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Kumari M, Swarupa P, Kesari KK, Kumar A. Microbial Inoculants as Plant Biostimulants: A Review on Risk Status. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010012. [PMID: 36675961 PMCID: PMC9860928 DOI: 10.3390/life13010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Modern agriculture systems are copiously dependent on agrochemicals such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides intended to increase crop production and yield. The indiscriminate use of these chemicals not only affects the growth of plants due to the accumulation of toxic compounds, but also degrades the quality and life-supporting properties of soil. There is a dire need to develop some green approach that can resolve these issues and restore soil fertility and sustainability. The use of plant biostimulants has emerged as an environmentally friendly and acceptable method to increase crop productivity. Biostimulants contain biological substances which may be capable of increasing or stimulating plant growth in an eco-friendly manner. They are mostly biofertilizers that provide nutrients and protect plants from environmental stresses such as drought and salinity. In contrast to the protection of crop products, biostimulants not only act on the plant's vigor but also do not respond to direct actions against pests or diseases. Plant biostimulants improve nutrient mobilization and uptake, tolerance to stress, and thus crop quality when applied to plants directly or in the rhizospheric region. They foster plant growth and development by positively affecting the crop life-cycle starting from seed germination to plant maturity. Legalized application of biostimulants causes no hazardous effects on the environment and primarily provides nutrition to plants. It nurtures the growth of soil microorganisms, which leads to enhanced soil fertility and also improves plant metabolism. Additionally, it may positively influence the exogenous microbes and alter the equilibrium of the microfloral composition of the soil milieu. This review frequently cites the characterization of microbial plant biostimulants that belong to either a high-risk group or are closely related to human pathogens such as Pueudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, etc. These related pathogens cause ailments including septicemia, gastroenteritis, wound infections, inflammation in the respiratory system, meningitis, etc., of varied severity under different conditions of health status such as immunocompromized and comorbidity. Thus it may attract the related concern to review the risk status of biostimulants for their legalized applications in agriculture. This study mainly emphasizes microbial plant biostimulants and their safe application concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menka Kumari
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Cheri-Manatu, Kamre, Kanke, Rachi 835222, India
| | - Preeti Swarupa
- Department of Microbiology, Patna Women’s College, Patna 800001, India
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Correspondence: or (K.K.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Cheri-Manatu, Kamre, Kanke, Rachi 835222, India
- Correspondence: or (K.K.K.); (A.K.)
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Anaraki MT, Lysak DH, Downey K, Kock FVC, You X, Majumdar RD, Barison A, Lião LM, Ferreira AG, Decker V, Goerling B, Spraul M, Godejohann M, Helm PA, Kleywegt S, Jobst K, Soong R, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. NMR spectroscopy of wastewater: A review, case study, and future potential. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 126-127:121-180. [PMID: 34852923 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is arguably the most powerful tool for the study of molecular structures and interactions, and is increasingly being applied to environmental research, such as the study of wastewater. With over 97% of the planet's water being saltwater, and two thirds of freshwater being frozen in the ice caps and glaciers, there is a significant need to maintain and reuse the remaining 1%, which is a precious resource, critical to the sustainability of most life on Earth. Sanitation and reutilization of wastewater is an important method of water conservation, especially in arid regions, making the understanding of wastewater itself, and of its treatment processes, a highly relevant area of environmental research. Here, the benefits, challenges and subtleties of using NMR spectroscopy for the analysis of wastewater are considered. First, the techniques available to overcome the specific challenges arising from the nature of wastewater (which is a complex and dilute matrix), including an examination of sample preparation and NMR techniques (such as solvent suppression), in both the solid and solution states, are discussed. Then, the arsenal of available NMR techniques for both structure elucidation (e.g., heteronuclear, multidimensional NMR, homonuclear scalar coupling-based experiments) and the study of intermolecular interactions (e.g., diffusion, nuclear Overhauser and saturation transfer-based techniques) in wastewater are examined. Examples of wastewater NMR studies from the literature are reviewed and potential areas for future research are identified. Organized by nucleus, this review includes the common heteronuclei (13C, 15N, 19F, 31P, 29Si) as well as other environmentally relevant nuclei and metals such as 27Al, 51V, 207Pb and 113Cd, among others. Further, the potential of additional NMR methods such as comprehensive multiphase NMR, NMR microscopy and hyphenated techniques (for example, LC-SPE-NMR-MS) for advancing the current understanding of wastewater are discussed. In addition, a case study that combines natural abundance (i.e. non-concentrated), targeted and non-targeted NMR to characterize wastewater, along with in vivo based NMR to understand its toxicity, is included. The study demonstrates that, when applied comprehensively, NMR can provide unique insights into not just the structure, but also potential impacts, of wastewater and wastewater treatment processes. Finally, low-field NMR, which holds considerable future potential for on-site wastewater monitoring, is briefly discussed. In summary, NMR spectroscopy is one of the most versatile tools in modern science, with abilities to study all phases (gases, liquids, gels and solids), chemical structures, interactions, interfaces, toxicity and much more. The authors hope this review will inspire more scientists to embrace NMR, given its huge potential for both wastewater analysis in particular and environmental research in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tabatabaei Anaraki
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Flávio Vinicius Crizóstomo Kock
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-SP (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Xiang You
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Rudraksha D Majumdar
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada; Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8, Canada
| | - Andersson Barison
- NMR Center, Federal University of Paraná, CP 19081, 81530-900 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciano Morais Lião
- NMR Center, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Venita Decker
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Spraul
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | | | - Paul A Helm
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sonya Kleywegt
- Technical Assessment and Standards Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON M4V 1M2, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada.
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López-Martínez VG, Guerrero-Álvarez JA, Ronderos-Lara JG, Murillo-Tovar MA, Solá-Pérez JE, León-Rivera I, Saldarriaga-Noreña H. Spectral Characteristics Related to Chemical Substructures and Structures Indicative of Organic Precursors from Fulvic Acids in Sediments by NMR and HPLC-ESI-MS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134051. [PMID: 34279390 PMCID: PMC8272027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine Fulvic Acids (FAs) in sediments to better know their composition at the molecular level and to propose substructures and structures of organic precursors. The sediment samples were obtained from a priority area for the conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in Mexico. FAs were extracted and purified using modifications to the International Humic Substances Society method. The characterization was carried out by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI−) modes. Twelve substructures were proposed by the COSY and HSQC experiments, correlating with compounds likely belonging to lignin derivatives obtained from soils as previously reported. The analysis of spectra obtained by HPLC-ESI-MS indicated likely presence of compounds chemically similar to that of the substructures elucidated by NMR. FAs studied are mainly constituted by carboxylic acids, hydroxyl, esters, vinyls, aliphatics, substituted aromatic rings, and amines, presenting structures related to organic precursors, such as lignin derivatives and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Gisela López-Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (V.G.L.-M.); (J.A.G.-Á.); (J.G.R.-L.); (I.L.-R.)
| | - Jorge A. Guerrero-Álvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (V.G.L.-M.); (J.A.G.-Á.); (J.G.R.-L.); (I.L.-R.)
| | - José Gustavo Ronderos-Lara
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (V.G.L.-M.); (J.A.G.-Á.); (J.G.R.-L.); (I.L.-R.)
| | - Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62290, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Jorge Ernesto Solá-Pérez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte Kilómetro 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Chuburna de Hidalgo Inn, Merida C.P. 97203, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Ismael León-Rivera
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (V.G.L.-M.); (J.A.G.-Á.); (J.G.R.-L.); (I.L.-R.)
| | - Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (V.G.L.-M.); (J.A.G.-Á.); (J.G.R.-L.); (I.L.-R.)
- Correspondence:
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Ba Y, Liu J, Han J, Zhang X. Application of Vis-NIR spectroscopy for determination the content of organic matter in saline-alkali soils. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 229:117863. [PMID: 31806478 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Visible and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (Vis-NIR) has been recognized as a fast method to evaluate the content of soil organic matter (SOM) in various types of soil. The accuracy of Vis-NIR is comparable to conventional laboratory methods for estimating SOM. However, very few studies have applied Vis-NIR to estimate SOM in saline-alkali soil. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of spectral data for evaluating SOM in saline-alkali soil. Soil samples (n = 291) were collected from the five major saline-alkali soil regions in Shaanxi. SOM was measured using standard methods and the samples were scanned using ASD Fieldspec4 at wavelength of 350-2500 nm to obtain spectral data. Twenty-six pre-processing methods were tested and partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to estimate SOM. The best preprocessing was R + SG + SNV + FD. The calibration results were Pc = 15, Rc2 = 0.92, RMSEC = 1.11, SEC = 1.12, Slope = 0.92, Offset = 0.45; the validation results were Rv2 = 0.97, RPD = 5.21, RMSEP = 0.38, SEP = 0.38, Slope = 0.97, Offset = 0.17. Therefore, this main objective of the study was to propose an effective approach based on Vis-NIR spectroscopy and Chemometrics for predicting saline-alkali SOM contents in the center of Shaanxi, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Ba
- College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China; Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, The Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China.
| | - Jichang Han
- Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China; Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, The Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China
| | - Xingchang Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Řezáčová V, Conte P, Komendová R, Novák F, Repková M, Kučerík J. Factors influencing structural heat-induced structural relaxation of dissolved organic matter. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:422-428. [PMID: 30368135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Physical and chemical structure affect properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Recent observations revealed that heating and cooling cycles at higher temperature amplitude lead to a change in DOM physical conformation assumingly followed by a slow structural relaxation. In this study, changes at lower temperature amplitudes and their relation to DOM composition were investigated using simultaneous measurements of density and ultrasonic velocity in order to evaluate the adiabatic compressibility, which is sensitive indicator of DOM structural microelasticity. Six fulvic acids (FAs) having various origins were analyzed at concentrations of 0.12, 0.6 and 1.2 g L-1 and at different temperature amplitudes. First, we validated that the used technique is sensitive to distinguish conclusively the structural changes upon heating and cooling of DOM with heating/cooling amplitude of ± 3 °C and higher. This amplitude was then applied to observe the relationship between change in adiabatic compressibility and chemical composition of FA. No correlation was observed with elemental composition and aromatic structures. Positive correlations were observed with content of alkyl moieties, carboxylic and carbonyl carbons and biological activity. Based on literature data, it was concluded that alkyl moieties undergo (re)crystalization during thermal fluctuation and their structural relaxation back is very slow (if occurs). The polar moieties form a flexible hydrogel responding to thermal fluctuation by moderate dissolution and re-aggregation. Negative correlation was observed in relation to the amount of peptide and O-alkyl systems, which can be attributed to very fast structural relaxation of proteinaceous materials, i.e. their larger content leads to lower difference between original and heat-induced compressibility. Last, the increase of the heating/cooling amplitude from ± 3 to ± 15 °C resulted in an increase of the change of the adiabatic compressibility and in the extension of the relaxation time needed for DOM structure to return to the equilibrium. We conclude that this increase is caused by the increase in inner energy, and DOM conformation can reach a cascade of energy minima, which may influence DOM reactivity and biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Řezáčová
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pellegrino Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, v.le delle Scienze edificio 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Renata Komendová
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Novák
- Technopark Kralupy, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 1905, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Repková
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kučerík
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Clapp CE, Hayes MHB, Simpson AJ, Kingery WL. Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter. SSSA BOOK SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.2136/sssabookser8.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Clapp
- USDA-ARS, University of Minnesota; St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | | | | | - W. L. Kingery
- Mississippi State University; Mississippi State Mississippi USA
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Sarkar S, Das R. PVP capped silver nanocubes assisted removal of glyphosate from water-A photoluminescence study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 339:54-62. [PMID: 28622583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate [N-phosphono-methylglycine (PMG)] is the most used herbicide worldwide and it has been reported very recently that Glyphosate is very harmful and can produce lots of diseases such as alzheimer and parkinson's disease, depression, cancer, infertility including genotoxic effects. As it is mostly present in stable water body and ground water system, its detection and removal is very important. Here, we have shown a fluorescence technique for the removal of glyphosate from water using chemically synthesized polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) silver nanocrystals. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) study shows the average size of silver nanocrystals of 100nm approximately with a morphology of cubic shape. Glyphosate does not show absorption in the visible region. But both glyphosate and silver nanocrystals show strong fluorescence in the visible region. So, photoluminescence study has been successfully utilized to detect the glyphosate in water samples and on treating the glyphosate contaminated water sample with silver nanocrystals, the sample shows no emission peak of glyphosate at 458nm. Thus, this approach is a promising and very rapid method for the detection and removal of glyphosate from water samples on treatment with silver nanocubes. NMR spectra further confirms that the silver nanocrystals treated contaminated water samples are glyphosate free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sarkar
- Nano-Physics & Nanotechnology Research Lab, Department of Physics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, 799022, India
| | - Ratan Das
- Nano-Physics & Nanotechnology Research Lab, Department of Physics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, 799022, India.
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Medina J, Monreal C, Chabot D, Meier S, González ME, Morales E, Parillo R, Borie F, Cornejo P. Microscopic and spectroscopic characterization of humic substances from a compost amended copper contaminated soil: main features and their potential effects on Cu immobilization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14104-14116. [PMID: 28417325 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We characterized humic substances (HS) extracted from a Cu-contaminated soil without compost addition (C) or amended with a wheat straw-based compost (WSC) (H1), co-composted with Fe2O3 (H2), or co-composted with an allophane-rich soil (H3). Extracted HS were characterized under electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (X-EDS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In addition, HS extracted from WSC (H4) were characterized at pH 4.0 and 8.0 with descriptive purposes. At pH 4.0, globular structures of H4 were observed, some of them aggregating within a large network. Contrariwise, at pH 8.0, long tubular and disaggregated structures prevailed. TEM microscopy suggests organo-mineral interactions at scales of 1 to 200 nm with iron oxide nanoparticles. HS extracted from soil-compost incubations showed interactions at nanoscale with minerals and crystal compounds into the organic matrix of HS. Bands associated to acidic functional groups of HS may suggest potential sorption interactions with transition metals. We conclude that metal ions and pH have an important role controlling the morphology and configuration of HS from WSC. Characterization of H4 extracted from WSC showed that physicochemical protection of HS could be present in composting systems treated with inorganic materials. Finally, the humified fractions obtained from compost-amended soils may have an important effect on metal-retention, supporting their potential use in metal-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Medina
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales. Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Carlos Monreal
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Center, K.W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Denise Chabot
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Center, K.W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - Sebastián Meier
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales. Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Centro de investigación Regional de Investigación Carillanca, P.O. Box 58-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - María Eugenia González
- Núcleo de Investigación en Bioproductos y Materiales Avanzados (BioMA), Dirección de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Esteban Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales. Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rita Parillo
- Department of Agriculture, Division of Biology and Forest Systems, University of Naples II, Via Universita, 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Fernando Borie
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales. Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pablo Cornejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales. Scientific and Technological Bioresources Nucleus BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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Bliumkin L, Dutta Majumdar R, Soong R, Adamo A, Abbatt JPD, Zhao R, Reiner E, Simpson AJ. Development of an in Situ NMR Photoreactor To Study Environmental Photochemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5506-5516. [PMID: 27172272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photochemistry is a key environmental process directly linked to the fate, source, and toxicity of pollutants in the environment. This study explores two approaches for integrating light sources with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: sample irradiation using a "sunlight simulator" outside the magnet versus direct irradiation of the sample inside the magnet. To assess their applicability, the in situ NMR photoreactors were applied to a series of environmental systems: an atmospheric pollutant (p-nitrophenol), crude oil extracts, and groundwater. The study successfully illustrates that environmentally relevant aqueous photochemical processes can be monitored in situ and in real time using NMR spectroscopy. A range of intermediates and degradation products were identified and matched to the literature. Preliminary measurements of half-lives were also obtained from kinetic curves. The sunlight simulator was shown to be the most suitable model to explore environmental photolytic processes in situ. Other light sources with more intense UV output hold potential for evaluating UV as a remediation alternative in areas such as wastewater treatment plants or oil spills. Finally, the ability to analyze the photolytic fate of trace chemicals at natural abundance in groundwater, using a cryogenic probe, demonstrates the viability of NMR spectroscopy as a powerful and complementary technique for environmental applications in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Bliumkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eric Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , Toronto, Ontario M9P 3 V6, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Longstaffe JG, Courtier-Murias D, Simpson AJ. A nuclear magnetic resonance study of the dynamics of organofluorine interactions with a dissolved humic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:307-313. [PMID: 26692506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative understanding of the dynamics of the interactions between organofluorine compounds and humic acids will contribute to an improved understanding of the role that Natural Organic Matter plays as a mediator in the fate, transport and distribution of these contaminants in the environment. Here, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based diffusion measurements are used to estimate the association dynamics between dissolved humic acid and selected organofluorine compounds: pentafluoroaniline, pentafluorophenol, potassium perfluorooctane sulfonate, and perfluorooctanoic acid. Under the conditions used here, the strength of the association with humic acid increases linearly as temperature decreases for all compounds except for perfluorooctanoic acid, which exhibits divergent behavior with a non-linear decrease in the extent of interaction as temperature decreases. A general interaction mechanism controlled largely by desolvation effects is suggested for all compounds examined here except for perfluorooctanoic acid, which exhibits a specific mode of interaction consistent with a proteinaceous binding site. Reverse Heteronuclear Saturation Transfer Difference NMR is used to confirm the identity and nature of the humic acid binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Longstaffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Denis Courtier-Murias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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11
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Mazzei P, Piccolo A. Interactions between natural organic matter and organic pollutants as revealed by NMR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:667-678. [PMID: 25783763 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a critical role in regulating the transport and the fate of organic contaminants in the environment. NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the investigation of the sorption and binding mechanisms between NOM and pollutants, as well as their mutual chemical transformations. Despite NMR relatively low sensibility but due to its wide versatility to investigating samples in the liquid, gel, and solid phases, NMR application to environmental NOM-pollutants relations enables the achievement of specific and complementary molecular information. This report is a brief outline of the potentialities of the different NMR techniques and pulse sequences to elucidate the interactions between NOM and organic pollutants, with and without their labeling with nuclei that enhance NMR sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Mazzei
- Centro Interdipartimentale per la Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale per la Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
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12
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Minor EC, Swenson MM, Mattson BM, Oyler AR. Structural characterization of dissolved organic matter: a review of current techniques for isolation and analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:2064-79. [PMID: 24668418 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00062e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic systems plays many environmental roles: providing building blocks and energy for aquatic biota, acting as a sunscreen in surface water, and interacting with anthropogenic compounds to affect their ultimate fate in the environment. Such interactions are a function of DOM composition, which is difficult to ascertain due to its heterogeneity and the co-occurring matrix effects in most aquatic samples. This review focuses on current approaches to the chemical structural characterization of DOM, ranging from those applicable to bulk samples and in situ analyses (UV-visible spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectroscopy) through the concentration/isolation of DOM followed by the application of one or more analytical techniques, to the detailed separation and analysis of individual compounds or compound classes. Also provided is a brief overview of the main techniques used to characterize isolated DOM: mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance mass spectrometry (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Minor
- Large Lakes Observatory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, RLB 211, 2205 East 5th St, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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Zhang X, Wu Y, Hu S, Lu C, Yao H. Responses of kinetics and capacity of phenanthrene sorption on sediments to soil organic matter releasing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8271-8283. [PMID: 24687781 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) releasing with dissolved organic matter (DOM) formed in solution was confirmed in a sediment/water system, and the effects of SOM releasing on the sorption of phenanthrene on sediments were investigated. Inorganic salt (0-0.1 mol L(-1) NaCl) was used to adjust SOM releasing, and two sediments were prepared, the raw sediment (S1) from Weihe River, Shann'xi, China, and the eluted sediments with and without DOM supernatant remained, termed as S2a and S2b, respectively. The FTIR and (1)H NMR analysis indicate that the low molecular weight hydrophilic SOM fraction released prior to the high molecular weight hydrophobic fraction. As a response, phenanthrene sorption kinetics on S1 showed atypical and expressed as three stages: rapid sorption, pseudo sorption with partial desorption, and slow sorption, thus a defined "sorption valley" occurred in kinetic curve. In all cases, partition dominates the sorption, and sorption capacity (Kd) ranked as S2b > S1 > S2a. Compared with the alterations of sediment characters, DOM solubilization produced by SOM releasing exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on sorption with a relative contribution of 0.67. Distribution coefficients (K(doc)) of PHE into DOM clusters were 2.10 × 10(4)-4.18 × 10(4) L kg(-1), however a threshold concentration of 6.83 mg L(-1) existed in DOM solubilization. The study results will help to clarify PAHs transport and their biological fate in a sediment/water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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14
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Longstaffe JG, Courtier-Murias D, Simpson AJ. The pH-dependence of organofluorine binding domain preference in dissolved humic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:270-275. [PMID: 22863060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study we explore the relationship between solution pH and the distribution of the binding interactions at different domains of a dissolved humic acid (HA) for three xenobiotics: pentafluoroaniline (PFA), pentafluorophenol (PFP), and hexafluorobenzene (HFB). The components of HA where xenobiotic interactions occur are identified using the (1)H{(19)F} Reverse Heteronuclear Saturation Transfer Difference (RHSTD) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiment. At low pH, PFA and PFP interact preferentially with aromatic components of HA. Increasing pH reduces this preference. Conversely, HFB interacts with all components of HA equally, across the entire pH range. The possible roles of both aromatic-specific interactions and conformational changes of HA behind these observations are explored. It is shown that T-oriented π-π interactions at π-electron accepting HA structures are slightly stronger for PFA and PFP than for HFB. Using DOSY NMR it is shown that the pH-dependence of the interactions is correlated with changes in the conformation of the carbohydrate components of HA rather than with the aromatic components. It is argued that the observed preference for aromatic HA is caused by restricted access to the non-aromatic components of HA at low pH. These HA components form tightly bound hydrophobic domains due to strong inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds. At high pH, these structures open up, making them more available for interactions with polar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Longstaffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4.
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Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. The chemical ecology of soil organic matter molecular constituents. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:768-84. [PMID: 22549555 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (OM) contains vast stores of carbon, and directly supports microbial, plant, and animal life by retaining essential nutrients and water in the soil. Soil OM plays important roles in biological, chemical, and physical processes within the soil, and arguably plays a major role in maintaining long-term ecological stability in a changing world. Despite its importance, there is a great deal still unknown about soil OM chemical ecology. The development of sophisticated analytical methods have reshaped our understanding of soil OM composition, which is now believed to be comprised of plant and microbial products at various stages of decomposition. The methods also have recently been applied to study environmental change in various settings and have provided unique insight with respect to soil OM chemical ecology. The goal of this review is to highlight the methods used to characterize soil OM structure, source, and degradation that have enabled precise observations of OM and associated ecological shifts. Although the chemistry of soil OM is important in its overall fate in ecosystems, the studies conducted to date suggest that ecological function is not defined by soil OM chemistry alone. The long-standing questions regarding soil OM stability and recalcitrance will likely be answered when several molecular methods are used in tandem to closely examine structure, source, age, degradation stage, and interactions of specific OM components in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Nebbioso A, Piccolo A. Advances in humeomics: Enhanced structural identification of humic molecules after size fractionation of a soil humic acid. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 720:77-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Fomba KW, Galvosas P, Roland U, Kaerger J, Kopinke FD. Mobile aliphatic domains in humic substances and their impact on contaminant mobility within the matrix. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:5164-5169. [PMID: 21604756 DOI: 10.1021/es103809d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using a novel NMR option, magic angle spinning pulsed field gradient (MAS PFG) NMR, the mobility of aliphatic domains in humic substances in the presence of toluene (about 4.5 wt. %) has been monitored. Results show a strong correlation between the diffusivities of the mobile aliphatic chains and those of the adsorbed toluene molecules in the matrix as a function of temperature. Particularly, a strong influence of structural relaxation of the humic matrix on the diffusivity of toluene is observed. Our findings confirm that the aliphatic domains in humic substances play an important role in the mobility of sorbed contaminants within this matrix. These findings further confirm the potential of MAS PFG NMR method in monitoring diffusion processes in particulate humic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
- Department of Environmental Engineering, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
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18
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Simpson AJ, McNally DJ, Simpson MJ. NMR spectroscopy in environmental research: from molecular interactions to global processes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 58:97-175. [PMID: 21397118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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19
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Novoa-Carballal R, Fernandez-Megia E, Jimenez C, Riguera R. NMR methods for unravelling the spectra of complex mixtures. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 28:78-98. [PMID: 20936238 DOI: 10.1039/c005320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main methods for the simplification of the NMR of complex mixtures by selective attenuation/suppression of the signals of certain components are presented. The application of relaxation, diffusion and PSR filters and other techniques to biological samples, pharmaceuticals, foods, living organisms and natural products are illustrated with examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Novoa-Carballal
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Centre for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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20
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Nebbioso A, Piccolo A. Molecular rigidity and diffusivity of Al3+ and Ca2+ humates as revealed by NMR spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:2417-2424. [PMID: 19455755 DOI: 10.1021/es802807y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
NMR techniques were applied to follow changes in molecular rigidity and diffusion of complexes formed between a humic acid (HA) and either aluminum or calcium ions, added in amounts ranging from 0.05% to 1% of HA carboxylic acidity. Spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1rho,(H)) and diffusion coefficients (D) of humic-metal complexes were obtained from 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS), and 1H-diffusion order spectroscopy (DOSY) spectra, respectively. Molecular rigidity of humic complexes increased significantly with metal addition throughout the full carbon spectral region, being more pronounced for triple-charged Al than for double-charged Ca. However, T1rho(H) values of spectral intervals suggested that molecular rigidity increase was generally in the following order: aliphatic C > aromatic/double bonds C > carboxyl C. Concomitantly, DOSY spectra showed that addition of both Al and Ca decreased substantially the diffusivity of humic alkyl components and increased that of aromatic and hydroxyalkyl components, thereby indicating that complexation induced a molecular-size increase in the former and a decrease in the latter. These results suggest that saturated and unsaturated long-chain alkanoic acids in HA were preferentially involved in metal complexation with Al and Ca, with consequentincrease of conformational rigidity and molecular size of humic hydrophobic domains. Conversely, more hydrophilic or mobile humic components appeared relatively less affected by the molecular and intermolecular rearrangements induced in HA by complexation with metals. Such NMR approach appears thus liable to evaluate the response to metal complexation of specific chemical entities present in the bulk HA and provides a further insight in the molecular architecture of humic-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Nebbioso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali and Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per la Spettroscopia di Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare, Università di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
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21
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Zielinski ME, Morris KF. Using perdeuterated surfactant micelles to resolve mixture components in diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2009; 47:53-56. [PMID: 19006104 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy resolves mixture components on the basis of differences in their respective diffusion coefficients or molecular sizes. However, when components have near-identical diffusion coefficients, they are not resolved in the diffusion dimension of a diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) spectrum. Adding surfactant micelles to these mixtures has been shown to enhance resolution when the component molecules interact differentially with the micelles. This approach is similar to that used in electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) where modifiers like micelles or polymers are used to enhance the separation of mixture components. In this study, perdeuterated surfactants are added to analyte mixtures studied with the DOSY technique. Since no micelle resonances appear in the mixture spectra, the difficulty associated with performing biexponential analyses in spectral regions where analyte and surfactant resonances overlap is avoided. The approach is demonstrated using mixtures of peptides with near-identical diffusion coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry, Carthage College, 2001 Alford Park Drive, Kenosha, WI 53140, USA
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22
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Richard G, Guyot G, Aguer JP, Ter Halle A, Trubetskaya OE, Trubetskoi OA. Role of fractionation in studying the photochemical properties of humic substances. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363208110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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NMR-based metabolomics approach for the differentiation of ginseng (Panax ginseng) roots from different origins. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:330-6. [PMID: 18409046 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Agro-herbal materials vary in prices and qualities depending on the origin and age and the differentiation is both scientific and public health issue. Here, we describe a metabolomics approach used to discriminate ginseng roots from different sources. Six different types of ginseng roots from China and Korea were analyzed by NMR-based metabolomics. Chinese Dangsam showed prominent differences and was easily differentiated. The difference was mainly due to the large signals in the sugar region. We further analyzed the metabolomics results in subgroups. Jeonra (Korean), Choongcheong (Korean), and Chinese ginseng in subgroup 1 could be easily differentiated by the first two principal components. The loading plot for PC1 showed that the Jeonra and Chinese ginseng roots were mainly separated by sugar signals and methyl signals but that they were reverse-correlated. A diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) analysis showed that the methyl signals are from high molecular weight compounds and that the sugar signals are either from oligosaccharides or ginsenosides. In subgroup 2, composed of Korean Choongcheong ginseng at different ages, we were able to see age-dependent transitions in the score plot. We believe our approach can be applied to detecting the adulteration of ginseng root powders and other herbal products from different origins.
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Pan B, Ghosh S, Xing B. Dissolved organic matter conformation and its interaction with pyrene as affected by water chemistry and concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:1594-1599. [PMID: 18441808 DOI: 10.1021/es702431m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Water chemistry and concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) have been reported to affect DOM conformation and binding properties with hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). However, relationship between DOM conformation and its binding properties remains unclear. We designed a multibag equilibration system (MBES) to investigate the variation of carbon-normalized sorption coefficients (K(DOC)) of pyrene at different DOM concentrations based on an identical free solute concentration at different pHs and in the presence of Al ions. In addition, we studied the conformation of DOM under different conditions via atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements. Zeta potential measurements indicated that intra- and intermolecular interaction was facilitated at low pH or with the presence of Al ions, and a more organized molecular aggregate (such as a micelle-like structure) could form, thus, enhancing K(DOC). As DOM concentration increased, DOM molecular aggregation was promoted in a way reducing K(DOC). This research is a first attempt to correlate DOM conformation with K(DOC). Aggregation of DOM molecules resulting from increased zeta potential (less negative) generally led to an increased K(DOC). Further study in this area will provide valuable information on HOC-DOM interactions, thus, leading to more accurate predictions of K(DOC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Stockbridge Hall, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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25
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Smejkalová D, Piccolo A. Aggregation and disaggregation of humic supramolecular assemblies by NMR diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY-NMR). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:699-706. [PMID: 18323090 DOI: 10.1021/es071828p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY-NMR) was applied to a number of fulvic (FA) and humic (HA) acids of different origin. Spectral separation achieved by DOSY based on diffusion coefficients (D), and correlated to molecular sizes by calibration standards, showed that carbohydrates had the largest molecular size in FA, whereas alkyl or aromatic components were the most slowly diffusing moieties in HA. At increasing concentrations, these components had invariably lower D values in DOSY spectra for all humic samples,thereby indicating an aggregation into apparently larger associations, whose increased hydrodynamic radius was confirmed by viscosity measurements. When humic solutions were broughtfrom alkaline to acidic pH (3.6), components diffusivity detected by DOSY increased significantly, suggesting a decrease of aggregation and molecular size. A general comparison of HA and FA molecular sizes was achieved by multivariate statistical analysis. While a larger extent of aggregation and disaggregation was observed for HA than for FA, no aggregation was detected, under similar conditions, for a true macropolymeric standard. Such difference in diffusion between a polymeric molecule and humic samples, is in line with the supramolecular nature of humic matter. The possible formation of humic micelles was also investigated by both changes of diffusivity in DOSY spectra and shift of 1H NMR signals. Except for HA of peat and soil origin, revealing a self-assembling in micelle-like structures at the 4 mg mL(-1) concentration, no other humic sample showed evidence of critical micelle concentration (cmc) up to 20 mg mL(-1). These results indicated that DOSY-NMR spectroscopy is a useful technique to evaluate components of different molecular size in natural humic superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Smejkalová
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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26
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Lam B, Simpson AJ. Direct 1H NMR spectroscopy of dissolved organic matter in natural waters. Analyst 2008; 133:263-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b713457f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Francioso O, Ferrari E, Saladini M, Montecchio D, Gioacchini P, Ciavatta C. TG-DTA, DRIFT and NMR characterisation of humic-like fractions from olive wastes and amended soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2007; 149:408-17. [PMID: 17499435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to investigate, by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, the structural features of the humic-like fraction (HLF) from olive pulp (OP), its effluents originated from the fermentation processes for hydrogen (EH2) and methane production (ECH4) and humic acid (HA) from soil amended with each of these materials. A considerable structural modification emerged between the HLF, in particular from the ECH4 effluent, which was characterised by a high content of polyphenolic and polypeptidic substances. The short-term amendment trial with OP and EH2 indicated that no chemical or structural changes in soil HA appeared. In contrast, the amendment with ECH4 substantially influenced the chemical and structural composition of soil HA. The structural interpretation performed by 2D NMR indicated the presence of aliphatic and aromatic protons while the sugar-like content and O-CH3 groups decreased with respect to the soil control HA. It emerges from this study that olive wastes contain stabilised humic-like material that may be recycled as an amendment in areas where olive trees are cultivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Francioso
- Department of Agroenvironmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, V le Fanin 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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28
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Ambrus A, Yang D. Diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for analysis of DNA secondary structural elements. Anal Biochem 2007; 367:56-67. [PMID: 17570331 PMCID: PMC1993845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Structure determination of secondary DNA structural elements, such as G-quadruplexes, gains an increasing importance as fundamental physiological roles are being associated with the formation of such structures in vivo. A truncated native DNA sequence generally requires further optimization to obtain a candidate with desired nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties for structural analysis in solution. The optimum sequence is expected to form one dominant, stable molecular entity in solution with well-resolved NMR peaks. However, DNA sequences are prone to form structures composed of one, two, three, or four strands depending on sequence and solution conditions. The thorough characterization of the molecularity (stoichiometry and molecular weight) and appropriate solution conditions for sequences with different modifications traditionally applies analytical techniques that generally do not represent the solution conditions for NMR structure determination. Here we present the application of diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy as a useful analytical tool for the optimization and analysis of DNA secondary structural elements, specifically, the DNA G-quadruplex structures, including those formed in the human telomeric sequence and in the promoter regions of bcl-2 and c-myc genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Ambrus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Plancque G, Maurice Y, Moulin V, Toulhoat P, Moulin C. On the use of spectroscopic techniques for interaction studies, part I: complexation between europium and small organic ligands. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 59:432-41. [PMID: 15901328 DOI: 10.1366/0003702053641540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the framework of environmental studies, it is important to understand the interaction of humic substances with cations (heavy metals, radionuclides) and to determine their complexation constants in order to evaluate their potential impact on their fate. For this purpose, two techniques have been used: electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, a newly used technique in speciation studies, and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry, a well-known technique for such studies. As a first step, for simplification purposes and to compare both techniques, simple molecules having functional groups present in humic substances have been selected, such as acetic, glycolic, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acids. Both techniques have been used to obtain stoichiometries and complexation constants between these simple molecules and europium (III).
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Gil A, Duarte I, Cabrita E, Goodfellow B, Spraul M, Kerssebaum R. Exploratory applications of diffusion ordered spectroscopy to liquid foods: an aid towards spectral assignment. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kujawinski EB, Hatcher PG, Freitas MA. High-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of humic and fulvic acids: improvements and comparisons. Anal Chem 2002; 74:413-9. [PMID: 11811416 DOI: 10.1021/ac0108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Full structural characterization of complex mixtures such as humic acid extracts has been elusive because of insufficient compound resolution with conventional techniques. Using electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we were able to resolve individual compounds within humic and fulvic acid mixtures (mass resolving power approximately 80000 at 300 m/z). We examined two samples in detail: (1) dissolved organic matter (primarily fulvic acids) from Suwannee River, GA, and (2) a humic acid extract from a degraded wood collected on Mt. Rainier, WA. Sample conditions (such as solvent, pH, and concentration) and instrument parameters (such as source voltages, trapping potentials, and excitation parameters) were optimized to yield the highest mass resolving power with the least mass discrimination in positive ion mode. High resolving power was achieved with low ion densities combined with coadding numerous scans. The increased resolution allowed molecular-level comparisons of the two samples which in turn could be used to estimate the relative similarity of individual compound distribution as well as an indication of the dominant diagenetic processes in the two source environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Kujawinski
- The Ohio State University Environmental Molecular Science Institute, Department of Chemistry, Columbus 43210, USA
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