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Souza VC, Congio GFS, Rodrigues JPP, Valadares Filho SC, Silva FAS, Rennó LN, Reis RA, Cardoso AS, Rodrigues PHM, Berchielli TT, Messana JD, Cajarville C, Granja-Salcedo YT, Borges ALCC, Kozloski GV, Rosero-Noguera JR, Gonda H, Hristov AN, Kebreab E. Models to predict nitrogen excretion from beef cattle fed a wide range of diets compiled from South America. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae072. [PMID: 38745851 PMCID: PMC11092400 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to develop and evaluate models for predicting nitrogen (N) excretion in feces, urine, and manure in beef cattle in South America. The study incorporated a total of 1,116 individual observations of N excretion in feces and 939 individual observations of N excretion in feces and in urine (g/d), representing a diverse range of diets, animal genotypes, and management conditions in South America. The dataset also included data on dry matter intake (DMI; kg/d) and nitrogen intake (NI; g/d), concentrations of dietary components, as well as average daily gain (ADG; g/d) and average body weight (BW; kg). Models were derived using linear mixed-effects regression with a random intercept for the study. Fecal N excretion was positively associated with DMI, NI, nonfibrous carbohydrates, average BW, and ADG and negatively associated with EE and CP concentration in the diet. The univariate model predicting fecal N excretion based on DMI (model 1) performed slightly better than the univariate model, which used NI as a predictor variable (model 2) with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 38.0 vs. 39.2%, the RMSE-observations SD ratio (RSR) of 0.81 vs. 0.84, and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) of 0.53 vs. 0.50, respectively. Models predicting urinary N excretion were less accurate than those derived to predict fecal N excretion, with an average RMSE of 43.7% vs. 37.0%, respectively. Urinary and manure N excretion were positively associated with DMI, NI, CP, average BW, and ADG and negatively associated with neutral detergent fiber concentration in the diet. As opposed to fecal N excretion, the univariate model predicting urinary N excretion using NI (model 10) performed slightly better than the univariate model using DMI (model 9) as predictor variable with an RMSE of 36.0% vs. 39.7%, RSR 0.85 vs. 0.93, and CCC of 0.43 vs. 0.29, respectively. The models developed in this study are applicable for predicting N excretion in beef cattle across a broad spectrum of dietary compositions and animal genotypes in South America. The univariate model using DMI as a predictor is recommended for fecal N prediction, while the univariate model using NI is recommended for predicting urinary and manure N excretion because the use of more complex models resulted in little to no benefits. However, it may be more useful to consider more complex models that incorporate nutrient intakes and diet composition for decision-making when N excretion is a factor to be considered. Three extant equations evaluated in this study have the potential to be used in tropical conditions typical of South America to predict fecal N excretion with good precision and accuracy. However, none of the extant equations are recommended for predicting urine or manure N excretion because of their high RMSE, and low precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius C Souza
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - João P P Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Production, Animal Science Institute, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia A S Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana N Rennó
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Reis
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Abmael S Cardoso
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL 33865, USA
| | - Paulo H M Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Telma T Berchielli
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana D Messana
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Cajarville
- Department of Animal Production and Health of Production Systems, Animal Production Institute, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, San José 80100, Uruguay
| | - Yury T Granja-Salcedo
- El Nus Research Center, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria, San Roque, Antioquia 250047, Colombia
| | - Ana L C C Borges
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gilberto V Kozloski
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jaime R Rosero-Noguera
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia 050034, Colombia
| | - Horacio Gonda
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Alexander N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Gao X, Zhang S, Wang P, Jaroniec M, Zheng Y, Qiao SZ. Urea catalytic oxidation for energy and environmental applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1552-1591. [PMID: 38168798 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00963g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Urea is one of the most essential reactive nitrogen species in the nitrogen cycle and plays an indispensable role in the water-energy-food nexus. However, untreated urea or urine wastewater causes severe environmental pollution and threatens human health. Electrocatalytic and photo(electro)catalytic urea oxidation technologies under mild conditions have become promising methods for energy recovery and environmental remediation. An in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanisms of the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is important to design efficient electrocatalysts/photo(electro)catalysts for these technologies. This review provides a critical appraisal of the recent advances in the UOR by means of both electrocatalysis and photo(electro)catalysis, aiming to comprehensively assess this emerging field from fundamentals and materials, to practical applications. The emphasis of this review is on the design and development strategies for electrocatalysts/photo(electro)catalysts based on reaction pathways. Meanwhile, the UOR in natural urine is discussed, focusing on the influence of impurity ions. A particular emphasis is placed on the application of the UOR in energy and environmental fields, such as hydrogen production by urea electrolysis, urea fuel cells, and urea/urine wastewater remediation. Finally, future directions, prospects, and remaining challenges are discussed for this emerging research field. This critical review significantly increases the understanding of current progress in urea conversion and the development of a sustainable nitrogen economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Pengtang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Yao Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Zhan G, Cao F, Chen J, Chen Z, Duan Y, Chang F, Zeng S, Bai Y, Li Z, Zhang X, Li J. Comprehensive evaluation of an ionic liquid based deep purification process for NH 3-containing industrial gas. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:698-708. [PMID: 37923478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) emission has caused serious environment issues and aroused worldwide concern. The emerging ionic liquid (IL) provides a greener way to efficiently capture NH3. This paper provides rigorous process simulation, optimization and assessment for a novel NH3 deep purification process using IL. The process was designed and investigated by simulation and optimization using ionic liquid [C4im][NTF2] as absorbent. Three objective functions, total purification cost (TPC), total process CO2 emission (TPCOE) and thermal efficiency (ηeff) were employed to optimize the absorption process. Process simulation and optimization results indicate that at same purification standard and recovery rate, the novel process can achieve lower cost and CO2 emission compared to benchmark process. After process optimization, the optimal functions can achieve 0.02726 $/Nm3 (TPC), 311.27 kg CO2/hr (TPCOE), and 52.21% (ηeff) for enhanced process. Moreover, compared with conventional process, novel process could decrease over $ 3 million of purification cost and 10000 tons of CO2 emission during the life cycle. The results provide a novel strategy and guidance for deep purification of NH3 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiong Zhan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Cao
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanmeng Duan
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fei Chang
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shaojuan Zeng
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemical and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinge Bai
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemical and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zengxi Li
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Chemical and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiangping Zhang
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemical and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Bhaduri SN, Ghosh D, Chatterjee S, Biswas R, Banerjee R, Bhaumik A, Biswas P. Ni(II)-Incorporated Porphyrin-Based Conjugated Porous Polymer Derived from 2,6-Diformyl-4-methylphenol as a Catalyst for the Urea Oxidation Reaction. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18390-18399. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samanka Narayan Bhaduri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah711 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Debojit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah711 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sauvik Chatterjee
- School of Material Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rima Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah711 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Rumeli Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah711 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Asim Bhaumik
- School of Material Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Papu Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah711 103, West Bengal, India
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Assessing the impact of long-term exposure to nine outdoor air pollutants on COVID-19 spatial spread and related mortality in 107 Italian provinces. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13317. [PMID: 35922645 PMCID: PMC9349267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates the air quality in 107 Italian provinces in the period 2014-2019 and the association between exposure to nine outdoor air pollutants and the COVID-19 spread and related mortality in the same areas. The methods used were negative binomial (NB) regression, ordinary least squares (OLS) model, and spatial autoregressive (SAR) model. The results showed that (i) common air pollutants-nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10)-were highly and positively correlated with large firms, energy and gas consumption, public transports, and livestock sector; (ii) long-term exposure to NO2, PM2.5, PM10, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and cadmium (Cd) was positively and significantly correlated with the spread of COVID-19; and (iii) long-term exposure to NO2, O3, PM2.5, PM10, and arsenic (As) was positively and significantly correlated with COVID-19 related mortality. Specifically, particulate matter and Cd showed the most adverse effect on COVID-19 prevalence; while particulate matter and As showed the largest dangerous impact on excess mortality rate. The results were confirmed even after controlling for eighteen covariates and spatial effects. This outcome seems of interest because benzene, BaP, and heavy metals (As and Cd) have not been considered at all in recent literature. It also suggests the need for a national strategy to drive down air pollutant concentrations to cope better with potential future pandemics.
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Hagner M, Räty M, Nikama J, Rasa K, Peltonen S, Vepsäläinen J, Keskinen R. Slow pyrolysis liquid in reducing NH 3 emissions from cattle slurry - Impacts on plant growth and soil organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147139. [PMID: 33892321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A substantial percentage of manure nitrogen (N) can be lost as gaseous ammonia (NH3) during storage and field spreading. Lowering slurry pH is a simple and accepted method for preserving its N. Efficiency of slow pyrolysis liquid (PL) produced from birch (Betula sp.) as an acidifying agent, and its ability to reduce NH3 emissions following surface application of cattle slurry, was studied in a field experiment. Untreated slurry (US) and slurries acidified with PL and sulfuric acid (SA) were applied to the second harvest of a grass ley. Immediate NH3 emissions, grass biomass, N-yield and possible toxic impacts on soil nematodes and enchytraeids were examined. Furthermore, the effects on soil respiration, nitrogen dynamics and seed germination were studied in subsequent laboratory experiments. In the field, over one third of the water-extractable ammonium-N (NH4-N) applied was lost through NH3 volatilization from US. SA and PL acidified slurries reduced NH3-N emission rate equally from 3.4 to <0.04 kg ha-1 h-1. Acidification with SA resulted in the highest and that with PL in the lowest grass dry matter (DM) and N yield. Neither SA nor PL acidification had negative effects on soil enchytraeids or nematodes. Reduced yield production, seed germination and delayed microbial activity after PL slurry application were most probably caused by the PL containing organic compounds. However, later increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) production and improved seed germination suggest that these compounds were rapidly volatilized and/or degraded by soil microbes. Though PL efficiently cut NH3 emission from surface-spread slurry, further studies on appropriate application methods and possible phytotoxicity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleena Hagner
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland; Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 15140 Lahti, Finland.
| | - Mari Räty
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, 71750 Maaninka, Finland
| | - Johanna Nikama
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Kimmo Rasa
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Sari Peltonen
- Association of ProAgria Centres, 01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Keskinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
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Huang CB, Xiao L, Xing SC, Chen JY, Yang YW, Zhou Y, Chen W, Liang JB, Mi JD, Wang Y, Wu YB, Liao XD. The microbiota structure in the cecum of laying hens contributes to dissimilar H 2S production. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:770. [PMID: 31646963 PMCID: PMC6813079 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host genotype plays a crucial role in microbial composition of laying hens, which may lead to dissimilar odor gas production. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship among layer breed, microbial structure and odor production. RESULTS Thirty Hy-Line Gray and thirty Lohmann Pink laying hens were used in this study to determine the impact of cecal microbial structure on odor production of laying hens. The hens were managed under the same husbandry and dietary regimes. Results of in vivo experiments showed a lower hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production from Hy-Line hens and a lower concentration of soluble sulfide (S2-) but a higher concentration of butyrate in the cecal content of the Hy-Line hens compared to Lohmann Pink hens (P < 0.05), which was consistent with the in vitro experiments (P < 0.05). However, ammonia (NH3) production was not different between genotypes (P > 0.05). Significant microbial structural differences existed between the two breed groups. The relative abundance of some butyrate producers (including Butyricicoccus, Butyricimonas and Roseburia) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (including Mailhella and Lawsonia) were found to be significantly correlated with odor production and were shown to be different in the 16S rRNA and PCR data between two breed groups. Furthermore, some bacterial metabolism pathways associated with energy extraction and carbohydrate utilization (oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate metabolism, energy metabolism, two component system and secretion system) were overrepresented in the Hy-Line hens, while several amino acid metabolism-associated pathways (amino acid related enzymes, arginine and proline metabolism, and alanine-aspartate and glutamate metabolism) were more prevalent in the Lohmann hens. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that genotype of laying hens influence cecal microbiota, which in turn modulates their odor production. Our study provides references for breeding and enteric manipulation for defined microbiota to reduce odor gas emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Bo Huang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Cheng Xing
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Wen Yang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan-Boo Liang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, University of Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Jian-Dui Mi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Bao Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Di Liao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. .,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical Agricultural Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Wang L, Liu Z, Zhu S, Shao M, Yang B, Chen JG. Tungsten Carbide and Cobalt Modified Nickel Nanoparticles Supported on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes as Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts for Urea Oxidation in Alkaline Electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41338-41343. [PMID: 30398838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The tungsten carbide and cobalt-modified Ni-based catalyst [Ni-Co-WC/multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)], synthesized through a sequential impregnation method, was evaluated for the urea electrooxidation in alkaline electrolyte to reduce the overpotential and increase the current density simultaneously. The as-prepared Ni-Co-WC/MWCNTs catalyst was characterized using scanning electron microscopy-EDX, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Characterization results indicate that Ni, Co, and WC nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the MWCNTs. For the Ni-Co-WC/MWCNT electrode, the maximum current density for urea electrooxidation is more than 4 times higher than that of the Ni/C catalyst, with a reduction of 120 mV in the onset overpotential. In addition, the Ni-Co-WC/MWCNTs catalyst also shows an enhanced catalytic stability with a continuous higher current density under steady-state conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , PR China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , PR China
| | - Shangqian Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong , PR China
| | - Minhua Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong , PR China
| | - Bolun Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , PR China
| | - Jingguang G Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Columbia University , 500W. 120th Street , New York , New York 10027 , United States
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Ro KS, Vanotti MB, Szogi AA, Loughrin JH, Millner PD. High-Rate Solid-Liquid Separation Coupled With Nitrogen and Phosphorous Treatment of Swine Manure: Effect on Ammonia Emission. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Moraes L, Kebreab E, Firkins J, White R, Martineau R, Lapierre H. Predicting milk protein responses and the requirement of metabolizable protein by lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:310-327. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Chung TH. Ph, Ammonia Flux, and Total Nitrogen in Duck Litter with Chemical Blends - A Field Study. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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On the electrocatalytic urea oxidation on nickel oxide nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Moraes L, Burgos S, DePeters E, Zhang R, Fadel J. Short communication: Urea hydrolysis in dairy cattle manure under different temperature, urea, and pH conditions. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2388-2394. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Moore PA. Development of a New Manure Amendment for Reducing Ammonia Volatilization and Phosphorus Runoff from Poultry Litter. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:1421-1429. [PMID: 27380093 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.09.0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Treating poultry litter with alum is a best management practice that reduces phosphorus (P) runoff and ammonia (NH) emissions. However, alum prices have increased substantially during the past decade. The goal of this research was to develop inexpensive manure amendments that are as effective as alum in reducing NH volatilization and P runoff. Sixteen amendments were developed using mixtures of alum mud, bauxite ore, sulfuric acid, liquid alum, and water. Alum mud is the residual left over from alum manufacture when produced by reacting bauxite with sulfuric acid. A laboratory NH volatilization study was conducted using 11 treatments: untreated poultry litter, poultry litter treated with liquid or dry alum, or eight new mixtures. All of the litter amendments tested resulted in significantly lower NH volatilization than untreated litter. Dry and liquid alum reduced NH losses by 86 and 75%, respectively. The eight new litter amendments reduced NH losses from 62 to 73% compared with untreated litter, which was not significantly different from liquid alum; the three most effective mixtures were not significantly different from dry alum. Water-extractable P (WEP) was significantly reduced by all of the amendments, three of which resulted in significantly lower WEP than dry alum. The most promising new amendments were mixtures of alum mud, bauxite, and sulfuric acid. The potential impact of these amendments could be enormous because they could be produced for less than half the price of alum while being as effective in reducing NH emissions and P runoff.
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McGinn SM, Janzen HH, Coates TW, Beauchemin KA, Flesch TK. Ammonia Emission from a Beef Cattle Feedlot and Its Local Dry Deposition and Re-Emission. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:1178-1185. [PMID: 27380065 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.01.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH) volatized from livestock manure is affiliated with ecosystem and human health concerns and decreased fertilizer value of manure and can also be an indirect source of greenhouse gas. Beef cattle feedlots, where thousands of cattle are grouped together to enable greater control of feed management and production, are hot spots in the agricultural landscape for NH emissions. Quantifying the feedlot NH emissions is a difficult task, partly due to the reactive nature of NH within and surrounding the feedlot. Our study used a dispersion model coupled to field measurements to derive NH emissions from a feedlot in southern Alberta, Canada. The average feedlot NH emission was 50 μg m s (85 g animal d), which coincides with a low dietary crude protein content. At a location 165 m east of the feedlot, a flux gradient (FG) technique measured an average NH deposition of 12.0 μg m s (west wind) and 5.3 μg m s (east wind). Ammonia FG emission averaged 1 μg m s with east winds, whereas no NH emission was found for west wind. Using soil-captured NH, there was a decrease in deposition with distance from the feedlot (50% over 200 m). Collectively, the results of this study provide insight into the dynamics of NH in the agricultural landscape and illustrate the need for NH mitigation to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of cattle feedlots.
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Johnson ACB, Reed KF, Kebreab E. Short communication: Evaluation of nitrogen excretion equations from cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7669-7678. [PMID: 27320670 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen excretion in dairy manure is a precursor for N2O and NH3 formation in livestock housing, manure storage facilities, and after manure is applied to land. Nitrous oxide is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing N output from dairy production facilities can reduce the amount of anthropogenic N2O entering the atmosphere. The objective of the study was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of extant prediction models for N excretion in feces and urine using extensive literature data. A total of 45 N excretion equations were evaluated for lactating cows, heifers, and nonlactating cows and steers. These equations were evaluated with 215 treatment means from 69 published studies collected over 20 yr from 1995 to 2015. Two evaluation methods were used: the root mean square prediction error and the concordance correlation coefficient. Equations constructed using a more rigorous development process fared better than older extant equations. Equations for heifers and nonlactating cows had greater error of prediction compared with equations used for lactating cows. This could be due to limited amount of data available for construction and evaluation of the equations. Urinary N equations had greater prediction errors than other forms of excretion, possibly due to high variability in urinary N excretion and challenges in urine collection. Fecal N equations had low error bias and reached an acceptable level of precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C B Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - K F Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
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Miles DM, Logan JW, Arora S, Jenkins JN. On-Farm Resources and Renewable Energy in Broiler
Chicken Production: Brinson Farms Case Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2016.41.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Eugene B, Moore PA, Li H, Miles D, Trabue S, Burns R, Buser M. Effect of Alum Additions to Poultry Litter on In-House Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Concentrations and Emissions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:1530-1540. [PMID: 26436270 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2014.09.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Alum [Al(SO4) ·14HO] addition to poultry litter has been shown to reduce ammonia (NH) concentrations in poultry houses; however, its effects on greenhouse gas (GHG; NO, CH, and CO) emissions is unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of alum additions on (i) in-house NH and GHG concentrations, (ii) NH and GHG emissions, and (iii) litter chemical properties. Two identical broiler houses located in northwest Arkansas were used for this study: one house was a control and the other was treated with alum between each flock of birds. Ventilation rates were coupled with in-house NH and GHG measurements to determine emission rates. Overall, alum additions significantly reduced the daily average in-house NH concentration by 42% (8.9 vs. 15.4 μL L), and the overall NH emission rate was reduced by 47% (7.2 vs. 13.4 kg d house). The average cumulative NH emission for the three flocks was 330 kg house flock for the alum-treated house and 617 kg house flock for the control. Concentrations and emissions of nitrous oxide (NO) and methane (CH) from the alum-treated house were not significantly different than the untreated house. However, carbon dioxide (CO) emissions were significantly higher from the untreated house than the alum-treated house. Alum also significantly increased litter N content and reduced the C/N ratio. These results indicate that the addition of alum to poultry litter is not only an effective management practice for reducing in-house NH concentrations and emissions but also significantly reduces CO emissions from poultry facilities.
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Choi KY, Lee TK, Sul WJ. Metagenomic Analysis of Chicken Gut Microbiota for Improving Metabolism and Health of Chickens - A Review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1217-25. [PMID: 26323514 PMCID: PMC4554860 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chicken is a major food source for humans, hence it is important to understand the mechanisms involved in nutrient absorption in chicken. In the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), the microbiota plays a central role in enhancing nutrient absorption and strengthening the immune system, thereby affecting both growth and health of chicken. There is little information on the diversity and functions of chicken GIT microbiota, its impact on the host, and the interactions between the microbiota and host. Here, we review the recent metagenomic strategies to analyze the chicken GIT microbiota composition and its functions related to improving metabolism and health. We summarize methodology of metagenomics in order to obtain bacterial taxonomy and functional inferences of the GIT microbiota and suggest a set of indicator genes for monitoring and manipulating the microbiota to promote host health in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea
| | - Tae Kwon Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea
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Heo J, McCoy ST, Adams PJ. Implications of ammonia emissions from post-combustion carbon capture for airborne particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5142-5150. [PMID: 25811231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Amine scrubbing, a mature post-combustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, could increase ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) due to its ammonia emissions. To capture 2.0 Gt CO2/year, for example, it could emit 32 Gg NH3/year in the United States given current design targets or 15 times higher (480 Gg NH3/year) at rates typical of current pilot plants. Employing a chemical transport model, we found that the latter emission rate would cause an increase of 2.0 μg PM2.5/m(3) in nonattainment areas during wintertime, which would be troublesome for PM2.5-burdened areas, and much lower increases during other seasons. Wintertime PM2.5 increases in nonattainment areas were fairly linear at a rate of 3.4 μg PM2.5/m(3) per 1 Tg NH3, allowing these results to be applied to other CCS emissions scenarios. The PM2.5 impacts are modestly uncertain (±20%) depending on future emissions of SO2, NOx, and NH3. The public health costs of CCS NH3 emissions were valued at $31-68 per tonne CO2 captured, comparable to the social cost of carbon itself. Because the costs of solvent loss to CCS operators are lower than the social costs of CCS ammonia, there is a regulatory interest to limit ammonia emissions from CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyok Heo
- †Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sean T McCoy
- †Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Peter J Adams
- †Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Pei ST, Jiang S, Liu YR, Huang T, Xu KM, Wen H, Zhu YP, Huang W. Properties of Ammonium Ion–Water Clusters: Analyses of Structure Evolution, Noncovalent Interactions, and Temperature and Humidity Effects. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3035-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512323k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Tu Pei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yi-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Teng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Kang-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Hui Wen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yu-Peng Zhu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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22
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Reed KF, Moraes LE, Casper DP, Kebreab E. Predicting nitrogen excretion from cattle. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3025-35. [PMID: 25747829 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Manure nitrogen (N) from cattle production facilities can lead to negative environmental effects, such as contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, leaching and runoff to aqueous ecosystems leading to eutrophication, and acid rain. To mitigate these effects and to improve the efficiency of N use, accurate prediction of N excretion and secretions are required. A genetic algorithm was implemented to select models to predict fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretions, and milk N secretions from 3 classes of animals: lactating dairy cows, heifers and dry cows, and steers. Two tiers of model classes were developed for each category of animals based on model input requirements. A total of 6 models for heifers and dry cows and steers and an additional 2 models for lactating dairy cattle were developed. Evaluation of the models using K-fold cross validation based on all data and using the most recent 6 yr of data showed better prediction for total manure N and fecal N compared with urinary N excretion, which was the most variable response in the database. Compared with extant models from the literature, the models developed in this study resulted in a significant improvement in prediction error for fecal and urinary N excretions from lactating cows. For total manure production by lactating cows, extant and new models were comparable in their prediction ability. Both proposed and extant models performed better than the prediction methods used by the US Environmental Protection Agency for the national inventory of greenhouse gases. Therefore, the proposed models are recommended for use in estimation of manure N from various classes of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - L E Moraes
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - D P Casper
- Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007
| | - E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
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23
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Miles DM, Moore PA, Burns RT, Brooks JP. Ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from a commercial broiler house. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:1119-1124. [PMID: 25603060 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.09.0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex variation in gas emissions from animal facilities has been shown in recent research reports. Uncertainties in these emission estimates are driving research activities concerning different animal species across the globe. Greenhouse gas (NO and CO) and NH concentrations were measured in a modern, tunnel-ventilated, commercial broiler house in Mississippi during five flocks (spanning approximately 1 yr). These were flocks 9 through 13 on reused pine shavings litter, representing litter reuse beyond 2 yr. Gas concentrations obtained from a photoacoustic multigas analyzer were coupled with ventilation measurements of air flow through the house to develop NH and NO emission rates. Ammonia emission during a flock (43 d) averaged approximately 14.8 ± 9.8 kg d in the commercial house (equivalent to 23.5 g bird marketed or 0.54 g bird d). Nitrous oxide emission averaged 2.3 ± 1.7 kg d in the house (equivalent to 3.64 g bird marketed or 0.085 g bird d). Emission rates increased with time from Day 1 to Day 43 and reached average values on Day 23 and 24 for NH and NO. Even with extended litter reuse, estimates of NH emissions from the broiler house agree well with recently published research that reused litter in eight or fewer flocks. This is important information for farmers who may not be able to afford to replace the litter with fresh bedding material annually.
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24
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Allen JL, Liu X, Weston D, Conrad K, Oberdörster G, Cory-Slechta DA. Consequences of developmental exposure to concentrated ambient ultrafine particle air pollution combined with the adult paraquat and maneb model of the Parkinson's disease phenotype in male mice. Neurotoxicology 2014; 41:80-8. [PMID: 24486957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests suceptibility of both the substantia nigra and striatum to exposure to components of air pollution. Further, air pollution has been associated with increased risk of PD diagnsosis in humans or PD-like pathology in animals. This study examined whether exposure of mice to concentrated ambient ultrafine particles (CAPS; <100nm diameter) during the first two weeks of life would alter susceptibility to induction of the Parkinson's disease phenyotype (PDP) in a pesticide-based paraquat and maneb (PQ+MB) model during adulthood utilizing i.p. injections of 10mg/kg PQ and 30mg/kg MB 2× per week for 6 weeks. Evidence of CAPS-induced enhancement of the PQ+MB PDP was limited primarily to delayed recovery of locomotor activity 24 post-injection of PQ+MB that could be related to alterations in striatal GABA inhibitory function. Absence of more extensive interactions might also reflect the finding that CAPS and PQ+MB appeared to differentially target the nigrostriatal dopamine and amino acid systems, with CAPS impacting striatum and PQ+MB impacting dopamine-glutamate function in midbrain; both CAPS and PQ+MB elevated glutamate levels in these specific regions, consistent with potential excitotoxicity. These findings demonstrate the ability of postnatal CAPS to produce locomotor dysfunction and dopaminergic and glutamateric changes, independent of PQ+MB, in brain regions involved in the PDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Allen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Xiufang Liu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Douglas Weston
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Katherine Conrad
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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25
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Paulot F, Jacob DJ. Hidden cost of U.S. agricultural exports: particulate matter from ammonia emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:903-8. [PMID: 24370064 DOI: 10.1021/es4034793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We use a model of agricultural sources of ammonia (NH3) coupled to a chemical transport model to estimate the impact of U.S. food export on particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5). We find that food export accounts for 11% of total U.S. NH3 emissions (13% of agricultural emissions) and that it increases the population-weighted exposure of the U.S. population to PM2.5 by 0.36 μg m(-3) on average. Our estimate is sensitive to the proper representation of the impact of NH3 on ammonium nitrate, which reflects the interplay between agricultural (NH3) and combustion emissions (NO, SO2). Eliminating NH3 emissions from food export would achieve greater health benefits than the reduction of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM2.5 from 15 to 12 μg m(-3). Valuation of the increased premature mortality associated with PM2.5 from food export (36 billion US$ (2006) per year) amounts to 50% of the gross food export value. Livestock operations in densely populated areas have particularly large health costs. Decreasing SO2 and NOx emissions will indirectly reduce health impact of food export as an ancillary benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Paulot
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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26
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Abstract
The modern molecular biology movement was developed in the 1960s with the conglomeration of biology, chemistry, and physics. Today, molecular biology is an integral part of studies aimed at understanding the evolution and ecology of gastrointestinal microbial communities. Molecular techniques have led to significant gains in our understanding of the chicken gastrointestinal microbiome. New advances, primarily in DNA sequencing technologies, have equipped researchers with the ability to explore these communities at an unprecedented level. A reinvigorated movement in systems biology offers a renewed promise in obtaining a more complete understanding of chicken gastrointestinal microbiome dynamics and their contributions to increasing productivity, food value, security, and safety as well as reducing the public health impact of raising production animals. Here, we contextualize the contributions molecular biology has already made to our understanding of the chicken gastrointestinal microbiome and propose targeted research directions that could further exploit molecular technologies to improve the economy of the poultry industry.
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27
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Yan W, Wang D, Botte GG. Nickel and cobalt bimetallic hydroxide catalysts for urea electro-oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Cordeiro MRC, Ranjan RS, Ferguson IJ. Calibration models for electromagnetic induction methods to assess nutrient accumulation beneath confined livestock areas. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2011; 32:103-117. [PMID: 21473273 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2010.487921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient accumulation in soils beneath confined livestock areas is a potential source of groundwater contamination. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) has become a practical method to assess nutrient content, with multiple linear regression (MLR) as the statistical method often employed to translate EMI readings into nutrient content. The purpose of this research is to compare and contrast the performance of spatially referenced MLR models that include secondary, 'easy-to-acquire' predictor variables such as spatial coordinate locations, soil water content and elevation information with MLR models based solely on EMI readings. Six feedlot areas were surveyed with an EM38 conductivity meter and between 6 and 12 sites at each feedlot were sampled at five different depths. The electrical conductivity (EC(e)), nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO4(3-)) concentrations were measured and used as response variables. Analyses were performed using two different approaches: the response variables in individual layers and response variables by combining the layers within the soil profile. The results of both MLR methods were comparable in most instances because the models preferentially incorporated predictors derived from EM38 readings. Differences between the models were more evident when predicting NO3- and PO4(3-), even though prediction of these two analytes by either method was generally poor. Combined profile analysis was more effective for defining nutrient build-up because by-layer analysis gave non-significant or poor models in many instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R C Cordeiro
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, E2-376 EITC, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada
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29
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Latshaw J, Zhao L. Dietary protein effects on hen performance and nitrogen excretion. Poult Sci 2011; 90:99-106. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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30
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Birch MBL, Gramig BM, Moomaw WR, Doering OC, Reeling CJ. Why metrics matter: evaluating policy choices for reactive nitrogen in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:168-74. [PMID: 20853823 DOI: 10.1021/es101472z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite major efforts, the reduction of reactive nitrogen (Nr) using traditional metrics and policy tools for the Chesapeake Bay has slowed in recent years. In this article, we apply the concept of the Nitrogen Cascade to the chemically dynamic nature and multiple sources of Nr to examine the temporal and spatial movement of different forms of Nr through multiple ecosystems and media. We also demonstrate the benefit of using more than the traditional mass fluxes to set criteria for action. The use of multiple metrics provides additional information about where the most effective intervention point might be. Utilizing damage costs or mortality metrics demonstrates that even though the mass fluxes to the atmosphere are lower than direct releases to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, total damage costs to all ecosystems and health are higher because of the cascade of Nr and the associated damages, and because they exact a higher human health cost. Abatement costs for reducing Nr releases into the air are also lower. These findings have major implications for the use of multiple metrics and the additional benefits of expanding the scope of concern beyond the Bay itself and support improved coordination between the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts while restoring the Chesapeake Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B L Birch
- Center for International Environment and Resource Policy, The Fletcher School, Tufts University Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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31
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Daramola DA, Singh D, Botte GG. Dissociation Rates of Urea in the Presence of NiOOH Catalyst: A DFT Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11513-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105159t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damilola A. Daramola
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Gerardine G. Botte
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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32
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Morrell TE, Shields GC. Atmospheric implications for formation of clusters of ammonium and 1-10 water molecules. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4266-71. [PMID: 20218589 DOI: 10.1021/jp911493b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mixed molecular dynamics/quantum mechanics model has been applied to the ammonium/water clustering system. The use of the high level MP2 calculation method and correlated basis sets, such as aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ, lends confidence in the accuracy of the extrapolated energies. These calculations provide electronic and free energies for the formation of clusters of ammonium and 1-10 water molecules at two different temperatures. Structures and thermodynamic values are in good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical results. The estimated concentration of these clusters in the troposphere was calculated using atmospheric amounts of ammonium and water. Results show the favorability of forming these clusters and implications for ion-induced nucleation in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Morrell
- Dean's Office and Department of Chemistry & Physics, College of Science and Technology, Armstrong Atlantic State University, 11935 Abercorn Street, Savannah, Georgia 31419, USA
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33
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Aneja VP, Schlesinger WH, Erisman JW. Effects of agriculture upon the air quality and climate: research, policy, and regulations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:4234-4240. [PMID: 19603628 DOI: 10.1021/es8024403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scientific assessments of agricultural air quality, including estimates of emissions and potential sequestration of greenhouse gases, are an important emerging area of environmental science that offers significant challenges to policy and regulatory authorities. Improvements are needed in measurements, modeling, emission controls, and farm operation management. Controlling emissions of gases and particulate matter from agriculture is notoriously difficult as this sector affects the most basic need of humans, i.e., food. Current policies combine an inadequate science covering a very disparate range of activities in a complex industry with social and political overlays. Moreover, agricultural emissions derive from both area and point sources. In the United States, agricultural emissions play an important role in several atmospherically mediated processes of environmental and public health concerns. These atmospheric processes affect local and regional environmental quality, including odor, particulate matter (PM) exposure, eutrophication, acidification, exposure to toxics, climate, and pathogens. Agricultural emissions also contribute to the global problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Agricultural emissions are variable in space and time and in how they interact within the various processes and media affected. Most important in the U.S. are ammonia (where agriculture accounts for approximately 90% of total emissions), reduced sulfur (unquantified), PM25 (approximately 16%), PM110 (approximately 18%), methane (approximately 29%), nitrous oxide (approximately 72%), and odor and emissions of pathogens (both unquantified). Agriculture also consumes fossil fuels for fertilizer production and farm operations, thus emitting carbon dioxide (CO2), oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), sulfur oxides (SO(x)), and particulates. Current research priorities include the quantification of point and nonpoint sources, the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of ammonia, reduced sulfur compounds, volatile organic compounds, greenhouse gases, odor and pathogens, the quantification of landscape processes, and the primary and secondary emissions of PM. Given the serious concerns raised regarding the amount and the impacts of agricultural air emissions, policies must be pursued and regulations must be enacted in orderto make real progress in reducing these emissions and their associated environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viney P Aneja
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8208, USA.
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Boggs BK, King RL, Botte GG. Urea electrolysis: direct hydrogen production from urine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:4859-61. [DOI: 10.1039/b905974a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li CP, Li GX, Luo YM, Li YF. Ambient air monitoring of Beijing MSW logistics facilities in 2006. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2008; 146:243-251. [PMID: 18080859 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In China, "green" integrated waste management methods are being implemented in response to environmental concerns. We measured the air quality at several municipal solid waste (MSW) sites to provide information for the incorporation of logistics facilities within the current integrated waste management system. We monitored ambient air quality at eight MSW collecting stations, five transfer stations, one composting plant, and five disposal sites in Beijing during April 2006. Composite air samples were collected and analyzed for levels of odor, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), total suspended particles (TSPs), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The results of our atmospheric monitoring demonstrated that although CO and SO2 were within acceptable emission levels according to ambient standards, levels of H2S, TSP, and NO2 in the ambient air at most MSW logistics facilities far exceeded ambient limits established for China. The primary pollutants in the ambient air at Beijing MSW logistics facilities were H2S, TSPs, NO2, and odor. To improve current environmental conditions at MSW logistics facilities, the Chinese government encourages the separation of biogenic waste from MSW at the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Li
- College of Resource and Environment Science, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
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Roumeliotis T, Van Heyst B. Summary of Ammonia and Particulate Matter Emission Factors for Poultry Operations. J APPL POULTRY RES 2008. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2007-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Tasistro AS, Cabrera ML, Ritz CW, Kissel DE. Manipulating bedding materials and PLTto reduce NH(3) emissions from broiler manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:1952-60. [PMID: 17572086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of five bedding materials (wood shavings, sawdust, peanut hulls, wheat straw and shredded paper) and PLTtrade mark (a commercial formulation of Na bisulfate) in factorial combinations, on NH(3) emissions from broiler manure. Treatments were incubated for 11 days at 25 degrees C and 98% relative humidity. Ammonia was trapped in 0.1N H(2)SO(4) and measured colorimetrically as NH(4)(+), and CO(2) was monitored with an infrared analyzer. Ammonia and CO(2) emissions were suppressed by PLT throughout the study. Wheat straw, wood shavings, and sawdust, with C(total)/N(total)>50 or C(biodegradable)/N>20, had low NH(3) emissions. Total NH(3) emissions from peanut hulls and shredded paper were the highest, probably due to peanut hulls' low C/N ratio and shredded paper's alkaline pH. No significant interactions on NH(3) emissions were detected between PLT and bedding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando S Tasistro
- Agricultural & Environmental Services Laboratories, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-9105, USA.
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Auditing and Assessing Air Quality in Concentrated Feeding Operations1231Contribution from the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Res. Laboratory, Bushland, TX 79012, in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Exp. St., Amarillo, and West Texas A&M Univ., Canyon.2Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA.3Presented at the Annual ARPAS Symposium Current and Future On-Farm Auditing and Assessment, San Antonio, TX, July, 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30804-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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McGinn SM, Flesch TK, Crenna BP, Beauchemin KA, Coates T. Quantifying ammonia emissions from a cattle feedlot using a dispersion model. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2007; 36:1585-1590. [PMID: 17940257 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Livestock manure is a significant source of ammonia (NH3) emissions. In the atmosphere, NH3 is a precursor to the formation of fine aerosols that contribute to poor air quality associated with human health. Other environmental issues result when NH3 is deposited to land and water. Our study documented the quantity of NH3 emitted from a feedlot housing growing beef cattle. The study was conducted between June and October 2006 at a feedlot with a one-time capacity of 22,500 cattle located in southern Alberta, Canada. A backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) inverse-dispersion technique was used to calculate NH3 emissions, based on measurements of NH3 concentration (open-path laser) and wind (sonic anemometer) taken above the interior of the feedlot. There was an average of 3146 kg NH3 d(-1) lost from the entire feedlot, equivalent to 84 microg NH3 m(-2) s(-1) or 140 g NH3 head(-1) d(-1). The NH3 emissions correlated with sensible heat flux (r2 = 0.84) and to a lesser extent the wind speed (r2 = 0.56). There was also evidence that rain suppressed the NH3 emission. Quantifying NH3 emission and dispersion from farms is essential to show the impact of farm management on reducing NH3-related environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M McGinn
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1 Ave South, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1.
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Tasistro AS, Ritz CW, Kissel DE. Ammonia emissions from broiler litter: response to bedding materials and acidifiers. Br Poult Sci 2007; 48:399-405. [PMID: 17701493 DOI: 10.1080/00071660701473865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. In a pen study, NH(3) flux estimates were performed when clean wheat straw or wood shavings were used as bedding materials in combination with two NH(3) control amendments: sodium bisulphate and a commercial premix of phosphoric + hydrochloric + citric acids. 2. Ammonia emissions from wood shavings were 19% greater than from wheat straw around waterers, but statistically similar around feeders. These results could be due to the greater caking observed when wheat straw was used. 3. Sodium bisulphate reduced NH(3) emissions significantly only in the first half of the rearing period; the loss of efficacy in the second half resulted in total NH(3) volatilisation not statistically different from the untreated control. The treatment containing phosphoric + hydrochloric + citric acids did not have a significant effect in decreasing NH(3) emissions. 4. Bird mortality was not affected by the treatments, but broiler weight gain when wheat straw was used was significantly lower than with wood shavings, which could have been caused by the greater caking observed with wheat straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Tasistro
- Agricultural & Environmental Services Laboratories, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-9105, USA.
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Sasaki H, Nonaka J, Sasaki T, Nakai Y. Ammonia removal from livestock wastewater by ammonia-assimilating microorganisms immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 34:105-10. [PMID: 16967264 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We isolated ammonia-assimilating microorganisms from the livestock manure treatment systems and evaluated their ammonia-assimilating ability. Many isolates utilized ammonia at high rates when they were purely cultivated in a nitrogen-limited medium to which sterilized lagoon extract had been added. Some isolates that were immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) utilized ammonia present in the media containing viable lagoon microorganisms. Staining with 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) indicated that the immobilized high ammonia-assimilating isolates grew dominantly within the PVA beads. High ammonia-assimilating isolates in the mixed culture containing viable lagoon microorganisms were identified as Pseudomonas spp. and member of Rhizobiaceae species by partial sequencing of the 16S ribosomal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Sasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Management, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Naruko, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
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Sasaki H, Yano H, Sasaki T, Nakai Y. A survey of ammonia-assimilating micro-organisms in cattle manure composting. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 99:1356-63. [PMID: 16313408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the ammonia-assimilating abilities of micro-organisms isolated from cattle manure composting processes and to determine the distribution of cultivable species of ammonia-assimilating micro-organisms in microbial communities during the composting processes. METHODS AND RESULTS Compost samples were collected from four stages of treatment. Trypto soya agar was used for the isolation of ammonia-assimilating aerobes. Many of the isolates showed high ammonia-assimilating ability in a medium containing basal components and a compost extract. Partial 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing showed that the cultivable species of highly efficient ammonia-assimilating isolates changed during the composting process. The community structure of micro-organisms and actinomycetes was analysed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Two species of actinomycetes identified by PCR-DGGE coincided with those found among the cultured isolates. CONCLUSIONS Ammonia-assimilating micro-organisms obtained by the cultivation method were not predominant in the microbial community during the composting process: however certain cultured actinomycetes were members of predominant species in the actinomycetes community. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Ammonia assimilation by micro-organisms is one of the important mechanisms for ammonia retention in the composting process. Cultivable actinomycetes are a means for preventing ammonia emission from the composting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sasaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Naruko, Miyagi, Japan
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Kelly VR, Lovett GM, Weathers KC, Likens GE. Trends in atmospheric ammonium concentrations in relation to atmospheric sulfate and local agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 135:363-369. [PMID: 15749534 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH(4)(+)) concentrations in air and precipitation at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies (IES) in southeastern New York, USA declined over an 11-year period from 1988 to 1999, but increased from 1999 to 2001. These trends in particulate NH(4)(+) correlated well with trends in particulate SO(4)(2-) over the 1988-2001 period. The NH(4)(+) trends were not as well correlated with local cattle and milk production, which declined continuously throughout the period. This suggests that regional transport of SO(4)(2-) may have a greater impact on concentrations of NH(4)(+) and subsequent deposition than local agricultural emissions of NH(3). Ammonium concentrations in precipitation correlated significantly with precipitation SO(4)(2-) concentrations for the 1984-2001 period although NH(4)(+) in precipitation increased after 1999 and SO(4)(2-) in precipitation continued to decline after 1999. The correlation between NH(4)(+) and SO(4)(2-) was stronger for particulates than for precipitation. Particulate NH(4)(+) concentrations were also correlated with particulate SO(4)(2-) concentrations at 31 of 35 eastern U.S. CASTNet sites that had at least 10 years of data. Air concentrations of NH(4)(+) and SO(4)(2-) were more strongly correlated at the sites that were located within an agricultural landscape than in forested sites. At most of the sites there was either no trend or a decrease in NH(4)(+) dry deposition during the 1988-2001 period. The sites that showed an increasing trend in NH(4)(+) dry deposition were generally located in the southeastern U.S. The results of this study suggest that, in the northeastern U.S., air concentrations of NH(4)(+) and subsequent deposition may be more closely linked to SO(4)(2-) and thus SO(2) emissions than with NH(3) emissions. These results also suggest that reductions in S emissions have reduced NH(4)(+) transport to and NH(4)(+)-N deposition in the Northeast.
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Tedeschi LO, Fox DG, Tylutki TP. Potential environmental benefits of ionophores in ruminant diets. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2003; 32:1591-1602. [PMID: 14535299 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2003.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A concern of the USEPA is the volatilization of NH3 from animal manure and CH4 produced from ruminal fermentation. Excess N in the environment has been associated with adverse effects on human health, and CH4 and N2O emissions are sources of greenhouse gases. The objectives of this paper are to summarize and quantify the benefits of ionophores, principally monensin, in decreasing NH3 and CH4 emissions to the environment and reducing resource utilization in cattle (Bos spp.) production. The data indicate that monensin in the diets of ruminants may decrease protein degradation in the rumen and may increase feed protein utilization by an average of 3.5 percentage units. These changes would have an effect in reducing N losses and decreasing fecal N and the amount of protein that must be fed to meet animal requirements. Additionally, CH4 is produced by enteric fermentation in ruminants, which is responsible for about 33 to 39% of CH4 emissions from agriculture. Ionophores can reduce CH4 production by 25% and decrease feed intake by 4% without affecting animal performance. The inclusion of monensin in beef and dairy cattle diets may benefit air quality by reducing CH4 and N emissions and water quality by reducing N in manure, which can potentially leave the farm through leaching into ground water and through runoff into surface water.
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