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Zhang Y, Yang X, Wang Y, Yang Z, Zhao H, Ding Y. Light-duty vehicle organic gas emissions from tailpipe and evaporation: A review of influencing factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174523. [PMID: 38986694 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Vehicle organic gas emissions are becoming an increasingly significant pollution source in many cities, leading to serious negative impacts on human health and the environment. However, interest in vehicular emissions is currently mostly focused on the emission characteristics of regulated gas, while little information is available on the systematic overview of organic gas emissions, particularly under different conditions. This review classifies the current status of research and control measures regarding organic gas emissions from light-duty vehicles. The key factors influencing tailpipe and evaporative emissions, including temperature, fuel composition, vehicle mileage, driving conditions, and road conditions, are identified. Building upon this review, we conducted a case study to comprehensively assess the impact of temperature and fuel on organic gas emissions. Looking ahead, future research on organic gas emissions from motor vehicles could delve deeper into the component characteristics, evaporative emissions, and model applications. Better understanding the effects of crucial factors on organic gas emissions from vehicles would aid in effectively managing and regulating tailpipe and evaporative emissions, thereby improving atmospheric air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yunjing Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhengjun Yang
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Haiguang Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yan Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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2
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Miao X, Zhang X, Wang C, Li J, Zhao J, Qu L, Liu Y, Qi S, Li H, Fu M, Jin T. Effects of fuel and driving conditions on particle number emissions of China-VI gasoline vehicles: based on corrections to test results. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:591. [PMID: 38819539 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The increasing number of vehicles are emitting a large amount of particles into the atmosphere, causing serious harm to the ecological environment and human health. This study conducted the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) to investigate the emission characteristics of particle number (PN) of China-VI gasoline vehicles with different gasoline. The gasoline with lower aromatic hydrocarbons and olefins reduced particulate matter (PM) and PN emissions by 24% and 52% respectively. The average PN emission rate of the four vehicles during the first 300 s (the cold start period) was 7.2 times that of the 300 s-1800s. Additionally, because the particle transmission time and instrument response time, the test results of instantaneous emissions of PN were not synchronized with vehicle specific power (VSP). By calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient between pre-average vehicle specific power (PAVSP) and the test results of PN instantaneous emissions, the delay time was determined as 10s. After the PN emissions results were corrected, the PN emissions were found to be more related to VSP. By analyzing the influence of driving status on emission, this study found that vehicles in acceleration mode increased PN emissions by 76% compared to those in constant speed mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Miao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liang Qu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yu Liu
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China
| | - Songbo Qi
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China
| | - Honglin Li
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China
| | - Mengqi Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Taosheng Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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3
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Cao Y, Zhao H, Zhang S, Wu X, Anderson JE, Shen W, Wallington TJ, Wu Y. Impacts of ethanol blended fuels and cold temperature on VOC emissions from gasoline vehicles in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123869. [PMID: 38548150 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The Chinese central government has initiated pilot projects to promote the adoption of gasoline containing 10%v ethanol (E10). Vehicle emissions using ethanol blended fuels require investigation to estimate the environmental impacts of the initiative. Five fuel formulations were created using two blending methods (splash blending and match blending) to evaluate the impacts of formulations on speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from exhaust emissions. Seven in-use vehicles covering China 4 to China 6 emission standards were recruited. Vehicle tests were conducted using the Worldwide Harmonized Test Cycle (WLTC) in a temperature-controlled chamber at 23 °C and -7 °C. Splash blended E10 fuels led to significant reductions in VOC emissions by 12%-75%. E10 fuels had a better performance of reducing VOC emissions in older model vehicles than in newer model vehicles. These results suggested that E10 fuel could be an option to mitigate the VOC emissions. Although replacing methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) with ethanol in regular gasoline had no significant effects on VOC emissions, the replacement led to lower aromatic emissions by 40%-60%. Alkanes and aromatics dominated approximately 90% of VOC emissions for all vehicle-fuel combinations. Cold temperature increased VOC emissions significantly, by 3-26 folds for all vehicle/fuel combinations at -7 °C. Aromatic emissions were increased by cold temperature, from 2 to 26 mg/km at 23 °C to 33-238 mg/km at -7 °C. OVOC emissions were not significantly affected by E10 fuel or cold temperature. The ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of splash blended E10 fuels decreased by up to 76% and 81%, respectively, compared with those of E0 fuels. The results are useful to update VOC emission profiles of Chinese vehicles using ethanol blended gasoline and under low-temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haiguang Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xian Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - James E Anderson
- Ford Motor Company, Research & Advanced Engineering, Dearborn, MI, 48121, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Ford Motor Company, Research & Advanced Engineering, Dearborn, MI, 48121, USA
| | - Timothy J Wallington
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ye Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China.
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4
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Zhu M, Ou J, Liao S, Yu F, Lu M, Sha Q, Liu J, Zhong H, Wu Z, Zhong Z, Zheng J. Characterizing Operating Condition-Based Formaldehyde Emissions of Light-Duty Diesel Trucks in China Using a PEMS-HCHO System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1592-1599. [PMID: 36662717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) plays a critical role in atmospheric photochemistry and public health. While existing studies have suggested that vehicular exhaust is an important source of HCHO, the operating condition-based diesel truck HCHO emission measurements remain severely limited due to the limited temporal resolution and accuracy of measurement techniques. In this study, we characterized the second-by-second HCHO emissions from 29 light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs) in China over dynamometer and real-world driving tests using a portable online HCHO emission measurement system (PEMS-HCHO), considering various operating conditions. Our results suggested that the HCHO emissions from LDDTs might be underestimated by the widely used offline DNPH-HPLC method. The HCHO emissions at a 200 s cold start from China V LDDT can be up to 50 mg/start. Different driving conditions over dynamometer and real-world driving tests led to a 2-4 times difference in the HCHO emission factors (EFs). Under real-world hot-running conditions, the HCHO EFs of China III, IV, V, and VI LDDTs were 43.5 ± 35.7, 10.6 ± 14.2, 8.8 ± 5.1, and 3.2 ± 1.2 mg/km, respectively, which significantly exceeded the latest California low emission vehicle III HCHO emission standard (2.5 mg/km). These findings highlighted the significant impact of vehicle operating conditions on HCHO emissions and the urgency of regulating HCHO emissions from LDDTs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Zhu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jiamin Ou
- Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Songdi Liao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Menghua Lu
- School of Petroleum Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Qinge Sha
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Hancheng Zhong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zeyan Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zhuangmin Zhong
- Guangdong Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510000, China
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5
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Wang X, Han X, Fan L, Li L, Wang C, Gong S, Qi J, Ge T, Liu H, Li X, Cao Y, Liu M, Wang Q, Su L, Yao X, Wang X. The relationship of residential formaldehyde pollution in 11 Chinese cities to schoolchildren pneumonia prevalence in actual living condition. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114162. [PMID: 36027964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Residential formaldehyde pollution is one of the leading residential harmful pollutants with a large production and consumption globally and remains much uncertainty in Chinese families with huge health burden for children worldwide. A multi-center observation study from 11 cities was conducted to investigate residential formaldehyde pollution levels measured by phenol reagent spectrophotometry. Data on household characteristics and schoolchildren's health were collected by questionnaire. The median concentration of residential formaldehyde was 0.025 (0.002-0.281) mg/m3 among 11 cities with the total exceeding standard rate of 7.40% according to the reference value of 0.10 mg/m3 (1-h average). Residential formaldehyde pollution in warm season, bedrooms and northern cities was more serious than that in cold season, living rooms and southern cities, respectively. The potential influencing factors of residential formaldehyde included household characteristics (distance from a traffic road, building history, residence duration, window glass layers, decoration and furniture) and use of air conditioner. The positive regulation effect of temperature on residential formaldehyde was explored with the approximately turning-point temperature of 28.9 °C for peak concentration. Long-term exposure to residential formaldehyde of low concentrations (0.010-0.090 mg/m3) would increase the prevalence of childhood pneumonia and a more stringent criteria value for residential formaldehyde should be discussed cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Xu Han
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Lin Fan
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Li Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Chong Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Shuhan Gong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Jing Qi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Tanxi Ge
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Hang Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Xu Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Yun Cao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Qin Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Liqin Su
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Yao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
| | - Xianliang Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, PR China.
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6
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Chan TW, Hendren J, Brezny R, Gunter GC, Lax D, Kubsh J. Assessment of particle and gaseous emissions and reductions from gasoline direct injection passenger car and light-duty truck during passive regeneration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156994. [PMID: 35780894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of two passive regenerating gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) on reducing both gaseous and particle phase pollutants from a gasoline direct inject (GDI) passenger car (PC) and light-duty truck (LDT). In the absence of filter regeneration, observations from this study are consistent with other studies demonstrating how particle number (PN), particulate matter (PM), and black carbon (BC) emissions were reduced from the two vehicles with the use of GPFs. The significance of this study was to demonstrate the ability of the GPF to mitigate gaseous and particulate pollutants during severe passive filter regeneration, which was often observed on the LDT during aggressive US06 drive cycle testing. Partial filter regeneration happened on the LDT during some FTP-75 tests, as well as on the PC during some US06 drive cycles, however, this did not impact the GPF filtration efficiency (FE) to reduce particulate and gaseous pollutants. Using a cleaner fuel with lower overall tailpipe PM emissions could potentially lead to more frequent partial regenerations. This could produce the benefit of lower exhaust back pressure during and immediately after regeneration but still provide sufficient reduction in both particle and gaseous emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak W Chan
- Climate Chemistry Measurements and Research, Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada; Emissions Research and Measurement Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Jill Hendren
- Policy and Instrument Development Section, Plastics Regulatory Affairs Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 351 Blvd St-Joseph, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Rasto Brezny
- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association, 2101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 530, Arlington, VA 22201, USA
| | - Garry C Gunter
- Phillips 66 Company, Highway 60 and 123, Bartlesville, OK 74003, USA
| | - David Lax
- American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, USA
| | - Joseph Kubsh
- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association, 2101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 530, Arlington, VA 22201, USA
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7
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Comprehensive Analysis of the Pollutant Characteristics of Gasoline Vehicle Emissions under Different Engine, Fuel, and Test Cycles. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15020622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle exhaust emissions have seriously affected air quality and human health, and understanding the emission characteristics of vehicle pollutants can promote emission reductions. In this study, a chassis dynamometer was used to study the emission characteristics of the pollutants of two gasoline vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) when using six kinds of fuels. The results show that the two tested vehicles had different engine performance under the same test conditions, which led to a significant difference in their emission characteristics. The fuel consumption and pollutant emission factors of the WLTC cycle were higher than those of the NEDC. The research octane number (RON) and ethanol content of fuels have significant effects on pollutant emissions. For the Euro 5 vehicle, CO and particle number (PN) emissions decreased under the WLTC cycle, and NOx emissions decreased with increasing RONs. For the Euro 6 vehicle, CO and NOx emissions decreased and PN emissions increased with increasing RONs. Compared with traditional gasoline, ethanol gasoline (E10) led to decreases in NOx and PN emissions, and increased CO emissions for the Euro 5 vehicle, while it led to higher PN and NOx emissions and lower CO emissions for the Euro 6 vehicle. In addition, the particulate matter emitted was mainly nucleation-mode particulate matter, accounting for more than 70%. There were two peaks in the particle size distribution, which were about 18 nm and 40 nm, respectively. Finally, compared with ethanol–gasoline, gasoline vehicles with high emission standards (Euro 6) are more suitable for the use of traditional gasoline with a high RON.
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8
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Abstract
The emission limit of non-volatile particles (i.e., particles that do not evaporate at 350 °C) with size >23 nm, in combination with the real driving emissions (RDE) regulation in 2017, resulted in the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in all light-duty vehicles with gasoline direct injection engines in Europe. Even though there are studies that have examined the particulate emissions at or beyond the current RDE boundary conditions, there is a lack of studies combining most or all worst cases (i.e., conditions that increase the emissions). In this study, we challenged a fresh (i.e., no accumulation of soot or ash) “advanced” prototype GPF at different temperatures (down to −9 °C), aggressive drive cycles and hard accelerations (beyond the RDE limits), high payload (up to 90%), use of all auxiliaries (air conditioning, heating of the seats and the rear window), and cold starts independently or simultaneously. Under hot engine conditions, the increase of the particulate emissions due to higher payload and lower ambient temperature was 30–90%. The cold start at low ambient temperature, however, had an effect on the emissions of up to a factor of 20 for particles >23 nm or 300 when considering particles <23 nm. We proposed that the reason for these high emissions was the incomplete combustion and the low efficiency of the three-way oxidation catalyst. This resulted in a high concentration of species that were in the gaseous phase at the high temperature of the close-coupled GPF and thus could not be filtered by the GPF. As the exhaust gas cooled down, these precursor species formed particles that could not be evaporated at 350 °C (the temperature of the particle number system). These results highlight the importance of the proper calibration of the engine out emissions at all conditions, even when a GPF is installed.
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9
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König A, Siska M, Schweidtmann AM, Rittig JG, Viell J, Mitsos A, Dahmen M. Designing production-optimal alternative fuels for conventional, flexible-fuel, and ultra-high efficiency engines. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Noreen A, Li M, Fu Y, Amoo CC, Wang J, Maturura E, Du C, Yang R, Xing C, Sun J. One-Pass Hydrogenation of CO 2 to Multibranched Isoparaffins over Bifunctional Zeolite-Based Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Noreen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
| | - Mingquan Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Fu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
| | - Cederick Cyril Amoo
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jiayuan Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
| | - Elton Maturura
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
| | - Ce Du
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqin Yang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
| | - Chuang Xing
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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11
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Roth P, Yang J, Stamatis C, Barsanti KC, Cocker DR, Durbin TD, Asa-Awuku A, Karavalakis G. Evaluating the relationships between aromatic and ethanol levels in gasoline on secondary aerosol formation from a gasoline direct injection vehicle. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:140333. [PMID: 32783873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While the effects of fuel composition on primary vehicle emissions have been well studied, less is known about the effects on secondary aerosol formation and composition. The propensity of light-duty gasoline engines to form secondary aerosol and contribute to regional air quality burdens are of scientific interest. This study assessed secondary aerosol formation and composition due to photochemical aging of exhaust emissions from a light-duty vehicle equipped with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. The vehicle was operated on eight fuels with varying ethanol and aromatic levels. Testing was performed over the LA92 cycle using a chassis dynamometer. The aging studies were performed using a mobile environmental chamber. Diluted exhaust emissions were introduced to the mobile chamber over the course of the LA92 cycle and subsequently photochemically reacted. It was found that secondary aerosol mass exceeded the primary particulate matter (PM) emissions. Secondary aerosol was primarily composed of ammonium nitrate due to the elevated tailpipe ammonia emissions. The high aromatic fuels produced greater total carbonaceous aerosol and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) compared to the low aromatic fuels. A clear influence of ethanol for the high aromatic fuels on SOA formation was observed, with greater SOA formation for the fuels with higher ethanol contents. Our results suggest that more SOA formation is expected from current GDI vehicles when operated with gasoline fuels rich with heavier aromatics and blended with higher ethanol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Roth
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiacheng Yang
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Christos Stamatis
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kelley C Barsanti
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David R Cocker
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Akua Asa-Awuku
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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12
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McCaffery C, Zhu H, Li C, Durbin TD, Johnson KC, Jung H, Brezny R, Geller M, Karavalakis G. On-road gaseous and particulate emissions from GDI vehicles with and without gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) using portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136366. [PMID: 31923692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the on-road gaseous and particulate emissions from three current technology gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles using portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS). Two vehicles were also retrofitted with catalyzed gasoline particulate filters (GPFs). All vehicles were exercised over four routes with different topological and environmental characteristics, representing urban, rural, highway, and high-altitude driving conditions. The results showed strong reductions in particulate mass (PM), soot mass, and particle number emissions with the use of GPFs. Particle emissions were found to be highest during urban and high-altitude driving compared to highway driving. The reduction efficiency of the GPFs ranged from 44% to 99% for overall soot mass emissions. Similar efficiencies were found for particle number and PM mass emissions. In most cases, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions showed improvements with the catalyzed GPFs in the underfloor position with the additional catalytic volume. No significant differences were seen in carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions with the vehicles retrofitted with GPFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cavan McCaffery
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Hanwei Zhu
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Chengguo Li
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kent C Johnson
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Heejung Jung
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Rasto Brezny
- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association, 2200 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 310, Arlington, VA 22201, USA
| | - Michael Geller
- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association, 2200 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 310, Arlington, VA 22201, USA
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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13
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Ahmed CMS, Yang J, Chen JY, Jiang H, Cullen C, Karavalakis G, Lin YH. Toxicological responses in human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) exposed to particulate matter emissions from gasoline fuels with varying aromatic and ethanol levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135732. [PMID: 31818575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the toxicological potencies of particulate matter (PM) emissions from a modern vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine when operated on eight different fuels with varying aromatic hydrocarbon and ethanol contents. Testing was conducted over the LA92 driving cycle using a chassis dynamometer with a constant volume sampling system, where particles were collected onto Teflon filters. The extracted PM constituents were analyzed for their oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) chemical assay and exposure-induced gene expression in human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Different trends of DTT activities were seen when testing PM samples in 100% aqueous buffer solutions versus elevated fraction of methanol in aqueous buffers (50:50), indicating the effect of solubility of organic PM constituents on the measured oxidative potential. Higher aromatics content in fuels corresponded to higher DTT activities in PM. Exposure to PM exhaust upregulated the expression of HMOX-1, but downregulated the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, CCL5 and NOS2 in BEAS-2B cells. The principal component regression analysis revealed different patterns of correlations. Aromatics content contributed to more significant PAH-mediated IL-6 downregulation, whereas ethanol content was associated with decreased downregulation of IL-6. Our findings highlighted the key role of fuel composition in modulating the toxicological responses to GDI PM emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Sabbir Ahmed
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jiacheng Yang
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jin Y Chen
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Huanhuan Jiang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Cody Cullen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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14
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Neyestani SE, Walters S, Pfister G, Kooperman GJ, Saleh R. Direct Radiative Effect and Public Health Implications of Aerosol Emissions Associated with Shifting to Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Technologies in Light-Duty Vehicles in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:687-696. [PMID: 31876411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to their enhanced fuel economy, the market share of gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles has increased significantly over the past decade. However, GDI engines emit higher levels of black carbon (BC) aerosols compared to traditional port fuel injection (PFI) engines. Here, we performed coupled chemical transport and radiative transfer simulations to estimate the aerosol-induced public health and direct radiative effects of shifting the U.S. fleet from PFI to GDI technology. By comparing simulations with current emission profiles and emission profiles modified to reflect a shift from PFI to GDI, we calculated the change in aerosol (mostly BC) concentrations associated with the fleet change. Standard concentration-response calculations indicated that the total annual deaths in the U.S. attributed to particulate gasoline-vehicle emissions would increase from 855 to 1599 due to shifting from PFI to GDI. Furthermore, the increase in BC associated with the shift would lead to an annual average positive radiative effect over the U.S. of approximately +0.075 W/m2, with values as large as +0.45 W/m2 over urban regions. On the other hand, the reduction in CO2 emissions associated with the enhanced fuel economy of GDI vehicles would yield a globally uniform negative radiative effect, estimated to be -0.013 W/m2 over a 20 year time horizon. Therefore, the climate burden of the increase in BC emissions dominates over the U.S., especially over source regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacy Walters
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) , Boulder , Colorado 80307 , United States
| | - Gabriele Pfister
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) , Boulder , Colorado 80307 , United States
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15
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Yang J, Roth P, Durbin TD, Shafer MM, Hemming J, Antkiewicz DS, Asa-Awuku A, Karavalakis G. Emissions from a flex fuel GDI vehicle operating on ethanol fuels show marked contrasts in chemical, physical and toxicological characteristics as a function of ethanol content. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:749-761. [PMID: 31150895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the gaseous and particulate emissions, as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) from a flex fuel vehicle equipped with a wall-guided gasoline direct injection engine over triplicates cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The vehicle was operated on a Tier 3 E10 fuel, an E10 fuel with higher levels of aromatics than the Tier 3 E10, an E30, and an E78 blend. Total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate emissions, and gaseous toxics (of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), and 1,3-butadiene) reduced for E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 fuels. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions substantially increased with the higher ethanol blends. The high aromatic E10 fuel increased the emissions of THC, NMHC, particulates, and BTEX compared to the Tier 3 E10 fuel and the higher ethanol blends, as well as showed higher concentrations of accumulation mode particles. The GDI PM did not exhibit any measurable mutagenicity at the PM concentrations tested. Cytotoxicity varied only within a small range and concentrations of PM, eliciting a cytotoxic response similar to those by ambient aerosol. The outcomes of our two measures of PM oxidative potential (macrophage ROS and DTT) were significantly correlated, with the E78 blend exhibiting the least oxidative potential and the E30 the greatest. Gene expression analysis at both the mRNA and protein level indicates that there is the potential for GDI PM emissions to contribute to inflammation and etiology of disease such as asthma, and in contrast to the ROS and DTT outcomes, the E78 fuel PM exhibited the greatest potential to elicit pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα) production. Overall, the trends in toxicity emission rates (activity/mi) across the ethanol blends was driven primarily by PM mass emission rate contrasts and only secondarily by the differences in intrinsic toxicity of the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Yang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Patrick Roth
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jocelyn Hemming
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dagmara S Antkiewicz
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Akua Asa-Awuku
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
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16
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European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9070586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The particulate matter (PM) emissions of gasoline vehicles were much lower than those of diesel vehicles until the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the early 2000s. At the same time, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines started to become popular in the market due to their improved efficiency over port fuel injection (PFI) ones. However, the PM mass and number emissions of GDI vehicles were higher than their PFI counterparts and diesel ones equipped with DPFs. Stringent PM mass levels and the introduction of particle number limits for GDI vehicles in the European Union (EU) resulted in significant PM reductions. The EU requirement to fulfill the proposed limits on the road resulted to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in EU GDI models. This review summarizes the evolution of PM mass emissions from gasoline vehicles placed in the market from early 1990s until 2019 in different parts of the world. The analysis then extends to total and nonvolatile particle number emissions. Care is given to reveal the impact of ambient temperature on emission levels. The discussion tries to provide scientific input to the following policy-relevant questions. Whether particle number limits should be extended to gasoline PFI vehicles, whether the lower limit of 23 nm for particle number measurements should be decreased to 10 nm, and whether low ambient temperature tests for PM should be included.
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17
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Roth P, Yang J, Fofie E, Cocker DR, Durbin TD, Brezny R, Geller M, Asa-Awuku A, Karavalakis G. Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filters Reduce Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3037-3047. [PMID: 30794395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of photochemical aging on exhaust emissions from two light-duty vehicles with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines equipped with and without catalyzed gasoline particle filters (GPFs) were investigated using a mobile environmental chamber. Both vehicles with and without the GPFs were exercised over the LA92 drive cycle using a chassis dynamometer. Diluted exhaust emissions from the entire LA92 cycle were introduced to the mobile chamber and subsequently photochemically reacted. It was found that the addition of catalyzed GPFs will significantly reduce tailpipe particulate emissions and also provide benefits in gaseous emissions, including nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC). Tailpipe emissions composition showed important changes with the use of GPFs by practically eliminating black carbon and increasing the fractional contribution of organic mass. Production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was reduced with GPF addition, but was also dependent on engine design which determined the amount of SOA precursors at the tailpipe. Our findings indicate that SOA production from GDI vehicles will be reduced with the application of catalyzed GPFs through the mitigation of reactive hydrocarbon precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Roth
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Jiacheng Yang
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Emmanuel Fofie
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - David R Cocker
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Rasto Brezny
- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association , 2200 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 310 , Arlington , Virginia 22201 , United States
| | - Michael Geller
- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association , 2200 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 310 , Arlington , Virginia 22201 , United States
| | - Akua Asa-Awuku
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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18
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Effects of the Particulate Matter Index and Particulate Evaluation Index of the Primary Reference Fuel on Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the range of particulate mass (PM) and particulate number (PN) results from gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles by using four test fuels with a range of particulate matter index (PMI) from 1.38 to 2.39 and particulate evaluation index (PEI) from 0.89 to 1.92. The properties of four test fuels were analyzed with detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA). Two passenger cars with a GDI engine were tested with four test fuels by conducting the China 6 test procedure, which is equivalent to the worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicle test procedure (WLTP). When the fuels could meet the China 6 primary reference fuel standard with PMI from 1.38 to 2.04 and PEI from 0.89 to 1.59, the PM variation of Vehicle B was from 1.94 mg/km to 3.32 mg/km and of Vehicle A was from 2.55 mg/km to 4.15 mg/km, respectively. In addition, the PN variation of Vehicle B was from 1.57 × 1012 #/km to 3.38 × 1012 #/km and of Vehicle A was from 3.02 × 1012 #/km to 4.80 × 1012 #/km. It was noted that the two different cars had a unique response and sensitivity by using the different fuels, but PMI and PEI did trend with both the PM and the PN response. All PM and PN results from the two cars had an excellent correlation R2 > 0.94 with PMI and R2 > 0.90 with PEI. Therefore, PMI/PEI would be the appropriate specification for sooting tendency in reference fuel standards of emission regulations.
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19
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Zimmerman N, Rais K, Jeong CH, Pant P, Delgado-Saborit JM, Wallace JS, Evans GJ, Brook JR, Godri Pollitt KJ. Carbonaceous aerosol sampling of gasoline direct injection engine exhaust with an integrated organic gas and particle sampler. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:1261-1269. [PMID: 30586812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Positive and negative artifacts of particle-phase organic carbon (p-OC) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine exhaust particulate matter (PM) were assessed using an integrated organic gas and particle sampler (IOGAPS). Three configurations (denuder + sorbent impregnated filters (SIFs), upstream Zefluor filter + denuder + SIFs, and standard filter pack + SIFs) were used to collect GDI exhaust samples at cold start and highway cruise operating conditions with no aftertreatment. Approximately 35% of the measured GDI p-OC was attributed to positive artifacts; negative artifacts were not detectable due to low overall SVOC concentrations. GDI engine exhaust PAH concentrations were approximately 10 times higher during cold start than highway cruise. At highway cruise, pyrene and fluoranthene were the dominant PAHs in the undenuded filter pack; downstream of the denuder benzo(a)anthracene was the dominant PAH. From a comparison of our findings to published PAH emission factors we estimate that three-way catalyst conversion efficiencies of PAHs were approximately 80% for 3 of the 15 PAHs measured during highway cruise operation. These conversion efficiencies may be considerably lower during cold start operation when the three-way catalyst has not reached its operating temperature. Our previous work showed that adverse biological responses to GDI engine exhaust exposure may be dominated by the particle phase when measured downstream of a Teflon filter. Understanding the partitioning characteristics of PAHs may help elucidate specific PAHs contributing to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Zimmerman
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Engine Research and Development Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Khaled Rais
- Engine Research and Development Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pallavi Pant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Juana Mari Delgado-Saborit
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James S Wallace
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Engine Research and Development Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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20
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Yang J, Roth P, Ruehl CR, Shafer MM, Antkiewicz DS, Durbin TD, Cocker D, Asa-Awuku A, Karavalakis G. Physical, chemical, and toxicological characteristics of particulate emissions from current technology gasoline direct injection vehicles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1182-1194. [PMID: 30308806 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics of particulate emissions from four light-duty gasoline direct injection vehicles when operated over the LA92 driving cycle. Our results showed that particle mass and number emissions increased markedly during accelerations. For three of the four vehicles tested, particulate matter (PM) mass and particle number emissions were markedly higher during cold-start and the first few accelerations following the cold-start period than during the hot running and hot-start segments of the LA92 cycle. For one vehicle (which had the highest emissions overall) the hot-start and cold-start PM emissions were similar. Black carbon emissions were also much higher during the cold-start conditions, indicating severe fuel wetting leading to slow evaporation and pool burning, and subsequent soot formation. Particle number concentrations and black carbon emissions showed large reductions during the urban and hot-start phases of the test cycle. The oxidative potential of PM was quantified with both a chemical and a biological assay, and the gene expression impacts of the PM in a macrophage model with PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) analyses. Inter- and intra-vehicle variability in oxidative potential per milligram of PM emitted was relatively low for both oxidative assays, suggesting that real-world emissions and exposure can be estimated with distance-normalized emission factors. The PCR response from signaling markers for oxidative stress (e.g., NOX1) was greater than from inflammatory, AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor), or MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling. Protein production associated with inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha-TNFα) and oxidative stress (HMOX-1) were quantified and displayed relatively high inter-vehicle variability, suggesting that these pathways may be activated by different PM components. Correlation of trace metal concentrations and oxidative potential suggests a role for small, insoluble particles in inducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Yang
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Patrick Roth
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - Martin M Shafer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dagmara S Antkiewicz
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David Cocker
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Akua Asa-Awuku
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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21
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Xing J, Shao L, Zhang W, Peng J, Wang W, Hou C, Shuai S, Hu M, Zhang D. Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:339-348. [PMID: 30528025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600 nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoping Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Longyi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shijin Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan.
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22
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Abstract
Traffic-related particulate matter (PM) is a major source of outdoor air pollution worldwide. It has been recently hypothesized to cause cardiometabolic syndrome, including cardiovascular dysfunction, obesity, and diabetes. The environmental and toxicological factors involved in the processes, and the detailed mechanisms remain to be explored. The objective of this study is to assess the current scientific evidence of traffic-related PM-induced cardiometabolic syndrome. We conducted a literature review by searching the keywords of “traffic related air pollution”, “particulate matter”, “human health”, and “metabolic syndrome” from 1980 to 2018. This resulted in 25 independent research studies for the final review. Both epidemiological and toxicological findings reveal consistent correlations between traffic-related PM exposure and the measured cardiometabolic health endpoints. Smaller sizes of PM, particularly ultrafine particles, are shown to be more harmful due to their greater concentrations, reactive compositions, longer lung retention, and bioavailability. The active components in traffic-related PM could be attributed to metals, black carbon, elemental carbon, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and diesel exhaust particles. Existing evidence points out that the development of cardiometabolic symptoms can occur through chronic systemic inflammation and increased oxidative stress. The elderly (especially for women), children, genetically susceptible individuals, and people with pre-existing conditions are identified as vulnerable groups. To advance the characterization of the potential health risks of traffic-related PM, additional research is needed to investigate the detailed chemical compositions of PM constituents, atmospheric transformations, and the mode of action to induce adverse health effects. Furthermore, we recommend that future studies could explore the roles of genetic and epigenetic factors in influencing cardiometabolic health outcomes by integrating multi-omics approaches (e.g., genomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics) to provide a comprehensive assessment of biological perturbations caused by traffic-related PM.
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23
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Wang JM, Jeong CH, Hilker N, Shairsingh KK, Healy RM, Sofowote U, Debosz J, Su Y, McGaughey M, Doerksen G, Munoz T, White L, Herod D, Evans GJ. Near-Road Air Pollutant Measurements: Accounting for Inter-Site Variability Using Emission Factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9495-9504. [PMID: 30021437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A daily integrated emission factor (EF) method was applied to data from three near-road monitoring sites to identify variables that impact traffic related pollutant concentrations in the near-road environment. The sites were operated for 20 months in 2015-2017, with each site differing in terms of design, local meteorology, and fleet compositions. Measurement distance from the roadway and local meteorology were found to affect pollutant concentrations irrespective of background subtraction. However, using emission factors mostly accounted for the effects of dilution and dispersion, allowing intersite differences in emissions to be resolved. A multiple linear regression model that included predictor variables such as fraction of larger vehicles (>7.6 m in length; i.e., heavy-duty vehicles), vehicle speed, and ambient temperature accounted for intersite variability of the fleet average NO, NO x, and particle number EFs (R2:0.50-0.75), with lower model performance for CO and black carbon (BC) EFs (R2:0.28-0.46). NO x and BC EFs were affected more than CO and particle number EFs by the fraction of larger vehicles, which also resulted in measurable weekday/weekend differences. Pollutant EFs also varied with ambient temperature and because there were little seasonal changes in fleet composition, this was attributed to changes in fuel composition and/or post-tailpipe transformation of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S3E5 , Canada
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch , Ontario Ministry day) of the Environment and Climate Change , Etobicoke , Ontario M9P3V6 , Canada
| | - Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S3E5 , Canada
| | - Nathan Hilker
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S3E5 , Canada
| | - Kerolyn K Shairsingh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S3E5 , Canada
| | - Robert M Healy
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch , Ontario Ministry day) of the Environment and Climate Change , Etobicoke , Ontario M9P3V6 , Canada
| | - Uwayemi Sofowote
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch , Ontario Ministry day) of the Environment and Climate Change , Etobicoke , Ontario M9P3V6 , Canada
| | - Jerzy Debosz
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch , Ontario Ministry day) of the Environment and Climate Change , Etobicoke , Ontario M9P3V6 , Canada
| | - Yushan Su
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch , Ontario Ministry day) of the Environment and Climate Change , Etobicoke , Ontario M9P3V6 , Canada
| | - Michiyo McGaughey
- Air Quality and Climate Change , Metro Vancouver , Burnaby , British Columbia V5H4G8 , Canada
| | - Geoff Doerksen
- Air Quality and Climate Change , Metro Vancouver , Burnaby , British Columbia V5H4G8 , Canada
| | - Tony Munoz
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch , Ontario Ministry day) of the Environment and Climate Change , Etobicoke , Ontario M9P3V6 , Canada
| | - Luc White
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A0H3 , Canada
| | - Dennis Herod
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A0H3 , Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S3E5 , Canada
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24
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Aromatic formulas in ambient PM2.5 samples from Hong Kong determined using FT-ICR ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6289-6304. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11061417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Yang J, Roth P, Durbin TD, Johnson KC, Cocker DR, Asa-Awuku A, Brezny R, Geller M, Karavalakis G. Gasoline Particulate Filters as an Effective Tool to Reduce Particulate and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Vehicles: A Case Study with Two GDI Vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3275-3284. [PMID: 29446927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the gaseous, particulate, and genotoxic pollutants from two current technology gasoline direct injection vehicles when tested in their original configuration and with a catalyzed gasoline particulate filter (GPF). Testing was conducted over the LA92 and US06 Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (US06) driving cycles on typical California E10 fuel. The use of a GPF did not show any fuel economy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission penalties, while the emissions of total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were generally reduced. Our results showed dramatic reductions in particulate matter (PM) mass, black carbon, and total and solid particle number emissions with the use of GPFs for both vehicles over the LA92 and US06 cycles. Particle size distributions were primarily bimodal in nature, with accumulation mode particles dominating the distribution profile and their concentrations being higher during the cold-start period of the cycle. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs were quantified in both the vapor and particle phases of the PM, with the GPF-equipped vehicles practically eliminating most of these species in the exhaust. For the stock vehicles, 2-3 ring compounds and heavier 5-6 ring compounds were observed in the PM, whereas the vapor phase was dominated mostly by 2-3 ring aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Yang
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Patrick Roth
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Kent C Johnson
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - David R Cocker
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Akua Asa-Awuku
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Rasto Brezny
- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association , 2200 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 310 , Arlington , Virginia 22201 , United States
| | - Michael Geller
- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association , 2200 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 310 , Arlington , Virginia 22201 , United States
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , University of California , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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27
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Zimmerman N, Wang JM, Jeong CH, Wallace JS, Evans GJ. Assessing the Climate Trade-Offs of Gasoline Direct Injection Engines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8385-8392. [PMID: 27406325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Compared to port fuel injection (PFI) engine exhaust, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine exhaust has higher emissions of black carbon (BC), a climate-warming pollutant. However, the relative increase in BC emissions and climate trade-offs of replacing PFI vehicles with more fuel efficient GDI vehicles remain uncertain. In this study, BC emissions from GDI and PFI vehicles were compiled and BC emissions scenarios were developed to evaluate the climate impact of GDI vehicles using global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature potential (GTP) metrics. From a 20 year time horizon GWP analysis, average fuel economy improvements ranging from 0.14 to 14% with GDI vehicles are required to offset BC-induced warming. For all but the lowest BC scenario, installing a gasoline particulate filter with an 80% BC removal efficiency and <1% fuel penalty is climate beneficial. From the GTP-based analysis, it was also determined that GDI vehicles are climate beneficial within <1-20 years; longer time horizons were associated with higher BC scenarios. The GDI BC emissions spanned 2 orders of magnitude and varied by ambient temperature, engine operation, and fuel composition. More work is needed to understand BC formation mechanisms in GDI engines to ensure that the climate impacts of this engine technology are minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5 Canada
| | - Jonathan M Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5 Canada
| | - Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5 Canada
| | - James S Wallace
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8 Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5 Canada
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28
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Zimmerman N, Wang JM, Jeong CH, Ramos M, Hilker N, Healy RM, Sabaliauskas K, Wallace JS, Evans GJ. Field Measurements of Gasoline Direct Injection Emission Factors: Spatial and Seasonal Variability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2035-2043. [PMID: 26794244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four field campaigns were conducted between February 2014 and January 2015 to measure emissions from light-duty gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles (2013 Ford Focus) in an urban near-road environment in Toronto, Canada. Measurements of CO2, CO, NOx, black carbon (BC), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene-xylenes (BTEX), and size-resolved particle number (PN) were recorded 15 m from the roadway and converted to fuel-based emission factors (EFs). Other than for NOx and CO, the GDI engine had elevated emissions compared to the Toronto fleet, with BC EFs in the 73rd percentile, BTEX EFs in the 80-90th percentile, and PN EFs in the 75th percentile during wintertime measurements. Additionally, for three campaigns, a second platform for measuring PN and CO2 was placed 1.5-3 m from the roadway to quantify changes in PN with distance from point of emission. GDI vehicle PN EFs were found to increase by up to 240% with increasing distance from the roadway, predominantly due to an increasing fraction of sub-40 nm particles. PN and BC EFs from the same engine technology were also measured in the laboratory. BC EFs agreed within 20% between the laboratory and real-world measurements; however, laboratory PN EFs were an order of magnitude lower due to exhaust conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5, Canada
| | - Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5, Canada
| | - Manuel Ramos
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Nathan Hilker
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5, Canada
| | - Robert M Healy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5, Canada
| | - Kelly Sabaliauskas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5, Canada
| | - James S Wallace
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S3E5, Canada
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29
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Short DZ, Vu D, Durbin TD, Karavalakis G, Asa-Awuku A. Components of Particle Emissions from Light-Duty Spark-Ignition Vehicles with Varying Aromatic Content and Octane Rating in Gasoline. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10682-10691. [PMID: 26244891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Typical gasoline consists of varying concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons and octane ratings. However, their impacts on particulate matter (PM) such as black carbon (BC) and water-soluble and insoluble particle compositions are not well-defined. This study tests seven 2012 model year vehicles, which include one port fuel injection (PFI) configured hybrid vehicle, one PFI vehicle, and six gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles. Each vehicle was driven on the Unified transient testing cycle (UC) using four different fuels. Three fuels had a constant octane rating of 87 with varied aromatic concentrations at 15%, 25%, and 35%. A fourth fuel with higher octane rating, 91, contained 35% aromatics. BC, PM mass, surface tension, and water-soluble organic mass (WSOM) fractions were measured. The water-insoluble mass (WIM) fraction of the vehicle emissions was estimated. Increasing fuel aromatic content increases BC emission factors (EFs) of transient cycles. BC concentrations were higher for the GDI vehicles than the PFI and hybrid vehicles, suggesting a potential climate impact for increased GDI vehicle production. Vehicle steady-state testing showed that the hygroscopicity of PM emissions at high speeds (70 mph; κ > 1) are much larger than emissions at low speeds (30 mph; κ < 0.1). Iso-paraffin content in the fuels was correlated to the decrease in WSOM emissions. Both aromatic content and vehicle speed increase the amount of hygroscopic material found in particle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Z Short
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California- Riverside , 900 University Ave., Riverside 92507, California, United States
- College of Engineering- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California- Riverside , 1084 Columbia Ave., Riverside 92521, California, United States
| | - Diep Vu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California- Riverside , 900 University Ave., Riverside 92507, California, United States
- College of Engineering- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California- Riverside , 1084 Columbia Ave., Riverside 92521, California, United States
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California- Riverside , 900 University Ave., Riverside 92507, California, United States
- College of Engineering- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California- Riverside , 1084 Columbia Ave., Riverside 92521, California, United States
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California- Riverside , 900 University Ave., Riverside 92507, California, United States
- College of Engineering- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California- Riverside , 1084 Columbia Ave., Riverside 92521, California, United States
| | - Akua Asa-Awuku
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California- Riverside , 900 University Ave., Riverside 92507, California, United States
- College of Engineering- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California- Riverside , 1084 Columbia Ave., Riverside 92521, California, United States
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