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Sethi M, Rana R, Sambhakar S, Chourasia MK. Nanocosmeceuticals: Trends and Recent Advancements in Self Care. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:51. [PMID: 38424412 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The term cosmetics refers to any substances or products intended for external application on the skin with the aim of protection and better appearance of the skin surface. The skin delivery system promotes the controlled and targeted delivery of active ingredients. The development of this system has been driven by challenges encountered with conventional cosmeceuticals, including low skin retention of active components, limited percutaneous penetration, poor water dispersion of insoluble active ingredients, and instability of effective components. The aim is to create cosmeceuticals that can effectively overcome these issues. This review focuses on various nanocarriers used in cosmeceuticals currently and their applications in skin care, hair care, oral care, and more. The importance of nanotechnology in the sphere of research and development is growing. It provides solutions to various problems faced by conventional technologies, methods, and product formulations thus taking hold of the cosmetic industry as well. Nowadays, consumers are investing in cosmetics only for better appearance thus problems like wrinkles, ageing, hair loss, and dandruff requires to be answered proficiently. Nanocarriers not only enhance the efficacy of cosmeceutical products, providing better and longer-lasting effects, but they also contribute to the improved aesthetic appearance of the products. This dual benefit not only enhances the final quality and efficacy of the product but also increases consumer satisfaction. Additionally, nanocarriers offer protection against UV rays, further adding to the overall benefits of the cosmeceutical product. Figure 1 represents various advantages of nanocarriers used in cosmeceuticals. Nanotechnology is also gaining importance due to their high penetration of actives in the deeper layers of skin. It can be said that nanotechnology is taking over all the drawbacks of the traditional products. Thus, nanocarriers discussed in this review are used in nanotechnology to deliver the active ingredient of the cosmeceutical product to the desired site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Sethi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Rafquat Rana
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sharda Sambhakar
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
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Clausen PA, Kofoed-Sørensen V, Jensen SP, Larsen BXN, Jensen ACØ, Frederiksen M, Wolkoff P. Characterization of the aerosol release from spray cleaning and disinfection products - Spray scenarios in a climate chamber. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 252:114220. [PMID: 37429119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Cleaning work using spray products has been associated with adverse respiratory effects but little is known of the exposure concentrations. The purpose of this study was to characterize aerosol generation at spray scenarios in a controlled climate chamber. Spraying on vertically and horizontally oriented surfaces, as well as spraying on a cloth, was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of nozzle geometry was tested. The average mass generation rates of six pressurized spray cans and 13 trigger sprays were about 1.7 g/s and did not differ significantly, but the average values of the individual sprays had large variations (0.5-3.1 g/s). The time required to halve the air concentration of aerosol particles, the half-life time, was determined for all spray products. The average half-life time of the total particle mass concentration (TPMC) of the pressurized spray cans was 0.5 h versus 0.25 h for trigger sprays. Gravimetrically determined airborne fractions of pressurized spray cans tended to be higher than those of trigger sprays. However, airborne fractions based on the measured peak TPMC were up to three orders of magnitude smaller. A comparison of different trigger spray nozzles when spraying the same product showed that the TPMC can be up to 18 times higher for the largest emitting nozzle. The distance of the nozzle to a cloth should be 1 cm to significantly reduce the concentration of the generated aerosols. ConsExpo modeling predicted the measured peak TPMC well but less well the decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Axel Clausen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Simon Pelle Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Bianca Xuan Nguyen Larsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | | | - Marie Frederiksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
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Tschiche HR, Bierkandt FS, Creutzenberg O, Fessard V, Franz R, Greiner R, Gruber-Traub C, Haas KH, Haase A, Hartwig A, Hesse B, Hund-Rinke K, Iden P, Kromer C, Loeschner K, Mutz D, Rakow A, Rasmussen K, Rauscher H, Richter H, Schoon J, Schmid O, Som C, Spindler LM, Tovar GEM, Westerhoff P, Wohlleben W, Luch A, Laux P. Analytical and toxicological aspects of nanomaterials in different product groups: Challenges and opportunities. NANOIMPACT 2022; 28:100416. [PMID: 35995388 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread integration of engineered nanomaterials into consumer and industrial products creates new challenges and requires innovative approaches in terms of design, testing, reliability, and safety of nanotechnology. The aim of this review article is to give an overview of different product groups in which nanomaterials are present and outline their safety aspects for consumers. Here, release of nanomaterials and related analytical challenges and solutions as well as toxicological considerations, such as dose-metrics, are discussed. Additionally, the utilization of engineered nanomaterials as pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals to deliver and release cargo molecules is covered. Furthermore, critical pathways for human exposure to nanomaterials, namely inhalation and ingestion, are discussed in the context of risk assessment. Analysis of NMs in food, innovative medicine or food contact materials is discussed. Specific focus is on the presence and release of nanomaterials, including whether nanomaterials can migrate from polymer nanocomposites used in food contact materials. With regard to the toxicology and toxicokinetics of nanomaterials, aspects of dose metrics of inhalation toxicity as well as ingestion toxicology and comparison between in vitro and in vivo conclusions are considered. The definition of dose descriptors to be applied in toxicological testing is emphasized. In relation to potential exposure from different products, opportunities arising from the use of advanced analytical techniques in more unique scenarios such as release of nanomaterials from medical devices such as orthopedic implants are addressed. Alongside higher product performance and complexity, further challenges regarding material characterization and safety, as well as acceptance by the general public are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald R Tschiche
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank S Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Valerie Fessard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of contaminants Unit, Fougères, France
| | - Roland Franz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Freising, Germany
| | - Ralf Greiner
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carmen Gruber-Traub
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Haas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schmallenberg, Germany
| | | | - Charlotte Kromer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Loeschner
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Diana Mutz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Research Strategy and Coordination, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasia Rakow
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany; Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Hubert Rauscher
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Hannes Richter
- Fraunhofer IKTS - Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, Hermsdorf, Germany
| | - Janosch Schoon
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Som
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lena M Spindler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany; University of Stuttgart, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany; University of Stuttgart, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | | | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
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Nanowaste: Another Future Waste, Its Sources, Release Mechanism, and Removal Strategies in the Environment. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14042041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanowaste is defined as waste derived from materials with at least one dimension in the 1–100 nm range. The nanomaterials containing products are considered as “nanoproducts” and they can lead to the development of nanomaterial-containing waste, also termed as “nanowaste”. The increased production and consumption of these engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and nanoproducts that generate enormous amounts of nanowaste have raised serious concerns about their fate, behavior, and ultimate disposal in the environment. It is of the utmost importance that nanowaste is disposed of in an appropriate manner to avoid an adverse impact on human health and the environment. The unique properties of ENMs, combined with an inadequate understanding of appropriate treatment techniques for many forms of nanowaste, makes nanowaste disposal a complex task. Presently, there is a lack of available information on the optimized standards for identifying, monitoring, and managing nanowaste. Therefore, this review highlights concerns about nanowaste as future waste that need to be addressed. The review focuses on ENMs waste (in the form of NP, nanotubes, nanowires, and quantum dots) generated from the manufacture of a wide variety of nanoproducts that end up as nanowaste and adversely affect the environment. Furthermore, the review considers different types of ENMs in waste streams and environmental compartments (i.e., soil, water, and air). Detailed studies are still required to identify data gaps and implement strategies to remove and control this future waste.
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Monitoring and Optimisation of Ag Nanoparticle Spray-Coating on Textiles. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123165. [PMID: 34947513 PMCID: PMC8706691 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An automatic lab-scaled spray-coating machine was used to deposit Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) on textile to create antibacterial fabric. The spray process was monitored for the dual purpose of (1) optimizing the process by maximizing silver deposition and minimizing fluid waste, thereby reducing suspension consumption and (2) assessing AgNPs release. Monitoring measurements were carried out at two locations: inside and outside the spray chamber (far field). We calculated the deposition efficiency (E), finding it to be enhanced by increasing the spray pressure from 1 to 1.5 bar, but to be lowered when the number of operating sprays was increased, demonstrating the multiple spray system to be less efficient than a single spray. Far-field AgNPs emission showed a particle concentration increase of less than 10% as compared to the background level. This finding suggests that under our experimental conditions, our spray-coating process is not a critical source of worker exposure.
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West GH, Castaneda FI, Burrelli LG, Dresser D, Cooper MR, Brooks SB, Lippy BE. Occupational exposure risk during spraying of biocidal paint containing silver nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2021; 18:237-249. [PMID: 33989130 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2021.1910277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study assessed potential to exceed occupational exposure limits while spraying paint with and without a silver nanoparticle biocidal additive. A tradesperson performed the tasks in a sealed chamber with filtered air supply. Integrated air sampling entailed transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, direct-reading of particle number concentrations, and determination of silver mass concentration by NIOSH Method 7300. Silver nanoparticles were primarily embedded in paint spray droplets but also observed as isolated particles. Using an α-level of 0.05, median nanoparticle number concentrations did not differ significantly when spraying conventional vs. biocidal paint, although statistically significant differences were observed at specific particle size ranges <100 nm. The geometric mean concentration of total silver while spraying biocidal paint (n = 6) was 2.1 µg/m3 (95% CI: 1.5-2.8 µg/m3), and no respirable silver was detected (<0.50 µg/m3). The results address a lack of silver nanoparticle exposure data in construction and demonstrate the feasibility of a practical sampling approach. Given similar conditions, the measurements suggest a low probability of exceeding a proposed silver nanoparticle exposure limit of 0.9 µg/m3 as an airborne 8-hr time-weighted average respirable mass concentration. A full workday of exposure to respirable silver at the highest possible level in this study (<0.50 µg/m3) would not exceed the exposure limit, although limitations in comparing short task-based exposures to an 8-hr exposure limit must be noted. There was airflow in the study chamber, whereas exposure levels could increase over time in work environments lacking adequate ventilation. Potential to exceed the exposure limit hinged upon the respirable fraction of the paint mist, which could vary by material and application method. Additional research would improve understanding of silver nanoparticle exposure risks among construction trades, and biological responses to these exposures. Given the potential for exposure variability on construction jobsites, safety and health professionals should be cognizant of methods to assess and control silver nanoparticle exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin H West
- CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Fatima I Castaneda
- Environmental Profiles, Inc, Columbia, Maryland
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Michael R Cooper
- CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sara B Brooks
- CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Bruce E Lippy
- CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Laycock A, Wright MD, Römer I, Buckley A, Smith R. Characterisation of particles within and aerosols produced by nano-containing consumer spray products. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT: X 2020; 8:100079. [PMID: 33392499 PMCID: PMC7770152 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2020.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been incorporated into a range of consumer spray products, providing the potential for inadvertent inhalation by users and bystanders. The levels and characteristics of nanoparticle inhalation exposures arising from the use of such products are important inputs to risk assessments and informing dose regimes for in vitro and in vivo studies investigating hazard potentials. To date, only a small number of studies have been undertaken to explore both the aerosols generated from such products and the metal nanoparticles within them. The objective of the current study was to add to the limited data in this field by investigating a range of nano-containing spray products available within the UK. Six products were selected and the nanoparticles characterised using a combination of techniques, including: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX) and single particle ICP-MS (spICP-MS). The aerosol produced by these products, when sprayed within a glovebox, was characterised by scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS). A cascade impactor with thirteen stages (NanoMOUDI) was used with one product to generate information on the size specific nanoparticle elemental distribution within the aerosol. The results demonstrated the presence of solid nanoparticles (silver, gold or silica) in each of the products at low concentrations (<13 ppm). TEM and (sp)ICP-MS provided reliable information on nanoparticle size, shape, number and mass, while the light scattering methods were less effective due to the complex matrices of the products and their lack of chemical specificity. The aerosols varied significantly across products, with particle and mass concentrations spanning 5 orders of magnitude (10 - 106 cm-3 and 0.3-7600 μg m-3, respectively). The NanoMOUDI results clearly indicated non-uniform distribution of silver within different aerosol particle size ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Laycock
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Matthew D. Wright
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Isabella Römer
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Alison Buckley
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
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Park J, Ham S, Kim S, Jang M, Lee J, Kim S, Park D, Lee K, Kim H, Kim P, Yoon C. Physicochemical characteristics of colloidal nanomaterial suspensions and aerosolized particulates from nano-enabled consumer spray products. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:925-941. [PMID: 32201992 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties between colloidal engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and aerosols released from consumer spray products were characterized. A dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) were used to evaluate the suspended ENMs in the products. Direct-reading instruments, TEM, and ICP-MS were used to characterize the properties of aerosolized ENMs. The aerosolized organic compounds with ENMs were assumed to be vaporized for a short time after spraying. The median diameter of ENMs in product solutions measured by DLS was about 200-350 nm, while individual particle was confirmed from 3 to 50 nm by TEM. The size of aerosolized ENMs was ranged from 7 to 44 nm, and their aggregates were about 100-1000 nm in near distance. Some inorganic substances including raw nanomaterials were also found in the aerosol. The particles released from the propellant sprays were identified in far distance, while they were not found in far distance when pump sprays were used. The number concentration from the propellant sprays increased up to 6000 particles/cm3 /g at near distance and dispersed to far distance, while the most of droplets emitted from pump sprays were settled down near sprayer's location. We found other metals besides labeled ENMs are included in each product and the characteristics of the particles are different when they are sprayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Park
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghon Ham
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunju Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyeon Jang
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Northern Seoul Regional Office, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donguk Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungsik Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim T, Park J, Seo J, Yoon H, Lee B, Lim H, Lee D, Kim P, Yoon C, Lee K, Zoh KD. Behavioral characteristics to airborne particles generated from commercial spray products. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105747. [PMID: 32371310 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Commercial spray products are commonly used in daily life and airborne particles generated by these products may cause adverse health effects. Our study was aimed to characterize the behaviors of airborne particles from spray products and to determine the deposition loss rate. Four categories of spray products with highly frequent use - air fresheners, fabric deodorants, window cleaners, and a bathroom cleaner - were selected for the study. The products were applied in a cleanroom according to the instructions for use. Airborne particles (10-10,000 nm) were measured within the breathing zone of a user with a scanning mobility particle sizer and an optical particle spectrometer. Additionally, filter sampling was performed to examine the morphological characteristics of the particles using a field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The initial concentration and particle size distribution varied among different spray types and products. Two propellant-type air fresheners that we tested showed a high initial concentration of smaller sized particles. However, one of these and all hand-pressure type propellants showed a low initial concentration in all size ranges. We observed that particles in nucleation mode (10-31.6 nm) decreased and aggregated particles shifted to accumulation mode (100-1,000 nm) over time. The FS-SEM analysis confirmed the aggregation of nano-sized particles for all products. The deposition loss rates of various particle sizes depended on the initial concentration and distribution of particle sizes. For two air fresheners with high initial concentrations, the loss rate of small-sized particles was higher than that of the other products whereas the particle loss rate of large-sized particles was higher, regardless of initial concentration. The results of this study can give us useful information in the behaviors of airborne particles in the consumer spray products and resulting exposure assessment especially in the application to the exposure modeling of spray products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taksoo Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jihoon Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jungkwan Seo
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Hyojung Yoon
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Byeongwoo Lee
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Lim
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Daeyeop Lee
- Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Munemi-ro 478-1, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 21417, South Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Chungsik Yoon
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Salthammer T. Emerging indoor pollutants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 224:113423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Clausen PA, Mørck TA, Jensen ACØ, Schou TW, Kofoed-Sørensen V, Koponen IK, Frederiksen M, Detmer A, Fink M, Nørgaard AW, Wolkoff P. Biocidal spray product exposure: Measured gas, particle, and surface concentrations compared with spray model simulations. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2020; 17:15-29. [PMID: 31815607 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1689247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to compare measured air and surface concentrations after application of biocidal spray products with concentrations simulated with the ConsExpo Web spray simulation tool. Three different biocidal spray products were applied in a 20 m3 climate test chamber with well-controlled environmental conditions (22 ± 1 °C, 50 ± 2% relative humidity, and air exchange rate of 0.5 h-1). The products included an insect spray in a pressurized spray can, another insect spray product, and a disinfectant, the latter two applied separately with the same pumped spray device. The measurements included released particles, airborne organic compounds in both gas and particle phase, and surface concentrations of organic compounds on the wall and floor in front of the spraying position and on the most remote wall. Spraying time was a few seconds and the air concentrations were measured by sampling on adsorbent tubes at 9-13 times points during 4 hr after spraying. The full chamber experiment was repeated 2-3 times for each product. Due to sedimentation the concentrations of the particles in air decayed faster than explained by the air exchange rate. In spite of that, the non-volatile benzalkonium chlorides in the disinfectant could be measured in the air more than 30 min after spraying. ConsExpo Web simulated concentrations that were about half of the measured concentrations of the active substances when as many as possible of the default simulation parameters were replaced by the experimental values. ConsExpo Web was unable to simulate the observed faster decay of the airborne concentrations of the active substances, which might be due to underestimation of the gravitational particle deposition rates. There was a relatively good agreement between measured surface concentrations on the floor and calculated values based on the dislodgeable amount given in the selected ConsExpo Web scenarios. It is suggested to always supplement simulation tool results with practical measurements when assessing the exposure to a spray product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Axel Clausen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marie Frederiksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Detmer
- DHI Water Environment Health, Agern Allé 5, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Michael Fink
- DHI Water Environment Health, Agern Allé 5, Hørsholm, Denmark
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12
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Pearce K, Goldsmith WT, Greenwald R, Yang C, Mainelis G, Wright C. Characterization of an aerosol generation system to assess inhalation risks of aerosolized nano-enabled consumer products. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:357-367. [PMID: 31779509 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1685613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aerosolization of common nano-enabled consumer products such as cosmetics has significantly increased engineered nanoparticle inhalation risks. While several studies have investigated the impact of cosmetic dermal exposures, inhalation hazards of aerosolized cosmetics are much less known but could pose considerable harm to users due to potential co-exposure of nanoparticles and other product components.Materials and Methods: In this study, we developed a fully automated aerosol generation system to examine the aerosol properties of four aerosolized nano-enabled cosmetics using real-time monitoring and sampling instrumentation. Physicochemical characterization of aerosols was conducted using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Characterization and calibration of animal exposure pods coupled to the system were also performed by measuring and comparing particle concentrations between pods.Results and Discussion: Results show peak emissions are shade dependent and varied between 12,000-22,000 particles/cm3 with modal diameters ranging from 36 nm-1.3 µm. SEM-EDX analysis determined that the original products and collected aerosols have similar morphological features consisting of micron-sized particles decorated with nanoparticles and crystalline structures. Mean total particle concentration in pods at 5 and 10 mg/m3 target levels were 2.22E + 05 #/cm3 and 4.33E + 05 #/cm3, respectively, with <10% variability between pods.Conclusions: The fully automated exposure platform described herein provides reproducible aerosol generation, conforms to recommended guidelines on chemical testing, and therefore is suitable for future in vivo toxicological assessments to examine potential respiratory hazards of aerosolized nano-enabled consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pearce
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W T Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - R Greenwald
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Yang
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - G Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - C Wright
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Yang YF, Wang WM, Chen CY, Lu TH, Liao CM. Assessing human exposure risk and lung disease burden posed by airborne silver nanoparticles emitted by consumer spray products. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:1687-1703. [PMID: 30880973 PMCID: PMC6407905 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s171510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No systematic investigations have been conducted to assess the lung burden imposed by the chronic inhalation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) emitted by spray products. Objective The objective of this study was to formulate a study framework that integrates a probabilistic risk assessment scheme with a mechanistic lung burden model for the estimation of health risks associated with the long-term inhalation of AgNP-containing spray products. Materials and methods A compartmentalized physiologically based alveolar deposition (PBAD) model was used to estimate AgNP lung burden. Dose–response relationships were established using nanotoxicity data sets obtained from rats (as a model organism). Weibull model-based thresholds of AgNP lung burden based on neutrophil-elevated inflammation bio-markers were estimated from Hill-based exposure–response relationships. Finally, the risks of lung disease posed by various AgNP-containing spray products were assessed. Results Conservative thresholds for the prevention of pulmonary disease were estimated as follows (mean ± SE): 34 nm AgNPs (0.32±0.22 mg) and 60 nm AgNPs (1.08±0.64 mg). Our results indicate that the risk probability was ~0.5 that the hazard quotient (HQ) estimates of deodorant with a count median diameter (CMD) ≈30 nm exceeded 1. The primary risk posed by AgNPs is transferred from the interstitial region to lymph nodes. Under the condition of 50% risk probability, the 97.5 percentile of HQ for the spray products were as follows: CMD ≈30 nm (~3.4) and CMD ≈60 nm (~1.1). Conclusion Our application of the proposed risk assessment scheme to the results obtained in an in vivo animal model proved highly effective in elucidating the relationship between the characteristics of metallic NP-containing spray products and their corresponding toxicity. The integration of the proposed PBAD model with a risk assessment framework enables the rapid assessment of risk posed by spray products containing metallic NPs over various time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Fei Yang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China,
| | - Wei-Ming Wang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China,
| | - Chi-Yun Chen
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China,
| | - Tien-Hsuan Lu
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China,
| | - Chung-Min Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, Republic of China,
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Salmatonidis A, Ribalta C, Sanfélix V, Bezantakos S, Biskos G, Vulpoi A, Simion S, Monfort E, Viana M. Workplace Exposure to Nanoparticles during Thermal Spraying of Ceramic Coatings. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 63:91-106. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Salmatonidis
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Ribalta
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenta Sanfélix
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - George Biskos
- Energy Environment and Water Research Centre, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences (ICI-BNS), Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simon Simion
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences (ICI-BNS), Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eliseo Monfort
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Park J, Yoon C, Lee K. Comparison of modeled estimates of inhalation exposure to aerosols during use of consumer spray products. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:941-950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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16
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Bierkandt FS, Leibrock L, Wagener S, Laux P, Luch A. The impact of nanomaterial characteristics on inhalation toxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:321-346. [PMID: 30090585 PMCID: PMC6060709 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, nanotechnology has evolved into a success story, apparent from a steadily increasing number of scientific publications as well as a large number of applications based on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Its widespread uses suggest a high relevance for consumers, workers and the environment, hence justifying intensive investigations into ENM-related adverse effects as a prerequisite for nano-specific regulations. In particular, the inhalation of airborne ENMs, being assumed to represent the most hazardous type of human exposure to these kinds of particles, needs to be scrutinized. Due to an increased awareness of possible health effects, which have already been seen in the case of ultrafine particles (UFPs), research and regulatory measures have set in to identify and address toxic implications following their almost ubiquitous occurrence. Although ENM properties differ from those of the respective bulk materials, the available assessment protocols are often designed for the latter. Despite the large benefit ensuing from the application of nanotechnology, many issues related to ENM behavior and adverse effects are not fully understood or should be examined anew. The traditional hypothesis that ENMs exhibit different or additional hazards due to their "nano" size has been challenged in recent years and ENM categorization according to their properties and toxicity mechanisms has been proposed instead. This review summarizes the toxicological effects of inhaled ENMs identified to date, elucidating the modes of action which provoke different mechanisms in the respiratory tract and their resulting effects. By linking particular mechanisms and adverse effects to ENM properties, grouping of ENMs based on toxicity-related properties is supposed to facilitate toxicological risk assessment. As intensive studies are still required to identify these "ENM classes", the need for alternatives to animal studies is evident and advances in cell-based test systems for pulmonary research are presented here. We hope to encourage the ongoing discussion about ENM risks and to advocate the further development and practice of suitable testing and grouping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Lars Leibrock
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Sandra Wagener
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
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17
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Koivisto AJ, Jensen ACØ, Kling KI, Kling J, Budtz HC, Koponen IK, Tuinman I, Hussein T, Jensen KA, Nørgaard A, Levin M. Particle emission rates during electrostatic spray deposition of TiO 2 nanoparticle-based photoactive coating. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 341:218-227. [PMID: 28780436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we studied the particle release rate during Electrostatic spray deposition of anatase-(TiO2)-based photoactive coating onto tiles and wallpaper using a commercially available electrostatic spray device. Spraying was performed in a 20.3m3 test chamber while measuring concentrations of 5.6nm to 31μm-size particles and volatile organic compounds (VOC), as well as particle deposition onto room surfaces and on the spray gun user hand. The particle emission and deposition rates were quantified using aerosol mass balance modelling. The geometric mean particle number emission rate was 1.9×1010s-1 and the mean mass emission rate was 381μgs-1. The respirable mass emission-rate was 65% lower than observed for the entire measured size-range. The mass emission rates were linearly scalable (±ca. 20%) to the process duration. The particle deposition rates were up to 15h-1 for <1μm-size and the deposited particles consisted of mainly TiO2, TiO2 mixed with Cl and/or Ag, TiO2 particles coated with carbon, and Ag particles with size ranging from 60nm to ca. 5μm. As expected, no significant VOC emissions were observed as a result of spraying. Finally, we provide recommendations for exposure model parameterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti J Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Alexander C Ø Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kirsten I Kling
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jens Kling
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Budtz
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Ismo K Koponen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Ilse Tuinman
- TNO, CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Tareq Hussein
- The University of Jordan, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Amman, JO-11942 Jordan
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Asger Nørgaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Marcus Levin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark; ACT. Global, Kajakvej 2, 2770, Kastrup, Denmark
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18
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Kalume A, Wang C, Santarpia J, Pan YL. Liquid–liquid phase separation and evaporation of a laser-trapped organic–organic airborne droplet using temporal spatial-resolved Raman spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19151-19159. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02372g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Using temporal position-resolved Raman spectroscopy, different gradient distributions of two chemicals an different time within an airborne droplets were directly observed, as well as their phase separation and evaporation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuji Wang
- Mississippi State University
- Starkville
- USA
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19
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Park J, Ham S, Jang M, Lee J, Kim S, Kim S, Lee K, Park D, Kwon J, Kim H, Kim P, Choi K, Yoon C. Spatial-Temporal Dispersion of Aerosolized Nanoparticles During the Use of Consumer Spray Products and Estimates of Inhalation Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7624-7638. [PMID: 28441862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the spatial-temporal dispersion of airborne nanomaterials during the use of spray consumer products and estimated the level of consumer inhalation exposure. A total of eight spray products including five propellant and three pump types were selected to evaluate the dispersion of airborne nanoparticles across time and space in a cleanroom which could control the background particles. Four products were advertised to contain silver and one contained titanium nanoparticles, while three products were specified no ENM but as being manufactured through the use of nanotechnology. We used direct-reading instruments with a thermodesorber unit to measure the particles (number, mass, surface area), as well as filter sampling to examine physicochemical characteristics. Sampling was conducted simultaneously at each location (1 m, near-field; 2, 3 m, far-field) by distance from the source. We estimated the inhaled doses at the breathing zone, and the doses deposited in each part of the respiratory tract using the experimental data and mathematical models. Nanoparticles released from the propellant sprays persisted in the air and dispersed over a large distance due to their small size (1466-5565 particles/cm3). Conversely, the pump sprays produced larger droplets that settled out of the air relatively close to the source, so the concentration was similar to background level (<200 particles/cm3). The estimates of inhalation exposure also suggested that exposure to nanoparticles was greater with propellant sprays (1.2 × 108 ± 4.0 × 107 particles/kgbw/day) than pump sprays (2.7 × 107 ± 6.5 × 106 particles/kgbw/day). We concluded that the propellant sprays create a higher risk of exposure than the pump sprays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghon Ham
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyeon Jang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunju Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Donguk Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University , 86, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03087, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungtaek Kwon
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research , 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research , 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research , 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Risk Assessment Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research , 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungsik Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Kuijpers E, Bekker C, Brouwer D, le Feber M, Fransman W. Understanding workers' exposure: Systematic review and data-analysis of emission potential for NOAA. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2017; 14:349-359. [PMID: 27801630 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1252843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment for nano-objects, and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA), has evolved from explorative research toward more comprehensive exposure assessment, providing data to further develop currently used conservative control banding (CB) tools for risk assessment. This study aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on emission potential of NOAA across the occupational life cycle stages by a systematic review and subsequently use the results in a data analysis. Relevant parameters that influence emission were collected from peer-reviewed literature with a focus on the four source domains (SD) in the source-receptor conceptual framework for NOAA. To make the reviewed exposure data comparable, we applied an approach to normalize for workplace circumstances and measurement location, resulting in comparable "surrogate" emission levels. Finally, descriptive statistics were performed. During the synthesis of nanoparticles (SD1), mechanical reduction and gas phase synthesis resulted in the highest emission compared to wet chemistry and chemical vapor condensation. For the handling and transfer of bulk manufactured nanomaterial powders (SD2) the emission could be differentiated for five activity classes: (1) harvesting; (2) dumping; (3); mixing; (4) cleaning of a reactor; and (5) transferring. Additionally, SD2 was subdivided by the handled amount with cleaning further subdivided by energy level. Harvesting and dumping resulted in the highest emissions. Regarding processes with liquids (SD3b), it was possible to distinguish emissions for spraying (propellant gas, (high) pressure and pump), sonication and brushing/rolling. The highest emissions observed in SD3b were for propellant gas spraying and pressure spraying. The highest emissions for the handling of nano-articles (SD4) were found to nano-sized particles (including NOAA) for grinding. This study provides a valuable overview of emission assessments performed in the workplace during the occupational handling of NOAA. Analyses were made per source domain to derive emission levels which can be used for models to quantitatively predict the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Bekker
- a TNO , Zeist , The Netherlands
- b Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - D Brouwer
- a TNO , Zeist , The Netherlands
- c School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, RSA , Johannesburg , South Africa
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Jain AK, Senapati VA, Singh D, Dubey K, Maurya R, Pandey AK. Impact of anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles on mutagenic and genotoxic response in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (V-79): The role of cellular uptake. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:127-139. [PMID: 28400324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The unique physico-chemical properties of nano crystalline anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) render them with different biological and chemical activities. Hence, it is widely used in industrial and consumer applications. Previous studies have shown the genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs. However, there is a paucity of data regarding mutagenicity of these NPs. In the present study, the cellular uptake, sub-cellular localization, cytotoxicity and short term DNA interaction of TiO2 NPs (1-100 μgmL-1) of diameter ranging from 12 to 25 nm on mammalian lung fibroblast cells (V-79) has been studied. The flow cytometric analysis and electron micrographs of V-79 monolayer showed the internalization of TiO2 NPs in the cytoplasm with the confirmation of elemental composition through SEM/EDX analysis. TEM analysis also showed TiO2 NPs induced ultra-structural changes such as swollen mitochondria and nuclear membrane disruption in V-79 cells. TiO2 NPs generated free radicals, which induced indirect mutagenic and genotoxic responses. Apart from measuring the genotoxicity by Comet assay, the mutagenic potential of TiO2 NPs in V-79 cells was evaluated by mammalian HGPRT gene forward mutation assay, showing a 2.98- fold increase in 6TGR HGPRT mutant frequency (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) by culture plate method, which is an early indicator of potential carcinogenicity. Hence, TiO2 NPs should be closely monitored and there should be a judicious use and disposal of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Jain
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Violet Aileen Senapati
- Division of Biological & Life Sciences, School of Arts & Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Divya Singh
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kavita Dubey
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Renuka Maurya
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Kumar Pandey
- CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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23
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Chen S, Sun Y, Chao J, Cheng L, Chen Y, Liu J. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of silver nanoparticles in water using ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 41:211-217. [PMID: 26969067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Using the ionic liquid (IL) 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as the extractant and methanol as the dispersion solvent, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was developed to extract silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from environmental water samples. Parameters that influenced the extraction efficiency such as IL concentration, pH and extraction time were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the highest extraction efficiency for AgNPs was above 90% with an enrichment factor of >90. The extracted AgNPs in the IL phase were identified by transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave digestion, with a detection limit of 0.01μg/L. The spiked recovery of AgNPs was 84.4% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.8% (n=6) at a spiked level of 5μg/L, and 89.7% with a RSD of 2.2% (n=6) at a spiked level of 300μg/L, respectively. Commonly existed environmental ions had a very limited influence on the extraction efficiency. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of AgNPs in river water, lake water, and the influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, with recoveries in the range of 71.0%-90.9% at spiking levels of 0.11-4.7μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yuanjing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science Division, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100031, China
| | - Jingbo Chao
- Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science Division, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100031, China.
| | - Liping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Franchi LP, Manshian BB, de Souza TA, Soenen SJ, Matsubara EY, Rosolen JM, Takahashi CS. Cyto- and genotoxic effects of metallic nanoparticles in untransformed human fibroblast. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1319-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tang S, Wang M, Germ KE, Du HM, Sun WJ, Gao WM, Mayer GD. Health implications of engineered nanoparticles in infants and children. World J Pediatr 2015; 11:197-206. [PMID: 26253410 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-015-0028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nanotechnology boom and the ability to manufacture novel nanomaterials have led to increased production and use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). However, the increased use of various ENPs inevitably results in their release in or the contamination of the environment, which poses significant threats to human health. In recent years, extraordinary economic and societal benefits of nanoproducts as well as their potential risks have been observed and widely debated. To estimate whether ENPs are safe from the onset of their manufacturing to their disposal, evaluation of the toxicological effects of ENPs on human exposure, especially on more sensitive and vulnerable sectors of the population (infants and children) is essential. DATA SOURCES Papers were obtained from PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Literature search words included: "nanoparticles", "infants", "children", "exposure", "toxicity", and all relevant cross-references. RESULTS A brief overview was conducted to 1) characterize potential exposure routes of ENPs for infants and children; 2) describe the vulnerability and particular needs of infants and children about ENPs exposure; 3) investigate the current knowledge about the potential health hazards of ENPs; and 4) provide suggestions for future research and regulations in ENP applications. CONCLUSIONS As the manufacturing and use of ENPs become more widespread, directed and focused studies are necessary to measure actual exposure levels and to determine adverse health consequences in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Tang
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79416, USA
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Sajid M, Ilyas M, Basheer C, Tariq M, Daud M, Baig N, Shehzad F. Impact of nanoparticles on human and environment: review of toxicity factors, exposures, control strategies, and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4122-43. [PMID: 25548015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has revolutionized the world through introduction of a unique class of materials and consumer products in many arenas. It has led to production of innovative materials and devices. Despite of their unique advantages and applications in domestic and industrial sectors, use of materials with dimensions in nanometers has raised the issue of safety for workers, consumers, and human environment. Because of their small size and other unique characteristics, nanoparticles have ability to harm human and wildlife by interacting through various mechanisms. We have reviewed the characteristics of nanoparticles which form the basis of their toxicity. This paper also reviews possible routes of exposure of nanoparticles to human body. Dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion have been discussed in detail. As very limited data is available for long-term human exposures, there is a pressing need to develop the methods which can determine short and long-term effects of nanoparticles on human and environment. We also discuss in brief the strategies which can help to control human exposures to toxic nanoparticles. We have outlined the current status of toxicological studies dealing with nanoparticles, accomplishments, weaknesses, and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia,
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Göhler D, Stintz M. Granulometric characterization of airborne particulate release during spray application of nanoparticle-doped coatings. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 16:2520. [PMID: 25152690 PMCID: PMC4129227 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-014-2520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particle release during the spray application of coatings was analyzed in the nanometre and micrometre size range. In order to represent realistic conditions of domestic and handcraft use, the spray application was performed using two types of commercial propellant spray cans and a manual gravity spray gun. Four different types of coatings doped with three kinds of metal-oxide tracer nanoparticle additives (TNPA) were analyzed. Depending on the used coating and the kind of spray unit, particulate release numbers between 5 × 108 and 3 × 1010 particles per gram ejection mass were determined in the dried spray aerosols. The nanoparticulate fraction amounted values between 10 and 60 no%. The comparison between nanoparticle-doped coatings with non-doped ones showed no TNPA-attributed differences in both the macroscopic spray process characteristics and the particle release numbers. SEM, TEM and EDX-analyzes showed that the spray aerosols were composed of particles made up solely from matrix material and sheathed pigments, fillers and TNPAs. Isolated ZnO- or Fe2O3-TNPAs could not be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Göhler
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Stintz
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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