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Ni L, Hu J, Mao J, Li S, Wang H, Lu J. Effects of graphitic carbon nitride in the formation of disinfection byproducts. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:1660-1671. [PMID: 37051789 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (CN) was a promising candidate for efficient environmental remediation in the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). However, whether CN itself had some potential environmental risks, such as affecting the production of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) was still unknown. This study investigated the formation potential of DBPs in the presence of CN. The experimental data revealed that CN had a high potential to form DBPs, and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) was the most produced species during the chlorination and chloramination processes. Moreover, the effects of chlorine time, chlorine dosage, pH, and CN dosage during the chlorination process were evaluated to understand the formation pattern of DBPs. The possible mechanism of DBPs formation was deduced by analyzing the results of FTIR, Raman, and XPS before and after chlorination. Finally, the DBPs formation potential and cytotoxicity of the CN leaching solution were investigated, indicating CN could leach the precursors of DBPs and that the potential toxicity of the leaching solution increased with the extension of CN immersion time. In general, this research adds an understanding of the DBP formation of CN in water treatment systems and sheds light on CN's environmental potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Ni
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Mao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jinfeng Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China E-mail: ; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Tianjin 300071, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Nankai University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, China
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2
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Chen X, Gao X, Yu P, Spanu L, Hinojosa J, Zhang S, Long M, Alvarez PJJ, Masiello CA. Rapid Simulation of Decade-Scale Charcoal Aging in Soil: Changes in Physicochemical Properties and Their Environmental Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:128-138. [PMID: 36525597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In situ aging can change biochar properties, influencing their ecosystem benefits or risks over time. However, there is a lack of field verification of laboratory methods that attempt simulation of long-term natural aging of biochar. We exploited a decade-scale natural charcoal (a proxy for biochar) aging event to determine which lab-aging methods best mimicked field aging. We oxidized charcoal by ultraviolet A radiation (UVA), H2O2, or monochloramine (NH2Cl), and compared it to 10-year field-aged charcoal. We considered seven selected charcoal properties related to surface chemistry and organic matter release, and found that oxidation with 30% H2O2 most representatively simulated 10-year field aging for six out of seven properties. UVA aging failed to approximate oxidation levels while showing a distinctive dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release pattern. NH2Cl-aged charcoal was the most different, showing an increased persistent free radical (PFR) concentration and lower hydrophilicity. All lab oxidation techniques overpredicted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon release. The O/C ratio was well-correlated with DOC release, PFR concentration, surface charge, and charcoal pH, indicating the possibility to accurately predict biochar aging with a reduced suite of physicochemical properties. Overall, our rapid and verified lab-aging methods facilitate research toward derisking and enhancing long-term benefits of biochar application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Xiaodong Gao
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Leonardo Spanu
- Shell International Exploration & Production Inc., Houston, Texas 77082, United States
| | - Jessica Hinojosa
- Shell International Exploration & Production Inc., Houston, Texas 77082, United States
| | - Shuqi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingce Long
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Caroline A Masiello
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Liu P, Wu X, Pan S, Dai J, Zhang Z, Guo X. Photochlorination-induced degradation of microplastics and interaction with Cr(VI) and amlodipine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155499. [PMID: 35472361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the important source of microplastics (MPs) in the environment, and disinfection processes bear high potential to degrade MPs. This study investigated the physicochemical degradation, dissolved organic products and interaction with co-existed pollutants (heavy metal and pharmaceutical) on polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) MPs during simulated disinfection processes. Compared to photo or chlorination, photochlorination significantly resulted in the physicochemical degradation, including morphology alteration, fragmentation, and chemical oxidation on PP and PS MPs, but showed relatively low effect on PE, indicating the different resistance among polymers to disinfected treatment. Photochlorination also caused the formation of chain-scission organic compounds and even chlorinated products from MPs (e.g. C11H19O4Cl for PP and monochlorophenol, dichlorophenol, chloroacetophenone and chlorobenzoic acid for PS), which may form disinfection byproducts to induce healthy risk. The adsorption potentials of MPs for Cr(VI) or amlodipine were enhanced by photochlorination since the cracking and formed oxygen functional groups enhanced the pore filling and surface precipitation of Cr(VI), and the electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding with amlodipine. The findings indicated the physicochemical degradation of MPs and the combined pollution with co-existed pollutants, highlighting the health risks of MP-derived organic products during the disinfection treatments (even in normal dosage) in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Suyi Pan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiamin Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China.
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Huang X, Yu Y, Chen H, Liang H, Geng M, Shi B. Disinfection by-product formation and toxicity evaluation for chlorination with powered activated carbon. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117660. [PMID: 34563928 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the deterioration of source water quality, pre-chlorination and pre-addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) have been widely applied to improve water treatment efficiency, which would lead to PAC exposure to chlorine. Although previous studies reported that some emerging carbon materials (e.g., graphene) could potentially act as disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors, there were few studies paying attention to the interaction between chlorine and the most commonly used carbon material-PAC on the DBP formation. In this study, the DBPs formed by chlorination with and without PAC were investigated, and the DBP toxicities in different systems were evaluated. The results showed that the PAC could react with chlorine and form trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). The amount of surface oxygen groups of the PAC increased during the chlorination, with these oxygen groups, especially the meta-positioned -OH groups, facilitating the formation of THMs and HAAs. In the presence of NOM, lower concentrations of THMs and HAAs were observed in the systems with PAC than in those without PAC, demonstrating the critical role of PAC adsorption towards DBP control. The cytotoxicity evaluation indicated that more toxic reaction products between PAC and chlorine were formed besides conventional DBPs. Moreover, the PAC with higher BET surface area and more lactonic function groups formed less toxic DBPs during chlorination, which might reduce health risk for treatment processes with pre-chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huikai Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Mengze Geng
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Rd, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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5
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Zhang Q, Cui Y, Gu C, Zhang C. Potential concerns in fullerene application to water treatment related to transformation, cellular uptake and intracellular catalysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138754. [PMID: 32388024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene (C60) exhibits versatile properties that shows great potential for improving water treatment technologies. However, the probable transformation of C60 during water treatment, which consequently changes the physicochemical properties and toxicity of the parent compound, may introduce doubt concerning its application. Our results demonstrated that the C60 aggregate (nC60) was transformed to a more oxidized form under common water disinfection processes (i.e., ultraviolet irradiation and photochlorination). The light-irradiated product (UV_nC60) exhibited lower cytotoxicity toward macrophage J774A.1 cells relative to nC60, whereas the photochlorinated product (UV/Cl_nC60) increased the toxic effect. Particularly, the internalization of nanoparticles and the mimetic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity resulted in the selective accumulation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide. Thus, sequential exposure to a nonlethal dose of nanoparticles followed by 5 μM copper ions (which is a much lower level than the EPA-regulated level of 20 μM in drinking water) led to the significant production of hydroxyl radicals inside cells. The uptake and SOD-like activity were highly structure-related, with the most noteworthy activity obtained for UV/Cl_nC60. These results emphasize that environmental transformation-induced property changes should be given adequate consideration in the risk assessment of C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yueting Cui
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100857, China
| | - Chuanhui Gu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100857, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100857, China..
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6
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Wang F, Wang X, Zhang M, Hao H, Wang H, Wang Y, Li Y. Effects of residual carbon materials on the disinfection byproduct formation in artificial and natural waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124695. [PMID: 31545215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the effective adsorbents, carbon materials (CMs) are typically used in the removal of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors during the water treatment by adding CMs before disinfection procedure. However, after the separation of CMs from the treated water by flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration, a small amount of loaded activated carbon could be released into the water treatment system and affect the DBP formation in the following disinfection. In this study, three CMs, including coal-made activated carbon (CAC), sawdust charcoal (SCC), and hydroxylated multiwall carbon nanotubes (OH-MWCNT), were used to explore the effects of residual CMs in the formation of DBPs. The results indicated that some DBP precursors could be irreversibly adsorbed into the pore structure of CMs and hardly to be extracted and determined, then affected the DBP formation in the water system. In the chlorination process of surface water samples, CMs have similar effects on the formation of DBPs. However, given that water samples contain a variety of complex substances, the effects of residual CMs on the formation of DBPs were also slightly changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Xuan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huizhi Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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7
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Zhang Q, Wang M, Gu C, Zhang C. Water disinfection processes change the cytotoxicity of C 60 fullerene: Reactions at the nano-bio interface. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114867. [PMID: 31330401 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The environmental transformation of nanoparticles results in significant changes in their structure, properties, and toxicity, which are imperative for assessing their environmental impact and health risks. Little is known about the toxicity alteration of fullerene nanoparticles (C60) after water disinfection processes considering their potential application in antimicrobial control in water treatment ultimately ending in sewage treatment plants. We showed that C60 aggregates (nC60) were converted to more oxidized forms via commonly used water disinfection processes (i.e., phototransformation and photochlorination treatment). The light-irradiated nanoparticles (UV_nC60) exhibited mitigated cytotoxicity relative to nC60, whereas photochlorinated nC60 (UV/Cl_nC60) showed an exacerbated outcome. We revealed a distinct toxic mechanism occurring at the nano-bio interface, for which electrons were shuttled by C60 nanoparticles from membrane-bound NADPH oxidase to extracellular molecular oxygen, resulting in the production of various extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). UV/Cl_nC60 showed the highest electron-shuttling activity due to its high carbonyl content, and more than 2.4-fold higher level of extracellular hydroxyl radicals were detected relative to that in untreated cells. Although UV_nC60 possessed a somewhat higher carbonyl content than nC60, it showed a weaker adhesion to the cell membrane, which compromised the electron-transfer process. The intrinsic ROS generation/quenching capabilities and oxidative potentials of the various nanoparticles were also systematically compared. Overall, this report highlights the importance of understanding environmental transformations in risk assessment and uncovers an overlooked mechanism through which nC60/derivatives can modulate the electron transfer process at the nano-bio interface via acting as electron shuttles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiurong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chuanhui Gu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Zhang M, Wang X, Hao H, Wang H, Duan L, Li Y. Formation of disinfection byproducts as affected by biochar during water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:190-197. [PMID: 31176894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) is as an emerging and promising adsorbent for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions in water treatment given its porous structure, large surface area, and numerous O-functional groups. However, the effects of BC on the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during the disinfection process of water treatment remains largely unknown. This study investigated the influence of aqueous solution chemistry on DBP formation in the presence of BC during chlorination. BC samples prepared from different biomass precursors (wheat straw, peanut shells, and shaddock peel) with different pyrolysis temperatures were compared, and the effects of aqueous solution chemistry were systematically investigated. Results indicated that DBPs could be formed during disinfection with BC. Certain intermediate DBP products would undergo base catalysis to form trichloromethane (TCM) via hydrolysis as pH increased. This phenomenon would increase TCM content, as well as decrease chloral hydrate and 1,1-dichloro-2-propanone content. The increment in inorganic ion (NaCl) content showed negligible effects on DBP formation during BC chlorination. DBP formation was restrained in the presence of humic acid (HA) because the number of active sites on BC that participated in the reaction decreased when BC adsorbed HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huizhi Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lin Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Ding S, Deng Y, Bond T, Fang C, Cao Z, Chu W. Disinfection byproduct formation during drinking water treatment and distribution: A review of unintended effects of engineering agents and materials. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:313-329. [PMID: 31154129 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Unintended effects of engineering agents and materials on the formation of undesirable disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during drinking water treatment and distribution were comprehensively reviewed. Specially, coagulants, biologically active filtration biofilms, activated carbons, nanomaterials, ion-exchange resins, membrane materials in drinking water treatment and piping materials, deposits and biofilms within drinking water distribution systems were discussed, which may serve as DBP precursors, transform DBPs into more toxic species, and/or catalyze the formation of DBPs. Speciation and quantity of DBPs generated rely heavily on the material characteristics, solution chemistry conditions, and operating factors. For example, quaternary ammonium polymer coagulants can increase concentrations of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) to above the California notification level (10 ng/L). Meanwhile, the application of strong base ion-exchange resins has been associated with the formation of N-nitrosamines and trichloronitromethane up to concentrations of 400 ng/L and 9.0 μg/L, respectively. Organic compounds leaching from membranes and plastic and rubber pipes can generate high NDMA (180-450 ng/L) and chloral hydrate (∼12.4 μg/L) upon downstream disinfection. Activated carbon and membranes preferentially remove organic precursors over bromide, resulting in a higher proportion of brominated DBPs. Copper corrosion products (CCPs) accelerate the decay of disinfectants and increase the formation of halogenated DBPs. Chlorination of high bromide waters containing CCPs can form bromate at concentrations exceeding regulatory limits. Owing to the aforementioned concern for the drinking water quality, the application of these materials and reagents during drinking water treatment and distribution should be based on the removal of pollutants with consideration for balancing DBP formation during disinfection scenarios. Overall, this review highlights situations in which the use of engineering agents and materials in drinking water treatment and distribution needs balance against deleterious impacts on DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhongqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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10
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Liu M, Zhang M, Hao R, Du T, Li T, Li Y. Disinfection byproduct formation and toxicity of graphene oxide in water treatment system. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:68-75. [PMID: 30408653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a structural analog of graphene and contains numerous O-containing functional groups. As rapidly increasing production and usage of GO, it is inevitable to flow into the water and wastewater treatment system and finally oxidized by disinfectants to form DBPs. Meanwhile, as GO is a nano sized carbon material, it may also break the human digestion system when it was absorbed by human body. This study explored the DBP formation when only GO was present. Effects of Br- were also considered during the DBP formation. Both trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were formed during the chlorination and chloramination procedure, but the total concentration of THMs was at least three times higher than that of HAAs. Irradiation can significantly enhance the DBP formation via the formation of radicals. The wrinkled appearance and decomposition of aromatic ring may both be effective on the DBP formation via chlorination or bromination. The findings of this study advance knowledge on the DBP formation of GO in water treatment systems and provide insight on the toxic effects of the transformation products of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Rongjie Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tingting Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Mikheev IV, Kareev IE, Bubnov VP, Volkov DS, Korobov MV, Proskurnin MA. Development of Standard Reference Samples of Aqueous Fullerene Dispersions. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481809006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Du T, Adeleye AS, Keller AA, Wu Z, Han W, Wang Y, Zhang C, Li Y. Photochlorination-induced transformation of graphene oxide: Mechanism and environmental fate. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:372-380. [PMID: 28783493 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing production and wide utilization of graphene oxide (GO), the nanomaterials are expected to be released into the environment, and end up in surface waters, and/or wastewater treatment plants. This study explored the changes in the physicochemical properties of GO resulting from photochlorination- simulating the reactions that occur during water and wastewater treatment. Photochlorination resulted in significant changes in the surface oxygen-functionalities of the nanomaterials, and fragmenting of the graphenic carbon sheets was observed. We found that photochlorination can enhance the decomposition of GO through the formation of reduced GO. The changes in surface oxygen-functionalities of GO were attributed to the oxidation by chlorine of the nanomaterials' quinone groups, and further oxidation by and/or radicals. The surface charge of GO, measured by its zeta potential, increased in magnitude with chlorination but decreased in magnitude with photochlorination, leading to the decrease in the colloidal stability of the photochlorinated nanomaterials. The antibacterial effect of the nanomaterials increased with both chlorination and photochlorination. This study clearly shows how the physicochemical properties, and environmental fate and effect of GO are modified by photochlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Adeyemi S Adeleye
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, United States
| | - Arturo A Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, United States
| | - Zhineng Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wei Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Litasova EV, Iljin VV, Sokolov AV, Vasilyev VB, Dumpis MA, Piotrovskiy LB. The biodegradation of fullerene C60 by myeloperoxidase. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2017; 471:417-420. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672916060119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Li Y, Yang N, Du T, Wang X, Chen W. Transformation of graphene oxide by chlorination and chloramination: Implications for environmental transport and fate. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 103:416-423. [PMID: 27494697 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing and widespread use of graphene oxide (GO) calls for immediate attention on the environmental fate of this material. To date, very little is known about the environmental transformation of GO. This study explored the changes of physicochemical properties of GO from chlorination and chloramination, which simulated the reactions occurring in water and wastewater treatment systems. Significant changes of GO surface O-functionalities occurred and scrolling of graphene sheets (those of very large sizes) were observed upon the treatments. Chloroform, a byproduct from chlorination was also detected, indicating the ring-opening on the edge of GO nanosheets. The changes of GO surface O-functionalities were attributable to the oxidation of quinone groups of GO by chlorine or chloramine. The scrolling of large-sized GO sheets may be attributable to the destruction of benzene rings at the edge of the GO. The results of membrane filtration experiments and column transport experiments indicated that chlorination and chloramination enhanced the mobility and transport of GO, likely by increasing the colloidal stability and inhibiting the agglomeration of GO nanosheets. The findings of this study further underline the significant implications of GO transformation on the fate and transport of this new nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Wei Jin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Nan Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Wei Jin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tingting Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Wei Jin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinzhe Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Wei Jin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Wei Jin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
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15
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Du T, Wang Y, Yang X, Wang W, Guo H, Xiong X, Gao R, Wuli X, Adeleye AS, Li Y. Mechanisms and kinetics study on the trihalomethanes formation with carbon nanoparticle precursors. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:391-397. [PMID: 27077535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With lots of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) applied in the industry, the possibilities of their environmental release have received much attention. As the CNPs may enter drinking water systems, and persist in water and wastewater treatment systems, their possible reaction with disinfectants should be studied. In this study, the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) with 5 types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was investigated. All CNPs could act as precursors of THMs in aqueous phase. Total concentrations of THMs formed with CNPs varied from 0.24 to 0.95 μM, much lower than that formed from chlorinated Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter (SRNOM) (approximately 9 μM). The kinetics of THMs formation with GO was 0.0814 M(-1) s(-1), which is higher than most of the chlorinated humic acid obtained from different natural waters. The study indicates that during chlorination, C-Cl bond could be formed on the surface of CNPs. However, carbon atoms at the middle of two meta-positioned OH groups on the benzene ring are more active and may prefer to form THMs with chlorine oxidation. The influences of pH and reactant doses on the formation of THMs were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Haonan Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinyu Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Rui Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiati Wuli
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Adeyemi S Adeleye
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
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Wu J, Benoit D, Lee SS, Li W, Fortner JD. Ground State Reactions of nC60 with Free Chlorine in Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:721-731. [PMID: 26651395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Facile, photoenhanced transformations of water-stable C60 aggregates (nC60) to oxidized, soluble fullerene derivatives, have been described as key processes in understanding the ultimate environmental fate of fullerene based materials. In contrast, fewer studies have evaluated the aqueous reactivity of nC60 during ground-state conditions (i.e., dark conditions). Herein, this study identifies and characterizes the physicochemical transformations of C60 (as nC60 suspensions) in the presence of free chlorine, a globally used chemical oxidant, in the absence of light under environmentally relevant conditions. Results show that nC60 undergoes significant oxidation in the presence of free chlorine and the oxidation reaction rates increase with free chlorine concentration while being inversely related to solution pH. Product characterization by FTIR, XPS, Raman Spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, TOC, collectively demonstrates that oxidized C60 derivatives are readily formed in the presence of free chlorine with extensive covalent oxygen and even chlorine additions, and behave as soft (or loose) clusters in solution. Aggregation kinetics, as a function of pH and ionic strength/type, show a significant increase in product stabilities for all cases evaluated, even at pH values approaching 1. As expected with increased (surface) oxidation, classic Kow partitioning studies indicate that product clusters are relatively more hydrophilic than parent (reactant) nC60. Taken together, this work highlights the importance of understanding nanomaterial reactivity and the identification of corresponding stable daughter products, which are likely to differ significantly from parent material properties and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Wu
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Denise Benoit
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Seung Soo Lee
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Wenlu Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - John D Fortner
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Xu S, Xu S, Chen S, Fan H, Luo X, Sun Y, Wang J, Yuan H, Xu A, Wu L. The acidic transformed nano-VO 2 causes macrophage cell death by the induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization and Ca 2+ efflux. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:870-879. [PMID: 28962423 PMCID: PMC5598166 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its outstanding thermochromic characteristics and metal-insulator transition (MIT) property, nano-vanadium dioxide (abbreviated as nano-VO2 or nVO2) has been applied widely in electrical/optical devices and design of intelligent window. However, the biological effect of nVO2 is not well understood, especially when affected by environmental factors or living organisms. For VO2 is an amphoteric oxide, we simulated pH's influence to nVO2’s physicochemical properties by exposure nVO2 in water of different pH values. We found that nVO2 transformed to a new product after exposure in acidic water for two weeks, as revealed by physicochemical characterization such as SEM, TEM, XRD, and DLS. This transformation product formed in acidic water was referred as (acidic) transformed nVO2). Both pristine/untransformed and transformed nVO2 displayed no obvious toxicity to common epithelial cells; however, the acidic transformed nVO2 rapidly induced macrophage cell death. Further investigation demonstrated that transformed nVO2 caused macrophage apoptosis by the induction of Ca2+ efflux and the following mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) process. And a more detailed time course study indicated that transformed nVO2 caused lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) at the earlier stage, indicating LMP could be chosen as an earlier and sensitive end point for nanotoxicological study. We conclude that although nVO2 displays no acute toxicity, its acidic transformation product induces macrophage apoptosis by the induction of LMP and Ca2+ efflux. This report suggests that the interplay with environmental factors or living organisms can results in physicochemical transformation of nanomaterials and the ensuing distinctive biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohai Xu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shengmin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Huadong Fan
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Lijun Wu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui province, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
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18
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Tiwari AJ, Morris JR, Vejerano EP, Hochella MF, Marr LC. Oxidation of c60 aerosols by atmospherically relevant levels of o3. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2706-2714. [PMID: 24517376 DOI: 10.1021/es4045693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric processing of carbonaceous nanoparticles (CNPs) may play an important role in determining their fate and environmental impacts. This work investigates the reaction between aerosolized C60 and atmospherically relevant mixing ratios of O3 at differing levels of humidity. Results indicate that C60 is oxidized by O3 and forms a variety of oxygen-containing functional groups on the aerosol surface, including C60O, C60O2, and C60O3. The pseudo-first-order reaction rate between C60 and O3 ranges from 9 × 10(-6) to 2 × 10(-5) s(-1). The reaction is likely to be limited to the aerosol surface. Exposure to O3 increases the oxidative stress exerted by the C60 aerosols as measured by the dichlorofluorescein acellular assay but not by the uric acid, ascorbic acid, glutathione, or dithiothreitol assays. The initial prevalence of C60O and C60O2 as intermediate products is enhanced at higher humidity, as is the surface oxygen content of the aerosols. These results show that C60 can be oxidized when exposed to O3 under ambient conditions, such as those found in environmental, laboratory, and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Tiwari
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Geosciences, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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