1
|
Zhang Y, Sun Q, Jiang Z, Wang J, Cao B, Zhang S, Yang C, Tao Y, Qu J. Evaluation of the effects of adding activated carbon at different stages of composting on metal speciation and bacterial community evolution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151332. [PMID: 34743881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Information on the passivation of heavy metals (HMs) by environmental factors and microbial communities during activated carbon (AC) composting remains limited. Thus, this study elucidated the dynamic changes in HM fractions during chicken manure composting after AC amendment at different periods (initial period: T1, thermophilic period: T2, cooling period: T3). Compared with the initial stage, organic matter concentrations in the control, T1, T2, and T3 groups decreased by 15.9%, 25.8%, 22.6%, and 19.0%, respectively, at the end of composting. The HM-fractions results showed that the passivation sequence of HMs by AC was the highest for Zn, followed by Cu and Pb. AC addition in T2 significantly affected the bacterial community. Variance partitioning analysis indicated that AC accelerated the passivation effect on Zn and Pb by regulating environmental factors, and on Cu by influencing the microbial community. These results are helpful for understanding the mechanism of HM passivation in AC aerobic composting, and are also conducive to the environmentally friendly treatment of livestock and poultry manure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Qinghong Sun
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhao Jiang
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bo Cao
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue Tao
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianhua Qu
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Sun Q, Wang J, Ma Y, Cao B. Responses of heavy metals mobility and resistant bacteria to adding time of activated carbon during chicken manure composting. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118070. [PMID: 34479158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the wide application of compost in agriculture, heavy metals (HMs) continue to accumulate in the soil environment, which poses a great threat to the health of the soil environment. Therefore, it is critical for effectively reduce the mobility of HMs. In this study, the influence of activated carbon (AC) addition time on mobility of HMs (Cu, Zn and Pb) and HMs resistant bacteria structure were evaluated during chicken manure composting. The result showed that the addition of AC in the thermophilic period could effectively reduce the mobility of HMs. Subsequently, high-throughput sequencing results showed that the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinbacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes and Bacteroidetes within the sample, which were ubiquitous and abundant in composting. The Redundancy analysis (RDA) results indicated that the mobility of HMs (Cu, Zn and Pb) by superior bacteria fate varied in AC amendment composting. Ultimately, a regulation method is proposed to influence the mobility of HMs by regulating the bacteria community in the AC compost. Our current studies suggest that the addition of AC during compost preparation (thermophilic period) is an effective strategy in regulating the mobility (bioavailability) of HMs, thereby significantly reducing environmental pollution problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Qinghong Sun
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yuexuan Ma
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Bo Cao
- School of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiang J, Mi Y, Luo B, Gong S, Zhou Y, Ma T. Evaluating the potential of KOH-modified composite biochar amendment to alleviate the ecotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid-contaminated sediment on Bellamya aeruginosa. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 219:112346. [PMID: 34022627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Modified composite biochar offers a cost-effective solution for the remediation of contaminated sediments; however, few studies have evaluated the effects of modified composite biochar amendment on the ecotoxicity of contaminated sediment based on benthic macroinvertebrates. A 21-day sediment toxicity test was conducted using the freshwater snail Bellamya aeruginosa to examine the intrinsic ecotoxicity of a novel KOH-modified composite biochar (KOH-CBC) and its efficacy for reducing the bioavailability, uptake, and ecotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). It was found that KOH-CBC is toxic to B. aeruginosa, which may be attributed to its high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content and alkalinity. The addition of KOH-CBC to PFOA-contaminated sediments can markedly reduce the bioavailability and uptake of PFOA by more than 90% and 50%, respectively, and subsequently alleviate the toxicity of PFOA to B. aeruginosa by at least 30%. Increasing the KOH-CBC dosage is not beneficial for further mitigating the toxicity of PFOA-contaminated sediments. Our findings imply that KOH-CBC is a promising sorbent for the in-situ remediation of PFOA-contaminated sediments. Application of acidified KOH-CBC at a dosage of approximately 1-3% will be sufficient to control the ecotoxicity of PFOA; however, its long-term environmental effects should be further validated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Mi
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, People's Republic of China
| | - Benxiang Luo
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangjiao Gong
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingru Zhou
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, People's Republic of China
| | - Taowu Ma
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Raymond C, Samuelsson GS, Agrenius S, Schaanning MT, Gunnarsson JS. Impaired benthic macrofauna function 4 years after sediment capping with activated carbon in the Grenland fjords, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16181-16197. [PMID: 33269443 PMCID: PMC7969561 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The sediments in the Grenland fjords in southern Norway are heavily contaminated by large emissions of dioxins and mercury from historic industrial activities. As a possible in situ remediation option, thin-layer sediment surface capping with powdered activated carbon (AC) mixed with clay was applied at two large test sites (10,000 and 40,000 m2) at 30-m and 95-m depths, respectively, in 2009. This paper describes the long-term biological effects of the AC treatment on marine benthic communities up to 4 years after treatment. Our results show that the capping with AC strongly reduced the benthic species diversity, abundance, and biomass by up to 90%. Vital functions in the benthic ecosystem such as particle reworking and bioirrigation of the sediment were also reduced, analyzed by using novel bioturbation and bioirrigation indices (BPc, BIPc, and IPc). Much of the initial effects observed after 1 and 14 months were still present after 49 months, indicating that the effects are long-lasting. These long-lasting negative ecological effects should be carefully considered before decisions are made on sediment remediation with powdered AC, especially in large areas, since important ecosystem functions can be impaired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Raymond
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Stefan Agrenius
- Department of Marine Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, 451 78, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | | | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schaanning MT, Beylich B, Gunnarsson JS, Eek E. Long-term effects of thin layer capping in the Grenland fjords, Norway: Reduced uptake of dioxins in passive samplers and sediment-dwelling organisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128544. [PMID: 33065324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Grenlandfjords in South East Norway are severely contaminated with dioxins from a magnesium smelter operated between 1950 and 2001. In 2009, the proposal of thin-layer capping as a potential mitigation method to reduce spreading of dioxins from the fjord sediments, resulted in the set-up of a large-scale field experiment in two fjord areas at 30 and 100 m depth. After capping, several investigations have been carried out to determine effects on benthic communities and bioavailability of dioxins. In this paper we present the results on uptake of dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) in passive samplers and two sediment-dwelling species exposed in boxcores collected from the test plots during four surveys between 2009 (after cap placement) and 2018. Sediment profile images (SPI) and analyses of dioxins revealed that the thin (1-5 cm) cap layers became buried beneath several centimeters of sediments resuspended from adjacent bottoms and deposited on the test plots after capping. Uptake reduction ratios (R) were calculated as dioxins accumulated in cores collected from capped sediments divided by dioxins accumulated in cores collected from uncapped reference sediments. Cap layers with dredged clay or crushed limestone had only short-term positive effect with R-values increasing to about 1.0 (no effect) 1-4 years after capping. In spite of the recontamination, cap layers with clay and activated carbon had significant long-term effects with R-values slowly increasing from 0.12-0.33 during the first three years to 0.39-0.46 in 2018, showing 54-61% reduced uptake of dioxins (PCDD/F-TE) nine years after capping with AC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Redondo-Hasselerharm PE, Gort G, Peeters ETHM, Koelmans AA. Nano- and microplastics affect the composition of freshwater benthic communities in the long term. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay4054. [PMID: 32064347 PMCID: PMC6994214 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay4054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Given the societal concern about the presence of nano- and microplastics in the environment, our nescience with respect to in situ effects is disturbing. Data on long-term implications under ecologically realistic conditions are particularly important for the risk assessment of nano- and microplastics. Here, we evaluate the long-term (up to 15 months) effects of five concentrations of nano- and microplastics on the natural recolonization of sediments by a macroinvertebrate community. Effects were assessed on the community composition, population sizes and species diversity. Nano- and microplastics adversely affected the abundance of macroinvertebrates after 15 months, which was caused by a reduction in the number of Naididae at the highest concentration (5% plastic per sediment dry weight). For some other taxa, smaller but still significant positive effects were found over time, altogether demonstrating that nano- and microplastics affected the community composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. E. Redondo-Hasselerharm
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - G. Gort
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - E. T. H. M. Peeters
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - A. A. Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Redondo-Hasselerharm PE, de Ruijter VN, Mintenig SM, Verschoor A, Koelmans AA. Ingestion and Chronic Effects of Car Tire Tread Particles on Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13986-13994. [PMID: 30407008 PMCID: PMC6284208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Micronized particles released from car tires have been found to contribute substantially to microplastic pollution, triggering the need to evaluate their effects on biota. In the present study, four freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates were exposed for 28 days to tread particles (TP; 10-586 μm) made from used car tires at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10% sediment dry weight. No adverse effects were found on the survival, growth, and feeding rate of Gammarus pulex and Asellus aquaticus, the survival and growth of Tubifex spp., and the number of worms and growth of Lumbriculus variegatus. A method to quantify TP numbers inside biota was developed and here applied to G. pulex. In bodies and faces of G. pulex exposed to 10% car tire TP, averages of 2.5 and 4 tread particles per organism were found, respectively. Chemical analysis showed that, although car tire TP had a high intrinsic zinc content, only small fractions of the heavy metals present were bioavailable. PAHs in the TP-sediment mixtures also remained below existing toxicity thresholds. This combination of results suggests that real in situ effects of TP and TP-associated contaminants when dispersed in sediments are probably lower than those reported after forced leaching of contaminants from car tire particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula E. Redondo-Hasselerharm
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Vera N. de Ruijter
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja M. Mintenig
- Copernicus
Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht
University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- KWR
Watercycle Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Verschoor
- National
Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert A. Koelmans
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gomez-Eyles JL, Ghosh U. Enhanced biochars can match activated carbon performance in sediments with high native bioavailability and low final porewater PCB concentrations. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:179-187. [PMID: 29614411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A bench scale study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of in situ amendments to reduce the bioavailability of pollutants in sediments from a site impacted with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cadmium. The amendments tested included fine and coarse coal-based activated carbons (AC), an enhanced pinewood derived biochar (EPB), organoclay, and coke dosed at 5% of sediment dry weight. Strong reductions in total PCB porewater concentrations were observed in sediments amended with the fine AC (94.9-99.5%) and EPB (99.6-99.8%). More modest reductions were observed for the coarse AC, organoclay, and coke. Strong reductions in porewater PCB concentrations were reflected in reductions in total PCB bioaccumulation in fresh water oligochaetes for both the fine AC (91.9-96.0%) and EPB (96.1-96.3%). Total PAH porewater concentrations were also greatly reduced by the fine AC (>96.1%) and EPB (>97.8%) treatments. EPB matched or slightly outperformed the fine AC throughout the study, despite sorption data indicating a much stronger affinity of PCBs for the fine AC. Modeling EPB and fine AC effectiveness on other sediments confirmed the high effectiveness of the EPB was due to the very low final porewater concentrations and differences in the native bioavailability between sediments. However, low bulk density and poor settling characteristics make biochars difficult to apply in an aquatic setting. Neither the EPB nor the fine AC amendments were able to significantly reduce Cd bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Gomez-Eyles
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abel S, Akkanen J. A Combined Field and Laboratory Study on Activated Carbon-Based Thin Layer Capping in a PCB-Contaminated Boreal Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4702-4710. [PMID: 29606006 PMCID: PMC6150667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The in situ remediation of aquatic sediments with activated carbon (AC)-based thin layer capping is a promising alternative to traditional methods, such as sediment dredging. Applying a strong sorbent like AC directly to the sediment can greatly reduce the bioavailability of organic pollutants. To evaluate the method under realistic field conditions, a 300 m2 plot in the PCB-contaminated Lake Kernaalanjärvi, Finland, was amended with an AC cap (1.6 kgAC/m2). The study lake showed highly dynamic sediment movements over the monitoring period of 14 months. This led to poor retention and rapid burial of the AC cap under a layer of contaminated sediment from adjacent sites. As a result, the measured impact of the AC amendment was low: Both the benthic community structure and PCB bioaccumulation were similar on the plot and in surrounding reference sites. Corresponding follow-up laboratory studies using Lumbriculus variegatus and Chironomus riparius showed that long-term remediation success is possible, even when an AC cap is covered with contaminated sediment. To retain a measurable effectiveness (reduction in contaminant bioaccumulation), a sufficient intensity and depth of bioturbation is required. On the other hand, the magnitude of the adverse effect induced by AC correlated positively with the measured remediation success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Abel
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- E-mail:
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.
Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gilmour C, Bell T, Soren A, Riedel G, Riedel G, Kopec D, Bodaly D, Ghosh U. Activated carbon thin-layer placement as an in situ mercury remediation tool in a Penobscot River salt marsh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:839-848. [PMID: 29216592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of thin layer in situ soil amendments was tested as a potential tool for methylmercury (MeHg) risk mitigation in Penobscot River, ME, salt marsh. Salt marshes are sites of high MeHg accumulation within the Penobscot, and key targets for remediation. The study was a fully-crossed small plot study, with four treatments (activated carbon (AC), biochar, FeCl2, and lime) and unamended controls at two sites. Plots were monitored for two years. Porewater MeHg concentrations were the main endpoint, with impacts on sediment biogeochemistry as a secondary study goal. AC-based SediMite™ was effective in reducing MeHg, and to a less extent total Hg, in surficial pore waters. AC reduced MeHg concentrations by >90% at the one month time point, and continued to significantly reduce pore water MeHg through about a year. AC was less effective in reducing total Hg in pore water, yielding about 70% reduction at one month, and 50-65% reduction at 8months. Biochar provided lower, and more variable reduction in porewater MeHg, but was not effective in reducing total Hg. Biochar amendment also increased soil MeHg. Neither FeCl2 nor lime amendments reduced pore water Hg or MeHg levels. About 50% of AC treatment applied as SediMite™ pellets was retained in marsh soils after one year. This study is one of the first field trials of in situ amendment for MeHg remediation. Our results show that thin-layer AC placement is a potential remediation tool for Hg risk to biota, especially in marshes where net MeHg accumulation is often strong.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Gilmour
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 20657, United States.
| | - Tyler Bell
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 20657, United States
| | - Ally Soren
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 20657, United States
| | - Georgia Riedel
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 20657, United States
| | - Gerhardt Riedel
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 20657, United States
| | - Dianne Kopec
- Penobscot River Mercury Study, Bangor, ME, United States
| | - Drew Bodaly
- Penobscot River Mercury Study, Bangor, ME, United States
| | - Upal Ghosh
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mehler WT, Keough MJ, Pettigrove V. Resolving the false-negative issues of the nonpolar organic amendment in whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1219-1230. [PMID: 29266401 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three common false-negative scenarios have been encountered with amendment addition in whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs): dilution of toxicity by amendment addition (i.e., not toxic enough), not enough amendment present to reduce toxicity (i.e., too toxic), and the amendment itself elicits a toxic response (i.e., secondary amendment effect). One such amendment in which all 3 types of false-negatives have been observed is with the nonpolar organic amendment (activated carbon or powdered coconut charcoal). The objective of the present study was to reduce the likelihood of encountering false-negatives with this amendment and to increase the value of the whole-sediment TIE bioassay. To do this, the present study evaluated the effects of various activated carbon additions to survival, growth, emergence, and mean development rate of Chironomus tepperi. Using this information, an alternative method for this amendment was developed which utilized a combination of multiple amendment addition ratios based on wet weight (1%, lower likelihood of the secondary amendment effect; 5%, higher reduction of contaminant) and nonconventional endpoints (emergence, mean development rate). This alternative method was then validated in the laboratory (using spiked sediments) and with contaminated field sediments. Using these multiple activated carbon ratios in combination with additional endpoints (namely, emergence) reduced the likelihood of all 3 types of false-negatives and provided a more sensitive evaluation of risk. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1219-1230. © 2017 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Tyler Mehler
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael J Keough
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia
| | - Vincent Pettigrove
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Han Z, Abel S, Akkanen J, Werner D. Evaluation of strategies to minimize ecotoxic side-effects of sorbent-based sediment remediation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2017; 92:1938-1942. [PMID: 28781403 PMCID: PMC5516141 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In situ sorbent amendment for persistent organic pollutant sequestration in sediment has over the past 15 years steadily progressed from bench-scale trials to full-scale remediation applications. Hindering a wider technology uptake are, however, concerns about ecotoxic side-effects of the most commonly used sorbent, activated carbon, on sensitive, sediment dwelling organisms like Lumbriculus variegatus. Using River Tyne sediment polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and L. variegatus as a case study, sorbent alternatives and magnetic sorbent-recovery were investigated as potential engineering strategies to mitigate such ecotoxic side-effects. The potential benefits of contacting the treated sediment with fresh River Tyne water, as would naturally occur over time in the intended applications, were studied. RESULTS Magnetic biochar was identified as an effective PAH sorbent with less ecotoxic side-effects than magnetic activated carbon. After 85.1-100% magnetic recovery of this biochar, no ecotoxic side-effects on L. variegatus were measurable in the treated sediment. Results show that ecotoxic effects of magnetic activated carbon can be alleviated through sorbent recovery. In contrast, contacting treated sediment repeatedly with River Tyne water had no measurable benefits. CONCLUSIONS Magnetic biochar is a promising sorbent material for the remediation of PAH polluted sediment. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhantao Han
- Hebei and China Geological Survey Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental GeologyChinese Academy of Geological SciencesChina
| | - Sebastian Abel
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandFinland
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandFinland
| | - David Werner
- School of Civil Engineering and GeosciencesNewcastle UniversityUK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Song B, Zeng G, Gong J, Liang J, Xu P, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Cheng M, Liu Y, Ye S, Yi H, Ren X. Evaluation methods for assessing effectiveness of in situ remediation of soil and sediment contaminated with organic pollutants and heavy metals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 105:43-55. [PMID: 28500873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soil and sediment contamination has become a critical issue worldwide due to its great harm to the ecological environment and public health. In recent years, many remediation technologies including physical, chemical, biological, and combined methods have been proposed and adopted for the purpose of solving the problems of soil and sediment contamination. However, current research on evaluation methods for assessing these remediation technologies is scattered and lacks valid and integrated evaluation methods for assessing the remediation effectiveness. This paper provides a comprehensive review with an environmental perspective on the evaluation methods for assessing the effectiveness of in situ remediation of soil and sediment contaminated with organic pollutants and heavy metals. The review systematically summarizes recent exploration and attempts of the remediation effectiveness assessment based on the content of pollutants, soil and sediment characteristics, and ecological risks. Moreover, limitations and future research needs of the practical assessment are discussed. These limitations are not conducive to the implementation of the abatement and control programs for soil and sediment contamination. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the evaluation methods for assessing the remediation effectiveness while developing new in situ remediation technologies in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Jilai Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Piao Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Min Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Shujing Ye
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Huan Yi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaoya Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Samuelsson GS, Raymond C, Agrenius S, Schaanning M, Cornelissen G, Gunnarsson JS. Response of marine benthic fauna to thin-layer capping with activated carbon in a large-scale field experiment in the Grenland fjords, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14218-14233. [PMID: 28421523 PMCID: PMC5486621 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A field experiment with thin-layer capping was conducted in the Grenland fjords, Norway, for remediation in situ of mercury and dioxin-contaminated sediments. Experimental fields at 30 and 95 m depth were capped with (i) powdered activated carbon (AC) mixed with clay (AC+cla`y), (ii) clay, and (iii) crushed limestone. Ecological effects on the benthic community and species-feeding guilds were studied 1 and 14 months after capping, and a total of 158 species were included in the analyses. The results show that clay and limestone had only minor effects on the benthic community, while AC+clay caused severe perturbations. AC+clay reduced the abundance, biomass, and number of species by up to 90% at both 30 and 95 m depth, and few indications of recovery were found during the period of this investigation. The negative effects of AC+clay were observed on a wide range of species with different feeding strategies, although the suspension feeding brittle star Amphiura filiformis was particularly affected. Even though activated carbon is effective in reducing sediment-to-water fluxes of dioxins and other organic pollutants, this study shows that capping with powdered AC can lead to substantial disturbances to the benthic community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Göran S Samuelsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Svensk Ekologikonsult, Vegagatan 3, 113 29, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Caroline Raymond
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Agrenius
- Department of Marine Sciences-Kristineberg, University of Gothenburg, 451 78, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | | | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadium, 0806, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abel S, Nybom I, Mäenpää K, Hale SE, Cornelissen G, Akkanen J. Mixing and capping techniques for activated carbon based sediment remediation - Efficiency and adverse effects for Lumbriculus variegatus. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 114:104-112. [PMID: 28229948 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) has been proven to be highly effective for the in-situ remediation of sediments contaminated with a wide range of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). However, adverse biological effects, especially to benthic organisms, can accompany this promising remediation potential. In this study, we compare both the remediation potential and the biological effects of several AC materials for two application methods: mixing with sediment (MIX) at doses of 0.1 and 1.0% based on sediment dw and thin layer capping (TLC) with 0.6 and 1.2 kg AC/m2. Significant dose dependent reductions in PCB bioaccumulation in Lumbriculus variegatus of 35-93% in MIX treatments were observed. Contaminant uptake in TLC treatments was reduced by up to 78% and differences between the two applied doses were small. Correspondingly, significant adverse effects were observed for L. variegatus whenever AC was present in the sediment. The lowest application dose of 0.1% AC in the MIX system reduced L. variegatus growth, and 1.0% AC led to a net loss of organism biomass. All TLC treatments let to a loss of biomass in the test organism. Furthermore, mortality was observed with 1.2 kg AC/m2 doses of pure AC for the TLC treatment. The addition of clay (Kaolinite) to the TLC treatments prevented mortality, but did not decrease the loss in biomass. While TLC treatments pose a less laborious alternative for AC amendments in the field, the results of this study show that it has lower remediation potential and could be more harmful to the benthic fauna.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Abel
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Inna Nybom
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Kimmo Mäenpää
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 10691 Sweden
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O.Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Clements WH, Stahl RG, Landis RC. Ecological Effects of Biochar on the Structure and Function of Stream Benthic Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14649-14654. [PMID: 26560098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of biochar, activated carbon, and other carbonaceous materials to aquatic ecosystems significantly reduces the toxicity and bioavailability of contaminants. However, previous studies have shown that these materials can have negative effects on aquatic organisms. We conducted field and mesocosm experiments to test the hypothesis that biochar altered the structure and function of stream benthic communities. After 30 d in the field, colonization by stoneflies (Plecoptera) was significantly lower in trays containing biochar compared to the results from the controls. In stream mesocosms, biochar increased macroinvertebrate drift and significantly reduced community metabolism. However, most measures of community composition showed little variation among biochar treatments, and significant responses were limited to a single stonefly species (Capnia confusa). When benthic communities were simultaneously exposed to biochar and Cu, effects were primarily associated with metal exposure. Because it is unlikely that biochar treatments would be employed in uncontaminated areas, these moderately negative effects should be considered within the context of the positive benefits associated with reduced contaminant bioavailability and toxicity. Additional research is necessary to improve our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for biochar effects on benthic communities and to identify the optimal application rates and size fractions that will maximize contaminant sorption but minimize potential negative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H Clements
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ralph G Stahl
- DuPont Corporate Remediation Group , Chestnut Run Plaza, 974 Centre Road, Wilmington, Delaware 19805, United States
| | - Richard C Landis
- DuPont Engineering and Technology , Chestnut Run Plaza, 974 Centre Road, Wilmington, Delaware 19805, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Samuelsson GS, Hedman JE, Elmquist Kruså M, Gunnarsson JS, Cornelissen G. Capping in situ with activated carbon in Trondheim harbor (Norway) reduces bioaccumulation of PCBs and PAHs in marine sediment fauna. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 109:103-12. [PMID: 26121661 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Three types of thin-layer caps with activated carbon (AC) were tested in situ in experimental plots (10 × 10 m) in Trondheim harbor, Norway, using AC + clay, AC-only or AC + sand. One year after capping, intact sediment cores were collected from the amended plots for ex situ surveys of the capping efficiency in reducing the PAH and PCB aqueous concentrations and bioaccumulation by the polychaete Hediste diversicolor and the clam Abra nitida. Reduced pore water concentrations were observed in all AC treatments. The capping efficiency was in general AC + clay > AC-only > AC + sand. AC + clay reduced bioaccumulation of PAH and PCB congeners between 40% and 87% in the worms and between 67% and 97% in the clams. Sediment capped with AC-only also led to reduced bioaccumulation of PCBs, while AC + sand showed no reduction in bioaccumulation. Thus the best thin-layer capping method in this study was AC mixed with clay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Göran S Samuelsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jenny E Hedman
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Elmquist Kruså
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadium, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadium, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Institute for Environmental Science (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway; Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Patmont CR, Ghosh U, LaRosa P, Menzie CA, Luthy RG, Greenberg MS, Cornelissen G, Eek E, Collins J, Hull J, Hjartland T, Glaza E, Bleiler J, Quadrini J. In situ sediment treatment using activated carbon: a demonstrated sediment cleanup technology. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2015; 11:195-207. [PMID: 25323491 PMCID: PMC4409844 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews general approaches for applying activated carbon (AC) amendments as an in situ sediment treatment remedy. In situ sediment treatment involves targeted placement of amendments using installation options that fall into two general approaches: 1) directly applying a thin layer of amendments (which potentially incorporates weighting or binding materials) to surface sediment, with or without initial mixing; and 2) incorporating amendments into a premixed, blended cover material of clean sand or sediment, which is also applied to the sediment surface. Over the past decade, pilot- or full-scale field sediment treatment projects using AC-globally recognized as one of the most effective sorbents for organic contaminants-were completed or were underway at more than 25 field sites in the United States, Norway, and the Netherlands. Collectively, these field projects (along with numerous laboratory experiments) have demonstrated the efficacy of AC for in situ treatment in a range of contaminated sediment conditions. Results from experimental studies and field applications indicate that in situ sequestration and immobilization treatment of hydrophobic organic compounds using either installation approach can reduce porewater concentrations and biouptake significantly, often becoming more effective over time due to progressive mass transfer. Certain conditions, such as use in unstable sediment environments, should be taken into account to maximize AC effectiveness over long time periods. In situ treatment is generally less disruptive and less expensive than traditional sediment cleanup technologies such as dredging or isolation capping. Proper site-specific balancing of the potential benefits, risks, ecological effects, and costs of in situ treatment technologies (in this case, AC) relative to other sediment cleanup technologies is important to successful full-scale field application. Extensive experimental studies and field trials have shown that when applied correctly, in situ treatment via contaminant sequestration and immobilization using a sorbent material such as AC has progressed from an innovative sediment remediation approach to a proven, reliable technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Upal Ghosh
- University of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, OsloNorway
- Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
| | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, OsloNorway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kupryianchyk D, Rakowska MI, Reible D, Harmsen J, Cornelissen G, van Veggel M, Hale SE, Grotenhuis T, Koelmans AA. Positioning activated carbon amendment technologies in a novel framework for sediment management. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2015; 11:221-34. [PMID: 25641867 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated sediments can pose serious threats to human health and the environment by acting as a source of toxic chemicals. The amendment of contaminated sediments with strong sorbents like activated C (AC) is a rapidly developing strategy to manage contaminated sediments. To date, a great deal of attention has been paid to the technical and ecological features and implications of sediment remediation with AC, although science in this field still is rapidly evolving. This article aims to provide an update on the recent literature on these features, and provides a comparison of sediment remediation with AC to other sediment management options, emphasizing their full-scale application. First, a qualitative overview of advantages of current alternatives to remediate contaminated sediments is presented. Subsequently, AC treatment technology is critically reviewed, including current understanding of the effectiveness and ecological safety for the use of AC in natural systems. Finally, this information is used to provide a novel framework for supporting decisions concerning sediment remediation and beneficial reuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darya Kupryianchyk
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mercier A, Joulian C, Michel C, Auger P, Coulon S, Amalric L, Morlay C, Battaglia-Brunet F. Evaluation of three activated carbons for combined adsorption and biodegradation of PCBs in aquatic sediment. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 59:304-315. [PMID: 24813338 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three commercial granular activated carbons (GACs) were studied at laboratory scale with a view to the combined adsorption and biodegradation of PCBs in aquatic sediment. The three GACs, with contrasting physico-chemical characteristics, all show a high adsorption of PCBs and are thus capable of reducing aqueous pollutant concentrations. After a one-month incubation with 'Aroclor 1242'-spiked sediment, the three GACs were each colonized by a multispecies biofilm, although with different amounts of attached bacterial biomass and significantly distinct genetic bacterial communities; interestingly, the highest bacterial biomass was attached to the microporous vegetable GAC. The multispecies biofilms developed on the three GACs were all predominantly composed of Proteobacteria, especially the β-, γ- and δ- subclasses, Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria, with genera previously found in environments containing PCBs or biphenyls, or able to perform cometabolic and direct PCB degradation. After an eight-month incubation under aerobic conditions, it was only the vegetable Picabiol GAC, with its low microporous volume, high total surface area and acidic property, that showed a significant (21%) reduction of tri- through penta-CB. Our results suggest that PCB bio-transformation by the bacterial community attached to the GAC is influenced by GAC's physico-chemical characteristics. Thus, a properly selected GAC could effectively be used to a) sequestrate and concentrate PCB from contaminated aquatic sediment and b) act as a support for efficient PCB degradation by an autochthonous bacterial biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mercier
- BRGM - Water, Environment & Ecotechnology Division (D3E), 3 av. Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Catherine Joulian
- BRGM - Water, Environment & Ecotechnology Division (D3E), 3 av. Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Caroline Michel
- BRGM - Water, Environment & Ecotechnology Division (D3E), 3 av. Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Pascal Auger
- BRGM - Laboratory Division, 3 av. Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Stéphanie Coulon
- BRGM - Laboratory Division, 3 av. Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Laurence Amalric
- BRGM - Laboratory Division, 3 av. Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France
| | - Catherine Morlay
- Université Lyon 1, INSA-Lyon, MATEIS CNRS UMR 5510, 7 av. Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabienne Battaglia-Brunet
- BRGM - Water, Environment & Ecotechnology Division (D3E), 3 av. Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, Cedex 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guan X, Zhao C, Liu X, Zhang H. Hyperbranched polymers containing stereocontorted cores as on-line solid-phase microextraction adsorbent for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1302:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Janssen EML, Beckingham BA. Biological responses to activated carbon amendments in sediment remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7595-607. [PMID: 23745511 DOI: 10.1021/es401142e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sorbent amendment with activated carbon (AC) is a novel in situ management strategy for addressing human and ecological health risks posed by hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) in sediments and soils. A large body of literature shows that AC amendments can reduce bioavailability of sediment-associated HOCs by more than 60-90%. Empirically derived biodynamic models can predict bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrates within a factor of 2, allowing for future scenarios under AC amendment to be estimated. Higher AC dose and smaller AC particle size further reduce bioaccumulation of HOCs but may induce stress in some organisms. Adverse ecotoxicity response to AC exposure was observed in one-fifth of 82 tests, including changes in growth, lipid content, behavior, and survival. Negative effects on individual species and benthic communities appear to depend on the characteristics of the sedimentary environment and the AC amendment strategy (e.g., dose and particle size). More research is needed to evaluate reproductive end points, bacterial communities, and plants, and to link species- and community-level responses to amendment. In general, the ability of AC to effectively limit the mobility of HOCs in aquatic environments may outshine potential negative secondary effects, and these outcomes must be held in comparison to traditional remediation approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M-L Janssen
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Velzeboer I, Peeters ETHM, Koelmans AA. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes at environmentally relevant concentrations affect the composition of benthic communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7475-7482. [PMID: 23713543 DOI: 10.1021/es400777j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To date, chronic effect studies with manufactured nanomaterials under field conditions are scarce. Here, we report in situ effects of 0, 0.002, 0.02, 0.2, and 2 g/kg multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in sediment on the benthic community composition after 15 months of exposure. Effects observed after 15 months were compared to those observed after 3 months and to community effects of another carbonaceous material (activated carbon; AC), which was simultaneously tested in a parallel study. Redundancy analysis with variance partitioning revealed a total explained variance of 51.7% of the variation in community composition after 15 months, of which MWCNT dose explained a statistically significant 9.9%. By stepwise excluding the highest MWCNT concentrations in the statistical analyses, MWCNT effects were shown to be statistically significant already at the lowest dose investigated, which can be considered environmentally relevant. We conclude that despite prolonged aging, encapsulation, and burial, MWCNTs can affect the structure of natural benthic communities in the field. This effect was similar to that of AC observed in a parallel experiment, which however was applied at a 50 times higher maximum dose. This suggests that the benthic community was more sensitive to MWCNTs than to the bulk carbon material AC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Velzeboer
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Beckingham B, Buys D, Vandewalker H, Ghosh U. Observations of limited secondary effects to benthic invertebrates and macrophytes with activated carbon amendment in river sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1504-15. [PMID: 23554105 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Amendment of activated carbon to sediments has been shown to effectively reduce the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants, but concerns have been raised about the potential toxicological impacts of administering a strong sorbent into sediments. The present study provides a summary of several investigations carried out as part of a pilot-scale study in a river to understand the secondary effects of activated carbon added to reduce the bioavailability of sediment-associated polychlorinated biphenyls. While some previous laboratory amendment studies have found reduced lipid content in freshwater worms exposed to activated carbon-treated sediments, the authors did not observe an impact with fine-granular activated carbon-amended sediments aged in the field. Benthic community studies did not find differences between control and activated carbon-treated field sites over 3 yr of postapplication monitoring. Laboratory studies with submerged aquatic plants indicated reduced growth in sediments amended with ≥5% activated carbon, which was attributed to volume dilution of nutritional sediment or bulk density changes and was also observed when the sediment was amended with biochar and inert perlite. Since in situ sorbent amendment is likely to be implemented in depositional sediment environments, potential negative impacts will likely be short-term if the treated site is slowly covered with new sediment over time. Overall suitability of activated carbon amendment for a site will depend on balancing ecosystem and human health benefits from contaminant bioavailability reduction with any potential negative impacts expected under field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beckingham
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kupryianchyk D, Noori A, Rakowska MI, Grotenhuis JTC, Koelmans AA. Bioturbation and dissolved organic matter enhance contaminant fluxes from sediment treated with powdered and granular activated carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5092-100. [PMID: 23590290 DOI: 10.1021/es3040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sediment amendment with activated carbon (AC) is a promising technique for in situ sediment remediation. To date it is not clear whether this technique sufficiently reduces sediment-to-water fluxes of sediment-bound hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) in the presence of bioturbators. Here, we report polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) pore water concentrations, fluxes, mass transfer coefficients, and survival data of two benthic species, for four treatments: no AC addition (control), powdered AC addition, granular AC addition and addition and subsequent removal of GAC (sediment stripping). AC addition decreased mass fluxes but increased apparent mass transfer coefficients because of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) facilitated transport across the benthic boundary layer (BBL). In turn, DOC concentrations depended on bioturbator activity which was high for the PAC tolerant species Asellus aquaticus and low for AC sensitive species Lumbriculus variegatus. A dual BBL resistance model combining AC effects on gradients, DOC facilitated transport and biodiffusion was evaluated against the data and showed how the type of resistance differs with treatment and chemical hydrophobicity. Data and simulations illustrate the complex interplay between AC and contaminant toxicity to benthic organisms and how differences in species tolerance affect mass fluxes from sediment to the water column.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Kupryianchyk
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kupryianchyk D, Rakowska MI, Roessink I, Reichman EP, Grotenhuis JTC, Koelmans AA. In situ treatment with activated carbon reduces bioaccumulation in aquatic food chains. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4563-71. [PMID: 23544454 DOI: 10.1021/es305265x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In situ activated carbon (AC) amendment is a new direction in contaminated sediment management, yet its effectiveness and safety have never been tested on the level of entire food chains including fish. Here we tested the effects of three different AC treatments on hydrophobic organic chemical (HOC) concentrations in pore water, benthic invertebrates, zooplankton, and fish (Leuciscus idus melanotus). AC treatments were mixing with powdered AC (PAC), mixing with granular AC (GAC), and addition-removal of GAC (sediment stripping). The AC treatments resulted in a significant decrease in HOC concentrations in pore water, benthic invertebrates, zooplankton, macrophytes, and fish. In 6 months, PAC treatment caused a reduction of accumulation of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) in fish by a factor of 20, bringing pollutant levels below toxic thresholds. All AC treatments supported growth of fish, but growth was inhibited in the PAC treatment, which was likely explained by reduced nutrient concentrations, resulting in lower zooplankton (i.e., food) densities for the fish. PAC treatment may be advised for sites where immediate ecosystem protection is required. GAC treatment may be equally effective in the longer term and may be adequate for vulnerable ecosystems where longer-term protection suffices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Kupryianchyk
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|