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Zhu X, Wang K, Liu C, Wu Y, Wu E, Lv J, Xiao X, Zhu X, Chu C, Chen B. Natural Disinfection-like Process Unveiled in Soil Microenvironments by Enzyme-Catalyzed Chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3838-3848. [PMID: 38351523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Substantial natural chlorination processes are a growing concern in diverse terrestrial ecosystems, occurring through abiotic redox reactions or biological enzymatic reactions. Among these, exoenzymatically mediated chlorination is suggested to be an important pathway for producing organochlorines and converting chloride ions (Cl-) to reactive chlorine species (RCS) in the presence of reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, the role of natural enzymatic chlorination in antibacterial activity occurring in soil microenvironments remains unexplored. Here, we conceptualized that heme-containing chloroperoxidase (CPO)-catalyzed chlorination functions as a naturally occurring disinfection process in soils. Combining antimicrobial experiments and microfluidic chip-based fluorescence imaging, we showed that the enzymatic chlorination process exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis compared to H2O2. This enhancement was primarily attributed to in situ-formed RCS. Based on semiquantitative imaging of RCS distribution using a fluorescence probe, the effective distance of this antibacterial effect was estimated to be approximately 2 mm. Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry analysis showed over 97% similarity between chlorine-containing formulas from CPO-catalyzed chlorination and abiotic chlorination (by sodium hypochlorite) of model dissolved organic matter, indicating a natural source of disinfection byproduct analogues. Our findings unveil a novel natural disinfection process in soils mediated by indigenous enzymes, which effectively links chlorine-carbon interactions and reactive species dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yajing Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Enhui Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jitao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 311400, China
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2
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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3
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Barnum TP, Coates JD. The biogeochemical cycling of chlorine. GEOBIOLOGY 2022; 20:634-649. [PMID: 35851523 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine has important roles in the Earth's systems. In different forms, it helps balance the charge and osmotic potential of cells, provides energy for microorganisms, mobilizes metals in geologic fluids, alters the salinity of waters, and degrades atmospheric ozone. Despite this importance, there has not been a comprehensive summary of chlorine's geobiology. Here, we unite different areas of recent research to describe a biogeochemical cycle for chlorine. Chlorine enters the biosphere through volcanism and weathering of rocks and is sequestered by subduction and the formation of evaporite sediments from inland seas. In the biosphere, chlorine is converted between solid, dissolved, and gaseous states and in oxidation states ranging from -1 to +7, with the soluble, reduced chloride ion as its most common form. Living organisms and chemical reactions change chlorine's form through oxidation and reduction and the addition and removal of chlorine from organic molecules. Chlorine can be transported through the atmosphere, and the highest oxidation states of chlorine are produced by reactions between sunlight and trace chlorine gases. Partial oxidation of chlorine occurs across the biosphere and creates reactive chlorine species that contribute to the oxidative stress experienced by living cells. A unified view of this chlorine cycle demonstrates connections between chlorine biology, chemistry, and geology that affect life on the Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P Barnum
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John D Coates
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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4
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Liu M, Huang L, Li X, Liu F, Zhang W, Wang Z, Xu Y, Ke R, He H, Lou Y. Occurrence and distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles in eastern Tibetan Plateau soils along the slope of Mt. Qionglai. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134200. [PMID: 35278447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), are considered as potential persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have been frequently detected in the environment. However, the altitudinal distribution characteristics and possible sources of PHCZs in high mountain soils are still unknown. The present study was the first to analyze PHCZs in soil samples collected along the eastern slope of Mt. Qionglai (MQ), the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The concentration of ΣPHCZs (based on dry weight) ranges from 14.4 to 107 ng/g (median value of 40.9), which was at high end of the range reported in soils and sediments to date in the literature. The composition profiles of PHCZs in the soils of MQ were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ), and 2-bromocarbazole (2-BCZ). The mean TOC-normalized concentrations of ΣPHCZs in soil samples from below-treeline (2092 ng/g TOC) were higher than those from alpine meadow (1124 ng/g TOC), probably due to the forest filter effect. The decreasing trend of the PHCZs TOC-normalized concentrations with altitude shows that accumulation of PHCZs from the alpine meadow samples was not affected by the mountain cold-trapping effect. Significantly positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of more than half of detected PHCZ congeners and TOC. In addition, PHCZs show the potential to represent a class of POPs with the frequent occurrence and wide distribution, as the abundance and environmental behavior of PHCZs are similar to some POPs in MQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Longhua Huang
- College of Textiles&Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Runhui Ke
- China National Research Institute of Food&Fermentation Industries, Beijing, 10001, China
| | - Hongping He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yinghua Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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5
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Temme HR, Novak PJ. Diverse dechlorinators and dechlorination genes enriched through amendment of chlorinated natural organic matter fractions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:595-605. [PMID: 31942582 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00499h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In uncontaminated environments, chlorinated natural organic matter (Cl-NOM) can act as an electron acceptor for organohalide-respiring bacteria. It is unknown, however, whether different types of Cl-NOM are preferentially dechlorinated or whether enrichment with Cl-NOM affects the ability of bacteria to dechlorinate contaminants. In this research NOM was extracted from sediment, fractionated based on hydrophobicity, and either amended to polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soil directly or chlorinated and then amended to soil. Amendments of the least hydrophobic Cl-NOM fraction were dechlorinated most rapidly, followed by the moderately hydrophobic Cl-NOM fraction. Soil that had been enriched on the moderately hydrophobic fraction of Cl-NOM was also capable of faster dechlorination of the contaminants trichloroethene and tetrachlorobenzene. Community analysis of the soil during enrichment showed that some known organohalide-respiring bacteria were present and may have played a role in dechlorination; nevertheless, many bacteria appeared to be enriched during both Cl-NOM and contaminant dechlorination. In addition, the quantities of two haloalkane dehalogenase genes increased during enrichment on Cl-NOM. These results show for the first time that Cl-NOM can prime contaminant dechlorination and also suggest that hydrolytic dechlorination processes were involved in both Cl-NOM and contaminant dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna R Temme
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, USA.
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Keppler F, Barnes JD, Horst A, Bahlmann E, Luo J, Nadalig T, Greule M, Hartmann SC, Vuilleumier S. Chlorine Isotope Fractionation of the Major Chloromethane Degradation Processes in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1634-1645. [PMID: 31880153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chloromethane (CH3Cl) is an important source of chlorine in the stratosphere, but detailed knowledge of the magnitude of its sources and sinks is missing. Here, we measured the stable chlorine isotope fractionation (εCl) associated with the major abiotic and biotic CH3Cl sinks in the environment, namely, CH3Cl degradation by hydroxyl (·OH) and chlorine (·Cl) radicals in the troposphere and by reference bacteria Methylorubrum extorquens CM4 and Leisingera methylohalidivorans MB2 from terrestrial and marine environments, respectively. No chlorine isotope fractionation was detected for reaction of CH3Cl with ·OH and ·Cl radicals, whereas a large chlorine isotope fractionation (εCl) of -10.9 ± 0.7‰ (n = 3) and -9.4 ± 0.9 (n = 3) was found for CH3Cl degradation by M. extorquens CM4 and L. methylohalidivorans MB2, respectively. The large difference in chlorine isotope fractionation observed between tropospheric and bacterial degradation of CH3Cl provides an effective isotopic tool to characterize and distinguish between major abiotic and biotic processes contributing to the CH3Cl sink in the environment. Our findings demonstrate the potential of emerging triple-element isotopic approaches including chlorine to carbon and hydrogen analysis for the assessment of global cycling of organochlorines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Keppler
- Institute of Earth Sciences , Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 236 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jaime D Barnes
- Department of Geological Sciences , University of Texas , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Axel Horst
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ , Permoserstr.15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Enno Bahlmann
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde , Seestrasse 15 , 18119 Rostock , Germany
| | - Jing Luo
- UMR 7156 CNRS Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie , Université de Strasbourg , 4 allée Konrad Roentgen , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Thierry Nadalig
- UMR 7156 CNRS Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie , Université de Strasbourg , 4 allée Konrad Roentgen , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Markus Greule
- Institute of Earth Sciences , Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 236 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - S Christoph Hartmann
- Institute of Earth Sciences , Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 236 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Stéphane Vuilleumier
- UMR 7156 CNRS Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie , Université de Strasbourg , 4 allée Konrad Roentgen , 67000 Strasbourg , France
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7
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Temme HR, Carlson A, Novak PJ. Presence, Diversity, and Enrichment of Respiratory Reductive Dehalogenase and Non-respiratory Hydrolytic and Oxidative Dehalogenase Genes in Terrestrial Environments. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1258. [PMID: 31231342 PMCID: PMC6567934 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organohalide-respiring bacteria have been linked to the cycling and possible respiration of chlorinated natural organic matter (Cl-NOM) in uncontaminated soils and sediments. The importance of non-respiratory hydrolytic/oxidative dechlorination processes in the cycling of Cl-NOM in terrestrial soil and sediment, however, is still not understood. This research analyzes the dechlorination potential of terrestrial systems through analysis of the metagenomes of urban lake sediments and cultures enriched with Cl-NOM. Even with the variability in sample type and enrichment conditions, the potential to dechlorinate was universal, with reductive dehalogenase genes and hydrolytic or oxidative dehalogenase genes found in all samples analyzed. The reductive dehalogenase genes detected grouped taxonomically with those from organohalide-respiring bacteria with broad metabolic capabilities, as opposed to those that obligately respire organohalides. Furthermore, reductive dehalogenase genes and two haloacid dehalogenase genes increased in abundance when sediment was enriched with high concentrations of Cl-NOM. Our data suggests that both respiratory and non-respiratory dechlorination processes are important for Cl-NOM cycling, and that non-obligate organohalide-respiring bacteria are most likely involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna R Temme
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Aaron Carlson
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Paige J Novak
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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8
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Enhancing the catalytic performance of chloroperoxidase by co-immobilization with glucose oxidase on magnetic graphene oxide. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Chlorine and bromine isotope fractionation of halogenated organic pollutants on gas chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1514:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Weigold P, El-Hadidi M, Ruecker A, Huson DH, Scholten T, Jochmann M, Kappler A, Behrens S. A metagenomic-based survey of microbial (de)halogenation potential in a German forest soil. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28958. [PMID: 27353292 PMCID: PMC4926216 DOI: 10.1038/srep28958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In soils halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) are cycled through the transformation of inorganic halides into organohalogen compounds and vice versa. There is evidence that these reactions are microbially driven but the key enzymes and groups of microorganisms involved are largely unknown. Our aim was to uncover the diversity, abundance and distribution of genes encoding for halogenating and dehalogenating enzymes in a German forest soil by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Metagenomic libraries of three soil horizons revealed the presence of genera known to be involved in halogenation and dehalogenation processes such as Bradyrhizobium or Pseudomonas. We detected a so far unknown diversity of genes encoding for (de)halogenating enzymes in the soil metagenome including specific and unspecific halogenases as well as metabolic and cometabolic dehalogenases. Genes for non-heme, no-metal chloroperoxidases and haloalkane dehalogenases were the most abundant halogenase and dehalogenase genes, respectively. The high diversity and abundance of (de)halogenating enzymes suggests a strong microbial contribution to natural halogen cycling. This was also confirmed in microcosm experiments in which we quantified the biotic formation of chloroform and bromoform. Knowledge on microorganisms and genes that catalyze (de)halogenation reactions is critical because they are highly relevant to industrial biotechnologies and bioremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Weigold
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mohamed El-Hadidi
- Algorithms in Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics,
University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Ruecker
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel H. Huson
- Algorithms in Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics,
University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Scholten
- Soil Science and Geomorphology, Geography, University of
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maik Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry,
University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kappler
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of
Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Behrens
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering,
University of Minnesota, MN, USA
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota,
MN, USA
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11
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Miska ME, Shouakar-Stash O, Holmstrand H. Stable chlorine isotope analysis of chlorinated acetic acids using gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2341-2348. [PMID: 26563705 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The environmental occurrence of chlorinated acetic acids (CAAs) has been extensively studied, but the sources and transport are still not yet fully understood. A promising approach for source apportionment and process studies is the isotopic characterization of target compounds. We present the first on-line stable chlorine isotope analysis of CAAs by use of gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/qMS). METHODS Following approved procedures for concentration analysis, CAAs extracted into MTBE were methylated to GC-amenable methyl esters (mCAAs). These mCAAs were then analyzed by GC/qMS for their stable chlorine isotope composition using a sample/standard-bracketing approach (CAA standards in the range δ(37) Cl -6.3 to -0.2 ‰, Standard Mean Ocean Chloride). RESULTS Cross-calibration of the herein presented method with off-line reference methods (thermal ionization and continuous-flow GC isotope ratio mass spectrometry; TI-MS and CF-GC/IRMS, respectively) shows good agreement between the methods (regression slope for GC/qMS vs reference method data sets: 0.92 ± 0.29). Sample amounts as small as 10 pmol Cl can herewith be analyzed with a precision of 0.1 to 0.4 ‰. CONCLUSIONS This method should be useful for environmental studies of CAAs at ambient concentrations in precipitations (<0.06 to 100 nmol L(-1) ), surface waters (<0.2 to 5 nmol L(-1) ) and soil (<0.6 to 2000 nmol kg(-1) dry soil) where conventional off-line methods cannot be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena E Miska
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Orfan Shouakar-Stash
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Isotope Tracer Technologies Inc, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Holmstrand
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Gilevska T, Ivdra N, Bonifacie M, Richnow HH. Improvement of analytical method for chlorine dual-inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry of organochlorines. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1343-1350. [PMID: 26405796 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The development of compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis (Cl-CSIA) is hindered by the lack of international organochlorine reference materials with isotopic compositions expressed in the δ(37) Cl notation. Thus, a reliable off-line analytical method is needed, allowing direct comparison of the δ(37) Cl values of molecularly different organic compounds with that of ocean-water chloride, to refer measurement results to a Standard Mean Ocean Chloride (SMOC) scale. METHODS The analytical method included sealed-tube combustion of organochlorines, precipitation and subsequent conversion of formed inorganic chlorides into methyl chloride (CH3 Cl) for the determination of δ(37) Cl values by Dual-Inlet Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (DI-IRMS). A sample preparation step most sensitive to the sample size - dissolution of the inorganic copper chlorides formed by combustion of organochlorines - was identified. RESULTS Recovery of 94 ± 5% of chlorine was reached by applying determined optimal conditions for the dissolution, implying good external precision of δ(37) Cl values (-0.18 ± 0.03‰, 1σ, n = 3). Validation of the optimized method by the analysis of the produced and initial CH3 Cl samples with known δ(37) Cl values vs SMOC resulted in a difference of 0.11 ± 0.04‰ (1σ, n = 3), confirming the external precision and accuracy of the entire method. CONCLUSIONS The efficiency of the sample preparation method for CH3 Cl-DI-IRMS analysis is independent both of the chemical structure of the chlorinated compound and of the amount of chlorine in the sample. This method has the potential to be applied to a broad range of chlorinated organic compounds, e.g. reference material for the calibration of methods for Cl-CSIA against SMOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Gilevska
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Natalija Ivdra
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Isodetect GmbH - Company for Isotope Monitoring, Deutscher Platz 5b, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Magali Bonifacie
- Equipe Géochimie des Isotopes Stables, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
- Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Guadeloupe, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, UMS3454 CNRS, Le Houëlmont, 97113, Gourbeyre Guadeloupe, France
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Isodetect GmbH - Company for Isotope Monitoring, Deutscher Platz 5b, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Mogusu EO, Wolbert JB, Kujawinski DM, Jochmann MA, Elsner M. Dual element ((15)N/(14)N, (13)C/(12)C) isotope analysis of glyphosate and AMPA by derivatization-gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) combined with LC/IRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5249-60. [PMID: 25967147 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To assess sources and degradation of the herbicide glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] and its metabolite AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid), concentration measurements are often inconclusive and even (13)C/(12)C analysis alone may give limited information. To advance isotope ratio analysis of an additional element, we present compound-specific (15)N/(14)N analysis of glyphosate and AMPA by a two step derivatization in combination with gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS). The N-H group was derivatized with isopropyl chloroformate (iso-PCF), and remaining acidic groups were subsequently methylated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD). Iso-PCF treatment at pH <10 gave too low (15)N/(14)N ratios indicating an incomplete derivatization; in contrast, too high (15)N/(14)N ratios at pH >10 indicated decomposition of the derivative. At pH 10, and with an excess of iso-PCF by 10-24, greatest yields and accurate (15)N/(14)N ratios were obtained (deviation from elemental analyzer-IRMS: -0.2 ± 0.9% for glyphosate; -0.4 ± 0.7% for AMPA). Limits for accurate δ(15)N analysis of glyphosate and AMPA were 150 and 250 ng injected, respectively. A combination of δ(15)N and δ(13)C analysis by liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS) (1) enabled an improved distinction of commercial glyphosate products and (2) showed that glyphosate isotope values during degradation by MnO2 clearly fell outside the commercial product range. This highlights the potential of combined carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis to trace sources and degradation of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O Mogusu
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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14
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Weigold P, Ruecker A, Jochmann M, Osorio Barajas XL, Lege S, Zwiener C, Kappler A, Behrens S. Formation of chloroform and tetrachloroethene by Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:346-53. [PMID: 26119060 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mechanisms and organisms involved in the natural formation of volatile organohalogen compounds (VOX) are largely unknown. We provide evidence that the common and widespread soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021 is capable of producing up to 3338·6 ± 327·8 ng l(-1) headspace volume of chloroform (CHCl3 ) and 807·8 ± 13·5 ng l(-1) headspace volume of tetrachloroethene (C2 Cl4 ) within 1 h when grown in soil extract medium. Biotic VOX formation has been suggested to be linked to the activity of halogenating enzymes such as haloperoxidases. We tested if the observed VOX formation by S. meliloti can be attributed to one of its chloroperoxidases (Smc01944) that is highly expressed in the presence of H2 O2. However, addition of 10 mmol l(-1) H2 O2 to the S. meliloti cultures decreased VOX formation by 52% for chloroform and 25% for tetrachloroethene, while viable cell numbers decreased by 23%. Interestingly, smc01944 gene expression increased 450-fold. The quantification of extracellular chlorination activity in cell suspension experiments did not provide evidence for a role of S. meliloti chloroperoxidases in the observed VOX formation. This suggests that a momentarily unknown mechanism which requires no H2 O2 might be responsible for the VOX formation by S. meliloti. Regardless of the underlying mechanism our results suggest that the soil bacterium S. meliloti might be an important source of VOX in soils. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Volatile organohalogen compounds (VOX) strongly influence atmospheric chemistry and Earth's climate. Besides anthropogenic emissions they are naturally produced by either abiotic or biotic pathways in various environments. Particularly in soils, microbial processes drive the natural halogen cycle but the direct link to microbial VOX formation has not been studied in detail yet. In this study we provide evidence that the common and widespread soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021 forms chloroform and tetrachloroethene. The potential contribution of S. meliloti to soil VOX release could significantly influence soil and atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Weigold
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - A Ruecker
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - M Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - X L Osorio Barajas
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Lege
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - C Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - A Kappler
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - S Behrens
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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15
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Ruecker A, Weigold P, Behrens S, Jochmann M, Laaks J, Kappler A. Predominance of biotic over abiotic formation of halogenated hydrocarbons in hypersaline sediments in Western Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9170-9178. [PMID: 25073729 DOI: 10.1021/es501810g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile halogenated organic compounds (VOX) contribute to ozone depletion and global warming. There is evidence of natural VOX formation in many environments ranging from forest soils to salt lakes. Laboratory studies have suggested that VOX formation can be chemically stimulated by reactive Fe species while field studies have provided evidence for direct biological (enzymatic) VOX formation. However, the relative contribution of abiotic and biotic processes to global VOX budgets is still unclear. The goals of this study were to quantify VOX release from sediments from a hypersaline lake in Western Australia (Lake Strawbridge) and to distinguish between the relative contributions of biotic and abiotic VOX formation in microbially active and sterilized microcosms. Our experiments demonstrated that the release of organochlorines from Lake Strawbridge sediments was mainly biotic. Among the organochlorines detected were monochlorinated, e.g., chloromethane (CH3Cl), and higher chlorinated VOX compounds such as trichloromethane (CHCl3). Amendment of sediments with either Fe(III) oxyhydroxide (ferrihydrite) or a mixture of lactate/acetate or both ferrihydrite and lactate/acetate did not stimulate VOX formation. This suggests that although microbial Fe(III) reduction took place, there was no stimulation of VOX formation via Fe redox transformations or the formation of reactive Fe species under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruecker
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen , Tübingen 72074, Germany
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16
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Brand WA, Coplen TB, Vogl J, Rosner M, Prohaska T. Assessment of international reference materials for isotope-ratio analysis (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2013-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSince the early 1950s, the number of international measurement standards for anchoring stable isotope delta scales has mushroomed from 3 to more than 30, expanding to more than 25 chemical elements. With the development of new instrumentation, along with new and improved measurement procedures for studying naturally occurring isotopic abundance variations in natural and technical samples, the number of internationally distributed, secondary isotopic reference materials with a specified delta value has blossomed in the last six decades to more than 150 materials. More than half of these isotopic reference materials were produced for isotope-delta measurements of seven elements: H, Li, B, C, N, O, and S. The number of isotopic reference materials for other, heavier elements has grown considerably over the last decade. Nevertheless, even primary international measurement standards for isotope-delta measurements are still needed for some elements, including Mg, Fe, Te, Sb, Mo, and Ge. It is recommended that authors publish the delta values of internationally distributed, secondary isotopic reference materials that were used for anchoring their measurement results to the respective primary stable isotope scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi A. Brand
- 1Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Vogl
- 3BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Prohaska
- 5University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
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17
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Novel Firmicutes group implicated in the dechlorination of two chlorinated xanthones, analogues of natural organochlorines. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1210-8. [PMID: 24296507 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03472-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the abundance and diversity of natural organochlorines are well established, much is still unknown about the degradation of these compounds. Triplicate microcosms were used to determine whether, and which, bacterial communities could dechlorinate two chlorinated xanthones (2,7-dichloroxanthone and 5,7-dichloro-1,3-dihydroxylxanthone), analogues of a diverse class of natural organochlorines. According to quantitative-PCR (qPCR) results, several known dechlorinating genera were either not present or not enriched during dechlorination of the xanthones. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, however, indicated that several Firmicutes were enriched in the dechlorinating cultures compared to triplicate controls amended with nonchlorinated xanthones. One such group, herein referred to as the Gopher group, was further studied with a novel qPCR method that confirmed enrichment of Gopher group 16S rRNA genes in the dechlorinating cultures. The enrichment of the Gopher group was again tested with two new sets of triplicate microcosms. Enrichment was observed during chlorinated xanthone dechlorination in one set of these triplicate microcosms. In the other set, two microcosms showed clear enrichment while a third did not. The Gopher group is a previously unidentified group of Firmicutes, distinct from but related to the Dehalobacter and Desulfitobacterium genera; this group also contains clones from at least four unique cultures capable of dechlorinating anthropogenic organochlorines that have been previously described in the literature. This study suggests that natural chlorinated xanthones may be effective biostimulants to enhance the remediation of pollutants and highlights the idea that novel genera of dechlorinators likely exist and may be active in bioremediation and the natural cycling of chlorine.
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Wiegert C, Mandalakis M, Knowles T, Polymenakou PN, Aeppli C, Macháčková J, Holmstrand H, Evershed RP, Pancost RD, Gustafsson O. Carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation during microbial degradation of tetra- and trichloroethene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6449-6456. [PMID: 23668287 DOI: 10.1021/es305236y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional compound-specific isotope analysis (2D-CSIA), combining stable carbon and chlorine isotopes, holds potential for monitoring of natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes (CEs) in contaminated soil and groundwater. However, interpretation of 2D-CSIA data sets is challenged by a shortage of experimental Cl isotope enrichment factors. Here, isotope enrichments factors for C and Cl (i.e., εC and εCl) were determined for biodegradation of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) using microbial enrichment cultures from a heavily CE-contaminated aquifer. The obtained values were εC = -5.6 ± 0.7‰ (95% CI) and εCl = -2.0 ± 0.5‰ for PCE degradation and εC = -8.8 ± 0.2‰ and εCl = -3.5 ± 0.5‰ for TCE degradation. Combining the values for both εC and εCl yielded mechanism-diagnostic εCl/εC ratios of 0.35 ± 0.11 and 0.37 ± 0.11 for the degradation of PCE and TCE, respectively. Application of the obtained εC and εCl values to a previously investigated field site gave similar estimates for the fraction of degraded contaminant as in the previous study, but with a reduced uncertainty in assessment of the natural attenuation. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene clone library analyses were performed on three samples from the PCE degradation experiments. A species closely related to Desulfitobacterium aromaticivorans UKTL dominated the reductive dechlorination process. This study contributes to the development of 2D-CSIA as a tool for evaluating remediation strategies of CEs at contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Wiegert
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, ITM, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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