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Avendaño MC, Palomeque ME, Roqué P, Lojo A, Garrido M. Spatiotemporal distribution and human health risk assessment of potential toxic species in soils of urban and surrounding crop fields from an agricultural area, Córdoba, Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:661. [PMID: 34535848 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal distribution of potentially toxic species was studied in the topsoil of parks, playgrounds, and surrounding crop fields of Marcos Juarez City in Córdoba province, Argentina. The content of available metals and of some pesticides used in the region was determined. The mean values of available metal concentrations in all samples, expressed in mg kg-1, were 7.99 ± 6.58, 0.89 ± 0.71, 0.35 ± 0.26, and 1.50 ± 1.40 for Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients, coefficient of variation (%), and principal component analysis were used to explore whether variations in metal content were associated with anthropogenic factors. Agrochemicals such as lindane, chlorobenzilate, endosulfan, endrin, permethrin, and chlorpyrifos were found in crop field soil samples. In turn, chlorothalonil, chlordanes, methoxychlor, DDT, permethrin, and chlorpyrifos were detected in park and playground soil samples. The degree of pollution with possible effects on environmental health was evaluated using the Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) and the modified degree of contamination (mCd). In some campaigns, the values obtained from crop fields ranged from low to high pollution levels during periods of agrochemical application. Noteworthy, in periods of low agrochemical application in crop fields, a high level of pollution was observed in parks and playgrounds. For children, the hazard index (HI) values were higher than the threshold value of 1, suggesting a potential health risk. This study provides valuable information regarding land management practices and highlights the importance of monitoring and implementing policies to reduce human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara C Avendaño
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Tierra (CICTERRA), FCEFyN, CONICET-UNC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Miriam E Palomeque
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Tierra (CICTERRA), FCEFyN, CONICET-UNC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Roqué
- Centro de Química Aplicada (CEQUIMAP), FCQ, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Lojo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Tierra (CICTERRA), FCEFyN, CONICET-UNC, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariano Garrido
- Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR), Departamento de Química, CONICET-UNS, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ehlert K, Mikutta C, Jin Y, Kretzschmar R. Mineralogical Controls on the Bioaccessibility of Arsenic in Fe(III)-As(V) Coprecipitates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:616-627. [PMID: 29300080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
X-ray amorphous Fe(III)-As(V) coprecipitates are common initial products of oxidative As- and Fe-bearing sulfide weathering, and often control As solubility in mine wastes or mining-impacted soils. The formation conditions of these solids may exert a major control on their mineralogical composition and, hence, As release in the gastric tract of humans after incidental ingestion of As-contaminated soil. Here, we synthesized a set of 35 Fe(III)-As(V) coprecipitates as a function of pH (1.5-8) and initial molar Fe/As ratio (0.8-8.0). The solids were characterized by synchrotron X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, and electrophoretic mobility measurements, and their As bioaccessibility (BAAs) was evaluated using the gastric-phase Solubility/Bioavailability Research Consortium in vitro assay (SBRC-G). The coprecipitates contained 1.01-4.51 mol kg-1 As (molar Fe/Assolid: 1.00-8.29) and comprised varying proportions of X-ray amorphous hydrous ferric arsenates (HFAam) and As(V)-adsorbed ferrihydrite. HFAam was detected up to pH 6 and its fraction decreased with increasing pH and molar Fe/As ratio. Bioaccessible As ranged from 2.9 to 7.3% of total As (x̅ = 4.8%). The BAAs of coprecipitates formed at pH ≤ 4 was highest at formation pH 3 and 4 and controlled by the intrinsically high solubility of the HFAam component, possibly enhanced by sorbed sulfate. In contrast, the BAAs of coprecipitates dominated by As(V)-adsorbed ferrihydrite was much lower and controlled by As readsorption and/or surface precipitation in the gastric fluid. Bioaccessible As increased up to 95% with increasing liquid-to-solid ratio, indicating an enhanced solubility of these solids due to interactions between Fe and the glycine buffer. We conclude (i) that natural Fe(III)-As(V) coprecipitates exhibit a particularly high solubility in the human gastric tract when formed at pH ∼ 3-4 in the presence of sulfate, and (ii) that the in vitro bioaccessibility of As in Fe(III)-As(V) coprecipitates as assessed by tbe SBRC-G assay depends critically on their solid-phase concentration in As-contaminated soil and mine-waste materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ehlert
- Soil Chemistry Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, CHN, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Mikutta
- Soil Chemistry Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, CHN, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuan Jin
- Soil Chemistry Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, CHN, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Kretzschmar
- Soil Chemistry Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, CHN, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Jeong S, Yang K, Jho EH, Nam K. Importance of chemical binding type between As and iron-oxide on bioaccessibility in soil: Test with synthesized two line ferrihydrite. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 330:157-164. [PMID: 28242536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessible concentrations of As associated with Fe oxide as different chemical binding types were determined in soils using the in vitro Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET). When compared to the five-step sequential extraction data, most of the As extracted by in vitro PBET originated from the amorphous Fe oxide-bound fraction, and more importantly, the bioaccessibility of As ranged from 0 to 58.8% in 24 soil samples. Two batches of ferrihydrite were synthesized separately. For one batch, As was adsorbed onto the ferrihydrite after synthesis; for the other one, As was added while synthesizing ferrihydrite to co-precipitate. The bioaccessible concentration of As determined by in vitro PBET of the former was 415mg of As/kg of ferrihydrite and that of the latter was 67mg of As/kg of ferrihydrite. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) analysis indicated that As-O-Fe bonds were evident in As-associated ferrihydrite sample and especially, As was found within the Fe oxide lattice in the co-precipitated sample. Our data suggest that binding type between As and Fe oxide should be considered when determining the bioaccessibility of As in soil, which, in turn, greatly influences the realistic risk of As present in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulki Jeong
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 6-7, Inchon-ro 22-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yang
- Division of Public Infrastructure Assessment, Environmental Assessment Group, Korea Environmental Institute, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hea Jho
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 81 Oedae-ro, Mohyeonmyeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17035, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungphile Nam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Xia Q, Lamb D, Peng C, Ng JC. Interaction effects of As, Cd and Pb on their respective bioaccessibility with time in co-contaminated soils assessed by the Unified BARGE Method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5585-5594. [PMID: 28035606 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interaction effects of As, Cd and Pb on their respective bioaccessibility in co-contaminated soils were reported. In addition, the influence of aging time (up to 90 days) on potential interactions was also investigated. Experiments were carried out by spiking four diverse soils with single, binary or ternary mixtures of As, Cd and Pb. Soils were measured for bioaccessibility at different aging periods. Results demonstrate that bioaccessibility of As, Cd and Pb reached a steady state after soils were aged for 30 days. Bioaccessibility of As, Cd and Pb in soils spiked with binary mixtures of As, Cd and Pb were not affected by the other co-existing metal/metalloid. But when As, Cd and Pb were introduced together to acidic soils which lacked abundant binding sites, intestinal bioaccessibility of Cd was increased at the early stage of aging (7 to 30 days) whilst bioaccessibility of As and Pb remained unchanged. However, when Pb and As were added after Cd has been incubated in soil for 7 days, Cd intestinal bioaccessibility was not influenced by As and Pb. Therefore, a number of factors should be taken into consideration when estimating the bioaccessibility of mixed As, Cd and Pb, including the loadings of As, Cd and Pb in soils, the time for which they have been aged together and the time period between As, Cd and Pb entering the soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Member of Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, QLD, Coopers Plains, 4108, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Dane Lamb
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Cheng Peng
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Member of Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, QLD, Coopers Plains, 4108, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Jack C Ng
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Member of Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, QLD, Coopers Plains, 4108, Australia.
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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Xia Q, Peng C, Lamb D, Kader M, Mallavarapu M, Naidu R, Ng JC. Effects of arsenic and cadmium on bioaccessibility of lead in spiked soils assessed by Unified BARGE Method. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:343-349. [PMID: 27062001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility of lead (Pb) in contaminated soils has been extensively studied, including the influence of soil properties on Pb bioaccessibility. However, little is known about the effects of other metals/metalloid, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) on the bioaccessibility of Pb, i.e. whether As or Cd could increase or decrease the solubility of Pb in human gastrointestinal tract when Pb-contaminated soil and As-contaminated (or Cd-contaminated) soil are ingested simultaneously. Furthermore, it is far from clear that if soil property could make a difference to these effects. In this study, seven types of soils were collected in Australia and spiked with As, Cd or Pb. Gastric bioaccessibility of Pb ranged from 44 ± 0.9% to 100 ± 6.7% whilst intestinal bioaccessibility dropped to 1 ± 0.2% to 36 ± 1.7%. Statistical analysis shows total Pb in soil was the most significant controller for bioaccessible Pb. Effects of As and Cd on the bioaccessibility of Pb in simulated human digestive system were studied by mixing As-spiked soil (or Cd-spiked soil) with Pb-spiked soil of the same type during bioaccessibility test. Results reveal that neither As nor Cd had impact on Pb bioaccessibility, which indicates when As, Cd and Pb aged in soils separately, they may behave independently in the bioaccessibility measuring system. This finding can be part of evidence to assume additive effect when it comes to estimate the bioaccessibility of mixtures of independently-aged As and Pb (or Cd and Pb) in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cheng Peng
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Dane Lamb
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; The University of Newcastle, Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mohammed Kader
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; The University of Newcastle, Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Megharaj Mallavarapu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; The University of Newcastle, Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; The University of Newcastle, Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jack C Ng
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Xia Q, Peng C, Lamb D, Mallavarapu M, Naidu R, Ng JC. Bioaccessibility of arsenic and cadmium assessed for in vitro bioaccessibility in spiked soils and their interaction during the Unified BARGE Method (UBM) extraction. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 147:444-450. [PMID: 26774311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have seen a growing popularity of in vitro bioaccessibility being utilised as a screening tool in human health risk assessment. However the existing bioaccessibility studies only focus on single contaminant. Considering human are likely to ingest multi-contaminants, these contaminants could interact within human gastrointestinal tract which may lead to an increase or decrease in bioaccessibility. In this study, seven different types of soil were spiked with arsenic (As) or cadmium (Cd) and aged for one year. The effects of soil properties on the bioaccessibility were examined. Moreover, the interaction between As and Cd in simulated human digestive system was studied by mixing As-spiked soil with Cd-spiked soil of the same type during bioaccessibility test. Results shows the bioaccessibility of As ranged from 40 ± 2.8 to 95 ± 1.3% in the gastric phase and 16 ± 2.0 to 96 ± 0.8% in the intestinal phase whilst a significant difference was observed between Cd gastric bioaccessibility (72 ± 4.3 to 99 ± 0.8%) and intestinal bioaccessibility (6.2 ± 0.3 to 45 ± 2.7%). Organic carbon, iron oxide and aluminium oxide were key parameters influencing the bioaccessibility of As (gastric and intestinal phases) and Cd (intestinal phase). No interactions between As and Cd during bioaccessibility test were observed in any soils, which indicates As and Cd may age independently and did not interact while being solubilised during bioaccessibility test. Thus additive effect may be proposed when estimating the bioaccessibility of mixtures of independently-aged As and Cd in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Brisbane, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cheng Peng
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Brisbane, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Dane Lamb
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Megharaj Mallavarapu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jack C Ng
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Brisbane, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Diamond GL, Bradham KD, Brattin WJ, Burgess M, Griffin S, Hawkins CA, Juhasz AL, Klotzbach JM, Nelson C, Lowney YW, Scheckel KG, Thomas DJ. Predicting oral relative bioavailability of arsenic in soil from in vitro bioaccessibility. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:165-73. [PMID: 27029599 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1134038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Several investigations have been conducted to develop in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) assays that reliably predict in vivo oral relative bioavailability (RBA) of arsenic (As). This study describes a meta-regression model relating soil As RBA and IVBA that is based upon data combined from previous investigations that examined the relationship between As IVBA and RBA when IVBA was determined using an extraction of soil in 0.4 M glycine at pH 1.5. Data used to develop the model included paired IVBA and RBA estimates for 83 soils from various types of sites such as mining, smelting, and pesticide or herbicide application. The following linear regression model accounted for 87% of the observed variance in RBA (R(2) = .87): RBA(%) = 0.79 × IVBA(%) + 3. This regression model is more robust than previously reported models because it includes a larger number of soil samples, and also accounts for variability in RBA and IVBA measurements made on samples collected from sites contaminated with different As sources and conducted in different labs that have utilized different experimental models for estimating RBA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen D Bradham
- b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | | | - Michele Burgess
- c U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Science Policy Branch , Washington DC , USA
| | - Susan Griffin
- d U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Denver , Colorado , USA
| | - Cheryl A Hawkins
- c U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Science Policy Branch , Washington DC , USA
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- e Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | | | - Clay Nelson
- b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | | | - Kirk G Scheckel
- g U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
| | - David J Thomas
- h U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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Mikutta C, Mandaliev PN, Mahler N, Kotsev T, Kretzschmar R. Bioaccessibility of arsenic in mining-impacted circumneutral river floodplain soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13468-13477. [PMID: 25358072 DOI: 10.1021/es502635t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Floodplain soils are frequently contaminated with metal(loid)s due to present or historic mining, but data on the bioaccessibility (BA) of contaminants in these periodically flooded soils are scarce. Therefore, we studied the speciation of As and Fe in eight As-contaminated circumneutral floodplain soils (≤ 21600 mg As/kg) and their size fractions using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and examined the BA of As in the solids by in-vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) extractions. Arsenopyrite and As(V)-adsorbed ferrihydrite were identified by XAS as the predominant As species. The latter was the major source for bioaccessible As, which accounted for 5-35% of the total As. The amount of bioaccessible As increased with decreasing particle size and was controlled by the slow dissolution kinetics of ferrihydrite in the gastric environment (pH 1.8). The relative BA of As (% of total) decreased with decreasing particle size only in a highly As-contaminated soil--which supported by Fe XAS--suggests the formation of As-rich hydrous ferric oxides in the gastric extracts. Multiple linear regression analyses identified Al, total As, C(org), and P as main predictors for the absolute BA of As (adjusted R(2) ≤ 0.977). Health risk assessments for residential adults showed that (i) nearly half of the bulk soils may cause adverse health effects and (ii) particles <5 μm pose the highest absolute health threat upon incidental soil ingestion. Owing to their low abundance, however, health risks were primarily associated with particles in the 5-50 and 100-200 μm size ranges. These particles are easily mobilized from riverbanks during flooding events and dispersed within the floodplain or transported downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mikutta
- Soil Chemistry Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , CHN, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Menka N, Root R, Chorover J. Bioaccessibility, release kinetics, and molecular speciation of arsenic and lead in geo-dusts from the Iron King Mine Federal Superfund site in Humboldt, Arizona. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2014; 29:23-7. [PMID: 24552959 PMCID: PMC10622175 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2014-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mine tailings contain multiple toxic metal(loid)s that pose a threat to human health via inhalation and ingestion. The goals of this research include understanding the speciation and molecular environment of these toxic metal(loid)s (arsenic and lead) as well as the impacts particle size and residence time have on their bioaccessibilty in simulated gastric and lung fluid. Additionally, future work will include smaller size fractions (PM10 and PM2.5) of surface mine tailings, with the goal of increasing our understanding of multi-metal release from contaminated geo-dusts in simulated bio-fluids. This research is important to environmental human health risk assessment as it increases the accuracy of exposure estimations to toxic metal(loid)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazune Menka
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, PO Box 210038, Tucson AZ, 85721-0038, USA
| | - Rob Root
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Quazi S, Sarkar D, Datta R. Human health risk from arsenical pesticide contaminated soils: a long-term greenhouse study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 262:1031-8. [PMID: 23142055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) bioaccessibility is an important factor in estimating human health risk. Bioaccessibility of As in soils is primarily dependent on As adsorption, which varies with residence time. This study evaluated the effect of soil aging on potential lifetime cancer risk associated with chronic exposure to As contaminated soils. Four soils, chosen based on their differences in As reactivity, were amended with two arsenical pesticides--sodium arsenate, and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) at two rates (675 and 1500 mg kg(-1)). Rice was used as the test crop. Soil was sampled immediately after spiking, after 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years. Bioaccessible and total soil As concentrations were used to calculate lifetime excess cancer risk (ECR), which decreased significantly with soil-pesticide equilibration time. Immokalee soil, with the least As adsorption capacity, showed the highest decrease in ECR after 6 months resulting in values lower than the USEPA's cancer risk range of 1 × 10(-4) to 1 × 10(-6). For all other soils, the ECR was much higher than the target range even after 3 years. In the absence of significant changes in As bioaccessibility with time, the total soil As concentration more directly influenced the changes in ECR values with soil aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Quazi
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Jeong S, Moon HS, Nam K. Differential in vitro bioaccessibility of residual As in a field-aged former smelter site and its implication for potential risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:348-354. [PMID: 23820009 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemical forms of arsenic (As) present in a former smelter site were determined. A five-step sequential extraction showed that about 94.8 to 99.2% of total As concentration was found to be present as residual form, and interestingly some of the residual As seemed to be still bioaccessible, when determined with an in vitro bioaccessibility test. However, the extents of bioaccessible As greatly varied among the three soils tested. Soil B showed the highest bioaccessibility being 17.18 mg-As/kg (11.9%) followed by 12.71 (2.02%) and 14.03 mg-As/kg (0.64%) in soils C and A, respectively. When the residual As was treated with hydrofluoric acid (i.e., HF) 65.3 to 80.9 mg-As/kg was extracted and only 4.17 to 7.25% of the HF-extractable As was found to be bioaccessible. In contrast, when the residual As was treated with hydroperchloric acid (i.e., HClO4) only 5.64 to 8.01 mg-As/kg was recovered but 64.5 to 92.5% of the HClO4-extractable As was bioaccessible. The results suggest the presence of differential bioaccessibility of residual As, which apparently depends on the solid phase that As is associated with (i.e., organic matter or clay minerals). Of the As present as residual fraction, the As mainly bound to silicate mineral showed extremely low bioaccessibility and the As associated with refractory organic matter was highly bioaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulki Jeong
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Brattin W, Drexler J, Lowney Y, Griffin S, Diamond G, Woodbury L. An in vitro method for estimation of arsenic relative bioavailability in soil. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:458-78. [PMID: 23611184 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.771765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This report summarizes the results of a study to develop an in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) extraction technique for estimating the relative bioavailability (RBA) of arsenic (As) in soil. The study was implemented in several steps. In step 1, key variables in the extraction protocol were identified. In step 2, 21 different extraction conditions were tested on 12 different soils with reliable RBA values measured in swine or monkeys to identify which yielded useful in vivo-in vitro correlations (IVIVC). In step 3, three extraction conditions were evaluated using 39 different test soils to make a final selection of the best IVIVC. In step 4, the within- and between-lab reproducibility of the extraction method was examined. The optimum IVIVC model for swine utilized a pH 1.5 IVBA extraction fluid, with an R (2) value of .723. For monkeys, the optimum IVIVC model was obtained using a pH 7 IVBA extraction fluid that contained phosphate, with an R (2) value of .755. Within-lab precision of IVBA results was typically less than 3%, with an average of 0.8% for all 4 labs. Between-lab variation in mean IVBA values was generally less than 7%, with an overall average of 3%. The principal advantages of this IVBA method compared to other in vitro methods described in the literature are that (1) the fluids and extraction conditions are simple, (2) the results have been calibrated against a larger data set than any other method, and (3) the method has been demonstrated to be reproducible both within and between labs.
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Andra SS, Makris KC, Shine JP. Frequency of use controls chemical leaching from drinking-water containers subject to disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:6677-6687. [PMID: 22040714 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microbial-, and chemical-based burden of disease associated with lack of access to safe water continues to primarily impact developing countries. Cost-effective health risk-mitigating measures, such as of solar disinfection applied to microbial-contaminated water stored in plastic bottles have been increasingly tested in developing countries adversely impacted by epidemic water-borne diseases. Public health concerns associated with chemical leaching from water packaging materials led us to investigate the magnitude and variability of antimony (Sb) and bromine (Br) leaching from reused plastic containers (polyethylene terephthalate, PET; and polycarbonate, PC) subject to UV and/or temperature-driven disinfection. The overall objective of this study was to determine the main and interactive effects of temperature, UV exposure duration, and frequency of bottle reuse on the extent of leaching of Sb and Br from plastic bottles into water. Regardless of UV exposure duration, frequency of reuse (up to 27 times) was the major factor that linearly increased Sb leaching from PET bottles at all temperatures tested (13-47 °C). Leached Sb concentrations (∼360 ng L(-1)) from the highly reused (27 times) PET bottles (minimal Sb leaching from PC bottles, <15 ng L(-1)) did not pose a serious risk to human health according to current daily Sb acceptable intake estimates. Leached Br concentrations from both PET and PC containers (up to ∼15 μg L(-1)) did not pose a consumer health risk either, however, no acceptable daily dose estimates exist for oral ingestion of organo-brominated, or other plasticizers/additives compounds if they were to be found in bottled water at much lower concentrations. Additional research on potential leaching of organic chemicals from water packaging materials is deemed necessary under relevant environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with the Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Irenes 95, Limassol 3041, Cyprus
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Juhasz AL, Weber J, Smith E. Influence of saliva, gastric and intestinal phases on the prediction of As relative bioavailability using the Unified Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe Method (UBM). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 197:161-168. [PMID: 21982534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, As-contaminated soils (n=12) were assessed for As bioaccessibility using the Unified Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe in vitro method (UBM) incorporating gastric, saliva-gastric or saliva-gastric-intestinal phases. Arsenic bioaccessibility was compared to previous published As relative bioavailability data for these soils to determine the correlation between in vitro and in vivo data. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo data indicated that the correlation between As bioaccessibility (UBM) and As relative bioavailability (swine assay) was similar irrespective of the in vitro phase used for its determination. The UBM incorporating all phases (saliva-gastric-intestinal) provided the best in vivo-in vitro correlation (slope=1.08; R(2)=0.59), however there was no significant difference in the goodness of fit (R(2) ranged from 0.48 to 0.59) or the slope of the lines (0.93-1.08) for either variation of the UBM (P=0.9946). This indicates that there was no improvement in the As relative bioavailability predictive capabilities when the UBM was extended from a single gastric phase to saliva-gastric or saliva-gastric-intestinal phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert L Juhasz
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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Quazi S, Sarkar D, Datta R. Changes in arsenic fractionation, bioaccessibility and speciation in organo-arsenical pesticide amended soils as a function of soil aging. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:1563-1571. [PMID: 21722940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although organoarsenical pesticides are being phased out, sites with high concentrations of organic arsenical residues still exist due to the long-term application of these pesticides. The biotic and abiotic speciation of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) can result in the formation of inorganic arsenic (As) species. Oxidation state, retention, and thereby persistence, varies according to temporal changes, influencing the availability and toxicity of contaminants. The current greenhouse study aimed at evaluating temporal changes in the oxidation state of As, geochemical partitioning, and bioaccessibility. Four soils with varying physiochemical properties were contaminated with DMA at two concentrations (675 and 1,500 mg kg(-1) of As). Rice plants were grown for a 6 months period, following which, the soils were allowed to age. The operationally defined forms of As and its bioaccessibility was analyzed at 0, 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years. Changes in oxidation state of As were evaluated immediately after spiking and after 3 years of soil-pesticide equilibration. Results show that geochemical partitioning of As was affected significantly (P<0.05) by soil type, loading rates, and equilibration time. Arsenic was bound mainly to the poorly-crystalline Fe/Al-oxyhydroxides in the soil. However, these interactions did not affect As bioaccessibility, presumably due to the dissolution of the bound fractions of As in the acidic stomach. While 74-94% of the total bioaccessible As was transformed to As(V), 4-19% was transformed to the more toxic As(III). This study indicates that although aging affected the geochemical partitioning of As in the soil, bioaccesibility was controlled by the gastric pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Quazi
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Wragg J, Cave M, Basta N, Brandon E, Casteel S, Denys S, Gron C, Oomen A, Reimer K, Tack K, Van de Wiele T. An inter-laboratory trial of the unified BARGE bioaccessibility method for arsenic, cadmium and lead in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4016-30. [PMID: 21703664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe (BARGE) has carried out an inter-laboratory trial of a proposed harmonised in vitro physiologically based ingestion bioaccessibility procedure for soils, called the Unified BARGE Method (UBM). The UBM includes an initial saliva phase and simulated stomach and intestine compartments. The trial involved the participation of seven laboratories (five European and two North American) providing bioaccessibility data for As (11 samples), Cd (9 samples) and Pb (13 samples) using soils with in vivo relative bioavailability data measured using a swine model. The results of the study were compared with benchmark criteria for assessing the suitability of the UBM to provide data for human health risk assessments. Mine waste and slag soils containing high concentrations of As caused problems of poor repeatability and reproducibility which were alleviated when the samples were run at lower soil to solution ratios. The study showed that the UBM met the benchmark criteria for both the stomach and stomach & intestine phase for As. For Cd, three out of four criteria were met for the stomach phase but only one for the stomach & intestine phase. For Pb two, out of four criteria were met for the stomach phase and none for the stomach & intestine phase. However, the study recommends tighter control of pH in the stomach phase extraction to improve between-laboratory variability, more reproducible in vivo validation data and that a follow up inter-laboratory trial should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Nagar R, Sarkar D, Makris KC, Datta R, Sylvia VL. Bioavailability and bioaccessibility of arsenic in a soil amended with drinking-water treatment residuals. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 57:755-66. [PMID: 19347240 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Earlier incubation and greenhouse studies in our laboratory confirmed the effectiveness of drinking-water treatment residual (WTR) in decreasing soil arsenic (As) bioaccessibility as determined with in vitro tests, which led us to hypothesize a similar outcome if animal studies were to be conducted. Our objective was to evaluate the potential of WTR in lowering soil As bioavailability by conducting in vivo experiments and compare the in vitro to the in vivo As data. This study was performed using 6-week-old male BALB/c mice that were fed with an As-contaminated soil slurry using the gavage method. Blood and stomach contents were collected at 1 and 24 h after feeding. Urine and excreta were collected at time 0 (before feeding) and 24 h after feeding. Relative As bioavailability (RBA) values calculated from the blood samples of mice fed with WTR and WTR-amended soil samples ranged from 13% to 24% and from 25% to 29%, respectively; both were significantly (p < 0.001) lower than that of the unamended (no-WTR) soil (approximately 100% RBA). Absolute As bioavailability (ABA) in the gastric phase was significantly (p < 0.001) lowered, to 7-16%, in the WTR-amended soil compared with that of the unamended control (26%). A significant (p < 0.001) linear correlation (r = 0.94) was observed between the in vitro (stomach-phase) and the in vivo RBA data. Percentage recovery of As obtained from four mice tissue compartments (i.e., blood, stomach, urine, and fecal matter) after oral and intramuscular administrations was 63-80%. Results illustrate the effectiveness of in situ WTR amendment in decreasing in vivo soil As bioavailability, thereby lowering the potential cancer risk via an oral ingestion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Nagar
- Weiss Associates, Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, 5801 Christie Avenue, Suite 600, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
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