1
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Goodwin MJ, Dickenson JC, Ripak A, Deetz AM, McCarthy JS, Meyer GJ, Troian-Gautier L. Factors that Impact Photochemical Cage Escape Yields. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7379-7464. [PMID: 38743869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of visible light to mediate chemical reactions in fluid solutions has applications that range from solar fuel production to medicine and organic synthesis. These reactions are typically initiated by electron transfer between a photoexcited dye molecule (a photosensitizer) and a redox-active quencher to yield radical pairs that are intimately associated within a solvent cage. Many of these radicals undergo rapid thermodynamically favored "geminate" recombination and do not diffuse out of the solvent cage that surrounds them. Those that do escape the cage are useful reagents that may undergo subsequent reactions important to the above-mentioned applications. The cage escape process and the factors that determine the yields remain poorly understood despite decades of research motivated by their practical and fundamental importance. Herein, state-of-the-art research on light-induced electron transfer and cage escape that has appeared since the seminal 1972 review by J. P. Lorand entitled "The Cage Effect" is reviewed. This review also provides some background for those new to the field and discusses the cage escape process of both homolytic bond photodissociation and bimolecular light induced electron transfer reactions. The review concludes with some key goals and directions for future research that promise to elevate this very vibrant field to even greater heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John C Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexia Ripak
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jackson S McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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2
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Bols ML, Ma J, Rammal F, Plessers D, Wu X, Navarro-Jaén S, Heyer AJ, Sels BF, Solomon EI, Schoonheydt RA. In Situ UV-Vis-NIR Absorption Spectroscopy and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2352-2418. [PMID: 38408190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
This review highlights in situ UV-vis-NIR range absorption spectroscopy in catalysis. A variety of experimental techniques identifying reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and structural properties are discussed. Stopped flow techniques, use of laser pulses, and use of experimental perturbations are demonstrated for in situ studies of enzymatic, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and photocatalysis. They access different time scales and are applicable to different reaction systems and catalyst types. In photocatalysis, femto- and nanosecond resolved measurements through transient absorption are discussed for tracking excited states. UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopies for structural characterization are demonstrated especially for Cu and Fe exchanged zeolites and metalloenzymes. This requires combining different spectroscopies. Combining magnetic circular dichroism and resonance Raman spectroscopy is especially powerful. A multitude of phenomena can be tracked on transition metal catalysts on various supports, including changes in oxidation state, adsorptions, reactions, support interactions, surface plasmon resonances, and band gaps. Measurements of oxidation states, oxygen vacancies, and band gaps are shown on heterogeneous catalysts, especially for electrocatalysis. UV-vis-NIR absorption is burdened by broad absorption bands. Advanced analysis techniques enable the tracking of coking reactions on acid zeolites despite convoluted spectra. The value of UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy to catalyst characterization and mechanistic investigation is clear but could be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Bols
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), University of Ghent, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fatima Rammal
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xuejiao Wu
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Navarro-Jaén
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander J Heyer
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Body N, Bevernaegie R, Lefebvre C, Jabin I, Hermans S, Riant O, Troian-Gautier L. Photo-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Enol Acetate Using Recyclable Silica-Supported Heteroleptic and Homoleptic Copper(I) Photosensitizers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301212. [PMID: 37582678 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Earth-abundant photosensitizers are highly sought after for light-mediated applications, such as photoredox catalysis, depollution and energy conversion schemes. Homoleptic and heteroleptic copper(I) complexes are promising candidates in this field, as copper is abundant and the corresponding complexes are easily obtained in smooth conditions. However, some heteroleptic copper(I) complexes suffer from low (photo)stability that leads to the gradual formation of the corresponding homoleptic complex. Such degradation pathways are detrimental, especially when recyclability is desired. This study reports a novel approach for the heterogenization of homoleptic and heteroleptic Cu complexes on silica nanoparticles. In both cases, the photophysical properties upon surface immobilization were only slightly affected. Excited-state quenching with aryl diazonium derivatives occurred efficiently (108 -1010 M-1 s-1 ) with heterogeneous and homogeneous photosensitizers. Moderate but almost identical yields were obtained for the α-arylation of enol acetate using the homoleptic complex in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. Importantly, the silica-supported photocatalysts were recycled with moderate loss in photoactivity over multiple experiments. Transient absorption spectroscopy confirmed that excited-state electron transfer occurred from the homogeneous and heterogeneous homoleptic copper(I) complexes to aryl diazonium derivatives, generating the corresponding copper(II) center that persisted for several hundreds of microseconds, compatible with photoredox catalysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Body
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Robin Bevernaegie
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques (CPCO), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (LCO), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Corentin Lefebvre
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ivan Jabin
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques (CPCO), Laboratoire de Chimie Organique (LCO), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hermans
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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4
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Liu Q, Ni Q, Zhou Y, Chen L, Xiang S, Zheng L, Liu Y. P/N-heteroleptic Cu(I)-photosensitizer-catalyzed domino radical relay annulation of 1,6-enynes with aryldiazonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7960-7967. [PMID: 37750337 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light driven photocatalytic construction of benzo[b]fluorenones from 1,6-enynes and aryldiazonium salts has been achieved via a P/N-heteroleptic Cu(I)-photosensitizer-catalyzed domino radical relay annulation process. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the aryl radicals in situ generated from aryldiazonium salts with the excited state of the Cu(I)-photosensitizer played a dual role of a radical initiator and a radical terminator in the concise construction of the highly fused benzo[b]fluorenone scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Qibo Ni
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Siwei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Limeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yunkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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5
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Wang JW, Zhang X, Velasco L, Karnahl M, Li Z, Luo ZM, Huang Y, Yu J, Hu W, Zhang X, Yamauchi K, Sakai K, Moonshiram D, Ouyang G. Precious-Metal-Free CO 2 Photoreduction Boosted by Dynamic Coordinative Interaction between Pyridine-Tethered Cu(I) Sensitizers and a Co(II) Catalyst. JACS AU 2023; 3:1984-1997. [PMID: 37502157 PMCID: PMC10369415 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Improving the photocatalytic efficiency of a fully noble-metal-free system for CO2 reduction remains a fundamental challenge, which can be accomplished by facilitating electron delivery as a consequence of exploiting intermolecular interactions. Herein, we have designed two Cu(I) photosensitizers with different pyridyl pendants at the phenanthroline moiety to enable dynamic coordinative interactions between the sensitizers and a cobalt macrocyclic catalyst. Compared to the parent Cu(I) photosensitizer, one of the pyridine-tethered derivatives boosts the apparent quantum yield up to 76 ± 6% at 425 nm for selective (near 99%) CO2-to-CO conversion. This value is nearly twice that of the parent system with no pyridyl pendants (40 ± 5%) and substantially surpasses the record (57%) of the noble-metal-free systems reported so far. This system also realizes a maximum turnover number of 11 800 ± 1400. In contrast, another Cu(I) photosensitizer, in which the pyridine substituents are directly linked to the phenanthroline moiety, is inactive. The above behavior and photocatalytic mechanism are systematically elucidated by transient fluorescence, transient absorption, transient X-ray absorption spectroscopies, and quantum chemical calculations. This work highlights the advantage of constructing coordinative interactions to fine-tune the electron transfer processes within noble-metal-free systems for CO2 photoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Lucia Velasco
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz,
3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department
of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zizi Li
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Luo
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Yanjun Huang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jin Yu
- X-ray Science
Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science
Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kosei Yamauchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken Sakai
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Dooshaye Moonshiram
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz,
3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Chemistry
College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical
Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
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6
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Doettinger F, Yang Y, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. Bichromophoric Photosensitizers: How and Where to Attach Pyrene Moieties to Phenanthroline to Generate Copper(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:8166-8178. [PMID: 37200533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and organic dye that can form superior bichromophoric systems when combined with a transition metal-based chromophore. However, little is known about the effect of the type of attachment (i.e., 1- vs 2-pyrenyl) and the individual position of the pyrenyl substituents at the ligand. Therefore, a systematic series of three novel diimine ligands and their respective heteroleptic diimine-diphosphine copper(I) complexes has been designed and extensively studied. Special attention was given to two different substitution strategies: (i) attaching pyrene via its 1-position, which occurs most frequently in the literature, or via its 2-position and (ii) targeting two contrasting substitution patterns at the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand, i.e., the 5,6- and the 4,7-position. In the applied spectroscopic, electrochemical, and theoretical methods (UV/vis, emission, time-resolved luminescence and transient absorption, cyclic voltammetry, density functional theory), it has been shown that the precise choice of the derivatization sites is crucial. Substituting the pyridine rings of phenanthroline in the 4,7-position with the 1-pyrenyl moiety has the strongest impact on the bichromophore. This approach results in the most anodically shifted reduction potential and a drastic increase in the excited state lifetime by more than two orders of magnitude. In addition, it enables the highest singlet oxygen quantum yield of 96% and the most beneficial activity in the photocatalytic oxidation of 1,5-dihydroxy-naphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Doettinger
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yingya Yang
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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7
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Wang JW, Li Z, Luo ZM, Huang Y, Ma F, Kupfer S, Ouyang G. Boosting CO 2 photoreduction by π-π-induced preassembly between a Cu(I) sensitizer and a pyrene-appended Co(II) catalyst. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221219120. [PMID: 36943881 PMCID: PMC10068849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221219120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of a highly efficient system for CO2 photoreduction fully based on earth-abundant elements presents a challenge, which may be overcome by installing suitable interactions between photosensitizer and catalyst to expedite the intermolecular electron transfer. Herein, we have designed a pyrene-decorated Cu(I) complex with a rare dual emission behavior, aiming at additional π-interaction with a pyrene-appended Co(II) catalyst for visible light-driven CO2-to-CO conversion. The results of 1H NMR titration, time-resolved fluorescence/absorption spectroscopies, quantum chemical simulations, and photocatalytic experiments clearly demonstrate that the dynamic π-π interaction between sensitizer and catalyst is highly advantageous in photocatalysis by accelerating the intermolecular electron transfer rate up to 6.9 × 105 s-1, thus achieving a notable apparent quantum yield of 19% at 425 nm with near-unity selectivity. While comparable to most earth-abundant molecular systems, this value is over three times of the pyrene-free system (6.0%) and far surpassing the benchmarking Ru(II) tris(bipyridine) (0.3%) and Ir(III) tris(2-phenylpyridine) (1.4%) photosensitizers under parallel conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Tarragona43007, Spain
| | - Zizi Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Luo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Tarragona43007, Spain
| | - Yanjun Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Fan Ma
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
- Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou510070, China
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8
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Wang JW, Ma F, Jin T, He P, Luo ZM, Kupfer S, Karnahl M, Zhao F, Xu Z, Jin T, Lian T, Huang YL, Jiang L, Fu LZ, Ouyang G, Yi XY. Homoleptic Al(III) Photosensitizers for Durable CO 2 Photoreduction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:676-688. [PMID: 36538810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting noble-metal-free systems for high-performance photocatalytic CO2 reduction still presents a key challenge, partially due to the long-standing difficulties in developing potent and durable earth-abundant photosensitizers. Therefore, based on the very cheap aluminum metal, we have deployed a systematic series of homoleptic Al(III) photosensitizers featuring 2-pyridylpyrrolide ligands for CO2 photoreduction. The combined studies of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy as well as quantum chemical calculations demonstrate that in anerobic CH3CN solutions at room temperature, visible-light excitation of the Al(III) photosensitizers leads to an efficient population of singlet excited states with nanosecond-scale lifetimes and notable emission quantum yields (10-40%). The results of transient absorption spectroscopy further identified the presence of emissive singlet and unexpectedly nonemissive triplet excited states. More importantly, the introduction of methyl groups at the pyrrolide rings can greatly improve the visible-light absorption, reducing power, and durability of the Al(III) photosensitizers. With triethanolamine, BIH (1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole), and an Fe(II)-quaterpyridine catalyst, the most methylated Al(III) photosensitizer achieves an apparent quantum efficiency of 2.8% at 450 nm for selective (>99%) CO2-to-CO conversion, which is nearly 28 times that of the unmethylated one (0.1%) under identical conditions. The optimal system realizes a maximum turnover number of 10250 and higher robustness than the systems with Ru(II) and Cu(I) benchmark photosensitizers. Quenching experiments using fluorescence spectroscopy elucidate that the photoinduced electron transfer in the Al(III)-sensitized system follows a reductive quenching pathway. The remarkable tunability and cost efficiency of these Al(III) photosensitizers should allow them as promising components in noble-metal-free systems for solar fuel conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Tarragona43007, Spain
| | - Fan Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Luo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Tarragona43007, Spain
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig38106, Germany
| | - Fengyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Northeast, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou515041, China
| | - Long Jiang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Li-Zhi Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
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9
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Seidler B, Tran JH, Hniopek J, Traber P, Görls H, Gräfe S, Schmitt M, Popp J, Schulz M, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B. Photophysics of Anionic Bis(4H-imidazolato)Cu I Complexes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202697. [PMID: 36148551 PMCID: PMC10092831 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the photophysical behavior of four panchromatically absorbing, homoleptic bis(4H-imidazolato)CuI complexes, with a systematic variation in the electron-withdrawing properties of the imidazolate ligand, were studied by wavelength-dependent time-resolved femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Excitation at 400, 480, and 630 nm populates metal-to-ligand charge transfer, intraligand charge transfer, and mixed-character singlet states. The pump wavelength-dependent transient absorption data were analyzed by a recently established 2D correlation approach. Data analysis revealed that all excitation conditions yield similar excited-state dynamics. Key to the excited-state relaxation is fast, sub-picosecond pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion, which is accompanied by the relocalization of electron density onto a single ligand from the initially delocalized state at Franck-Condon geometry. Subsequent intersystem crossing to the triplet manifold is followed by a sub-100 ps decay to the ground state. The fast, nonradiative decay is rationalized by the low triplet-state energy as found by DFT calculations, which suggest perspective treatment at the strong coupling limit of the energy gap law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
| | - Jens H. Tran
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Julian Hniopek
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)Albert-Einstein-Str. 607745JenaGermany
| | - Philipp Traber
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)Albert-Einstein-Str. 607745JenaGermany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)Albert-Einstein-Str. 607745JenaGermany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)Albert-Einstein-Str. 607745JenaGermany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)Albert-Einstein-Str. 607745JenaGermany
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
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10
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Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Recent developments of photoactive Cu(I) and Ag(I) complexes with diphosphine and related ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Rentschler M, Boden PJ, Argüello Cordero MA, Steiger ST, Schmid MA, Yang Y, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Karnahl M, Lochbrunner S, Tschierlei S. Unexpected Boost in Activity of a Cu(I) Photosensitizer by Stabilizing a Transient Excited State. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12249-12261. [PMID: 35877171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a slight but surprisingly successful structural modification of the previously reported heteroleptic Cu(I) photosensitizer Cubiipo ([(xantphos)Cu(biipo)]PF6; biipo = 16H-benzo-[4',5']-isoquinolino-[2',1':1,2]-imidazo-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-phenanthrolin-16-one). As a key feature, biipo bears a naphthalimide unit at the back, which is directly fused to a phenanthroline moiety to extend the conjugated π-system. This ligand was now altered to include two additional methyl groups at the 2,9-positions at the phenanthroline scaffold. Comparing the novel Cudmbiipo complex to its predecessor, ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy reveals the efficient suppression of a major deactivation pathway by stabilization of a transient triplet state. Furthermore, quantitative measurements of singlet oxygen evolution in solution confirmed that a larger fraction of the excited-state population is transferred to the photocatalytically active ligand-centered triplet 3LC state with a much longer lifetime of ∼30 μs compared to Cubiipo (2.6 μs). In addition, Cudmbiipo was compared with the well-established reference complex Cubcp ([(xantphos)Cu(bathocuproine)]PF6) in terms of its photophysical and photocatalytic properties by applying time-resolved femto- and nanosecond absorption, step-scan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and emission spectroscopies. Superior light-harvesting properties and a greatly enhanced excited-state lifetime with respect to Cubcp enable Cudmbiipo to be more active in exemplary photocatalytic applications, i.e., in the formation of singlet oxygen and the isomerization of (E)-stilbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rentschler
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pit Jean Boden
- Chemistry Department and State Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Miguel A Argüello Cordero
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sophie Theres Steiger
- Chemistry Department and State Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marie-Ann Schmid
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yingya Yang
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Chemistry Department and State Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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13
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Yang Y, Doettinger F, Kleeberg C, Frey W, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. How the Way a Naphthalimide Unit is Implemented Affects the Photophysical and -catalytic Properties of Cu(I) Photosensitizers. Front Chem 2022; 10:936863. [PMID: 35783217 PMCID: PMC9247301 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.936863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by the great potential of solar energy conversion this study comprises the evaluation and comparison of two different design approaches for the improvement of copper based photosensitizers. In particular, the distinction between the effects of a covalently linked and a directly fused naphthalimide unit was assessed. For this purpose, the two heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes CuNIphen (NIphen = 5-(1,8-naphthalimide)-1,10-phenanthroline) and Cubiipo (biipo = 16H-benzo-[4′,5′]-isoquinolino-[2′,1′,:1,2]-imidazo-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-phenanthroline-16-one) were prepared and compared with the novel unsubstituted reference compound Cuphen (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). Beside a comprehensive structural characterization, including two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray analysis, a combination of electrochemistry, steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy was used to determine the electrochemical and photophysical properties in detail. The nature of the excited states was further examined by (time-dependent) density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. It was found that CuNIphen exhibits a greatly enhanced absorption in the visible and a strong dependency of the excited state lifetimes on the chosen solvent. For example, the lifetime of CuNIphen extends from 0.37 µs in CH2Cl2 to 19.24 µs in MeCN, while it decreases from 128.39 to 2.6 µs in Cubiipo. Furthermore, CuNIphen has an exceptional photostability, allowing for an efficient and repetitive production of singlet oxygen with quantum yields of about 32%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingya Yang
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Doettinger
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Karnahl, ; Stefanie Tschierlei,
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Karnahl, ; Stefanie Tschierlei,
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14
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Gimeno L, Phelan BT, Sprague-Klein EA, Roisnel T, Blart E, Gourlaouen C, Chen LX, Pellegrin Y. Bulky and Stable Copper(I)-Phenanthroline Complex: Impact of Steric Strain and Symmetry on the Excited-State Properties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7296-7307. [PMID: 35507920 PMCID: PMC9116384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The steric strain around copper(I) in typical [Cu(NNR)2]+ complexes, where NNR is a diimine ligand substituted in α-positions of the nitrogen atoms by R, is known to strongly impact the excited-state properties. Generally speaking, the larger the R, the longer the emission lifetime and the higher the quantum yield. However, the stability of the coordination scaffold can be at stake if the steric strain imposed by R is too large. In this work, we explore a way of fine-tuning the steric strain around Cu(I) to reach a balance between high emission quantum yield and stability in a highly bulky copper(I) complex. Taking stable [Cu(dipp)2]+ and unstable [Cu(dtbp)2]+ (where dipp and dtbp are, respectively, 2,9-diisopropyl-1,10-phenanthroline and 2,9-di-tert-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline) as the boundary of two least and most sterically strained structures, we designed and characterized the nonsymmetrical ligand 2-isopropyl-9-tert-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline (L1) and corresponding complex [Cu(L1)2]+ (Cu1). The key experimental findings are that Cu1 exhibits a rigid tetrahedral geometry in the ground state, close to that of [Cu(dtbp)2]+ and with an intermediate stability between that of [Cu(dipp)2]+ and [Cu(dtbp)2]+. Conversely, the nonsymmetrical nature of ligand L1 leads to a shorter emission lifetime and smaller quantum yield than those of either [Cu(dipp)2]+ or [Cu(dtbp)2]+. This peculiar behavior is rationalized through the in depth analysis of the ultrafast dynamics of the excited state measured with optical transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations performed on the ground and excited state of Cu1. Our main findings are that the obtained complex is significantly more stable than [Cu(dtbp)2]+ despite the sterically strained coordination sphere. The nonsymmetrical nature of the ligand translates into a strongly distorted structure in the excited state. The distortion can be described as a rocking motion of one ligand, entailing the premature extinction of the excited state via several deactivation channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gimeno
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Emily A Sprague-Klein
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Université de Rennes CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Errol Blart
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yann Pellegrin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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15
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Gimeno L, Queffelec C, Blart E, Pellegrin Y. Copper(I) Bis(diimine) Complexes with High Photooxidation Power: Reductive Quenching of the Excited State with a Benzimidazoline Sacrificial Donor. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13112-13119. [PMID: 35474762 PMCID: PMC9026092 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reductive quenching of photoexcited photosensitizers is a very efficient way to achieve challenging reduction reactions. In this process, the excited photosensitizer is reduced by a sacrificial electron donor. This mechanism is rarely observed with copper(I) bis(diimine) complexes, which are nevertheless acknowledged as very promising photosensitizers. This is due to the fact that they are very poor photooxidants and prove unable to react with common donors once promoted in their excited state. In this article, we evidence the rare reductive quenching cycle with two specially designed copper(I) complexes. These complexes exhibit improved photooxidation power thanks to an optimized coordination sphere made of strongly π-accepting ligands. Reductive quenching of the excited state of the latter complexes with a classical benzimidazoline sacrificial donor is monitored, and reduced complexes are accumulated during prolonged photolysis. Trials to utilize the photogenerated reductive power are presented.
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16
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Casadevall C, Pascual D, Aragón J, Call A, Casitas A, Casademont-Reig I, Lloret-Fillol J. Light-driven reduction of aromatic olefins in aqueous media catalysed by aminopyridine cobalt complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4270-4282. [PMID: 35509462 PMCID: PMC9006965 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06608k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A catalytic system based on earth-abundant elements that efficiently hydrogenates aryl olefins using visible light as the driving-force and H2O as the sole hydrogen atom source is reported. The catalytic system involves a robust and well-defined aminopyridine cobalt complex and a heteroleptic Cu photoredox catalyst. The system shows the reduction of styrene in aqueous media with a remarkable selectivity (>20 000) versus water reduction (WR). Reactivity and mechanistic studies support the formation of a [Co–H] intermediate, which reacts with the olefin via a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Synthetically useful deuterium-labelled compounds can be straightforwardly obtained by replacing H2O with D2O. Moreover, the dual photocatalytic system and the photocatalytic conditions can be rationally designed to tune the selectivity for aryl olefin vs. aryl ketone reduction; not only by changing the structural and electronic properties of the cobalt catalysts, but also by modifying the reduction properties of the photoredox catalyst. A dual catalytic system based on earth-abundant elements reduces aryl olefins to alkanes in aqueous media under visible light. Mechanistic studies allow for rational tunning of the system for the selective reduction of aryl olefins vs ketones and vice versa.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Casadevall
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - David Pascual
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Jordi Aragón
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Arnau Call
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Alicia Casitas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Irene Casademont-Reig
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Julio Lloret-Fillol
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain .,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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17
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Li W, Qu R, Liu W, Bourriquen F, Bartling S, Rockstroh N, Junge K, Beller M. Copper-catalysed low-temperature water-gas shift reaction for selective deuteration of aryl halides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14033-14038. [PMID: 34760186 PMCID: PMC8565366 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of deuterium atoms into organic compounds is of importance for basic chemistry, material sciences, and the development of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, specifically for identification and quantification of metabolites. Hence, methodologies for the synthesis of selectively labelled compounds continue to be a major area of interest for many scientists. Herein, we present a practical and stable heterogeneous copper catalyst, which permits for dehalogenative deuteration via water–gas shift reaction at comparably low temperature. This novel approach allows deuteration of diverse (hetero)aryl halides with good functional group tolerance, and no reduction of the aromatic rings or other easily reducible formyl and cyano groups. Multi-gram experiments show the potential of this method in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. A practical and stable heterogeneous copper catalyst has been developed for dehalogenative deuteration via water–gas shift reaction at low temperature, allowing deuteration of diverse (hetero)aryl halides with good functional group tolerance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Ruiyang Qu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Weiping Liu
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Florian Bourriquen
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Stephan Bartling
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Nils Rockstroh
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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18
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Seidler B, Sittig M, Zens C, Tran JH, Müller C, Zhang Y, Schneider KRA, Görls H, Schubert A, Gräfe S, Schulz M, Dietzek B. Modulating the Excited-State Decay Pathways of Cu(I) 4 H-Imidazolate Complexes by Excitation Wavelength and Ligand Backbone. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11498-11511. [PMID: 34617757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes are excellent photosensitizers with broad and intense light absorption properties, based on an earth-abundant metal, and hold great promise as photosensitizers in artificial photosynthesis and for accumulation of redox equivalents. In this study, the excited-state relaxation dynamics of three novel heteroleptic Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes with phenyl, tolyl, and mesityl side groups are systematically investigated by femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical methods, complemented by steady-state absorption spectroscopy and (spectro)electrochemistry. After photoexcitation into the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and intraligand charge transfer absorption band, fast (0.6-1 ps) intersystem crossing occurs into the triplet MLCT manifold. The triplet-state population relaxes via the geometrical planarization of the N-aryl rings on the Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes. Depending on the initial Franck-Condon state, the remaining small singlet state population relaxes into two geometrically distinct minima geometries with similar energy, S1/2,relax and S3/4,relax. Subsequent ground-state recovery from S1/2,relax and internal conversion from S3/4,relax to S1/2,relax take place on a 100 ps time scale. The internal conversion can be understood as hole transfer from a dyz-orbital to a dxz-orbital, which is accompanied with the structural reorganization of the coordination environment. Generally, the photophysical processes are determined by the steric hindrance of the side groups on the ligands. And the excited singlet-state pathways are dependent on the excitation wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Sittig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Clara Zens
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jens H Tran
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kilian R A Schneider
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schubert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (Fraunhofer IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str.7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Centre for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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19
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Giereth R, Obermeier M, Forschner L, Karnahl M, Schwalbe M, Tschierlei S. Exploring the Full Potential of Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction Using a Dinuclear Re
2
Cl
2
Complex Assisted by Various Photosensitizers. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Giereth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Department of Energy Conversion Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Technische Universität Braunschweig Gaußstr. 17 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Martin Obermeier
- Institute of Chemistry Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Lukas Forschner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Matthias Schwalbe
- Institute of Chemistry Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Department of Energy Conversion Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Technische Universität Braunschweig Gaußstr. 17 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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20
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Britz A, Bokarev SI, Assefa TA, Bajnóczi ÈG, Németh Z, Vankó G, Rockstroh N, Junge H, Beller M, Doumy G, March AM, Southworth SH, Lochbrunner S, Kühn O, Bressler C, Gawelda W. Site-Selective Real-Time Observation of Bimolecular Electron Transfer in a Photocatalytic System Using L-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy*. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:693-700. [PMID: 33410580 PMCID: PMC8048488 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been utilized to monitor the bimolecular electron transfer in a photocatalytic water splitting system. This has been possible by uniting the local probe and element specific character of X-ray transitions with insights from high-level ab initio calculations. The specific target has been a heteroleptic [IrIII (ppy)2 (bpy)]+ photosensitizer, in combination with triethylamine as a sacrificial reductant and Fe 3 ( CO ) 12 as a water reduction catalyst. The relevant molecular transitions have been characterized via high-resolution Ir L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy on the picosecond time scale and restricted active space self-consistent field calculations. The presented methods and results will enhance our understanding of functionally relevant bimolecular electron transfer reactions and thus will pave the road to rational optimization of photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Britz
- European XFELHolzkoppel 422869SchenefeldGermany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast ImagingLuruper Chaussee 14922761HamburgGermany
- Department of Experimental Physics, Universität HamburgJungiusstraße 920355HamburgGermany
| | - Sergey I. Bokarev
- Institut für PhysikUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 23–2418059RostockGermany
| | - Tadesse A. Assefa
- European XFELHolzkoppel 422869SchenefeldGermany
- Department of Experimental Physics, Universität HamburgJungiusstraße 920355HamburgGermany
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy SciencesSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCA94025USA
| | | | - Zoltán Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for PhysicsH-1525BudapestHungary
| | - György Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for PhysicsH-1525BudapestHungary
| | - Nils Rockstroh
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory9700 S. Cass Ave60439LemontILUSA
| | - Anne Marie March
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory9700 S. Cass Ave60439LemontILUSA
| | - Stephen H. Southworth
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory9700 S. Cass Ave60439LemontILUSA
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institut für PhysikUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 23–2418059RostockGermany
| | - Oliver Kühn
- Institut für PhysikUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 23–2418059RostockGermany
| | - Christian Bressler
- European XFELHolzkoppel 422869SchenefeldGermany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast ImagingLuruper Chaussee 14922761HamburgGermany
- Department of Experimental Physics, Universität HamburgJungiusstraße 920355HamburgGermany
| | - Wojciech Gawelda
- European XFELHolzkoppel 422869SchenefeldGermany
- Faculty of PhysicsAdam Mickiewicz Universityul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2Poznań61-614Poland
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of SciencesUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid and IMDEA-NanoscienceCiudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
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21
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Doettinger F, Yang Y, Schmid MA, Frey W, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. Cross-Coupled Phenyl- and Alkynyl-Based Phenanthrolines and Their Effect on the Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of Heteroleptic Cu(I) Photosensitizers. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5391-5401. [PMID: 33764043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the aims of increasing the antenna system and improving the photophysical properties of Cu(I)-based photosensitizers, the backbone of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline was selectively extended in the 5,6-position. Applying specifically tailored Suzuki-Miyaura and "chemistry-on-the-complex" Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions enabled the development of two sets of structurally related diimine ligands with a broad variety of different phenyl- and alkynyl-based substituents. The resulting 11 novel heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes, including five solid-state structures, were studied with respect to their structure-property relationships. Both sets of substituents are able to red-shift the absorption maxima and to increase the absorptivity. For the alkynyl-based complexes, this is accompanied by a significant anodic shift of the reduction potentials. The phenyl-based substituents strongly influence the emission wavelength and quantum yield of the resulting Cu(I) complexes and lead to an increase in the emission lifetime of up to 504 ns, which clearly indicates competition with the benchmark system [(xantphos)Cu(bathocuproine)]PF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Doettinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yingya Yang
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marie-Ann Schmid
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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22
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Recent progress in homogeneous light-driven hydrogen evolution using first-row transition metal catalysts. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Behm K, McIntosh RD. Application of Discrete First-Row Transition-Metal Complexes as Photosensitisers. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2611-2618. [PMID: 33263950 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview summarises and critically evaluates recent advances in the utilisation of discrete first-row transition-metal (TM) complexes as photosensitisers. Whilst many compounds absorb light, TM complexes are generally more desirable for photochemical applications, as they usually exhibit strong absorption of visible light, making them ideally suited to exploiting the sun as a freely available light source. Due to their outstanding activities, precious metals, such as iridium and ruthenium, are currently still at the forefront of photochemistry research. However, they also bear disadvantages with respect to abundance, cost and toxicity. Therefore, it is desirable to move to more abundant and less expensive systems that retain good photosensitising abilities. This Minireview will focus on first-row transition-metals, specifically titanium, copper, iron, and zinc, which have become the focus of increased attention over recent years as potential replacements for noble metals as photosensitisers. Their structure - activity relationships are explored and challenges in designing the ligands and complexes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Behm
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Ruaraidh D McIntosh
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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24
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Zheng L, Jiang Q, Bao H, Zhou B, Luo SP, Jin H, Wu H, Liu Y. Tertiary Amines Acting as Alkyl Radical Equivalents Enabled by a P/N Heteroleptic Cu(I) Photosensitizer. Org Lett 2020; 22:8888-8893. [PMID: 33166146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented exploration of tertiary amines as alkyl radical equivalents for cross-coupling with aromatic alkynes to access allylarenes has been achieved by a P/N heteroleptic Cu(I)-based photosensitizer under photoredox catalysis conditions. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction might undergo radical addition of in situ-generated α-amino radical intermediates to alkynes followed by 1,5-hydrogen transfer, C-N bond cleavage, and concomitant isomerization of the resulting allyl radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qinfang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hanyang Bao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Bingwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ping Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Huayue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, P. R. China
| | - Yunkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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25
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Rentschler M, Schmid MA, Frey W, Tschierlei S, Karnahl M. Multidentate Phenanthroline Ligands Containing Additional Donor Moieties and Their Resulting Cu(I) and Ru(II) Photosensitizers: A Comparative Study. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14762-14771. [PMID: 32212646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To bind or not to bind: Driven by the motivation to increase the (photo)stability of traditional Cu(I) photosensitizers, multidentate diimine ligands, which contain two additional donor sites, were designed. To this end, a systematic series of four 1,10-phenanthroline ligands with either OR or SR (R = iPr or Ph) donor groups at the 2 and 9 positions and their resulting hetero- and homoleptic Cu(I) complexes were prepared. In addition, the related Ru(II) complexes were also synthesized to study the effect of another metal center. In the following, a combination of NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis was used to evaluate the impact of the additional donor moieties on the coordination behavior. Most remarkably, for the homoleptic bis(diimine)copper(I) complexes, a pentacoordinated copper center, corresponding to a (4 + 1)-fold coordination mode, was found in the solid state. This additional binding is the first indication that the extra donor might also occupy a free coordination site in the excited-state complex, modifying the nature of the excited states and their respective deactivation processes. Therefore, the electrochemical and photophysical properties of all novel complexes (in total 13) were studied in detail to assess the potential of these photosensitizers for future applications within solar energy conversion schemes. Finally, the photostabilities and a potential degradation mechanism were analyzed for representative samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rentschler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marie-Ann Schmid
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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26
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Rentschler M, Iglesias S, Schmid MA, Liu C, Tschierlei S, Frey W, Zhang X, Karnahl M, Moonshiram D. The Coordination Behaviour of Cu I Photosensitizers Bearing Multidentate Ligands Investigated by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:9527-9536. [PMID: 32162730 PMCID: PMC7496955 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A systematic series of four novel homo‐ and heteroleptic CuI photosensitizers based on tetradentate 1,10‐phenanthroline ligands of the type X^N^N^X containing two additional donor moieties in the 2,9‐position (X=SMe or OMe) were designed. Their solid‐state structures were assessed by X‐ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry, UV‐vis absorption, emission and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy were then used to determine their electrochemical, photophysical and structural features in solution. Following, time‐resolved X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in the picosecond time scale, coupled with time‐dependent density functional theory calculations, provided in‐depth information on the excited state electron configurations. For the first time, a significant shortening of the Cu−X distance and a change in the coordination mode to a pentacoordinated geometry is shown in the excited states of the two homoleptic complexes. These findings are important with respect to a precise understanding of the excited state structures and a further stabilization of this type of photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rentschler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sirma Iglesias
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en, Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Calle Faraday, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marie-Ann Schmid
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cunming Liu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dooshaye Moonshiram
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en, Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Calle Faraday, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Bao H, Zhou B, Luo SP, Xu Z, Jin H, Liu Y. P/N Heteroleptic Cu(I)-Photosensitizer-Catalyzed Deoxygenative Radical Alkylation of Aromatic Alkynes with Alkyl Aldehydes Using Dipropylamine as a Traceless Linker Agent. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Bao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Bingwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ping Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yunkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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28
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Fujiwara T, Nomura K, Inagaki A. Cu–Pd Dinuclear Complexes with Earth-Abundant Cu Photosensitizer: Synthesis and Photopolymerization. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, 192-0397 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, 192-0397 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Inagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, 192-0397 Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Päpcke A, Friedrich A, Lochbrunner S. Revealing the initial steps in homogeneous photocatalysis by time-resolved spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:153001. [PMID: 31801126 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5ed1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis attracts currently intense research since it can provide efficient routes for generating solar fuels and allows to apply sunlight for an environmentally friendly synthesis of valuable chemical compounds. Accordingly, in future photocatalysis may contribute significantly to a sustainable economy. However, up to now photocatalysis has made it only into some niche applications. The reasons are manifold including too low yields, insufficient stability, and scarce availability of the precious metals and rare earths used in most cases. The design of better systems is the goal of many research activities. They call for a detailed knowledge of the individual steps and the microscopic mechanisms. Time-resolved spectroscopy is a powerful tool to improve our understanding of the individual steps of a photocatalytic process and of the efficiencies and losses associated with them. This allows to address specific weaknesses of the components of a photocatalytic system and to pursue a rational design of the corresponding compounds. In this review an overview is given about what insights can be gained by time-resolved spectroscopy referring mostly to our own results while it has to be stressed that many other groups are also highly successfully working in this area. We restrict ourselves to homogeneous systems which are often easier to analyze and focus on the primary steps occurring after optical excitation. This includes intramolecular relaxation and intersystem crossing in the photosensitizer as well as the first electron transfer step resulting from the interaction of the sensitizer with other components of the system. Ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy turns out to be particularly helpful in analyzing new photosensitizers based on abundant metals, i.e. copper and iron. These sensitizers can suffer from short lifetimes of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer states which are typically involved in the intermolecular charge transfer processes. The latter are investigated on the pico- to microsecond timescale by quenching experiments making use of a streak camera and by pump-probe spectroscopy applying a YAG-laser system for excitation. The experiments with the streak camera allow to discriminate between oxidative and reductive pathways and to determine the corresponding bimolecular quenching rates which are compared to their diffusion limit to obtain a measure for the quenching efficiency. By applying transient absorption spectroscopy, it is furthermore possible to observe appearing charge transfer products and to determine their concentrations. In this way the efficiency of the electron transfer itself can be deduced and the relevance of lossy quenching events can be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Päpcke
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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30
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Marx M, Mele A, Spannenberg A, Steinlechner C, Junge H, Schollhammer P, Beller M. Addressing the Reproducibility of Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Marx
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at theUniversity of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Andrea Mele
- UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesUniversity of Brest 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu Brest 29238 France
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at theUniversity of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Christoph Steinlechner
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at theUniversity of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at theUniversity of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Philippe Schollhammer
- UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesUniversity of Brest 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu Brest 29238 France
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at theUniversity of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
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31
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Giereth R, Mengele AK, Frey W, Kloß M, Steffen A, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. Copper(I) Phosphinooxazoline Complexes: Impact of the Ligand Substitution and Steric Demand on the Electrochemical and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2020; 26:2675-2684. [PMID: 31747089 PMCID: PMC7065177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of seven homoleptic CuI complexes based on hetero-bidentate P^N ligands was synthesized and comprehensively characterized. In order to study structure-property relationships, the type, size, number and configuration of substituents at the phosphinooxazoline (phox) ligands were systematically varied. To this end, a combination of X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, steady-state absorption and emission spectroscopy, time-resolved emission spectroscopy, quenching experiments and cyclic voltammetry was used to assess the photophysical and electrochemical properties. Furthermore, time-dependent density functional theory calculations were applied to also analyze the excited state structures and characteristics. Surprisingly, a strong dependency on the chirality of the respective P^N ligand was found, whereas the specific kind and size of the different substituents has only a minor impact on the properties in solution. Most importantly, all complexes except C3 are photostable in solution and show fully reversible redox processes. Sacrificial reductants were applied to demonstrate a successful electron transfer upon light irradiation. These properties render this class of photosensitizers as potential candidates for solar energy conversion issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Giereth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marvin Kloß
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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32
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Li C, Dickson R, Rockstroh N, Rabeah J, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Hünemörder P, Spannenberg A, Bühl M, Mejía E, Zysman-Colman E, Kamer PCJ. Ligand electronic fine-tuning and its repercussion on the photocatalytic activity and mechanistic pathways of the copper-photocatalysed aza-Henry reaction. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Subtle electronic ligand effects have a strong impact on the mechanistic pathway of a photocatalytic coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Li
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- KY16 9ST St Andrews
- UK
| | - Robert Dickson
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- KY16 9ST St Andrews
- UK
| | | | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis
- 18059 Rostock
- Germany
| | - David B. Cordes
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- KY16 9ST St Andrews
- UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- KY16 9ST St Andrews
- UK
| | | | | | - Michael Bühl
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- KY16 9ST St Andrews
- UK
| | | | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- KY16 9ST St Andrews
- UK
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33
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Liu X, Su S, Zhu GY, Shu Y, Gao Q, Meng M, Cheng T, Liu CY. Making Use of the δ Electrons in K 4Mo 2(SO 4) 4 for Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:24006-24017. [PMID: 31241882 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quadruply bonded dimolybdenum complexes with a σ2π4δ2 electronic configuration for the ground state have rich metal-centered photochemistry. An earlier study showed that stoichiometric or less amount of molecular hydrogen was produced upon irradiation by ultraviolet light (λ = 254 nm) of K4Mo2(SO4)4 in sulfuric acid solution, which was attributed to the reductive capability of the ππ* excited state. To make use of the δ electrons for visible-light-induced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, a multicomponent heterogeneous photocatalytic system containing K4Mo2(SO4)4 photosensitizer, TiO2 electron relay, and MoS2 cocatalyst is designed and tested. With ascorbic acid added as a sacrificial reagent, irradiation by artificial sunlight (AM 1.5) on the reaction in 5 M H2SO4 has produced 13 400 μmol g-1 of molecular hydrogen (based on the Mo2 complex), which is 30 times higher than the hydrogen yield obtained from the reaction of bare K4Mo2(SO4)4 with H2SO4 under ultraviolet light irradiation. Further improvement of hydrogen evolution is achieved by addition of oxalic acid, along with an electron donor, which gives an additional 50% increase in H2 yield. Spectroscopic analyses indicate that, in this case, a junction between the Mo2 complex and TiO2 is built by the oxalate bridging ligand, which facilitates charge injection and separation from the Mo2 core. This Mo2-TiO2-MoS2 system has achieved a high hydrogen evolution rate up to 4570 μmol g-1 h-1. The efficiency of K4Mo2(SO4)4 as a metal-centered photosensitizer is also proved by parallel experiments with a dye chromophore, fluorescein, which presents comparable H2 yields and hydrogen evolution rates. Most importantly, in this study, detailed analyses illustrate that the photocatalytic cycle with hydrogen gas as an outcome of the reaction is established by involvement of the δδ* excited state generated by visible light irradiation. Therefore, this work shows the potential of quadruply bonded Mo2 complexes as photosensitizers for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Shaoyang Su
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Guang Yuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Yijin Shu
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Qingsheng Gao
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Miao Meng
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Chun Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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34
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Dalle K, Warnan J, Leung JJ, Reuillard B, Karmel IS, Reisner E. Electro- and Solar-Driven Fuel Synthesis with First Row Transition Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:2752-2875. [PMID: 30767519 PMCID: PMC6396143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of renewable fuels from abundant water or the greenhouse gas CO2 is a major step toward creating sustainable and scalable energy storage technologies. In the last few decades, much attention has focused on the development of nonprecious metal-based catalysts and, in more recent years, their integration in solid-state support materials and devices that operate in water. This review surveys the literature on 3d metal-based molecular catalysts and focuses on their immobilization on heterogeneous solid-state supports for electro-, photo-, and photoelectrocatalytic synthesis of fuels in aqueous media. The first sections highlight benchmark homogeneous systems using proton and CO2 reducing 3d transition metal catalysts as well as commonly employed methods for catalyst immobilization, including a discussion of supporting materials and anchoring groups. The subsequent sections elaborate on productive associations between molecular catalysts and a wide range of substrates based on carbon, quantum dots, metal oxide surfaces, and semiconductors. The molecule-material hybrid systems are organized as "dark" cathodes, colloidal photocatalysts, and photocathodes, and their figures of merit are discussed alongside system stability and catalyst integrity. The final section extends the scope of this review to prospects and challenges in targeting catalysis beyond "classical" H2 evolution and CO2 reduction to C1 products, by summarizing cases for higher-value products from N2 reduction, C x>1 products from CO2 utilization, and other reductive organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane J. Leung
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Reuillard
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Isabell S. Karmel
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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35
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Steinlechner C, Roesel AF, Oberem E, Päpcke A, Rockstroh N, Gloaguen F, Lochbrunner S, Ludwig R, Spannenberg A, Junge H, Francke R, Beller M. Selective Earth-Abundant System for CO2 Reduction: Comparing Photo- and Electrocatalytic Processes. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Steinlechner
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Arend F. Roesel
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Staße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Oberem
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Staße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ayla Päpcke
- Institute of Physics, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Staße 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nils Rockstroh
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frédéric Gloaguen
- UMR 6521, CNRS, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, CS 93837, 29238 Brest, France,
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute of Physics, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Staße 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Staße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Staße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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36
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Zhang Y, Zedler L, Karnahl M, Dietzek B. Excited-state dynamics of heteroleptic copper(i) photosensitizers and their electrochemically reduced forms containing a dipyridophenazine moiety – a spectroelectrochemical transient absorption study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10716-10725. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00412b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic copper(i) dipyridophenazine complexes were investigated by transient absorption spectroelectrochemistry to examine their multi-electron photoaccumulation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces
| | - Linda Zedler
- Department Functional Interfaces
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces
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37
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Imidazo-Phenanthroline Ligands as a Convenient Modular Platform for the Preparation of Heteroleptic Cu(I) Photosensitizers. INORGANICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics6040134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The capture and storage of solar energy is a promising option to overcome current energy issues. To put such systems into practice, molecular photosensitizers should be based on abundant metals and possess a strong absorption capability for visible light. Therefore, a systematic series of four novel heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes of the type [(P^P)Cu(N^N)]+ (with P^P = xantphos and N^N = different diimine ligands) has been prepared. As an essential feature, these copper photosensitizers contain an imidazole moiety at the backbone of the diimine ligand, which increases the aromatic π-system compared to phenanthroline type ligands. Moreover, 2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-imidazo-[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline was used as a starting point and modular platform for gradually extended diimine ligands. Suzuki cross-coupling was applied to introduce different kind of substituents in the back of this ligand. Afterwards, a combination of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray analysis, cyclic voltammetry, UV/vis and emission spectroscopy was used to investigate the structural, electrochemical and photophysical properties of these compounds. As a result, a reversible reduction, strongly increased extinction coefficients and significantly redshifted absorption maxima (>20 nm) were found compared to traditional Cu(I) photosensitizers without an imidazo moiety. Moreover, these compounds show a bright emission in the solid state.
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38
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Friedrich A, Bokareva OS, Luo SP, Junge H, Beller M, Kühn O, Lochbrunner S. Effective quenching and excited-state relaxation of a Cu(I) photosensitizer addressed by time-resolved spectroscopy and TDDFT calculations. Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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39
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Fischer S, Rösel A, Kammer A, Barsch E, Schoch R, Junge H, Bauer M, Beller M, Ludwig R. Diferrate [Fe2
(CO)6
(μ-CO){μ-P(aryl)2
}]−
as Self-Assembling Iron/Phosphor-Based Catalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Photocatalytic Proton Reduction-Spectroscopic Insights. Chemistry 2018; 24:16052-16065. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Fischer
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Department; University of Rostock; Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
- Department of Life, Light & Matter; University of Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 25 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Arend Rösel
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Department; University of Rostock; Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anja Kammer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT Rostock); Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Enrico Barsch
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Department; University of Rostock; Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Department Chemie; Fakultät Naturwissenschaften; Paderborn University; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT Rostock); Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Department Chemie; Fakultät Naturwissenschaften; Paderborn University; Warburger Str. 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT Rostock); Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Department; University of Rostock; Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2 18059 Rostock Germany
- Department of Life, Light & Matter; University of Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 25 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT Rostock); Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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40
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Eckenhoff WT. Molecular catalysts of Co, Ni, Fe, and Mo for hydrogen generation in artificial photosynthetic systems. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Mononuclear and dinuclear heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes based on pyridyl-triazole and DPEPhos with long-lived excited-state lifetimes. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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42
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Structural Characterization and Photochemical Properties of Mono- and Bimetallic Cu-Mabiq Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6401-6409. [PMID: 29767971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a series of monometallic ([Cu(Mabiq)OTf] (1) and [Cu(Mabiq)] (2)) and bimetallic copper-Mabiq complexes ([Cu2(Mabiq)(PPh3)2(OTf)2] (3) and [Cu2(Mabiq)(PPh3)2]PF6 (4)). The latter compounds contain an additional CuI center that binds in a tetrahedral fashion to the external bipyrimidine nitrogens of the macrocyclic ligand. Compounds 3 and 4 represent the first examples of bimetallic transition metal Mabiq complexes, stable both in solution and in the solid state. The structural and electronic properties of compounds 1-4 were analyzed by means of X-ray crystallography, cyclic voltammetry, and spectroscopic methods. One-electron reduced 2 and 4 consist of a CuII ion coordinated by a Mabiq ligand radical, [CuII(Mabiq•)]. Thus, both bimetallic compounds are mixed-valent with respect to the copper oxidation states. Complexes 2 and 4 can be generated photochemically, upon irradiation of 1 or 3 with visible light in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor.
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43
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Erdmann E, Lütgens M, Lochbrunner S, Seidel WW. Ultrafast Energy Transfer in Dinuclear Complexes with Bridging 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-Dithiolate. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:4849-4863. [PMID: 29664619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the preparation and characterization of dinuclear complexes with the bridging ligand 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dithiolate (phendt2-) bearing Ru(bpy)2 or Ir(ppy)2 at the diimine moiety and Ni(dppe), Ni(dppf), CoCp, RhCp*, and Ru( p-Me-iPr-benzene) at the dithiolate unit. In comparison with the mononuclear precursors used in the synthesis, all dinuclear complexes were characterized by absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry. Because of the beneficial spectral and electrochemical properties of the Ir/Co complex for a light-driven charge separation, this complex was investigated in detail by time-resolved luminescence {nanosecond (ns)-resolution} and transient absorption spectroscopy {femtosecond (fs)-resolution}. All measurements supported by DFT calculations show that the observed effective luminescence quenching by the dithiolate coordinated metal is caused by an ultrafast singlet-singlet Dexter energy transfer.
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44
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Moonshiram D, Garrido‐Barros P, Gimbert‐Suriñach C, Picón A, Liu C, Zhang X, Karnahl M, Llobet A. Elucidating the Nature of the Excited State of a Heteroleptic Copper Photosensitizer by using Time‐Resolved X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2018; 24:6464-6472. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dooshaye Moonshiram
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470 Germany
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Pablo Garrido‐Barros
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorganica Universitat Rovira i Virgili Campus Sescelades, C/Marcellí Domingo, s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert‐Suriñach
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Antonio Picón
- Grupo de Investigacion en Aplicaciones del Laser y Fotonica Universidad de Salamanca 37008 Salamanca Spain
- Departamento de Química, Modulo 13 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Cunming Liu
- X-ray Science Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Michael Karnahl
- University of Stuttgart Institute of Organic Chemistry Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avinguda Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles Barcelona Spain
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45
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Reim I, Wriedt B, Tastan Ü, Ziegenbalg D, Karnahl M. Impact of the Type of Reactor and the Catalytic Conditions on the Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Using a Fully Noble-Metal-Free System. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Reim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Benjamin Wriedt
- Institute of Chemical Technology; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ümit Tastan
- Institute of Chemical Technology; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical Technology; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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46
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Yuan YJ, Yu ZT, Chen DQ, Zou ZG. Metal-complex chromophores for solar hydrogen generation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:603-631. [PMID: 27808300 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solar H2 generation from water has been intensively investigated as a clean method to convert solar energy into hydrogen fuel. During the past few decades, many studies have demonstrated that metal complexes can act as efficient photoactive materials for photocatalytic H2 production. Here, we review the recent progress in the application of metal-complex chromophores to solar-to-H2 conversion, including metal-complex photosensitizers and supramolecular photocatalysts. A brief overview of the fundamental principles of photocatalytic H2 production is given. Then, different metal-complex photosensitizers and supramolecular photocatalysts are introduced in detail, and the most important factors that strictly determine their photocatalytic performance are also discussed. Finally, we illustrate some challenges and opportunities for future research in this promising area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Yuan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, College of Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China. and College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen-Tao Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, College of Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
| | - Da-Qin Chen
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Zou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nano Technology, College of Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
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47
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Zhang Y, Schulz M, Wächtler M, Karnahl M, Dietzek B. Heteroleptic diimine–diphosphine Cu(I) complexes as an alternative towards noble-metal based photosensitizers: Design strategies, photophysical properties and perspective applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Abstract
This review highlights the use of the bisphosphine ligand group in homogeneous catalysis.
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49
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Zhang Y, Traber P, Zedler L, Kupfer S, Gräfe S, Schulz M, Frey W, Karnahl M, Dietzek B. Cu(i) vs. Ru(ii) photosensitizers: elucidation of electron transfer processes within a series of structurally related complexes containing an extended π-system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:24843-24857. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04595j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The charge transfer behavior of heteroleptic Cu(i) photosensitizers was investigated by spectroelectrochemistry and compared to their structurally related Ru(ii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces
| | - Philipp Traber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Linda Zedler
- Department Functional Interfaces
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces
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50
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Giereth R, Frey W, Junge H, Tschierlei S, Karnahl M. Copper Photosensitizers Containing P^N Ligands and Their Influence on Photoactivity and Stability. Chemistry 2017; 23:17432-17437. [PMID: 29024115 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Driven by the intention to improve classic heteroleptic copper photosensitizers two novel Cu(I) complexes applying a hetero-bidentate P^N ligand were prepared. A combined photophysical, electrochemical, and theoretical study gives insights into structure-activity relationships and revealed an increased absorptivity. Both complexes were tested for the light-driven production of H2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Giereth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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