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Wang S, Qin T, Tu R, Li T, Chen GI, Green DC, Zhang X, Feng J, Liu H, Hu M, Fu Q. Indoor air quality in subway microenvironments: Pollutant characteristics, adverse health impacts, and population inequity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108873. [PMID: 39024827 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Rapidly increasing urbanization in recent decades has elevated the subway as the primary public transportation mode in metropolitan areas. Indoor air quality (IAQ) inside subways is an important factor that influences the health of commuters and subway workers. This review discusses the subway IAQ in different cities worldwide by comparing the sources and abundance of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in these environments. Factors that affect PM concentration and chemical composition were found to be associated with the subway internal structure, train frequency, passenger volume, and geographical location. Special attention was paid to air pollutants, such as transition metals, volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs), and bioaerosols, due to their potential roles in indoor chemistry and causing adverse health impacts. In addition, given that the IAQ of subway systems is a public health issue worldwide, we calculated the Gini coefficient of urban subway exposure via meta-analysis. A value of 0.56 showed a significant inequity among different cities. Developed regions with higher per capita income tend to have higher exposure. By reviewing the current advances and challenges in subway IAQ with a focus on indoor chemistry and health impacts, future research is proposed toward a sustainable urban transportation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tianchen Qin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ran Tu
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; The Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Comprehensive Transportation Theory (Nanjing Modern Multimodal Transportation Laboratory), Nanjing, China.
| | - Tianyuan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Gang I Chen
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - David C Green
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK; NIRH HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Haobing Liu
- School of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Ming Hu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
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2
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Huang S, Han M, Chen P, Feng W, Li G, Zhang H, Peng H, Huang T. Assessing health risks from bioaccessible PM 2.5-bound toxic metals in Nanchang metro: Implications for metro workers and emissions control. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119284. [PMID: 38823618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
High concentrations of PM2.5 with enriched levels of metallic constituents could significantly affect the health and comfort of metro employees. To avoid overestimating the exposure risks, we investigated the bioaccessibility of toxic metals (TMs) bound in PM2.5 from the Nanchang metro using Gamble's solution method, and qualitatively analyzed the impact of valence state and various sources on the bioaccessibility of TMs bound to PM2.5. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of the studied TMs ranged from 2.1% to 88.1%, with As, Ba, Co and Pb being the most bioaccessible and V, Fe and Cr being the less bioaccessible. The bioaccessibility of TMs in our subway PM2.5 samples varied based on their valence and species, showing higher valence states associated with increased bioaccessibility. Vehicle traffic, secondary aerosols and wheel/rail sources were found to be significantly and positively associated with the bioaccessibility of several TMs, implying a severe potential risk from these three sources. Although both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with total TMs were found to be high, only As and Cr(VI) posed a considerable carcinogenic risk to metro workers based on the bioaccessible fractions and were therefore priority pollutants. In addition, potential carcinogenic risk was found to be more severe in platform than that in ticket counter. The results indicate that considerable efforts are required to control and manage PM2.5 and the associated TMs in the Nanchang subway, particularly from traffic, wheel/rail and secondary sources, to protect the health of metro staff and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Minglei Han
- School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Peixian Chen
- School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China; Jiangxi Jiujiang Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Jiujiang, 332099, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Guobo Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Honggen Peng
- School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Ting Huang
- School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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3
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Wang Z, Liu J, Yao M, He M, Shang W, Dong X. Indoor air quality and sick-building syndrome at a metro station in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108673. [PMID: 38663235 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Metro systems play a crucial role in public transportation worldwide. Given that metro stations are unique built environments with a significant volume of daily commuters, ensuring a satisfactory air quality in these spaces becomes paramount. This study involved measurements of indoor air quality (IAQ), staff satisfaction, particulate matter (PM) chemical composition, and heavy metal health risks at a typical metro station in Tianjin over two seasons. Although the air exchange rate was sufficient to maintain a CO2 concentration less than 1000 ppm, the proportion of staff reporting no sick-building symptoms decreased from 83 % in spring to 25 % in winter. An average mass concentration of PM with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) of 68.0 ± 42.2 μg/m3 and an average PM1 mass concentration of 51.8 ± 33.3 μg/m3 were observed on the platform in winter. PM2.5 contained more metal in winter than in spring. PM2.5 in winter contained more metal in winter than in spring. With a lower relative humidity in winter, the coefficient of friction between railway wheels and rails increased, thus increasing particle emission. The carcinogenic risk of Cr on the platform was unacceptable. Moreover, the health risks induced by Ba should be investigated. The findings indicate that PM control at metro stationss, particularly on platforms in winter, should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zukun Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyao Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Mingtong He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhe Shang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyue Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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4
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Wang X, Xia L, Pei F, Wang Z, Liu Y, Chang L, Pan S. The characteristics of particulate matter in different subway station environmental control systems. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20116. [PMID: 37809848 PMCID: PMC10559854 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) in urban subway stations can significantly impact passengers' health. The particle concentration in subway stations is influenced by many factors. However, few existing studies have explored the impact of environmental control systems in-depth, especially under different outdoor pollution conditions. To address this research gap, this study focused on measuring and comparing the characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 at subway stations with three control systems (open, closed, and screen door) under varying pollution conditions in Beijing. Particle concentrations from platforms, carriages, and outdoors were monitored and analyzed using statistical methods. The results showed that the particle concentration in the closed system was generally 20-40 μg/m3 higher than that in the screen system at the platform, which might be attributed to the piston wind, as the air from the tunnel with a lot of dirt. The pollution in the carriage was more severe for the open system than that of the screen system. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio in the carriage was 91%, 90%, and 83.84% for the closed, open, and screen systems, respectively. This indicates that the screen door could reduce the particle concentration in the platform to 10%-50%. The particle concentration varied among subway stations with different environmental control systems, suggesting that the prevention and control strategies for particulate matter pollution should be different for stations with different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Wang
- College of mechanical engineering, Tianjin university of commerce, Tianjin 300134, PR China
- Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Energy Saving of Cold Regions Architecture of Ministry of Education, Jilin jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Liang Xia
- Research Centre for Fluids and Thermal Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 315100, PR China
| | - Fei Pei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Zu Wang
- Research Centre for Fluids and Thermal Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 315100, PR China
| | - Yiqiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Li Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Song Pan
- Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Energy Saving of Cold Regions Architecture of Ministry of Education, Jilin jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
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5
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Chang L, Chong WT, Yau YH, Cui T, Wang XR, Pei F, Liu YQ, Pan S. An investigation of the PM 2.5 concentrations and cumulative inhaled dose during subway commutes in Changchun, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37360559 PMCID: PMC10208554 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-023-04994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in subway systems is crucial as it affects the health of passengers and staff. Although most tests of PM2.5 concentrations in subway stations have taken place in public areas, PM2.5 is less understood in workplaces. Few studies have estimated the cumulative inhaled dose of passengers based on real-time changes in PM2.5 concentrations as they commute. To clarify the above issues, this study first measured PM2.5 concentrations in four subway stations in Changchun, China, where measuring points included five workrooms. Then, passengers' exposure to PM2.5 during the whole subway commute (20-30 min) was measured and segmented inhalation was calculated. The results showed that PM2.5 concentration in public places ranged from 50 to 180 μg/m3, and was strongly correlated with outdoors. While the PM2.5 average concentration in workplaces was 60 µg/m3, and it was less affected by outdoor PM2.5 concentration. Passenger's cumulative inhalations in single commuting were about 42 μg and 100 μg when the outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were 20-30 μg/m3 and 120-180 μg/m3, respectively. The PM2.5 inhalation in carriages accounted for the largest proportion of the entire commuting, about 25-40%, because of the longer exposure time and higher PM2.5 concentrations. It is recommended to improve the tightness of the carriage and filter the fresh air to improve the air quality inside. The average daily PM2.5 inhaled by staff was 513.53 μg, which was 5-12 times higher than that of passengers. Installing air purification devices in workplaces and reminding staff to take personal protection can positively protect their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - W. T. Chong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Energy Sciences, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y. H. Yau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- UM-JAF Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - T. Cui
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - X. R. Wang
- Mechanical Engineering College, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134 China
| | - F. Pei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y. Q. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S. Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124 China
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Wang J, Zhang Z, Shi F, Li Y, Tang Y, Liu C, Wang Y, Chen J, Jiang X, Yang H, Sun L, Chen Q, Ao L, Han F, Liu J, Cao J. PM 2.5 caused ferroptosis in spermatocyte via overloading iron and disrupting redox homeostasis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162089. [PMID: 36781135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been reported to cause various types of damage to male reproductive system, but the research on the underlying mechanisms is still insufficient. This study attempted to explore the underlying mechanisms of this widely concerning environmental health problem through in vivo and in vitro exposure models. Significant pathological damage and abnormal mitochondria in spermatocytes were observed in the real-time PM2.5 exposure animal model. In addition, significant alterations in key biomarkers of iron metabolism and ferroptosis were found in testis tissues. Notably decreased cell viability was found in vitro. Moreover, the ferroptosis pathway was significantly enriched in the transcriptome enrichment analysis. Subsequent experiments showed that the two core events of ferroptosis, iron overload and lipid peroxidation, occurred in spermatocytes after PM2.5 treatment. Moreover, lipid metabolic genes (Acsl4 and Aloxe3) and the antioxidant gene Gpx4 were found to be key target genes of ferroptosis caused by PM2.5 in spermatocytes. Importantly, further studies showed that the damaging effect could be reversed by the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate (DFOM) and the lipid peroxidation inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), which further confirmed the role of ferroptosis in PM2.5 toxicity. Our study revealed the vital role of ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced male reproductive damage, providing novel insights into the air pollution-induced decrease in male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Wang
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhonghao Zhang
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fuquan Shi
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yingqing Li
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lin Ao
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fei Han
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jinyi Liu
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jia Cao
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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Kumar P, Zavala-Reyes JC, Kalaiarasan G, Abubakar-Waziri H, Young G, Mudway I, Dilliway C, Lakhdar R, Mumby S, Kłosowski MM, Pain CC, Adcock IM, Watson JS, Sephton MA, Chung KF, Porter AE. Characteristics of fine and ultrafine aerosols in the London underground. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159315. [PMID: 36283528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Underground railway systems are recognised spaces of increased personal pollution exposure. We studied the number-size distribution and physico-chemical characteristics of ultrafine (PM0.1), fine (PM0.1-2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particles collected on a London underground platform. Particle number concentrations gradually increased throughout the day, with a maximum concentration between 18:00 h and 21:00 h (local time). There was a maximum decrease in mass for the PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and black carbon of 3.9, 4.5 and ~ 21-times, respectively, between operable (OpHrs) and non-operable (N-OpHrs) hours. Average PM10 (52 μg m-3) and PM2.5 (34 μg m-3) concentrations over the full data showed levels above the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines. Respiratory deposition doses of particle number and mass concentrations were calculated and found to be two- and four-times higher during OpHrs compared with N-OpHrs, reflecting events such as train arrival/departure during OpHrs. Organic compounds were composed of aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are known to be harmful to health. Specific ratios of PAHs were identified for underground transport that may reflect an interaction between PAHs and fine particles. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) chemical maps of fine and ultrafine fractions show they are composed of Fe and O in the form of magnetite and nanosized mixtures of metals including Cr, Al, Ni and Mn. These findings, and the low air change rate (0.17 to 0.46 h-1), highlight the need to improve the ventilation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Juan C Zavala-Reyes
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK; Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Mérida, UNAM, Carretera Mérida-Tetiz, Km 4.5, Ucú, Yucatán, 97357, Mexico
| | - Gopinath Kalaiarasan
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Gloria Young
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Mudway
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Dilliway
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ramzi Lakhdar
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sharon Mumby
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher C Pain
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan S Watson
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Mark A Sephton
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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8
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Parchami M, Motlagh MS, Pardakhti A. Particulate matter concentrations and characterization in urban subway system-case study Tehran, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:953-962. [PMID: 36406608 PMCID: PMC9672172 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-022-00838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to evaluate the indoor and outdoor air quality in the stations of the Tehran subway system. In this study, the particulate sampling of the four Tehran subway stations was conducted in March-July 2018 during different seasons to determine indoor and outdoor PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations and elemental composition. The samples were analyzed to determine 11 elements such as Pb(Lead), Cd(Cadmium), Ni(Nickel), Co(Cobalt), Mn(Manganese), Zn(Zink), Fe(Iron), Cu(Copper), As(Arsenic), Al(Aluminum) and Cr(Chromium) qualitatively. The experimental results indicated that the average concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 in indoor stations (platforms) were approximately 2-5 times higher than those in the outdoors (ambient air). In addition, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the daily-standard values (US-EPA; PM10 = 50 µg.m-3, PM2.5 = 25 µg.m-3) in 100% indoor measurements and 84% outdoor measurements. Moreover, the average indoor PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in weekday values were 1.4 and 1.5 times higher than those measured on weekends, which may be related to the lower frequency of trains. Further, indoor and outdoor correlation of PM10 concentrations (Pearson r = 0.6) was more than that of PM2.5 concentrations (Pearson r = 0.2), indicating the additional sources for PM2.5 in indoor stations. Additionally, the average PM2.5 / PM10 ratio was 0.52 for indoor measurements and 0.34 for outdoors, indicating that PM10 particles were the dominant particle type in both sampling areas and passengers in indoor stations exposed to higher PM2.5 concentrations than those in outdoor stations. Finally, based on elemental analysis, Fe was the most enriched element in indoor and outdoor PM10 and PM2.5 samples. The concentration of Fe ranged from 16 to 81 µg.m-3 in indoor stations and 0.6 to 2.5 µg.m-3 in outdoors. Other enriched elements were Al, Cu, Zn, and Mn, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Parchami
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Sydney, Australia
| | - Majid Shafiepour Motlagh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Pardakhti
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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9
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The Effect of Metro Construction on the Air Quality in the Railway Transport System of Sydney, Australia. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sydney Metro is the biggest project of Australia’s public transport, which was designed to provide passengers with more trains and faster services. This project was first implemented in 2017 and is planned to be completed in 2024. As presented, the project is currently in the construction stage located on the ground stations of the Sydney Trains Bankstown line (T3). Based on this stage, several construction activities will generate air pollutants, which will affect the air quality around construction areas. Moreover, it might cause health problems to people around there and also the passengers who usually take the train on the T3 line. However, there is no specific data for air quality inside the train that may be affected by the construction from each area. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the air quality inside the train carriage of all related stations from the T3 line. A sampling campaign was conducted over 3 months to analyze particulate matter (PM) concentration, the main indoor pollutants including formaldehyde (HCHO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC). The results of the T3 line were analyzed and compared to Airport & South line (T8) that were not affected by the project’s construction. The results of this study indicate that Sydney Metro construction activities insignificantly affected the air quality inside the train. Average PM2.5 and PM10 inside the train of T3 line in the daytime were slightly higher than in the nighttime. The differences in PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations from these periods were around 6.8 μg/m3 and 12.1 μg/m3, respectively. The PM concentrations inside the train from the T3 line were slightly higher than the T8 line. However, these concentrations were still lower than those recommended by the national air quality standards. For HCHO and TVOC, the average HCHO and TVOC concentrations were less than the recommendation criteria.
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10
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Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) Concentration of Subway Transfer Stations in Beijing, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although much research is being conducted on the characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 at subway stations, there is no research focusing on a complex subway transfer station. In this paper, the characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 at transfer stations are studied. For comparison, monitoring is performed under different outside conditions at four different transfer stations in the non-peak period during March 2018. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 on the platform in the transfer stations is approximately 10 μg/m3 lower than in the non-transfer station, when outside PM2.5 is lower than 150 μg/m3. However, the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 at the transfer stations (lowest: 78.1%) is higher than at the non-transfer station (lowest: 61.2%), indicating that the PM10 content differs from the non-transfer station. In a transfer station with the same depth, the PM concentration is the same or similar. In addition, the concentration of PM2.5 at subway stations has a strong correlation with the outside environment (R2 = 0.897), which indicates that an outside condition is important for the subway environment.
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11
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Xia F, Gao Y, Tian E, Afshari A, Mo J. Fast fabricating cross-linked nanofibers into flameproof metal foam by air-drawn electrospinning for electrostatically assisted particle removal. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Wiseman CLS, Levesque C, Rasmussen PE. Characterizing the sources, concentrations and resuspension potential of metals and metalloids in the thoracic fraction of urban road dust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147467. [PMID: 33971596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Road dust is a sink and source of metals and metalloids of human health concern. To date, many studies have examined the composition of road dust but there remain critical knowledge gaps on the chemistry of thoracic fractions (< 10 μm) and their patterns of deposition and resuspension. The goal of this study is to characterize the elemental concentrations and sources of thoracic fractions of road dust and their resuspension potential for Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Bulk and thoracic road sweepings were acid digested (HF, HClO4, HNO3 and HCl) and the elemental concentrations measured using ICP-MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to infer source emissions. Annual elemental loadings to roads were estimated using data on total sweepings collected by the City of Toronto. The mass amounts of metals and metalloids (< 10 μm) available for resuspension were calculated assuming a contribution of 10% to total loadings for this fraction. The median trace element concentrations in city sweepings (n = 64) ranged from highest to lowest as follows: Mn > Zn > Ba > Cr > Cu > Pb > V > Ni > Sn > Mo > Co > As > Sb > Cd. Iron, Cr, Ni, Co, Mo and Cu levels were significantly associated with road class, with the highest concentrations measured for the expressway. Most elements, especially Sb and Zn, were enriched in thoracic sweepings. The PCA results demonstrate the importance of non-fossil fuel, traffic-related elemental emissions. Difficulties in identifying sources, given uncertainties regarding overlapping chemical profiles, are also highlighted. Significant elemental loadings to roads were estimated to occur, with the largest amounts identified for Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr and Cu. Road dust resuspension is predicted to be the most important source of emissions for Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, V, Sn, Mo, Co and Sb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L S Wiseman
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto (Scarborough), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Christine Levesque
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pat E Rasmussen
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Ji W, Li X, Wang C. Composition and exposure characteristics of PM 2.5 on subway platforms and estimates of exposure reduction by protective masks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111042. [PMID: 33753077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information on exposure to metallic constituents of fine particulate matter in subway stations. We characterized the concentrations and composition of airborne fine particulate pollution on six subway platforms in Nanjing, China in both summer and winter of 2019. A microenvironment exposure model was used to evaluate the concentrations of elements in fine particulate matter and the contribution of exposure duration (time spent in the subway station) to overall daily exposure of subway workers and commuters with and without the use of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cotton masks. We found that airborne fine particulate pollution on station platforms was much higher than in an urban reference site of ambient air, and the same was true for metallic constituents of the particles, such as iron, copper, manganese, strontium, and vanadium. Subway workers were exposed to higher levels of these airborne metals than commuters. The average daily exposure concentration of fine particulate matter was 73.5 μg/m3 for subway workers and 61.8 μg/m3 for commuters, while the average daily exposure to iron was 15.5 μg/m3 for subway workers and 2.0 μg/m3 for commuters. Subway workers were exposed to iron, copper, manganese, and strontium/vanadium at levels approximately eight-fold, four-fold, three-fold, and two-fold greater than the exposure sustained by commuters, respectively. We calculated that wearing N95 respirators or surgical masks can reduce the exposure to these airborne metallic particles significantly for both subway workers and commuters. Overall, we estimate that personal exposure to airborne fine particulate matter on subway platforms can be reduced through the use of N95 respirators or properly fitting masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ji
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Chunwang Wang
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Chang L, Chong WT, Wang X, Pei F, Zhang X, Wang T, Wang C, Pan S. Recent progress in research on PM 2.5 in subways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:642-663. [PMID: 33889885 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, PM2.5 concentrations greatly influence indoor air quality in subways and threaten passenger and staff health because PM2.5 not only contains heavy metal elements, but can also carry toxic and harmful substances due to its small size and large specific surface area. Exploring the physicochemical and distribution characteristics of PM2.5 in subways is necessary to limit its concentration and remove it. At present, there are numerous studies on PM2.5 in subways around the world, yet, there is no comprehensive and well-organized review available on this topic. This paper reviews the nearly twenty years of research and over 130 published studies on PM2.5 in subway stations, including aspects such as concentration levels and their influencing factors, physicochemical properties, sources, impacts on health, and mitigation measures. Although many determinants of station PM2.5 concentration have been reported in current studies, e.g., the season, outdoor environment, and station depth, their relative influence is uncertain. The sources of subway PM2.5 include those from the exterior (e.g., road traffic and fuel oil) and the interior (e.g., steel wheels and rails and metallic brake pads), but the proportion of these sources is also unknown. Control strategies of PM mainly include adequate ventilation and filtration, but these measures are often inefficient in removing PM2.5. The impacts of PM2.5 from subways on human health are still poorly understood. Further research should focus on long-term data collection, influencing factors, the mechanism of health impacts, and PM2.5 standards or regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Wen Tong Chong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Xinru Wang
- College of Emergency Technology and Management, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Hebei 065201, China
| | - Fei Pei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Energy, Forest and Built Environment, Dalarna University, Falun, 79188, Sweden
| | - Tongzhao Wang
- Rizhao Fire and Rescue Station, Rizhao, 276800, China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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15
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Poom A, Willberg E, Toivonen T. Environmental exposure during travel: A research review and suggestions forward. Health Place 2021; 70:102584. [PMID: 34020232 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Daily travel through the urban fabric exposes urban dwellers to a range of environmental conditions that may have an impact on their health and wellbeing. Knowledge about exposures during travel, their associations with travel behavior, and their social and health outcomes are still limited. In our review, we aim to explain how the current environmental exposure research addresses the interactions between human and environmental systems during travel through their spatial, temporal and contextual dimensions. Based on the 104 selected studies, we identify significant recent advances in addressing the spatiotemporal dynamics of exposure during travel. However, the conceptual and methodological framework for understanding the role of multiple environmental exposures in travel environments is still in an early phase, and the health and wellbeing impacts at individual or population level are not well known. Further research with greater geographical balance is needed to fill the gaps in the empirical evidence, and linking environmental exposures during travel with the causal health and wellbeing outcomes. These advancements can enable evidence-based urban and transport planning to take the next step in advancing urban livability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Age Poom
- Digital Geography Lab, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; Mobility Lab, Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51003, Tartu, Estonia; Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies (Urbaria), University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Elias Willberg
- Digital Geography Lab, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies (Urbaria), University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Tuuli Toivonen
- Digital Geography Lab, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies (Urbaria), University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, FI-00014, Finland.
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16
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Chen XC, Chuang HC, Ward TJ, Sarkar C, Webster C, Cao J, Hsiao TC, Ho KF. Toxicological effects of personal exposure to fine particles in adult residents of Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116633. [PMID: 33561752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies have demonstrated the associations between fine particle (PM2.5) components and various cytotoxic endpoints. However, few studies have investigated the toxicological effects of source-specific PM2.5 at the individual level. To investigate the potential impact of source-specific PM2.5 on cytotoxic effects, we performed repeated personal PM2.5 monitoring of 48 adult participants in Hong Kong during the winter and summer of 2014-2015. Quartz filters were analyzed for carbonaceous aerosols and water-soluble ions in PM2.5. Teflon filters were collected to determine personal PM2.5 mass and metal concentrations. The toxicological effects of personal PM2.5 exposure-including cytotoxicity, inflammatory response, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production-were measured using A549 cells in vitro. Personal PM2.5 samples collected in winter were more effective than those collected in summer at inducing cytotoxicity and the expression of proinflammation cytokine IL-6. By contrast, summer personal PM2.5 samples induced high ROS production. We performed a series of statistical analyses, Spearman correlation and a source apportionment approach with a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, to explore the sources contributing most significantly to personal PM2.5 bioreactivity. Secondary inorganic species and transition metals were discovered to be weak-to-moderately associated with cytotoxicity (rs: 0.26-0.55; p < 0.01) and inflammatory response (rs: 0.26-0.44; p < 0.05), respectively. Carbonaceous aerosols (i.e., organic and elemental carbon; rs: 0.23-0.27; p < 0.05) and crustal material (Mg and Ca) was positively associated with ROS generation. The PMF-MLR models revealed that tailpipe exhaust and secondary sulfate contributed to ROS generation, whereas secondary nitrate was the major contributor to PM2.5 cytotoxicity and inflammation. These results improve and variate the arguments for practical policies designed to mitigate the risks posed by air pollution sources and to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Chen
- Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony J Ward
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chris Webster
- Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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17
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Bai W, Fan Y, Wang F, Mu P, Sun H, Zhu Z, Liang W, Li A. Facile synthesis of porous organic polymers (POPs) membrane via click chemistry for efficient PM2.5 capture. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Chen XC, Cao JJ, Ward TJ, Tian LW, Ning Z, Gali NK, Aquilina NJ, Yim SHL, Qu L, Ho KF. Characteristics and toxicological effects of commuter exposure to black carbon and metal components of fine particles (PM 2.5) in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140501. [PMID: 32622166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated significant associations between traffic-related air pollution and adverse health outcomes. Personal exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) in transport microenvironments and their toxicological properties remain to be investigated. Commuter exposures were investigated in public transport systems (including the buses and Mass Transit Railway (MTR)) along two sampling routes in Hong Kong. Real-time sampling for PM2.5 and black carbon (BC), along with integrated PM2.5 sampling, were performed during the warm and cold season of 2016-2017, respectively. Commuter exposure to BC during 3-hour commuting time exhibited a wider range, from 3.4 to 4.6 μg/m3 on the bus and 5.5 to 8.7 μg/m3 in MTR cabin (p < .05). PM2.5 mass and major chemical constituents (including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and metals) were analyzed. Cytotoxicity, including cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, was determined in addition to acellular ROS generation. PM2.5 treatment promoted the ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistent diurnal variations were observed for commuter exposure to BC and PM2.5 components, along with cellular and acellular ROS generation, which marked with two peaks during the morning (08:00-11:00) and evening rush hours (17:30-20:30). Commuter exposures in the MTR system were characterized by higher levels of PM2.5 and elemental components (e.g., Ca, Cr, Fe, Zn, Ba) compared to riding the bus, along with higher cellular and acellular ROS production (p < .01). These metals were attributed to different sources: rail tracks, wheels, brakes, and crustal origin. Weak to moderate associations were shown for the analyzed transition metals with PM2.5-induced cell viability and cellular ROS. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ti, and Co attributed to cytotoxicity and ROS generation. These findings underscore the importance of commuter exposures and their toxic effects, urging effective mitigating strategies to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Chen
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China; Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Tony J Ward
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Lin-Wei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nirmal Kumar Gali
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Steve Hung-Lam Yim
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Cheng Sha Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Yu H, Gao Y, Zhou R. Oxidative Stress From Exposure to the Underground Space Environment. Front Public Health 2020; 8:579634. [PMID: 33194980 PMCID: PMC7609794 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.579634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a growing number of people entering underground spaces. However, underground spaces have unique environmental characteristics, and little is known about their effects on human health. It is crucial to elucidate the effects of the underground space environment on the health of humans and other organisms. This paper reviews the effects of hypoxia, toxic atmospheric particles, and low background radiation in the underground space environment on living organisms from the perspective of oxidative stress. Most studies have revealed that living organisms maintained in underground space environments exhibit obvious oxidative stress, which manifests as changes in oxidants, antioxidant enzyme activity, genetic damage, and even disease status. However, there are few relevant studies, and the pathophysiological mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. There remains an urgent need to focus on the biological effects of other underground environmental factors on humans and other organisms as well as the underlying mechanisms. In addition, based on biological research, exploring means to protect humans and living organisms in underground environments is also essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Yijie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wen Y, Leng J, Shen X, Han G, Sun L, Yu F. Environmental and Health Effects of Ventilation in Subway Stations: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031084. [PMID: 32046319 PMCID: PMC7037944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental health in subway stations, a typical type of urban underground space, is becoming increasingly important. Ventilation is the principal measure for optimizing the complex physical environment in a subway station. This paper narratively reviews the environmental and health effects of subway ventilation and discusses the relevant engineering, environmental, and medical aspects in combination. Ventilation exerts a notable dual effect on environmental health in a subway station. On the one hand, ventilation controls temperature, humidity, and indoor air quality to ensure human comfort and health. On the other hand, ventilation also carries the potential risks of spreading air pollutants or fire smoke through the complex wind environment as well as produces continuous noise. Assessment and management of health risks associated with subway ventilation is essential to attain a healthy subway environment. This, however, requires exposure, threshold data, and thereby necessitates more research into long-term effects, and toxicity as well as epidemiological studies. Additionally, more research is needed to further examine the design and maintenance of ventilation systems. An understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and aerodynamic characteristics of various pollutants can help formulate ventilation strategies to reduce pollutant concentrations. Moreover, current comprehensive underground space development affords a possibility for creating flexible spaces that optimize ventilation efficiency, acoustic comfort, and space perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Wen
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Jiawei Leng
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-83790760
| | - Xiaobing Shen
- School of Public Health, Station and Train Health Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Gang Han
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Lijun Sun
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
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21
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Ding J, Guan Y, Cong Y, Chen L, Li YF, Zhang L, Zhang L, Wang J, Bai R, Zhao Y, Chen C, Wang L. Single-Particle Analysis for Structure and Iron Chemistry of Atmospheric Particulate Matter. Anal Chem 2019; 92:975-982. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yalin Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Canadian Light Source and University of Saskatchewan, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2 V3, Canada
| | - Ru Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Gonet T, Maher BA. Airborne, Vehicle-Derived Fe-Bearing Nanoparticles in the Urban Environment: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9970-9991. [PMID: 31381310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter poses a serious threat to human health. Exposure to nanosized (<0.1 μm), vehicle-derived particulates may be hazardous due to their bioreactivity, their ability to penetrate every organ, including the brain, and their abundance in the urban atmosphere. Fe-bearing nanoparticles (<0.1 μm) in urban environments may be especially important because of their pathogenicity and possible association with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This review examines current knowledge regarding the sources of vehicle-derived Fe-bearing nanoparticles, their chemical and mineralogical compositions, grain size distribution and potential hazard to human health. We focus on data reported for the following sources of Fe-bearing nanoparticles: exhaust emissions (both diesel and gasoline), brake wear, tire and road surface wear, resuspension of roadside dust, underground, train and tram emissions, and aircraft and shipping emissions. We identify limitations and gaps in existing knowledge as well as future challenges and perspectives for studies of airborne Fe-bearing nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gonet
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
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Yadav S, Kumbhar N, Jan R, Roy R, Satsangi PG. Genotoxic effects of PM 10 and PM 2.5 bound metals: metal bioaccessibility, free radical generation, and role of iron. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1163-1186. [PMID: 30302579 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to examine the possible genotoxicity of ambient particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Pune city. In both size fractions of PM, Fe was found to be the dominant metal by concentration, contributing 22% and 30% to the total mass of metals in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The speciation of soluble Fe in PM10 and PM2.5 was investigated. The average fraction of Fe3+ and Fe2+ concentrations in PM2.5 was 80.6% and 19.3%, respectively, while in PM2.5 this fraction was 71.1% and 29.9%, respectively. The dominance of Fe(III) state in both PM fractions facilitates the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH), which can damage deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA), as was evident from the gel electrophoresis study. The DNA damage by ·OH was supported through the in silico density functional theory (DFT) method. DFT results showed that C8 site of guanine (G)/adenine (A) and C6 site of thymine (T)/cytosine (C) would be energetically more favorable for the attack of hydroxyl radicals, when compared with the C4 and C5 sites. The non-standard Watson-Crick base pairing models of oxidative products of G, A, T and C yield lower-energy conformations than canonical dA:dT and dG:dC base pairing. This study may pave the way to understand the structural consequences of base-mediated oxidative lesions in DNA and its role in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly Pune University), Pune, 411007, India
- IDP in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Navanath Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly Pune University), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Rohi Jan
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly Pune University), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Ritwika Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly Pune University), Pune, 411007, India
| | - P Gursumeeran Satsangi
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly Pune University), Pune, 411007, India.
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Loxham M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Health effects of particulate matter air pollution in underground railway systems - a critical review of the evidence. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:12. [PMID: 30841934 PMCID: PMC6404319 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient airborne particulate matter is a major risk factor for mortality and morbidity, associated with asthma, lung cancer, heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke, and more recently type 2 diabetes, dementia and loss of cognitive function. Less is understood about differential effects of particulate matter from different sources. Underground railways are used by millions of people on a daily basis in many cities. Poor air exchange with the outside environment means that underground railways often have an unusually high concentration of airborne particulate matter, while a high degree of railway-associated mechanical activity produces particulate matter which is physicochemically highly distinct from ambient particulate matter. The implications of this for the health of exposed commuters and employees is unclear. MAIN BODY A literature search found 27 publications directly assessing the potential health effects of underground particulate matter, including in vivo exposure studies, in vitro toxicology studies, and studies of particulate matter which might be similar to that found in underground railways. The methodology, findings, and conclusions of these studies were reviewed in depth, along with further publications directly relevant to the initial search results. In vitro studies suggest that underground particulate matter may be more toxic than exposure to ambient/urban particulate matter, especially in terms of endpoints related to reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress. This appears to be predominantly a result of the metal-rich nature of underground particulate matter, which is suggestive of increased health risks. However, while there are measureable effects on a variety of endpoints following exposure in vivo, there is a lack of evidence for these effects being clinically significant as may be implied by the in vitro evidence. CONCLUSION There is little direct evidence that underground railway particulate matter exposure is more harmful than ambient particulate matter exposure. This may be due to disparities between in vivo exposures and in vitro models, and differences in exposure doses, as well as statistical under powering of in vivo studies of chronic exposure. Future research should focus on outcomes of chronic in vivo exposure, as well as further work to understand mechanisms and potential biomarkers of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Loxham
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 888, Level F, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK. .,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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25
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Minguillón MC, Reche C, Martins V, Amato F, de Miguel E, Capdevila M, Centelles S, Querol X, Moreno T. Aerosol sources in subway environments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:314-328. [PMID: 30092454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people use rail subway public transport around the world, despite the relatively high particulate matter (PM) concentrations in these underground environments, requiring the identification and quantification of the aerosol source contributions to improve the air quality. An extensive aerosol monitoring campaign was carried out in eleven subway stations in the Barcelona metro system, belonging to seven subway lines. PM2.5 samples were collected during the metro operating hours and chemically analysed to determine major and trace elements, inorganic ions, and total carbon. The chemical compositions of subway components such as brake pads, rail tracks and pantographs were also determined. The mean PM2.5 concentrations varied widely among stations, ranging from 26 µg m-3 to 86 µg m-3. Subway PM2.5 was mainly constituted by Fe2O3 (30-66%), followed by carbonaceous matter (18-37%) for the old stations, while for new stations equipped with Platform Screen Doors (PSD) these percentages go down to 21-44% and 15-30%, respectively. Both the absolute concentrations and the relative abundance of key species differed for each subway station, although with common patterns within a given subway line. This is a result of the different emission chemical profiles in different subway lines (using diverse types of brakes and/or pantographs). The co-emission of different sources poses a problem for their separation by receptor models. Nevertheless, receptor modelling (Positive Matrix Factorization) was applied resulting in ten sources, five of them subway-specific: RailWheel, RailWheel+Brake, Brake_A, Brake_B, Pb. The sum of their contributions accounted for 43-91% of bulk PM2.5 for the old stations and 21-52% for the stations with PSD. The decrease of the activity during the weekends resulted in a decrease (up to 56%) in the subway-specific sources contribution to the -already lower- bulk PM2.5 concentrations compared to weekdays. The health-related elements are mainly apportioned (> 60%) by subway sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Martins
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E de Miguel
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - M Capdevila
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - S Centelles
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Xu B, Hao J. Air quality inside subway metro indoor environment worldwide: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:33-46. [PMID: 28651166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The air quality in the subway metro indoor microenvironment has been of particular public concern. With specific reference to the growing demand of green transportation and sustainable development, subway metro systems have been rapidly developed worldwide in last decades. The number of metro commuters has continuously increased over recent years in metropolitan cities. In some cities, metro system has become the primary public transportation mode. Although commuters typically spend only 30-40min in metros, the air pollutants emitted from various interior components of metro system as well as air pollutants carried by ventilation supply air are significant sources of harmful air pollutants that could lead to unhealthy human exposure. Commuters' exposure to various air pollutants in metro carriages may cause perceivable health risk as reported by many environmental health studies. This review summarizes significant findings in the literature on air quality inside metro indoor environment, including pollutant concentration levels, chemical species, related sources and health risk assessment. More than 160 relevant studies performed across over 20 countries were carefully reviewed. These comprised more than 2000 individual measurement trips. Particulate matters, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbonyls and airborne bacteria have been identified as the primary air pollutants inside metro system. On this basis, future work could focus on investigating the chronic health risks of exposure to various air pollutants other than PM, and/or further developing advanced air purification unit to improve metro in-station air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jinliang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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27
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Jiang SY, Gali NK, Yang F, Zhang J, Ning Z. Chemical characterization of size-segregated PM from different public transport modes and implications of source specific contribution to public exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20029-20040. [PMID: 28699010 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the chemical properties of particulate matter (PM) in different public transport microenvironments in Hong Kong, the coarse (2.5-10 μm) and fine (<2.5 μm) PM samples were collected in three different types of transport modes including Mass Transit Railway (MTR)-Aboveground (AG), MTR Underground (UG), and Bus routes from October 2013 to April 2014. Average PM2.5 concentrations through UG, AG, and Bus routes were 47.9, 86.8, and 43.8 μg m-3, respectively, whereas the coarse PM concentrations were 4-5 folds less. The PM2.5 total metal concentrations of AG route were 2.3 and 3.7 times of UG and BUS routes, respectively, compared to those in the other two routes. The most abundant metals at three stations in PM2.5 and coarse PM were quite similar and mainly generated by frictional processes of wheels, rails, and brakes of the system as well as by the mechanical wearing of these parts. The most abundant PAH in three routes in PM2.5 was ATRQN, followed by 2-MNA, and the sum of them contributed to 35 and 42% of total PAHs in coarse PM and PM2.5, respectively. Crude oils, lubricant oil, diesel emissions would be the major sources of PAHs from MTR aboveground stations. The relative abundance of the n-alkanes among different samples was similar to the PAHs and the carbon preference index (CPI) values of the whole n-alkanes range were consistently from 0.99 to 1.04 among all samples indicating the significant contribution from the vehicle exhaust and fossil fuel burning. The concentrations of hopanes and steranes were higher in PM2.5 than in coarse PM due to diesel and coal burning. These results may provide a unique opportunity to investigate source specific contribution of the PM pollutants to the commuter exposure in public transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Yanan Jiang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nirmal Kumar Gali
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fenhuan Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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28
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Premshekharan G, Nguyen K, Zhang H, Forman HJ, Leppert VJ. Low dose inflammatory potential of silica particles in human-derived THP-1 macrophage cell culture studies - Mechanism and effects of particle size and iron. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 272:160-171. [PMID: 28512001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silica and iron are major constituents in ambient particulate matter, and iron is a common impurity in many engineered nanomaterials. The purpose of this work was to determine the pro-inflammatory and other biological effects and mechanism of particle size and iron presence under low dose, non-cytotoxic conditions that are likely to approximate actual exposure levels, in contrast with higher dose studies in which cytotoxicity occurs. Specifically, human-derived THP-1 macrophages were exposed to 1 μg/ml of pristine and iron-coated 50 nm and 2 μm engineered silica nanoparticles. Particles were first characterized for size, size distribution, surface area, iron concentration, phase and aggregation in cell culture media. Then, biological assays were conducted to determine a non-lethal dose used in subsequent experiments. Superoxide production, lipid peroxidation, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) mRNA expression were measured as a function of particle size and iron presence. Smaller particle size and the presence of iron increased superoxide production, lipid peroxidation, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. Separate addition of an iron-chelator, a scavenger of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, and an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), suppressed the increase in cytokine mRNA expression. Furthermore, free iron itself showed none of the aforementioned effects. The results highlight the importance of particle size and iron in lung inflammation for both natural and engineered nanomaterials, under low dose, non-toxic conditions, and support the role of an oxidant, lipid peroxidation and PC-PLC dependent inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Premshekharan
- School of Engineering, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, United States
| | - Kennedy Nguyen
- School of Engineering, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, United States
| | - Hongqiao Zhang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, United States; Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, United States; Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Valerie Jean Leppert
- School of Engineering, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, United States.
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29
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Wang BQ, Liu JF, Ren ZH, Chen RH. Concentrations, properties, and health risk of PM 2.5 in the Tianjin City subway system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22647-22657. [PMID: 27557967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A campaign was conducted to assess and compare the personal exposure in L3 of Tianjin subway, focusing on PM2.5 levels, chemical compositions, morphology analysis, as well as the health risk of heavy metal in PM2.5. The results indicated that the average concentration of the PM2.5 was 151.43 μg/m3 inside the train of the subway during rush hours. PM2.5 concentrations inside car under the ground are higher than those on the ground, and PM2.5 concentrations on the platform are higher than those inside car. Regarding metal concentrations, the highest element in PM2.5 samples was Fe; the level of which is 17.55 μg/m3. OC is a major component of PM2.5 in Tianjin subway. Secondary organic carbon is the formation of gaseous organic pollutants in subway. SEM-EDX and TEM-EDX exhibit the presence of individual particle with a large metal content in the subway samples. For small Fe metal particles, iron oxide can be formed easily. With regard to their sources, Fe-containing particles are generated mainly from mechanical wear and friction processes at the rail-wheel-brake interfaces. The non-carcinogenic risk to metals Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb, and carcinogenic hazard of Cr and Ni were all below the acceptable level in L3 of Tianjin subway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Qing Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zi-Hui Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rong-Hui Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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30
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Shuster-Meiseles T, Shafer MM, Heo J, Pardo M, Antkiewicz DS, Schauer JJ, Rudich A, Rudich Y. ROS-generating/ARE-activating capacity of metals in roadway particulate matter deposited in urban environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:252-62. [PMID: 26775006 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the possible causal role for soluble metal species extracted from roadway traffic emissions in promoting particulate matter (PM)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant response element (ARE) promoter activation. To this end, these responses have been evaluated in alveolar macrophage and epithelial lung cells that have been exposed to 'Unfiltered', 'Filtered' and 'Filtered+Chelexed' water extracts of PM samples collected from the roadway urban environments of Thessaloniki, Milan and London. Except for Thessaloniki, our results demonstrate that filtration resulted in a minor decrease in ROS activity of the fine PM fraction, suggesting that ROS activity is attributed mainly to water-soluble PM species. In contrast to ROS, ARE activity was mediated predominantly by the water-soluble component of PM present in both the fine and coarse extracts. Further removal of metals by Chelex treatment from filtered water extracts showed that soluble metal species are the major factors mediating ROS and ARE activities of the soluble fraction, especially in the London PM extracts. Finally, utilizing step-wise multiple-regression analysis, we show that 87% and 78% of the total variance observed in ROS and ARE assays, respectively, is accounted for by changes in soluble metal concentration. Using a statistical analysis we find that As, Zn and Fe best predict the ROS-generating/ARE-activating capacity of the near roadway particulate matter in the pulmonary cells studied. Collectively, our findings imply that soluble metals present in roadside PM are potential drivers of both pro- and anti-oxidative effects of PM in respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timor Shuster-Meiseles
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jongbae Heo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - James J Schauer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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31
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Shirmohammadi F, Hasheminassab S, Saffari A, Schauer JJ, Delfino RJ, Sioutas C. Fine and ultrafine particulate organic carbon in the Los Angeles basin: Trends in sources and composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1083-1096. [PMID: 26473710 PMCID: PMC4656077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, PM2.5 and PM0.18 (particles with dp<2.5 μm and dp<0.18 μm, respectively) were collected during 2012-2013 in Central Los Angeles (LA) and 2013-2014 in Anaheim. Samples were chemically analyzed for carbonaceous species (elemental and organic carbons) and individual organic compounds. Concentrations of organic compounds were reported and compared with many previous studies in Central LA to quantify the impact of emissions control measurements that have been implemented for vehicular emissions over the past decades in this area. Moreover, a novel hybrid approach of molecular marker-based chemical mass balance (MM-CMB) analysis was conducted, in which a combination of source profiles that were previously obtained from a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model in Central LA, were combined with some traditional source profiles. The model estimated the relative contributions from mobile sources (including gasoline, diesel, and smoking vehicles), wood smoke, primary biogenic sources (including emissions from vegetative detritus, food cooking, and re-suspended soil dust), and anthropogenic secondary organic carbon (SOC). Mobile sources contributed to 0.65 ± 0.25 μg/m(3) and 0.32 ± 0.25 μg/m(3) of PM2.5 OC in Central LA and Anaheim, respectively. Primary biogenic and anthropogenic SOC sources were major contributors to OC concentrations in both size fractions and sites. Un-apportioned OC ("other OC") accounted for an average 8.0 and 26% of PM2.5 OC concentration in Central LA and Anaheim, respectively. A comparison with previous studies in Central LA revealed considerable reduction of EC and OC, along with tracers of mobile sources (e.g. PAHs, hopanes and steranes) as a result of implemented regulations on vehicular emissions. Given the significant reduction of the impacts of mobile sources in the past decade in the LA Basin, the impact of SOC and primary biogenic emissions have a larger relative impact and the new hybrid model allows the impact of these sources to be better quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Shirmohammadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sina Hasheminassab
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arian Saffari
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ralph J Delfino
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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32
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Martins V, Moreno T, Minguillón MC, van Drooge BL, Reche C, Amato F, de Miguel E, Capdevila M, Centelles S, Querol X. Origin of inorganic and organic components of PM2.5 in subway stations of Barcelona, Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:125-136. [PMID: 26189044 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present work assesses indoor air quality in stations of the Barcelona subway system. PM2.5 concentrations on the platforms of 4 subway stations were measured during two different seasons and the chemical composition was determined. A Positive Matrix Factorization analysis was performed to identify and quantify the contributions of major PM2.5 sources in the subway stations. Mean PM2.5 concentrations varied according to the stations design and seasonal periods. PM2.5 was composed of haematite, carbonaceous aerosol, crustal matter, secondary inorganic compounds, trace elements, insoluble sulphate and halite. Organic compounds such as PAHs, nicotine, levoglucosan and aromatic musk compounds were also identified. Subway PM2.5 source comprised emissions from rails, wheels, catenaries, brake pads and pantographs. The subway source showed different chemical profiles for each station, but was always dominated by Fe. Control actions on the source are important for the achievement of better air quality in the subway environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Martins
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eladio de Miguel
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, Av. Del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain
| | - Marta Capdevila
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, Av. Del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain
| | - Sonia Centelles
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, Av. Del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Collins PA, Agarwal A. Impacts of public transit improvements on ridership, and implications for physical activity, in a low-density Canadian city. Prev Med Rep 2015; 2:874-9. [PMID: 26844163 PMCID: PMC4721416 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Public transit ridership offers valuable opportunities for modest amounts of daily physical activity (PA). Transit is a more feasible option for most Canadian commuters who live too far from work to walk or cycle, yet public transit usage in midsized Canadian cities has historically remained low due to inefficient transit service. The objectives of this longitudinal study were threefold: to assess whether the introduction of express transit service in the low-density city of Kingston, Ontario, has translated to greater transit use among a targeted employee group; to document the characteristics of those employees that have shifted to transit; and to examine the PA levels of employees using transit compared to other commute modes. An online survey was administered in October 2013 and October 2014 to all non-student employees at Queen's University. 1356 employees completed the survey in 2013, and 1123 in 2014; 656 of these employees completed the survey both years, constituting our longitudinal sample. Year-round transit ridership increased from 5.5% in 2013 to 8.5% in 2014 (p < 0.001). Employees who shifted to transit had fewer household-level opportunities to drive to work and more positive attitudes toward transit. Transit commuters accrued an average of 80 minutes/week of commute-related PA, and 50 minutes/week more total PA than those that commuted entirely passively. Kingston Transit's express service has stimulated an increase in transit ridership among one of their target employers, Queen's University. The findings from this study suggest that shifting to transit from entirely passive commuting can generate higher overall PA levels. Riding public transit to work offers opportunities for regular physical activity. Transit service in midsized Canadian cities often too inefficient to justify use. Few longitudinal studies of impacts of transit improvements on ridership. Introduction of express bus service led to significant increase in ridership. Transit riders reported accruing 50 minutes more activity per week than drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Collins
- School of Urban and Regional Planning, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Robert Sutherland Hall 531, 138 Union Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ajay Agarwal
- School of Urban and Regional Planning, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Robert Sutherland Hall 534, 138 Union Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Yan C, Zheng M, Yang Q, Zhang Q, Qiu X, Zhang Y, Fu H, Li X, Zhu T, Zhu Y. Commuter exposure to particulate matter and particle-bound PAHs in three transportation modes in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:199-206. [PMID: 25978352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles as well as particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by commuters in three transportation modes (walking, subway and bus) were examined in December 2011 in Beijing, China. During the study period, real-time measured median PM2.5 mass concentration (PMC) for walking, riding buses and taking the subway were 26.7, 32.9 and 56.9 μg m(-3), respectively, and particle number concentrations (PNC) were 1.1 × 10(4), 1.0 × 10(4) and 2.2 × 10(4) cm(-3). Commuters were exposed to higher PNC in air-conditioned buses and aboveground-railway, but higher PMC in underground-subway compared to aboveground-railway. PNC in roadway modes (bus and walking) peaked at noon, but was lower during traffic rush hours, negatively correlated with PMC. Toxic potential of particulate-PAHs estimated based on benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalents (BaP TEQs) showed that walking pedestrians were subjected to higher BaP TEQs than bus (2.7-fold) and subway (3.6-fold) commuters, though the highest PMC and PNC were observed in subway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqing Yan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Qiaoyun Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qunfang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huaiyu Fu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Spagnolo AM, Ottria G, Perdelli F, Cristina ML. Chemical characterisation of the coarse and fine particulate matter in the environment of an underground railway system: cytotoxic effects and oxidative stress-a preliminary study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4031-46. [PMID: 25872016 PMCID: PMC4410231 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120404031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Exposure to the particulate matter produced in underground railway systems is arousing increasing scientific interest because of its health effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the airborne concentrations of PM10 and three sub-fractions of PM2.5 in an underground railway system environment in proximity to platforms and in underground commercial areas within the system, and to compare these with the outdoor airborne concentrations. We also evaluated the metal components, the cytotoxic properties of the various fractions of particulate matter (PM) and their capacity to induce oxidative stress. Method: We collected the coarse fraction (5–10 µm) and the fine fractions (1–2.5 µm; 0.5–1 µm; 0.25–0.5 µm). Chemical characterisation was determined by means of spectrometry. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assessment. Results: The concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 proved to be similar at the three sampling sites. Iron and other transition metals displayed a greater concentration at the subway platform than at the other two sites. The 2.5–10 µm and 1–2.5 µm fractions of PM from all three sampling sites determined a greater increase in ROS; the intensity of oxidative stress progressively declined as particle diameter diminished. Moreover, ROS concentrations were correlated with the concentrations of some transition metals, namely Mn, Cr, Ti, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and Mo. All particulate matter fractions displayed lower or similar ROS values between platform level and the outdoor air. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the underground railway environment at platform level, although containing higher concentrations of some particularly reactive metallic species, did not display higher cytotoxicity and oxidative stress levels than the outdoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Spagnolo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Ottria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Fernanda Perdelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Cristina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
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Martins V, Moreno T, Minguillón MC, Amato F, de Miguel E, Capdevila M, Querol X. Exposure to airborne particulate matter in the subway system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:711-722. [PMID: 25616190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Barcelona subway system comprises eight subway lines, at different depths, with different tunnel dimensions, station designs and train frequencies. An extensive measurement campaign was performed in this subway system in order to characterise the airborne particulate matter (PM) measuring its concentration and investigating its variability, both inside trains and on platforms, in two different seasonal periods (warmer and colder), to better understand the main factors controlling it, and therefore the way to improve air quality. The majority of PM in the underground stations is generated within the subway system, due to abrasion and wear of rail tracks, wheels and braking pads caused during the motion of the trains. Substantial variation in average PM concentrations between underground stations was observed, which might be associated to different ventilation and air conditioning systems, characteristics/design of each station and variations in the train frequency. Average PM2.5 concentrations on the platforms in the subway operating hours ranged from 20 to 51 and from 41 to 91 μg m(-3) in the warmer and colder period, respectively, mainly related to the seasonal changes in the subway ventilation systems. The new subway lines with platform screen doors showed PM2.5 concentrations lower than those in the conventional system, which is probably attributable not only to the more advanced ventilation setup, but also to the lower train frequency and the design of the stations. PM concentrations inside the trains were generally lower than those on the platforms, which is attributable to the air conditioning systems operating inside the trains, which are equipped with air filters. This study allows the analysis and quantification of the impact of different ventilation settings on air quality, which provides an improvement on the knowledge for the general understanding and good management of air quality in the subway system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Martins
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eladio de Miguel
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, Av. Del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain
| | - Marta Capdevila
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, Av. Del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Guo L, Hu Y, Hu Q, Lin J, Li C, Chen J, Li L, Fu H. Characteristics and chemical compositions of particulate matter collected at the selected metro stations of Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:443-452. [PMID: 25105755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A campaign was conducted to assess and compare the air quality at the different metro platforms at Shanghai City, focusing on particulate matter (PM) levels, chemical compositions, morphology and mineralogy, as well as species of iron. Our results indicated that the average PM₂.₅ concentrations for the three metro lines were 177.7 μg/m(3), 105.7 μg/m(3) and 82.5 μg/m(3), respectively, and the average PM1 concentrations for the three lines were 122.3 μg/m(3), 84.1 μg/m(3) and 59.6 μg/m(3), respectively. Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Sr, Ba and Pb concentrations in all of the sampling sites were significantly higher than that in the urban ambient air, implicating that these trace metals may be associated with the metro systems working. Individual airborne dusts were studied for morphology and mineralogy characteristics. The results revealed that the presence of most individual particles were with no definite shape and most of them were with a large metal content. Furthermore, Fe-rich particles had significantly higher abundance in the metro systems, which were more frequently encountered in the underground lines than the aboveground line. The 2D distribution map of an interested Fe-rich particle showed an uneven Fe distribution, implying that a hollow or core of other substance exists in the particle center during the formation process. Cluster analysis revealed that Fe-rich particles were possibly a mixture of Fe species. Fitting of X-ray absorption near-edge fine structure spectra (XANES) showed the main iron species within the particles collected from the three contrasting metro lines of Shanghai to be hematite, magnetite, iron-metal and mineral Fe. Hematite and mineral Fe were all found in three lines, while magnetite only existed in aboveground metro line. Iron-metal was determined in both the older and younger underground lines, based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. As diverse Fe species have different physical-chemical characteristics and toxicity, the speciation of Fe-containing metro particles is important in the context of public health and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunjie Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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38
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Bei Y, Liu Q. Reaction mechanisms for dithiothreitol as a measure of particulate matter induced oxidative potential activity by density functional theory. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Liu Q, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang M. Characterization of springtime airborne particulate matter-bound reactive oxygen species in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:9325-9333. [PMID: 24728573 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have suggested that particulate matter (PM)-associated adverse health effects are related to particle composition. To study the toxicological characteristics of dust storm, airborne PM10 was collected at two sites in Beijing from March to May 2012. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), quantified by dithiothreitol (DTT), was used to measure the PM-induced oxidative potential. Two dust storm (DS) samples were monitored during the sampling period: one happened on March 28th (DS1) and the other one was on April 28th (DS2). The backward trajectory results showed that both events originated from Inner Mongolia and Mongolia, respectively. The increased trends of ROS activities during the dust storm episode in PM10 were observed for all the dust storms owing to a higher concentration of water-soluble components for all the PM10 samples compared to nondust storm ones. Interestingly, the correlations between DTT consumption with water-soluble species yield interesting results about the spatial variability of redox activity between sites. In particular, a tracer of soil suspension, namely Fe, contributed the most fraction to ROS variability in the urban background site. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) made the highest contribution to ROS variability, suggesting that vehicle emission might be important driving factors of the PM-induced oxidative stress in the urban site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China,
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40
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Chang C, Demokritou P, Shafer M, Christiani D. Physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of welding fume derived particles generated from real time welding processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:214-24. [PMID: 24592438 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30505d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Welding fume particles have been well studied in the past; however, most studies have examined welding fumes generated from machine models rather than actual exposures. Furthermore, the link between physicochemical and toxicological properties of welding fume particles has not been well understood. This study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties of particles derived during real time welding processes generated during actual welding processes and to assess the particle size specific toxicological properties. A compact cascade impactor (Harvard CCI) was stationed within the welding booth to sample particles by size. Size fractionated particles were extracted and used for both off-line physicochemical analysis and in vitro cellular toxicological characterization. Each size fraction was analyzed for ions, elemental compositions, and mass concentration. Furthermore, real time optical particle monitors (DustTrak™, TSI Inc., Shoreview, Minn.) were used in the same welding booth to collect real time PM2.5 particle number concentration data. The sampled particles were extracted from the polyurethane foam (PUF) impaction substrates using a previously developed and validated protocol, and used in a cellular assay to assess oxidative stress. By mass, welding aerosols were found to be in coarse (PM 2.5–10), and fine (PM 0.1–2.5) size ranges. Most of the water soluble (WS) metals presented higher concentrations in the coarse size range with some exceptions such as sodium, which presented elevated concentration in the PM 0.1 size range. In vitro data showed size specific dependency, with the fine and ultrafine size ranges having the highest reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity. Additionally, this study suggests a possible correlation between welders' experience, the welding procedure and equipment used and particles generated from welding fumes. Mass concentrations and total metal and water soluble metal concentrations of welding fume particles may be greatly influenced by these factors. Furthermore, the results also confirmed the hypothesis that smaller particles generate more ROS activity and should be evaluated carefully for risk assessment.
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Kam W, Delfino RJ, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C. A comparative assessment of PM2.5 exposures in light-rail, subway, freeway, and surface street environments in Los Angeles and estimated lung cancer risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:234-243. [PMID: 24592440 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30495c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 570000+ commuters in Los Angeles travel for over 60 minutes to work. Studies have shown that a substantial portion of particulate matter (PM) exposure can occur during this commute. This study represents the integration of the results from five commute environments in Los Angeles. Personal PM exposures are discussed for the: (1) METRO gold line, a ground-level light-rail route, (2) METRO red line, a subway line, (3) the 110, a high volume freeway with low heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) fraction, (4) the 710, a major corridor for HDVs from the Port of Los Angeles, and (5) Wilshire/Sunset Boulevards, major surface streets. Chemical analysis including total and water-soluble metals and trace elements, elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed. The focus of this study is to compare the composition and estimated lung cancer risk of PM2.5 (dp < 2.5 μm) for the five differential commute environments. Metals associated with stainless steel, notably Fe, Cr, and Mn, were elevated for the red line (subway), most likely from abrasion processes between the rail and brakes; elements associated with tire and brake wear and oil additives (Ca, Ti, Sn, Sb, and Pb) were elevated on roadways. Elemental concentrations on the gold line (light-rail) were the lowest. For water-solubility, metals observed on the red line (subway) were the least soluble. PAHs are primarily derived from vehicular emissions. Overall, the 710 exhibited high levels of PAHs (3.0 ng m−3), most likely due to its high volume of HDVs, while the red and gold lines exhibited low PAH concentrations (0.6 and 0.8 ng m−3 for red and gold lines, respectively). Lastly, lung cancer risk due to inhalation of PAHs was calculated based on a commuter lifetime (45 years for 2 hours per workday). Results showed that lung cancer risk for the 710 is 3.8 and 4.5 times higher than the light-rail (gold line) and subway (red line), respectively. With low levels of both metal and PAH pollutants, our results indicate that commuting on the light-rail (gold line) may have potential health benefits when compared to driving on freeways and busy roadways.
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Sameenoi Y, Koehler K, Shapiro J, Boonsong K, Sun Y, Collett J, Volckens J, Henry CS. Microfluidic electrochemical sensor for on-line monitoring of aerosol oxidative activity. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10562-8. [PMID: 22651886 PMCID: PMC3397383 DOI: 10.1021/ja3031104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has a significant impact on human morbidity and mortality; however, the mechanisms of PM-induced toxicity are poorly defined. A leading hypothesis states that airborne PM induces harm by generating reactive oxygen species in and around human tissues, leading to oxidative stress. We report here a system employing a microfluidic electrochemical sensor coupled directly to a particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) system to measure aerosol oxidative activity in an on-line format. The oxidative activity measurement is based on the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, where, after being oxidized by PM, the remaining reduced DTT is analyzed by the microfluidic sensor. The sensor consists of an array of working, reference, and auxiliary electrodes fabricated in a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic device. Cobalt(II) phthalocyanine-modified carbon paste was used as the working electrode material, allowing selective detection of reduced DTT. The electrochemical sensor was validated off-line against the traditional DTT assay using filter samples taken from urban environments and biomass burning events. After off-line characterization, the sensor was coupled to a PILS to enable on-line sampling/analysis of aerosol oxidative activity. Urban dust and industrial incinerator ash samples were aerosolized in an aerosol chamber and analyzed for their oxidative activity. The on-line sensor reported DTT consumption rates (oxidative activity) in good correlation with aerosol concentration (R(2) from 0.86 to 0.97) with a time resolution of approximately 3 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupaporn Sameenoi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Jeff Shapiro
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Kanokporn Boonsong
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Yele Sun
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Jeffrey Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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