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García-Vara M, Hu K, Postigo C, Olmo L, Caminal G, Sarrà M, López de Alda M. Remediation of bentazone contaminated water by Trametes versicolor: Characterization, identification of transformation products, and implementation in a trickle-bed reactor under non-sterile conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124476. [PMID: 33243640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bentazone, an herbicide widely applied in rice and cereal crops, is widespread in the aquatic environment. This study evaluated the capacity of Trametes versicolor to remove bentazone from water. The fungus was able to completely remove bentazone after three days at Erlenmeyer-scale incubation. Both laccase and cytochrome P450 enzymatic systems were involved in bentazone degradation. A total of 19 transformation products (TPs) were identified to be formed during the process. The reactions involved in their formation included hydroxylations, oxidations, methylations, N-nitrosation, and dimerization. A laccase mediated radical mechanism was proposed for TP formation. In light of the results obtained at the Erlenmeyer scale, a trickle-bed reactor with T. versicolor immobilized on pine wood chips was set up to evaluate its stability during bentazone removal under non-sterile conditions. After 30 days of sequencing batch operation, an average bentazone removal of 48% was obtained, with a considerable contribution of adsorption onto the lignocellulosic support material. Bacterial contamination, which is the bottleneck in the implementation of fungal bioreactors, was successfully addressed by this particular system according to its maintained performance. This research is a pioneering step forward to the implementation of fungal bioremediation on a real scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel García-Vara
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kaidi Hu
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lluc Olmo
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Caminal
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Sarrà
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Aqeel A, Lim HJ. Role of various factors affecting the photochemical treatment of N-nitrosamines related to CO 2 capture. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:1391-1400. [PMID: 30339495 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1536172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-combustion CO2 capture using amine solvents is the most feasible method of reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which are the largest contributor to global warming. The formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines (i.e. by-products) can hinder the industrial application of this technology. In this study, the effects of direct UV photolysis (N-nitrosamine concentration and amines) and advanced oxidation processes (UV/H2O2 and UV/O3) on the three specific N-nitrosamines that are commonplace in amine-based CO2 capture (i.e. N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR)) were examined. A significant decrease in the photodegradation rate constants was observed for NDEA (1.02 × 100 to 2.94 × 10-1 min-1), NDELA (1.52 × 100 to 3.32 × 10-1 min-1), and NMOR (1.93 × 100 to 2.20 × 10-1 min-1) as their concentrations increased within 1-50 mg/L. This is the first report of a significant increase in the degradation rate constants of N-nitrosamine with an increase in amine concentrations (i.e. monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and morpholine) within 10-200 mM. The photodegradation rate constants increased as the molar ratio of H2O2 to N-nitrosamine increased to 20, but then decreased at molar ratios beyond this. O3 had a negligible effect on the photodegradation of N-nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Aqeel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Lim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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3
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Wang Z, Zhang Z, Mitch WA. Role of absorber and desorber units and operational conditions for N-nitrosamine formation during amine-based carbon capture. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115299. [PMID: 31760360 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines from reactions between solvent amines and flue gas NOx is an important concern for the application of amine-based processes to capture CO2 post-combustion. Using an advanced test rig with interconnected absorber and desorber units, we evaluated the importance for N-nitrosamine formation of the desorber relative to the absorber, and any synergism between the two units. Variations in desorber temperature and in flue gas composition indicated that N-nitrosamine formation from fresh monoethanolamine (MEA) occurred predominantly in the absorber. N-nitrosamine formation was driven by high NO2 and O2 flue gas concentrations, although NO also contributed. In contrast, N-nitrosamine formation from piperazine (PZ) was driven by reactions with nitrite in the heated desorber, and accelerated concurrent with nitrite accumulation. A complementary experiment simulating aged MEA solvent (high nitrite, 1.5% sarcosine as a proxy of secondary amine degradation products) suggested the desorber becomes an order of magnitude more important than the absorber for N-nitrosamine formation. For fresh MEA solvent, increasing the desorber temperature from 110 °C to 130 °C promoted thermal decomposition of N-nitrosamines, reducing N-nitrosamine accumulation rates two-fold. Compared to the test rig, the prevailing practice of using separate absorber columns and autoclave-like treatments to mimic desorber units predicted the direction, but underestimated the magnitude of N-nitrosamine formation. Because N-nitrosamine accumulation rates are the net result of competing formation and thermal decomposition processes, use of continuously cycling test rigs may be necessary to understand the impacts of different operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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4
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Zhao B, Nakada N, Okumura K, Zhou J, Tanaka H. N-nitrosomorpholine behavior in sewage treatment plants and urban rivers. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114868. [PMID: 31344505 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal and diurnal patterns of N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) and its formation potential (NMOR FP) were examined with water samples taken from five outlets of four sewage treatment plants (STPs), seven main stream sites, and five tributary sites in the Yodo River basin. STPs were shown to be the main sources of downstream NMOR load. The highest NMOR levels were found in the discharge from one STP (26.4-171 ng/L). Continuous sequential samplings over a period of 24 h at this STP revealed that NMOR flux at the influent point fluctuated in both summer (0.4-3.2 g/h) and winter (0.3-5.4 g/h), while it was steady in the effluent. In addition, levels of NMOR remained stable during the biological treatment and disinfection processes. The present research demonstrated that NMOR could be formed from morpholine (MOR) in raw sewage treated by this STP, with a possible mechanism being formaldehyde-catalyzed nitrosation of MOR by nitrites, prior to raw sewage entering the STP. This implies that the NMOR detected here might not be a disinfection byproduct per se under low-chlorine disinfection (around 1.0 mg/L), but is primarily a contaminant that is difficult to remove during sewage treatment. NMOR attenuated significantly in the rivers in the daytime with production of MOR, but persisted during nights, which demonstrated the importance of monitoring NMOR levels in the water environment during periods of low UV intensity, especially nights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Norihide Nakada
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan.
| | - Kohei Okumura
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Jiajun Zhou
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
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Inada A, Takahashi T, Kumagai K, Matsuyama H. Morpholine Derivatives as Thermoresponsive Draw Solutes for Forward Osmosis Desalination. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Inada
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoki Takahashi
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kumagai
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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6
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Zhang X, Zhu Z, Sun X, Yang J, Gao H, Huang Y, Luo X, Liang Z, Tontiwachwuthikul P. Reducing Energy Penalty of CO 2 Capture Using Fe Promoted SO 42-/ZrO 2/MCM-41 Catalyst. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6094-6102. [PMID: 31008586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The high energy consumption of CO2-loaded solvent regeneration is the biggest impediment for the real application of the amine-based CO2 capture process. To lower the energy requirement, three Fe promoted SO42-/ZrO2 supported on MCM-41 (SZMF) catalysts with different iron oxide content (5%, 10%, and 15%) were synthesized and applied for the rich monoethanolamine solution regeneration process at 98 °C. Results reveal that the use of SZMF hugely enhanced the CO2 desorption performances (i.e., desorption factor) by 260-388% and reduced the heat duty by about 28-40%, which is better than most of the reported catalysts for this purpose. The eminent catalytic activities of SZMF are related to their enhanced ratio of Brønsted to Lewis acid sites, weak acid sites, basic sites, and high dispersed Fe3+ species. Meanwhile, the addition of SZMF for CO2 desorption shows a promotional effect on its CO2 absorption performance, and SZMF presents an excellent cyclic stability. A possible mechanism is suggested for the SZMF catalyzed CO2 desorption process. Results of this work may provide direction for future research and rational design of more efficient catalysts for this potential catalyst-aided CO2 desorption technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zhang
- Joint International Center for CO2 Capture and Storage (iCCS), Provincial Hunan Key Laboratory for Cost-effective Utilization of Fossil Fuel Aimed at Reducing CO2 Emissions, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , PR China
| | - Zhiqing Zhu
- Joint International Center for CO2 Capture and Storage (iCCS), Provincial Hunan Key Laboratory for Cost-effective Utilization of Fossil Fuel Aimed at Reducing CO2 Emissions, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Joint International Center for CO2 Capture and Storage (iCCS), Provincial Hunan Key Laboratory for Cost-effective Utilization of Fossil Fuel Aimed at Reducing CO2 Emissions, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- Joint International Center for CO2 Capture and Storage (iCCS), Provincial Hunan Key Laboratory for Cost-effective Utilization of Fossil Fuel Aimed at Reducing CO2 Emissions, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , PR China
| | - Hongxia Gao
- Joint International Center for CO2 Capture and Storage (iCCS), Provincial Hunan Key Laboratory for Cost-effective Utilization of Fossil Fuel Aimed at Reducing CO2 Emissions, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , PR China
| | - Yangqiang Huang
- Joint International Center for CO2 Capture and Storage (iCCS), Provincial Hunan Key Laboratory for Cost-effective Utilization of Fossil Fuel Aimed at Reducing CO2 Emissions, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , PR China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Joint International Center for CO2 Capture and Storage (iCCS), Provincial Hunan Key Laboratory for Cost-effective Utilization of Fossil Fuel Aimed at Reducing CO2 Emissions, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , PR China
| | - Zhiwu Liang
- Joint International Center for CO2 Capture and Storage (iCCS), Provincial Hunan Key Laboratory for Cost-effective Utilization of Fossil Fuel Aimed at Reducing CO2 Emissions, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , PR China
| | - Paitoon Tontiwachwuthikul
- Joint International Center for CO2 Capture and Storage (iCCS), Provincial Hunan Key Laboratory for Cost-effective Utilization of Fossil Fuel Aimed at Reducing CO2 Emissions, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , PR China
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7
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Glover CM, Verdugo EM, Trenholm RA, Dickenson ERV. N-nitrosomorpholine in potable reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 148:306-313. [PMID: 30390511 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As potable reuse guidelines and regulations continue to develop, the presence of N-nitrosamines is a primary concern because of their associated health concerns. In this study, bench-, pilot-, and full-scale tests were conducted to focus on the occurrence and treatment of N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) in United States (U.S.) potable reuse systems. Out of twelve U.S. wastewater effluents collected, ambient NMOR was detected in eleven (average = 20 ± 18 ng/L); in contrast, only two of the thirteen surface water and stormwater samples had NMOR. Across all of these samples maximum formation potential by chloramination produced an average increase of 3.6 ± 1.8 ng/L. This result underscores the need to understand the sources of NMOR as it is not likely a disinfection byproduct and it is not known to be commercially produced within the U.S. At the pilot-scale, three potable reuse systems were evaluated for ambient NMOR with oxidation (i.e., chlorination and ozonation), biofiltration, and granular activated carbon (GAC). Both pre-oxidation and biofiltration were ineffective at mitigating NMOR during long-term pilot plant operation (at least eight-months). GAC adsorbers were the only pilot-scale treatment to remove NMOR; however, complete breakthrough occurred rapidly from <2000 to 10,000 bed volumes. For comparison, a full-scale reverse osmosis (RO) potable reuse system was monitored for a year and confirmed that RO effectively removes NMOR. Systematic bench-scale UV-advanced oxidation experiments were undertaken to assess the mitigation potential for NMOR. At a fluence dose of 325 ± 10 mJ/cm2, UV alone degraded 90% of the NMOR present. The addition of 5 mg/L hydrogen peroxide did not significantly decrease the UV dose required for one-log removal. These data illustrate that efficient NMOR removal from potable reuse systems is limited to RO or UV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Glover
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA.
| | - Edgard M Verdugo
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA
| | - Rebecca A Trenholm
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA.
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Yu Q, Wang P, Ma F, Xie HB, He N, Chen J. Computational investigation of the nitrosation mechanism of piperazine in CO 2 capture. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:341-349. [PMID: 28800535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemistry calculations and kinetic modeling were performed to investigate the nitrosation mechanism and kinetics of diamine piperazine (PZ), an alternative solvent for widely used monoethanolamine in postcombustion CO2 capture (PCCC), by two typical nitrosating agents, NO2- and N2O3, in the presence of CO2. Various PZ species and nitrosating agents formed by the reactions of PZ, NO2-, and N2O3 with CO2 were considered. The results indicated that the reactions of PZ species having NH group with N2O3 contribute the most to the formation of nitrosamines in the absorber unit of PCCC and follow a novel three-step nitrosation mechanism, which is initiated by the formation of a charge-transfer complex. The reactions of all PZ species with NO2- proceed more slowly than the reactions of PZ species with ONOCO2-, formed by the reaction of NO2- with CO2. Therefore, the reactions of PZ species with ONOCO2- contribute more to the formation of nitrosamines in the desorber unit of PCCC. In view of CO2 effect on the nitrosation reaction of PZ, the effect through the reaction of PZ with CO2 shows a completely different tendency for different nitrosating agents. More importantly, CO2 can greatly accelerate the nitrosation reactions of PZ by NO2- through the formation of ONOCO2- in the reaction of CO2 with NO2-. This work can help to better understand the nitrosation mechanism of diamines and in the search for efficient methods to prevent the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines in CO2 capture unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Ning He
- Dalian Ligong Qiwangda Chemical Technology Co., LTD, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Yu K, Mitch WA, Dai N. Nitrosamines and Nitramines in Amine-Based Carbon Dioxide Capture Systems: Fundamentals, Engineering Implications, and Knowledge Gaps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11522-11536. [PMID: 28946738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amine-based absorption is the primary contender for postcombustion CO2 capture from fossil fuel-fired power plants. However, significant concerns have arisen regarding the formation and emission of toxic nitrosamine and nitramine byproducts from amine-based systems. This paper reviews the current knowledge regarding these byproducts in CO2 capture systems. In the absorber, flue gas NOx drives nitrosamine and nitramine formation after its dissolution into the amine solvent. The reaction mechanisms are reviewed based on CO2 capture literature as well as biological and atmospheric chemistry studies. In the desorber, nitrosamines are formed under high temperatures by amines reacting with nitrite (a hydrolysis product of NOx), but they can also thermally decompose following pseudo-first order kinetics. The effects of amine structure, primarily amine order, on nitrosamine formation and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed. Washwater units, although intended to control emissions from the absorber, can contribute to additional nitrosamine formation when accumulated amines react with residual NOx. Nitramines are much less studied than nitrosamines in CO2 capture systems. Mitigation strategies based on the reaction mechanisms in each unit of the CO2 capture systems are reviewed. Lastly, we highlight research needs in clarifying reaction mechanisms, developing analytical methods for both liquid and gas phases, and integrating different units to quantitatively predict the accumulation and emission of nitrosamines and nitramines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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10
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Shi H, Supap T, Idem R, Gelowitz D, Campbell C, Ball M. Nitrosamine Formation in Amine-Based CO 2 Capture in the Absence of NO 2: Molecular Modeling and Experimental Validation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7723-7731. [PMID: 28581734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A computational chemistry approach was used to elucidate and verify the different nitrosamine formation mechanisms and pathways. These included nitrosamine formation under acid or basic environments in the presence of NO, O2, SO2 and CO2 without NO2. The results clearly showed that nitrosamine could be formed without NO2 via 2 different types of mechanisms, namely, addition and elimination forming N-N bond before proton transfer and proton transfer before N-N bond formation, respectively. The essence of these mechanisms identified in this work was that two reaction steps were required to complete both reaction mechanisms with different nitrosating agents. Two steps were both necessary neither of which could be neglected, if the nitrosamine formation reaction was to be completed. Computational simulation performed on the reactant, intermediate, transition state, and product for each set of reactions also validated the proposed mechanisms. Experiment also detected nitrosamine from the reaction of diethylamine and NO, SO2, O2, and CO2 in both liquid and gas phase. Thus, NO2 is not necessary for nitrosamine formation to occur in the CO2 capture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huancong Shi
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science & Technology , Shanghai, China
| | - Teeradet Supap
- Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRI), Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina , Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A2
| | - Raphael Idem
- Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRI), Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina , Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A2
| | - Don Gelowitz
- Saskatchewan Power Corporation (SaskPower) , 2025 Victoria Avenue, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4P 0S1
| | - Colin Campbell
- Saskatchewan Power Corporation (SaskPower) , 2025 Victoria Avenue, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4P 0S1
| | - Max Ball
- Saskatchewan Power Corporation (SaskPower) , 2025 Victoria Avenue, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4P 0S1
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11
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Yu K, Reichard MC, Dai N. Nitrosamine Formation in the Desorber of Tertiary Alkanolamine-Based Carbon Dioxide Capture Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Mikayla C. Reichard
- Department of Environmental
Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Civil, Structural,
and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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12
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Wang Z, Mitch WA. Influence of Dissolved Metals on N-Nitrosamine Formation under Amine-based CO2 Capture Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11974-11981. [PMID: 26335609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As the prime contender for postcombustion CO2 capture technology, amine-based scrubbing has to address the concerns over the formation of potentially carcinogenic N-nitrosamine byproducts from reactions between flue gas NOx and amine solvents. This bench-scale study evaluated the influence of dissolved metals on the potential to form total N-nitrosamines in the solvent within the absorber unit and upon a pressure-cooker treatment that mimics desorber conditions. Among six transition metals tested for the benchmark solvent monoethanolamine (MEA), dissolved Cu promoted total N-nitrosamine formation in the absorber unit at concentrations permitted in drinking water, but not the desorber unit. The Cu effect increased with oxygen concentration. Variation of the amine structural characteristics (amine order, steric hindrance, -OH group substitution and alkyl chain length) indicated that Cu promotes N-nitrosamine formation from primary amines with hydroxyl or carboxyl groups (amino acids), but not from secondary amines, tertiary amines, sterically hindered primary amines, or amines without oxygenated groups. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) suppressed the Cu effect. The results suggested that the catalytic effect of Cu may be associated with the oxidative degradation of primary amines in the absorber unit, a process known to produce a wide spectrum of secondary amine products that are more readily nitrosatable than the pristine primary amines, and that can form stable N-nitrosamines. This study highlighted an intriguing linkage between amine degradation (operational cost) and N-nitrosamine formation (health hazards), all of which are challenges for commercial-scale CO2 capture technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Dutcher B, Fan M, Russell AG. Amine-based CO2 capture technology development from the beginning of 2013-a review. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2137-48. [PMID: 25607244 DOI: 10.1021/am507465f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted by the scientific community that anthropogenic CO2 emissions are leading to global climate change, notably an increase in global temperatures commonly referred to as global warming. The primary source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is the combustion of fossil fuels for energy. As society's demand for energy increases and more CO2 is produced, it becomes imperative to decrease the amount emitted to the atmosphere. One promising approach to do this is to capture CO2 at the effluent of the combustion site, namely, power plants, in a process called postcombustion CO2 capture. Technologies to achieve this are heavily researched due in large part to the intuitive nature of removing CO2 from the stack gas and the ease in retrofitting existing CO2 sources with these technologies. As such, several reviews have been written on postcombustion CO2 capture. However, it is a fast-developing field, and the most recent review papers already do not include the state-of-the-art research. Notable among CO2 capture technologies are amine-based technologies. Amines are well-known for their reversible reactions with CO2, which make them ideal for the separation of CO2 from many CO2-containing gases, including flue gas. For this reason, this review will cover amine-based technology developed and published in and after the year 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Dutcher
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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Lindahl S, Gundersen CB, Lundanes E. A review of available analytical technologies for qualitative and quantitative determination of nitramines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1825-1840. [PMID: 24898740 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the available analytical methods in the open literature for the determination of some aliphatic and cyclic nitramines. Nitramines covered in this review are the ones that can be formed from the use of amines in post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) plants and end up in the environment. Since the literature is quite scarce regarding the determination of nitramines in aqueous and soil samples, methods for determination of nitramines in other matrices have also been included. Since the nitramines are found in complex matrices and/or in very low concentration, an extraction step is often necessary before their determination. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using dichloromethane and solid phase extraction (SPE) with an activated carbon based material have been the two most common extraction methods. Gas chromatography (GC) or reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) has been used often combined with mass spectrometry (MS) in the final determination step. Presently there is no comprehensive method available that can be used for determination of all nitramines included in this review. The lowest concentration limit of quantification (cLOQ) is in the ng L(-1) range, however, most methods appear to have a cLOQ in the μg L(-1) range, if the cLOQ has been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lindahl
- University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.
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Fine NA, Goldman MJ, Rochelle GT. Nitrosamine formation in amine scrubbing at desorber temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8777-8783. [PMID: 24956458 DOI: 10.1021/es501484w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Amine scrubbing is a thermodynamically efficient and industrially proven method for carbon capture, but amine solvents can nitrosate in the desorber, forming potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines. The kinetics of reactions involving nitrite and monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), methylethanolamine (MMEA), and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) were determined under desorber conditions. The nitrosations of MEA, DEA, and MMEA are first order in nitrite, carbamate species, and hydronium ion. Nitrosation of MDEA, a tertiary amine, is not catalyzed by the addition of CO2 since it cannot form a stable carbamate. Concentrated and CO2 loaded MEA was blended with low concentrations of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) glycine (HeGly), hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine (HEEDA), and DEA, secondary amines common in MEA degradation. Nitrosamine yield was proportional to the concentration of secondary amine and was a function of CO2 loading and temperature. Blends of tertiary amines with piperazine (PZ) showed n-nitrosopiperazine (MNPZ) yields close to unity, validating the slow nitrosation rates hypothesized for tertiary amines. These results provide a useful tool for estimating nitrosamine accumulation over a range of amine solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Fine
- The University of Texas at Austin , McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, 200 E Dean Keeton Street Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
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Dai N, Mitch WA. Effects of flue gas compositions on nitrosamine and nitramine formation in postcombustion CO2 capture systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7519-7526. [PMID: 24918477 DOI: 10.1021/es501864a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Amine-based technologies are emerging as the prime contender for postcombustion CO2 capture. However, concerns have arisen over the health impacts of amine-based CO2 capture associated with the release of nitrosamines and nitramines, which are byproducts from the reactions between flue gas NOx and solvent amines. In this study, flue gas compositions were systematically varied to evaluate their effects on the formation of nitrosamines and nitramines in a lab-scale CO2 capture reactor with morpholine as a model solvent amine. The accumulation of N-nitrosomorpholine in both the absorber and washwater increased linearly with both NO and NO2 for concentrations up to ∼20 ppmv. These correlations could be extrapolated to estimate N-nitrosomorpholine accumulation at extremely low NOx levels (0.3 ppmv NO2 and 1.5 ppmv NO). NO played a particularly important role in driving N-nitrosomorpholine formation in the washwater, likely following partial oxidation to NO2 by O2. The accumulation of N-nitromorpholine in both the absorber and washwater positively correlated with flue gas NO2 concentration, but not with NO concentration. Both N-nitrosomorpholine and N-nitromorpholine accumulated fastest in the absence of CO2. Flue gas humidity did not affect nitrosamine accumulation in either the absorber or the washwater unit. These results provide a basis for estimating the effects of flue gas composition on nitrosamine and nitramine accumulation in postcombustion CO2 capture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Fine NA, Nielsen PT, Rochelle GT. Decomposition of nitrosamines in CO2 capture by aqueous piperazine or monoethanolamine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5996-6002. [PMID: 24730662 DOI: 10.1021/es404949v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Amine scrubbing is an efficient method for carbon capture and sequestration, but secondary amines present in all amine solvents can form carcinogenic nitrosamines. Decomposition kinetics for n-nitrosopiperazine (MNPZ), nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), and nitroso-(2-hydroxyethyl) glycine (NHeGly) were measured over a range of temperature, base concentration, base strength, and CO2 loading pertinent to amine scrubbing. MNPZ and NDELA decomposition is first order in the nitrosamine, half order in base concentration, and base-catalyzed with a Brønsted slope of β = 0.5. The activation energy is 94, 106, and 112 kJ/mol for MNPZ, NDELA, and NHeGly, respectively. MNPZ readily decomposes at 150 °C in 5 M piperazine, making thermal decomposition an important mechanism for MNPZ control. However, NHeGly and NDELA are too stable at 120 °C in 7 M monoethanolamine (MEA) for thermal decomposition to be important. Base treatment during reclaiming could rapidly and selectively decompose NHeGly and NDELA to mitigate nitrosamine accumulation in MEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Fine
- The University of Texas at Austin , McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, 200 E Dean Keeton St. Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712-1589, United States
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Huang Q, Thompson J, Bhatnagar S, Chandan P, Remias JE, Selegue JP, Liu K. Impact of Flue Gas Contaminants on Monoethanolamine Thermal Degradation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403426c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhen Huang
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, CAER, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research
Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Jesse Thompson
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, CAER, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research
Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Saloni Bhatnagar
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, CAER, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research
Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Payal Chandan
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, CAER, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research
Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Joseph E. Remias
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, CAER, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research
Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - John P. Selegue
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 11 Chemistry-Physics Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Kunlei Liu
- Center
for Applied Energy Research, CAER, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research
Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
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