1
|
Li Z, Liu W, Rahaman MH, Chen Z, Yan J, Zhai J. Polystyrene microplastics accumulation in lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands: impacts and fate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132576. [PMID: 37738848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants that significantly threaten organisms and ecosystems. Constructed wetlands (CWs), a nature-based treatment technology, can effectively remove MPs from wastewater. However, the responses of CWs when exposed to MPs remain unclear. In this study, lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) were installed for receiving polystyrene (PS) MPs at concentrations of 100 μg/L and 1000 μg/L. The results showed that exposure to PS-MPs has no effects on COD and TP removal in VFCWs, but TN removal decreased by 3.69-5.37 %. Further investigation revealed that PS-MPs significantly impacted microbial communities and metabolic functions. The abundances of predominant nitrifiers (Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas) and denitrifiers (Nakamurella, Bradyrhizobium, and Bacillus) in VFCWs were significantly reduced, aligning with the responses of key enzymes. The presence of PS-MPs also decreased nitrogen removal by plant uptake, leading to decreased plant biomass and chlorophyll by 39.32-48.75 % and 5.92-32.19 %, respectively. Notably, > 90 % removal rates were observed for PS-MPs within VFCWs. In addition to PS-MPs interception by VFCWs substrate, the increase of released benzenes indicated that the PS-MPs biodegradation occurred. Such insights are vital for developing sustainable solutions to mitigate MPs' adverse effects on ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchen Li
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Institute for Smart City of Chongqing University in Liyang, Chongqing University, Jiangsu 213300, China
| | - Md Hasibur Rahaman
- Institute for Smart City of Chongqing University in Liyang, Chongqing University, Jiangsu 213300, China
| | - Zhongbing Chen
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, Praha-Suchdol 16500, Czech Republic
| | - Jixia Yan
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jun Zhai
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Institute for Smart City of Chongqing University in Liyang, Chongqing University, Jiangsu 213300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sima MW, Jaffé PR. A critical review of modeling Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the soil-water environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143793. [PMID: 33303199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their health effects and the recalcitrant nature of their CF bonds, Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are widely investigated for their distribution, remediation, and toxicology in ecosystems. However, very few studies have focused on modeling PFAS in the soil-water environment. In this review, we summarized the recent development in PFAS modeling for various chemical, physical, and biological processes, including sorption, volatilization, degradation, bioaccumulation, and transport. PFAS sorption is kinetic in nature with sorption equilibrium commonly quantified by either a linear, the Freundlich, or the Langmuir isotherms. Volatilization of PFAS depends on carbon chain length and ionization status and has been simulated by a two-layer diffusion process across the air water interface. First-order kinetics is commonly used for physical, chemical, and biological degradation processes. Uptake by plants and other biota can be passive and/or active. As surfactants, PFAS have a tendency to be sorbed or concentrated on air-water or non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-water interfaces, where the same three isotherms for soil sorption are adopted. PFAS transport in the soil-water environment is simulated by solving the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) that is coupled to PFAS sorption, phase transfer, as well as physical, chemical, and biological transformations. As the physicochemical properties and concentration vary greatly among the potentially thousands of PFAS species in the environment, systematic efforts are needed to identify models and model parameters to simulate their fate, transport, and response to remediation techniques. Since many process formulations are empirical in nature, mechanistic approaches are needed to further the understanding of PFAS-soil-water-plant interactions so that the model parameters are less site dependent and more predictive in simulating PFAS remediation efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Sima
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Peter R Jaffé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pal DS, Tripathee R, Reid MC, Schäfer KVR, Jaffé PR. Simultaneous measurements of dissolved CH 4 and H 2 in wetland soils. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:176. [PMID: 29484491 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biogeochemical processes in wetland soils are complex and are driven by a microbiological community that competes for resources and affects the soil chemistry. Depending on the availability of various electron acceptors, the high carbon input to wetland soils can make them important sources of methane production and emissions. There are two significant pathways for methanogenesis: acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. The hydrogenotrophic pathway is dependent on the availability of dissolved hydrogen gas (H2), and there is significant competition for available H2. This study presents simultaneous measurements of dissolved methane and H2 over a 2-year period at three tidal marshes in the New Jersey Meadowlands. Methane reservoirs show a significant correlation with dissolved organic carbon, temperature, and methane emissions, whereas the H2 concentrations measured with dialysis samplers do not show significant relationships with these field variables. Data presented in this study show that increased dissolved H2 reservoirs in wetland soils correlate with decreased methane reservoirs, which is consistent with studies that have shown that elevated levels of H2 inhibit methane production by inhibiting propionate fermentation, resulting in less acetate production and hence decreasing the contribution of acetoclastic methanogenesis to the overall production of methane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Pal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Rajan Tripathee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew C Reid
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Peter R Jaffé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Moon HS, Myneni SCB, Jaffé PR. Phosphate enhanced abiotic and biotic arsenic mobilization in the wetland rhizosphere. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:130-139. [PMID: 28846968 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although abiotic process of competitive sorption between phosphate (P) and arsenate (As(V)), especially onto iron oxides, are well understood, P-mediated biotic processes of Fe and As redox transformation contributing to As mobilization and speciation in wetlands remain poorly defined. To gain new insights into the effects of P on As mobility, speciation, and bioavailability in wetlands, well-controlled greenhouse experiments were conducted. As expected, increased P levels contributed to more As desorption, but more interestingly the interactions between P and wetland plants played a synergistic role in the microbially-mediated As mobilization and enhanced As uptake by plants. High levels of P promoted plant growth and the exudation of labile organic carbon from roots, enhancing the growth of heterotrophic bacteria, including As and Fe reducers. This in turn resulted in both, more As desorption into solution due to reductive iron dissolution, and a higher fraction of the dissolved As in the form of As(III) due to the higher number of As(V) reducers. Consistent with the dissolved As results, arsenic-XANES spectra from solid medium samples demonstrated that more As was sequestered in the rhizosphere as As(III) in the presence of high P levels than for low P levels. Hence, increased P loading to wetlands stimulates both abiotic and biotic processes in the wetland rhizosphere, resulting in more As mobilization, more As reduction, as well as more As uptake by plants. These interactions are important to be taken into account in As fate and transport models in wetlands and management of wetlands containing As.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheyun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, USA; Joint Genome Institute, Department of Energy, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, United States; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Hee Sun Moon
- Groundwater and Ecohydrology Research Center, Geologic Environment Division, Korean Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Deajeon, 34132, South Korea.
| | - Satish C B Myneni
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, USA
| | - Peter R Jaffé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08540, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Z, Moon HS, Myneni SCB, Jaffé PR. Effect of dissimilatory iron and sulfate reduction on arsenic dynamics in the wetland rhizosphere and its bioaccumulation in wetland plants (Scirpus actus). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:382-389. [PMID: 27669379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microbial redox transformations of arsenic (As) are coupled to dissimilatory iron and sulfate reduction in the wetlands, however, the processes involved are complex and poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the effect of dissimilatory iron and sulfate reduction on As dynamics in the wetland rhizosphere and its bioaccumulation in plants using greenhouse mesocosms. Results show that high Fe (50μM ferrihydrite/g solid medium) and SO42- (5mM) treatments are most favorable for As sequestration in the presence of wetland plants (Scirpus actus), probably because root exudates facilitate the microbial reduction of Fe(III), SO42-, and As(V) to sequester As(III) by incorporation into iron sulfides and/or plant uptake. As retention in the solid medium and accumulation in plants were mainly controlled by SO42- rather than Fe levels. Compared to the low SO42- (0.1mM) treatment, high SO42- resulted in 2 times more As sequestered in the solid medium, 30 times more As in roots, and 49% less As in leaves. An As speciation analysis in pore water indicated that 19% more dissolved As was reduced under high SO42- than low SO42- levels, which is consistent with the fact that more dissimilatory arsenate-respiring bacteria were found under high SO42- levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheyun Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08540, USA
| | - Hee Sun Moon
- Groundwater Department, Korean Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Deajeon 34132, Korea.
| | - Satish C B Myneni
- Department of Geoscience, Princeton University, Princeton 08540, USA
| | - Peter R Jaffé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton 08540, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koster van Groos PG, Kaplan DI, Chang HS, Seaman JC, Li D, Peacock AD, Scheckel KG, Jaffé PR. Uranium fate in wetland mesocosms: Effects of plants at two iron loadings with different pH values. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:116-124. [PMID: 27522183 PMCID: PMC7307573 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale continuous flow wetland mesocosms (∼0.8 L) were used to evaluate how plant roots under different iron loadings affect uranium (U) mobility. When significant concentrations of ferrous iron (Fe) were present at circumneutral pH values, U concentrations in root exposed sediments were an order of magnitude greater than concentrations in root excluded sediments. Micro X-ray absorption near-edge structure (μ-XANES) spectroscopy indicated that U was associated with the plant roots primarily as U(VI) or U(V), with limited evidence of U(IV). Micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) of plant roots suggested that for high iron loading at circumneutral pH, U was co-located with Fe, perhaps co-precipitated with root Fe plaques, while for low iron loading at a pH of ∼4 the correlation between U and Fe was not significant, consistent with previous observations of U associated with organic matter. Quantitative PCR analyses indicated that the root exposed sediments also contained elevated numbers of Geobacter spp., which are likely associated with enhanced iron cycling, but may also reduce mobile U(VI) to less mobile U(IV) species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyun-Shik Chang
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC 29802, USA
| | - John C Seaman
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC 29802, USA
| | - Dien Li
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Limmer M, Burken J. Phytovolatilization of Organic Contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6632-43. [PMID: 27249664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants can interact with a variety of organic compounds, and thereby affect the fate and transport of many environmental contaminants. Volatile organic compounds may be volatilized from stems or leaves (direct phytovolatilization) or from soil due to plant root activities (indirect phytovolatilization). Fluxes of contaminants volatilizing from plants are important across scales ranging from local contaminant spills to global fluxes of methane emanating from ecosystems biochemically reducing organic carbon. In this article past studies are reviewed to clearly differentiate between direct- and indirect-phytovolatilization and we discuss the plant physiology driving phytovolatilization in different ecosystems. Current measurement techniques are also described, including common difficulties in experimental design. We also discuss reports of phytovolatilization in the literature, finding that compounds with low octanol-air partitioning coefficients are more likely to be phytovolatilized (log KOA < 5). Reports of direct phytovolatilization at field sites compare favorably to model predictions. Finally, future research needs are presented that could better quantify phytovolatilization fluxes at field scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matt Limmer
- University of Delaware , Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joel Burken
- Missouri University of Science and Technology , Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pal DS, Jaffé PR. Modeling the inhibition of dissolved H2 on propionate fermentation and methanogenesis in wetland sediments. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Chen Y, Wen Y, Zhou J, Zhou Q, Vymazal J, Kuschk P. Transformation of chloroform in model treatment wetlands: from mass balance to microbial analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6198-6205. [PMID: 25901522 DOI: 10.1021/es506357e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chloroform is one of the common disinfection byproducts, which is not susceptible to degradation and poses great health concern. In this study, the chloroform removal efficiencies and contributions of sorption, microbial degradation, plant uptake, and volatilization were evaluated in six model constructed wetlands (CWs). The highest chloroform removal efficiency was achieved in litter-added CWs (99%), followed by planted (46-54%) and unplanted CWs (39%). Mass balance study revealed that sorption (73.5-81.2%) and microbial degradation (17.6-26.2%) were the main chloroform removal processes in litter-added CWs, and that sorption (53.6-66.1%) and plant uptake (25.3-36.2%) were the primary contributors to chloroform removal in planted CWs. Around 60% of chloroform got accumulated in the roots after plant uptake, and both transpiration and gas-phase transport were expected to be the drivers for the plant uptake. Sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogens were found to be the key microorganisms for chloroform biodegradation through cometabolic dechlorination, and positive correlations were observed between functional genes (dsrA, mcrA) and biodegradation rates. Overall, this study suggests that wetland is an efficient ecosystem for sustainable chloroform removal, and that plant and litter can enhance the removal performance through root uptake and microbial degradation stimulation, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- †Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment of Ministry of the State Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- ‡Department of Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic
- §Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yue Wen
- †Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment of Ministry of the State Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Zhou
- †Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment of Ministry of the State Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- †Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment of Ministry of the State Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jan Vymazal
- ‡Department of Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kuschk
- §Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bachand PAM, Bachand S, Fleck J, Anderson F, Windham-Myers L. Differentiating transpiration from evaporation in seasonal agricultural wetlands and the link to advective fluxes in the root zone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 484:232-248. [PMID: 24296049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The current state of science and engineering related to analyzing wetlands overlooks the importance of transpiration and risks data misinterpretation. In response, we developed hydrologic and mass budgets for agricultural wetlands using electrical conductivity (EC) as a natural conservative tracer. We developed simple differential equations that quantify evaporation and transpiration rates using flow rates and tracer concentrations at wetland inflows and outflows. We used two ideal reactor model solutions, a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CFSTR) and a plug flow reactor (PFR), to bracket real non-ideal systems. From those models, estimated transpiration ranged from 55% (CFSTR) to 74% (PFR) of total evapotranspiration (ET) rates, consistent with published values using standard methods and direct measurements. The PFR model more appropriately represents these non-ideal agricultural wetlands in which check ponds are in series. Using a flux model, we also developed an equation delineating the root zone depth at which diffusive dominated fluxes transition to advective dominated fluxes. This relationship is similar to the Peclet number that identifies the dominance of advective or diffusive fluxes in surface and groundwater transport. Using diffusion coefficients for inorganic mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) we calculated that during high ET periods typical of summer, advective fluxes dominate root zone transport except in the top millimeters below the sediment-water interface. The transition depth has diel and seasonal trends, tracking those of ET. Neglecting this pathway has profound implications: misallocating loads along different hydrologic pathways; misinterpreting seasonal and diel water quality trends; confounding Fick's First Law calculations when determining diffusion fluxes using pore water concentration data; and misinterpreting biogeochemical mechanisms affecting dissolved constituent cycling in the root zone. In addition, our understanding of internal root zone cycling of Hg and other dissolved constituents, benthic fluxes, and biological irrigation may be greatly affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S Bachand
- Tetra Tech, Davis, CA, United States
| | - J Fleck
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - F Anderson
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - L Windham-Myers
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Research Program, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen Y, Wen Y, Tang Z, Li L, Cai Y, Zhou Q. Removal processes of disinfection byproducts in subsurface-flow constructed wetlands treating secondary effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 51:163-171. [PMID: 24440896 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The removal efficiencies and the kinetics of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were studied in six greenhouse laboratory-scale SSF CWs. Cattail (Typha latifolia) and its litter (collected from the aboveground samples of cattail in autumn) were used as a potential phytoremediation technology and as a primary substrate, respectively, for DBP removal. Results showed that most of the 11 DBPs (except chloroform and 1, 1-dichloropropanone) were efficiently removed (>90%) in six SSF CWs with hydraulic retention time of 5 d and there were no significant differences among the systems. Under the batch mode, the removal of DBPs in SSF CWs followed first-order kinetics with half-lives of 1.0-770.2 h. As a primary DBP in wastewater effluent, removal efficiencies for chloroform were higher in planted systems than in unplanted ones and plant uptake accounted for more than 23.8% of the removal. Plant litter greatly enhanced the removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) by supplying primary substrates and reducing conditions, and the formation of dichloromethane supported the anaerobic biodegradation of THMs via reductive dechlorination in SSF CWs. Trichloroacetonitrile was completely removed within 10 h in each system and hydrolysis was considered to be the dominant process as there was a rapid formation of the hydrolysis byproduct, trichloroacetamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment of Ministry of the State Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Department of Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague 16521, Czech Republic
| | - Yue Wen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment of Ministry of the State Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment of Ministry of the State Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment of Ministry of the State Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yanlong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment of Ministry of the State Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment of Ministry of the State Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reid MC, Jaffé PR. A push-pull test to measure root uptake of volatile chemicals from wetland soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3190-3198. [PMID: 23461357 DOI: 10.1021/es304748r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel modification of the single-well "push-pull" test that uses nonvolatile and multiple volatile tracers to investigate the transport and root uptake kinetics of volatile chemicals in saturated soils. This technique provides an estimate of potential volatilization fluxes without relying on enclosure-based measurements. The new push-pull methodology was validated with mesocosm experiments, and bench-scale hydroponic measurements were performed to develop an empirical relationship for scaling root uptake rates between chemicals. A new modeling approach to interpret data using sulfur hexafluoride and helium as dual volatile tracers was developed and shown to decrease errors relative to existing analytical techniques that utilize bromide as a conservative tracer. Root uptake of the volatile tracers was diffusion-limited, and uptake rate constants (kv) in vegetated experimental mesocosms ranged from 0.021 ± 9.0 × 10(-4) h(-1) for CFC-12 to 2.41 ± 0.98 h(-1) for helium. Hydroponic and mesocosm experiments demonstrate that the molecular diameter is a robust empirical predictor of kv.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Reid
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|