and 0.90 ± 0.05, respectively. The results indicate that the tested compounds, in aqueous solution around the isoelectric point pHI, occur mainly in the zwitterionic form. Moreover, the influence of the type of substituent and pH of the aqueous phase on the equilibrium were analyzed with regard to the formation and the coexistence of different forms of the acids in the examined systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Zapała
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Woźnicka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jan Kalembkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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Zur M, Gasparini M, Wolk O, Amidon GL, Dahan A. The low/high BCS permeability class boundary: physicochemical comparison of metoprolol and labetalol. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1707-14. [PMID: 24735251 DOI: 10.1021/mp500152y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although recognized as overly conservative, metoprolol is currently the common low/high BCS permeability class boundary reference compound, while labetalol was suggested as a potential alternative. The purpose of this study was to identify the various characteristics that the optimal marker should exhibit, and to investigate the suitability of labetalol as the permeability class reference drug. Labetalol's BCS solubility class was determined, and its physicochemical properties and intestinal permeability were thoroughly investigated, both in vitro and in vivo in rats, considering the complexity of the whole of the small intestine. Labetalol was found to be unequivocally a high-solubility compound. In the pH range throughout the small intestine (6.5-7.5), labetalol exhibited pH-dependent permeability, with higher permeability at higher pH values. While in vitro octanol-buffer partitioning (Log D) values of labetalol were significantly higher than those of metoprolol, the opposite was evident in the in vitro PAMPA permeability assay. The results of the in vivo perfusion studies in rats lay between the two contradictory in vitro studies; metoprolol was shown to have moderately higher rat intestinal permeability than labetalol. Theoretical distribution of the ionic species of the drugs was in corroboration with the experimental in vitro and the in vivo data. We propose three characteristics that the optimal permeability class reference drug should exhibit: (1) fraction dose absorbed in the range of 90%; (2) the optimal marker drug should be absorbed largely via passive transcellular permeability, with no/negligible carrier-mediated active intestinal transport (influx or efflux); and (3) the optimal marker drug should preferably be nonionizable. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that neither metoprolol nor labetalol can be regarded as optimal low/high-permeability class boundary standard. While metoprolol is too conservative due to its complete absorption, labetalol has been shown to be a substrate for P-gp-mediated efflux transport, and both drugs exhibit significant segmental-dependent permeability along the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, the use of metoprolol as the marker compound does not carry a risk of bioinequivalence: Peff value similar to or higher than metoprolol safely indicates high-permeability classification. On the other hand, a more careful data analysis is needed if labetalol is used as the reference compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Zur
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Hawker DW, Cropp R, Boonsaner M. Uptake of zwitterionic antibiotics by rice (Oryza sativa L.) in contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 263 Pt 2:458-466. [PMID: 24231322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics, including members of the tetracycline and fluoroquinolone families, are emerging organic environmental contaminants. Uptake from soil by plants is a means for antibiotics to enter terrestrial food chains. Chemical exchange between plant and the soil/water matrix occurs simultaneously with degradation in the soil/water matrix. In this study, the comparative temporal behaviour of rice (Oryza sativa L.) towards the zwitterionic antibiotics oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and norfloxacin at initial soil/water concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 μg g(-1) (dry weight) is investigated. This is accomplished within the framework of an activity-based mass-conserving dynamic model. Plant antibiotic concentrations are observed to increase to a maximum then decline. Maximum concentrations in rice are compound-dependent linear functions of initial soil/water concentrations, but the relationships are not related to the compound octan-1-ol/water distribution ratio (DOW). The times required to attain maximal concentrations are independent of initial soil/water levels for a given antibiotic, but again vary between antibiotics and are not related to DOW values. Translocation from root to other tissues is not observed. The magnitudes of Root Concentration Factors (RCFs), the ratio of root and soil/water concentrations, are consistent with significant sorption to soil and consequent relatively low concentrations in interstitial water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl W Hawker
- Atmospheric Environment Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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Lin CY, Huang SD. Determination of Nitrophenols in Water Using Dynamic Liquid-Liquid-Liquid Microextraction under Non-Equilibrium Consideration. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tian T, Zheng S, Ye B, Qu B, Zhao Y, Kang X, Gu Z. Poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene nanoclusters for high effective solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1275:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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