1
|
Das A, Baig NA, Yawar M, Kumar A, Habib G, Perumal V. Size fraction of hazardous particulate matter governing the respiratory deposition and inhalation risk in the highly polluted city Delhi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:11600-11616. [PMID: 36097310 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Delhi has been identified as one of the highly polluted cities in the world and recently associated with the highest population weighted PM2.5 concentration. However, the unavailability of the health risk estimations using long-term data for Indian cities has been pointed out as a hurdle in performing the correct assessment. The present work estimated deposition of particles in different regions of respiratory systems (head airway = 67% deposition for 2.5 µm particles; tracheo-bronchiolar (TB) = 73% deposition for 1.0 µm particles; alveolar (AL) = 17% deposition for 0.5 µm, 0.25 µm, and < 0.25 µm particles) using PM samples collected at a breathing height of 1.5 m near the major ring road in New Delhi (India). The calculated risk index (RI) varied considerably between winter (1.21 ± 0.26 to 1.33 ± 0.50) and pre-monsoon-southwest monsoon months (0.34 ± 0.08 to 0.96 ± 0.27). Respiratory deposition dose of nanosized particles (≤ 500 nm) in the alveoli region of the lung was found to be considerable (35%) indicating the need for understanding the role of these particles in posing health risk. Although the calculated values of risk metric for exposures of PM-associated metals indicated no risk to IIT Delhi population (hazard quotient < 1 and excess risk of getting cancer < 10-6-10-9), continuous monitoring for particles of different sizes at inhalation height are required for protecting human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Nisar Ali Baig
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Yawar
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Gazala Habib
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
| | - Vivekanandan Perumal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Padhi A, Bansal M, Habib G, Samiksha S, Raman RS. Physical, chemical and optical properties of PM 2.5 and gaseous emissions from cooking with biomass fuel in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156730. [PMID: 35714742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to capture real-world cooking process-wise emissions generated by the combustion of mixed biomass fuel in traditional mud cookstoves in rural kitchens of the north Indian state of Uttar-Pradesh during regular meal preparations. Combustion characteristics, including modified combustion efficiency, thermal efficiency and burn rate, were examined to understand their relationship with emissions. Variations were observed in emission factors (EFs) of PM2.5, trace gases, namely CO, CO2, NOx and SO2, for different cooking processes. While the highest emission of PM2.5, CO and SO2 were observed for boiling (7.0 ± 2.7, 68 ± 29.3, 1.0 ± 1.7 gkg-1, respectively), CO2 and NOx recorded the highest EFs for frying (1537 ± 278.2 & 1.6 ± 0.9 gkg-1 respectively). Although the study reported similar carbon content emissions for different processes, high EC emissions were observed for baking (1.1 ± 0.3 gkg-1). A high concentration of K+ (indicating biomass burning) and toxic trace metals including Al, Cu, Sr, Ti, Mo & Cd has been reported in the present study. EFs of black carbon and brown carbon from mixed fuel burning during uncontrolled cooking have been discussed for different cooking processes which are critical inputs to emission inventories and radiative forcing calculation. The processes of frying and sautéing were found to be more consistent in emissions of pollutants than boiling and baking (variability- 13 %-167 %). Overall, this study emphasizes that a measurement of combustion characteristics and cooking method type should also be contemplated along with fuel and stove types during field emission studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annada Padhi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110 016, India
| | - Mahak Bansal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110 016, India
| | - Gazala Habib
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110 016, India.
| | - Shilpi Samiksha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India; Center for Research on Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mandal TK, Yadav L, Sharma SK, Saxena M, Tomar N, Dutta A, Malik N, Saharan US. Chemical properties of emissions from solid residential fuels used for energy in the rural sector of the southern region of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:37930-37953. [PMID: 35072883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have estimated the emission factors (EFs) of particulate matter (PM), organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), oxide of sulfur and nitrogen, and water-soluble ionic species emitted from residential fuels (fuelwood, crop residue, dung cake) used in the rural sector of five states (Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu) of the southern region of India. Average EFs of PM, OC, and EC from fuelwood (FW), crop residues (CR), and dung cakes (DC) from southern region of India are estimated as follows: PM: 6.35 ± 5.64 g/kg (FW), 6.99 ± 5.46 g/kg (CR), 9.69 ± 3.73 g/kg (DC); OC: 1.60 ± 1.72 g/kg (FW), 1.50 ± 1.52 g/kg (CR), 3.54 ± 0.75 g/kg (DC); and EC: 0.46 ± 0.53 g/kg (FW), 0.29 ± 0.17 g/kg (CR), 0.21 ± 0.11 g/kg (DC), respectively. Similarly, the average EFs of SO2, NOx from FW, CR, and DC are determined to be as follows: SO2: 0.40 ± 0.37 g/kg (FW), 1.17 ± 0.25 g/kg (CR), and 0.18 ± 0.10 g/kg (DC); NOx: 1.11 ± 1.22 g/kg (FW), 0.69 ± 0.37 g/kg (CR), and 0.91 ± 0.54 g/kg (DC), respectively. PO43- shows the highest EF from FW (646.02 ± 576.35 mg/kg), CR (531.06 ± 678.29 mg/kg) among all anions followed by Cl- (FW: 512.91 ± 700.35 mg/kg, CR: 661.61 ± 865.46 mg/kg and DC: 104.16 ± 54.01 mg/kg); whereas, Na+ shows highest EF from FW (254.05 ± 298.50 mg/kg) and CR (249.36 ± 294.85 mg/kg) among all cations. The total emissions of trace gases, PM, and their chemical composition from FW, CR, and DC have been calculated using laboratory-generated EFs over the southern region of India. CR (1595.58 ± 14.24 Gg) contributes to higher emission of PM as compared to FW (218.78 ± 53.93 Gg), whereas the contribution from DC is negligible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
| | - Lokesh Yadav
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Mohit Saxena
- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Tomar
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Guru Govind Singh Indra Prastha University, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Arindam Dutta
- The Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Malik
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) (IIT-ISM), Dhanbad, India
| | - Ummed Singh Saharan
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yao P, Ni H, Paul D, Masalaite A, Huang RJ, Meijer HAJ, Dusek U. An automated method for thermal-optical separation of aerosol organic/elemental carbon for 13C analysis at the sub-μgC level: A comprehensive assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150031. [PMID: 34509852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe and thoroughly evaluate a method for 13C analysis in different fractions of carbonaceous aerosols, especially elemental carbon (EC). This method combines a Sunset thermal-optical analyzer and an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) via a custom-built automated separation, purification, and injection system. Organic carbon (OC), EC, and other specific fractions from aerosol filter samples can be separated and analyzed automatically for 13C based on thermal-optical protocols (EUSAAR_2 in this study) at sub-μgC levels. The main challenges in isolating EC for 13C analysis are the possible artifacts during OC/EC separation, including the premature loss of EC and the formation of pyrolyzed OC (pOC) that is difficult to separate from EC. Since those artifacts can be accompanied with isotope fractionation, their influence on the stable isotopic composition of EC was comprehensively investigated with various test compounds. The results show that the thermal-optical method is relatively successful in OC/EC separation for 13C analysis. The method was further tested on real aerosols samples. For biomass-burning source samples, (partial) inclusion of pOC into EC has negligible influence on the 13C signature of EC. However, for ambient samples, the influence of pOC on the 13C signature of EC can be significant, if it is not well separated from EC, which is true for many current methods for measuring 13C on EC. A case study in Xi'an, China, where pOC is enriched in 13C compared to EC, shows that this can lead to an overestimate of coal and an underestimate of traffic emissions in isotope-based source apportionment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yao
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dipayan Paul
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Agne Masalaite
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Harro A J Meijer
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen H, Luo Z, Xiong R, Liu X, Zhang L, Li Y, Du W, Chen Y, Cheng H, Shen G, Tao S. A critical review of pollutant emission factors from fuel combustion in home stoves. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106841. [PMID: 34438232 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A large population does not have access to modern household energy and relies on solid fuels such as coal and biomass fuels. Burning of these solid fuels in low-efficiency home stoves produces high amounts of multiple air pollutants, causing severe air pollution and adverse health outcomes. In evaluating impacts on human health and climate, it is critical to understand the formation and emission processes of air pollutants from these combustion sources. Air pollutant emission factors (EFs) from indoor solid fuel combustion usually highly vary among different testing protocols, fuel-stove systems, sampling and analysis instruments, and environmental conditions. In this critical review, we focus on the latest developments in pollutant emission factor studies, with emphases on the difference between lab and field studies, fugitive emission quantification, and factors that contribute to variabilities in EFs. Field studies are expected to provide more realistic EFs for emission inventories since lab studies typically do not simulate real-world burning conditions well. However, the latter has considerable advantages in evaluating formation mechanisms and variational influencing factors in observed pollutant EFs. One main challenge in field emission measurement is the suitable emission sampling system. Reasons for the field and lab differences have yet to be fully elucidated, and operator behavior can have a significant impact on such differences. Fuel properties and stove designs affect emissions, and the variations are complexly affected by several factors. Stove classification is a challenge in the comparison of EF results from different studies. Lab- and field-based methods for quantifying fugitive emissions, as an important contributor to indoor air pollution, have been developed, and priority work is to develop a database covering different fuel-stove combinations. Studies on the dynamics of the combustion process and evolution of air pollutant formation and emissions are scarce, and these factors should be an important aspect of future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinlei Liu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaojie Li
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Research Centre of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu B, Xuan K, Zhang X, Shen X, Li X, Zhou Q, Cao X, Zhang H, Yao Z. Mass absorption cross-section of black carbon from residential biofuel stoves and diesel trucks based on real-world measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147225. [PMID: 34088050 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) as an important part of atmospheric aerosols imposes adverse effects on atmospheric visibility, health, and climate change. Mass absorption cross-section (MACBC) is an essential parameter in BC quantitative and model research, which is of growing concern in recent decades. In this study, we conducted real-world measurements on BC emissions from two major sources of residential biofuel stoves and diesel trucks. BC emissions and MACBC values are quantified based on the photoacoustic and thermo-optical methods. The impacts of typical factors from biofuel stoves (biofuel and stove types) and diesel trucks (vehicle types, emission standards, and driving conditions) on BC/EC, MACBC values, and the relationships between BC and EC, BC/PM2.5 and MACBC are analyzed comprehensively. We find the BC and EC emissions from these two sources present good correlations, and those emissions are almost equal from diesel trucks, while the EC emissions from biofuel burning are slightly higher than BC. The typical factors for analysis may affect the optical properties of BC, and then will affect the mass ratio of BC/EC, indirectly. We have calculated the equivalent MACBC values and compared those with previous studies. Then, we further divided the equivalent MACBC values under several typical factors, which are 5.84 and 2.71 m2/g for improved and simple biofuel stoves, and 5.91 and 4.64 m2/g for light-duty and heavy-duty diesel trucks, respectively. Furthermore, the MACBC and BC/PM2.5 under the main operational metrics generally present good correlations. Our results will help to enhance the understanding of MACBC and provide effective data support for BC quantification and atmospheric model research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kaijie Xuan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xianbao Shen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Islam MM, Wathore R, Zerriffi H, Marshall JD, Bailis R, Grieshop AP. In-use emissions from biomass and LPG stoves measured during a large, multi-year cookstove intervention study in rural India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143698. [PMID: 33321364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an emission measurement campaign as a part of a multiyear cookstove intervention trial in two rural locations in northern and southern India. 253 uncontrolled cooking tests measured emissions in control and intervention households during three ~3-month-long measurement periods in each location. We measured pollutants including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC), black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) from stoves ranging from traditional solid fuel (TSF) to improved biomass stoves (rocket, gasifier) to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) models. TSF stoves showed substantial variability in pollutant emission factors (EFs; g kg-1 wood) and optical properties across measurement periods. Multilinear regression modeling found that measurement period, fuel properties, relative humidity, and cooking duration are significant predictors of TSF EFs. A rocket stove showed moderate reductions relative to TSF. LPG stoves had the lowest pollutant EFs, with mean PM2.5 and CO EFs (g MJdelivered-1) >90% lower than biomass stoves. However, in-home EFs of LPG were substantially higher than lab EFs, likely influenced by non-ideal combustion performance, emissions from food and possible influence from other combustion sources. In-home emission measurements may depict the actual exposure benefits associated with dissemination of LPG stoves in real world interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Maksimul Islam
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Roshan Wathore
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hisham Zerriffi
- Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rob Bailis
- Stockholm Environmental Institute - US Centre, Somerville, MA, USA
| | - Andrew P Grieshop
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Han Y, Chen Y, Feng Y, Shang Y, Li J, Li Q, Chen J. Fuel Aromaticity Promotes Low-Temperature Nucleation Processes of Elemental Carbon from Biomass and Coal Combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2532-2540. [PMID: 33529529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Significant elemental carbon (EC) emissions from low-temperature solid fuel combustion cannot be explained by classical mechanisms ascribing EC to higher-temperature condensation (> 850 °C). The importance of fuel composition in promoting EC nucleation was investigated by studying EC and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation at multiple-ignition temperatures (300-900 °C) using fuels with different aromatic contents (i.e., straw, wood, and coal). Biomass and coal combustion at 300 °C can produce substantial EC containing a large amount of soot-EC, a known high-temperature condensation product, possibly because aromatics reduce EC nucleation barriers, corresponding to the increasing ratios of soot-EC to char-EC from straw to coal (1.22 to 3.61). High- to low-molecular-weight PAH ratios in biomass combustion were four times lower than those in coal combustion, resulting in different EC formation atmospheres. Specifically, 31.4% of PAHs from biomass combustion were indene, compared to only 0.24% for coal, indicating that resonance-stabilized hydrocarbon-radical chain reactions dominated EC nucleation in biomass combustion. Five- to six-membered PAH ratios were always higher than one in biomass combustion but increased significantly from 0.5 to 2 with increasing temperature in coal combustion, indicating that PAHs generated through aromatic decomposition in coal could form EC through van-der-Waals forces and phenyl addition/cyclization-based covalent bonding at low and high temperatures, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Feng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Assessment of the COVID-19 Lockdown Effects on Spectral Aerosol Scattering and Absorption Properties in Athens, Greece. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is evolving into one of the worst pandemics in recent history, claiming a death toll of over 1.5 million as of December 2020. In an attempt to limit the expansion of the pandemic in its initial phase, nearly all countries imposed restriction measures, which resulted in an unprecedented reduction of air pollution. This study aims to assess the impact of the lockdown effects due to COVID-19 on in situ measured aerosol properties, namely spectral-scattering (bsca) and absorption (babs) coefficients, black carbon (BC) concentrations, single-scattering albedo (SSA), scattering and absorption Ångström exponents (SAE, AAE) in Athens, Greece. Moreover, a comparison is performed with the regional background site of Finokalia, Crete, for a better assessment of the urban impact on observed differences. The study examines pre-lockdown (1–22 March 2020), lockdown (23 March–3 May 2020) and post-lockdown (4–31 May 2020) periods, while the aerosol properties are also compared with a 3–4 year preceding period (2016/2017–2019). Comparison of meteorological parameters in Athens, between the lockdown period and respective days in previous years, showed only marginal variation, which is not deemed sufficient in order to justify the notable changes in aerosol concentrations and optical properties. The largest reduction during the lockdown period was observed for babs compared to the pre-lockdown (−39%) and to the same period in previous years (−36%). This was intensified during the morning traffic hours (−60%), reflecting the large decrease in vehicular emissions. Furthermore, AAE increased during the lockdown period due to reduced emissions from fossil-fuel combustion, while a smaller (−21%) decrease was observed for bsca along with slight increases (6%) in SAE and SSA values, indicating that scattering aerosol properties were less affected by the decrease in vehicular emissions, as they are more dependent on regional sources and atmospheric processing. Nighttime BC emissions related to residential wood-burning were slightly increased during the lockdown period, with respect to previous-year means. On the contrary, aerosol and pollution changes during the lockdown period at Finokalia were low and highly sensitive to natural sources and processes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen Y, Fei J, Sun Z, Shen G, Du W, Zang L, Yang L, Wang Y, Wu R, Chen A, Zhao M. Household air pollution from cooking and heating and its impacts on blood pressure in residents living in rural cave dwellings in Loess Plateau of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36677-36687. [PMID: 32562231 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cave dwelling is an ancient and unique type of residence in the Loess Plateau of Northern China, where the economics are less-developed. The majority of the local dwellers rely on traditional solid fuels for cooking and heating, which can emit large amounts of particles into both indoor and outdoor environments. In this study, we measured the real-time household concentrations of PM2.5 and explored the association between personal daily PM2.5 exposure and blood pressure (BP). Cooking and heating activities with different energies made a great variation in the household PM2.5 air pollution, and residents using biomass had the highest personal PM2.5 exposure. Temperature and relative humidity are both significantly linear correlated with household PM2.5 air pollution. Besides, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was demonstrated to be positively associated with personal PM2.5 exposure: with each 10-μg/m3 incremental PM2.5 concentration when controlling all the other factors, SBP will increase by 0.36 mmHg (95% confident interval (CI) 0.05-0.0.77 mmHg). If solid fuels could be replaced with clean energies, personal PM2.5 exposure and SBP would reduce by more than 21% and 3.7%, respectively, calling for efficient intervention programs to mitigate household air pollution of cave dwellings and protect health of those residents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Fei
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Du
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lu Zang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liyang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - An Chen
- College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
In-Field Emission Measurements from Biogas and Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Stoves. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10120729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Household air pollution from solid fuel cooking causes millions of deaths each year and contributes to climate change. These emissions can be reduced if households transition to cleaner cooking fuels such as LPG or biogas, yet emission measurements during actual use are limited. Six LPG and 57 biogas cooking event emissions were measured during typical cooking practices in Nepal. Emission factors are reported for elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and carbon monoxide (CO) and compared to measurements from wood stoves in the same households. Biogas cooking emission factors were 7.4 ± 10.9 mg MJ − 1 for PM 2.5 and 0.2 ± 0.3 mg MJ − 1 for EC on a fuel energy basis, and were not significantly different from LPG stoves (9.5 ± 6.8 mg MJ − 1 for PM 2.5 and 0.3 ± 0.3 mg MJ − 1 for EC, p > 0.05). Wood stoves emitted 50 times more PM 2.5 than biogas on a fuel energy basis and 230 times more EC. EC emissions were about 3% of total particle emissions from biogas and LPG stoves. Most PM 2.5 emissions from gas stoves were attributed to food frying and stove ignition (90%), not the gas fuel (10%), implying that there is a limit to emission reductions that can be achieved with improved fuels.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bilsback KR, Dahlke J, Fedak KM, Good N, Hecobian A, Herckes P, L'Orange C, Mehaffy J, Sullivan A, Tryner J, Van Zyl L, Walker ES, Zhou Y, Pierce JR, Wilson A, Peel JL, Volckens J. A Laboratory Assessment of 120 Air Pollutant Emissions from Biomass and Fossil Fuel Cookstoves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7114-7125. [PMID: 31132247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cookstoves emit many pollutants that are harmful to human health and the environment. However, most of the existing scientific literature focuses on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO). We present an extensive data set of speciated air pollution emissions from wood, charcoal, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstoves. One-hundred and twenty gas- and particle-phase constituents-including organic carbon, elemental carbon (EC), ultrafine particles (10-100 nm), inorganic ions, carbohydrates, and volatile/semivolatile organic compounds (e.g., alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, carbonyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs))-were measured in the exhaust from 26 stove/fuel combinations. We find that improved biomass stoves tend to reduce PM2.5 emissions; however, certain design features (e.g., insulation or a fan) tend to increase relative levels of other coemitted pollutants (e.g., EC ultrafine particles, carbonyls, or PAHs, depending on stove type). In contrast, the pressurized kerosene and LPG stoves reduced all pollutants relative to a traditional three-stone fire (≥93% and ≥79%, respectively). Finally, we find that PM2.5 and CO are not strong predictors of coemitted pollutants, which is problematic because these pollutants may not be indicators of other cookstove smoke constituents (such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) that may be emitted at concentrations that are harmful to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Bilsback
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , 1374 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Jordyn Dahlke
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , 1374 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Kristen M Fedak
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences , Colorado State University , 1681 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Nicholas Good
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences , Colorado State University , 1681 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Arsineh Hecobian
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , 1371 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Pierre Herckes
- School of Molecular Sciences , Arizona State University , 1604 Campus Delivery , Tempe , Arizona 85287 , United States
| | - Christian L'Orange
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , 1374 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - John Mehaffy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , 1374 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Amy Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , 1371 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Jessica Tryner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , 1374 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Lizette Van Zyl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , 1374 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Ethan S Walker
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences , Colorado State University , 1681 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , 1371 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , 1371 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Ander Wilson
- Department of Statistics , Colorado State University , 1877 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Jennifer L Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences , Colorado State University , 1681 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , 1374 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
This paper presents results from eight field studies in Asia and Africa on the emissions performance of 16 stove/fuel combinations measured during normal cooking events in homes. Characterizing real-world emissions performance is important for understanding the climate and health implications of technologies being promoted as alternatives to displace baseline cooking stoves and fuels. Almost all of the stove interventions were measured to have substantial reductions in PM2.5 and CO emissions compared to their respective baseline technologies (reductions of 24–87% and 25–80%, for PM2.5 and CO emission rates, respectively), though comparison with performance guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) suggests that further improvement for biomass stoves would help realize more health benefits. The emissions of LPG stoves were generally below the WHO interim PM2.5 emissions target (1.75 mg/min) though it was not clear how close they were to the most aspirational ISO (0.2 mg/min) or WHO (0.23 mg/min) targets as our limit of detection was 1.1 mg/min. Elemental and organic carbon emission factors and elemental-to-total carbon ratios (medians ranging from 0.11 to 0.42) were in line with previously reported field-based estimates for similar stove/fuel combinations. Two of the better performing forced draft stoves used with pellets—the Oorja (median ET/TC = 0.12) and Eco-Chula (median ET/TC = 0.42)—were at opposite ends of the range, indicating that important differences in combustion conditions can arise even between similar stove/fuel combinations. Field-based tests of stove performance also provide important feedback for laboratory test protocols. Comparison of these results to previously published water boiling test data from the laboratory reinforce the trend that stove performance is generally better during controlled laboratory conditions, with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) being consistently lower in the field for respective stove/fuel categories. New testing approaches, which operate stoves through a broader range of conditions, indicate potential for better MCE agreement than previous versions of water boiling tests. This improved agreement suggests that stove performance estimates from a new ISO laboratory testing protocol, including testing stoves across low, medium, and high firepower, may provide more representative estimates of real-world performance than previously used tests. More representative results from standardized laboratory testing should help push stove designs toward better real-world performance as well as provide a better indication of how the tested technologies will perform for the user.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ray D, Ghosh SK, Raha S. Impacts of photochemical ageing on the half-lives and diagnostic ratio of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons intrinsic to PM 2.5 collected from 'real-world' like combustion events of wood and rice straw burning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 366:10-15. [PMID: 30500693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present experimental study describes the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted with PM2.5 particles during wood and rice straw burning as well as impacts of photochemical ageing on the half lives of particulate PAHs and their diagnostic ratio values. The photochemical degradation kinetics experiments were carried out by exposing the PM2.5 to light and synthetic air flow. Pseudo first order rate constants were calculated based on PAH loss as a function of exposure time. Relatively quick degradation of lighter PAHs (3-rings) [(0.2-0.5)h-1] than heavier PAHs (4-6 rings) [(0.0005-0.03)h-1] indicates substantial impact of PAH-substrate interaction through π-π stacking with the carbonaceous substrates. Moreover, our results showed distinct PAH diagnostic ratios (DR) for wood and rice straw burnings which, however, change with time due to photochemical degradation. The later may add uncertainties in the applications of DR values for source apportionment. Furthermore, considerably large half lives (100-3000 h) of the carcinogenic PAHs as estimated under ambient solar radiation may cause poor and adverse air quality in long range and therefore demands immediate regulations against uncontrolled biomass burning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Ray
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, 700054, India.
| | - Sanjay K Ghosh
- Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India; Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C Road, Kolkata, 700009, India.
| | - Sibaji Raha
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VII-M, Kolkata, 700054, India; Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science, Block-EN, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India; Department of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C Road, Kolkata, 700009, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dumka UC, Tiwari S, Kaskaoutis DG, Soni VK, Safai PD, Attri SD. Aerosol and pollutant characteristics in Delhi during a winter research campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3771-3794. [PMID: 30539401 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas in developing countries are major sources of carbonaceous aerosols and air pollutants, pointing out the need for a detailed assessment of their levels and origin close to the source. A multi-instrument research campaign was performed in Delhi during December 2015-February 2016 aimed at exploring the pollution levels and the contribution of various sources to particulate matter (PM) concentrations, black carbon (BC) aerosols, and trace gases. The weak winds (< 5-6 m s-1) along with the shallow boundary layer favoured the formation of thick and persistent fog conditions, which along with the high BC (24.4 ± 12.2 μg m-3) concentrations lead to the formation of smog. Very high pollution levels were recorded during the campaign, with mean PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO, and O3 concentrations of 245.5 ± 109.8 μg m-3, 145.5 ± 69.5 μg m-3, 1.7 ± 0.5 ppm, 7.9 ± 2.3 ppb, and 31.3 ± 18.4 ppb, respectively. This study focuses on examining the daily/diurnal cycles of the aerosol optical properties (extinction, scattering, absorption coefficients, single scattering albedo), as well as of PM and other pollutant concentrations, along with changes in meteorology (mixing-layer height and wind speed). In addition, the hot-spot pollution sources in the greater Delhi area were determined via bivariate plots and conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), while the distant sources were examined via the concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis. The results show that the highest aerosol absorption and scattering coefficients, PM, and trace gas concentrations are detected for weak winds (< 2 m s-1) with a preference for eastern directions, revealing high contribution from local sources and accumulation of pollutants within urban Delhi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Nainital, 263 001, India.
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, New Delhi Branch, New Delhi, 110 060, India
| | - Dimitris G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 118 10, Athens, Greece
| | - Vijay K Soni
- Indian Metrological Department, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110 003, India
| | - Promod D Safai
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Shiv D Attri
- Indian Metrological Department, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110 003, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saliba G, Subramanian R, Bilsback K, L'Orange C, Volckens J, Johnson M, Robinson AL. Aerosol Optical Properties and Climate Implications of Emissions from Traditional and Improved Cookstoves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13647-13656. [PMID: 30373367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cookstove emissions are a major global source of black carbon but their impact on climate is uncertain because of limited understanding of their optical properties. We measured optical properties of fresh aerosol emissions from 32 different stove/fuel combinations, ranging from simple open fires to high-performing forced-draft stoves. Stoves were tested in the laboratory using the firepower sweep protocol, which measures emissions across the entire range of functional firepower. There is large variability in measured optical properties across the entire range of firepower. This variability is strongly correlated with black carbon-to-particulate matter mass ratio (BC/PM). In comparison, stove type, fuel, and operational metrics were poor predictors of optical properties. We developed parametrizations of the mass absorption cross-section, the absorption angstrom exponent, and the single scattering albedo of fresh emissions as a function of BC/PM. These parametrizations, derived from laboratory data, also reproduce previously reported field measurements of optical properties of real-world cooking emissions. We combined our new parametrizations of intensive optical properties with published emissions data to estimate the direct radiative effect of emissions for different stove technologies. Our data suggest that so-called "improved" stove reduce CO2 equivalent emission (i.e., climate benefits) by 20-30% compared to traditional stoves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georges Saliba
- Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - R Subramanian
- Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Kelsey Bilsback
- Colorado State University , 430 North College Avenue , Fort Collins , Colorado 80524 , United States
| | - Christian L'Orange
- Colorado State University , 430 North College Avenue , Fort Collins , Colorado 80524 , United States
| | - John Volckens
- Colorado State University , 430 North College Avenue , Fort Collins , Colorado 80524 , United States
| | - Michael Johnson
- Berkeley Air Monitoring Group , 1900 Addison Street , Berkeley , California 94704 , United States
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tiwari S, Kaskaoutis D, Soni VK, Dev Attri S, Singh AK. Aerosol columnar characteristics and their heterogeneous nature over Varanasi, in the central Ganges valley. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24726-24745. [PMID: 29923051 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) experiences one of the highest aerosol loading over the globe with pronounced inter-/intra-seasonal variability. Four-year (January 2011-December 2014) continuous MICROTOPS-II sun-photometer measurements at Varanasi, central Ganges valley, provide an opportunity to investigate the aerosol physical and optical properties and their variability. A large variation in aerosol optical depth (AOD: from 0.23 to 1.89, mean of 0.82 ± 0.31) and Ångström exponent (AE: from 0.19 to 1.44, mean of 0.96 ± 0.27) is observed, indicating a highly turbid atmospheric environment with significant heterogeneity in aerosol sources, types and optical properties. The highest seasonal means of both AOD and AE are observed in the post-monsoon (October-November) season (0.95 ± 0.31 for AOD and 1.16 ± 0.14 for AE) followed by winter (December, January, February; 0.97 ± 0.34 for AOD and 1.09 ± 0.20 for AE) and are mainly attributed to the accumulation of aerosols from urban and biomass/crop residue burning emissions within a shallow boundary layer. In contrast, during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, the aerosols are mostly coming from natural origin (desert and mineral dust) mixed with pollution in several cases. The spectral dependence of AE, the aerosol "curvature" effect and other graphical techniques are used for the identification of the aerosol types and their mixing processes in the atmosphere. Furthermore, the aerosol source-apportionment assessment using the weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF) analysis reveals the different aerosol types, emission sources and transport pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shani Tiwari
- Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- Present Address: Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dimitris Kaskaoutis
- Atmospheric Research Team, Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Shiv Dev Attri
- India Meteorological Department, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Singh
- Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
- DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, B.H.U, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bai Z, Cui X, Wang X, Xie H, Chen B. Light absorption of black carbon is doubled at Mt. Tai and typical urban area in North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1144-1151. [PMID: 29710569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The estimates of radiative forcing of black carbon (BC) remain great uncertainty, largely due to variations in the absorption enhancement of BC by mixing with organic and inorganic coatings in ambient aerosols. We applied a two-step solvent treatment method that experimentally removed coating materials in aerosol samples to determine the BC absorption enhancement. Aerosol samples were collected at Mt. Tai and a severely polluted urban area (Jinan) in North China Plain (NCP). The mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of BC aerosols was determined before and after the coating removal. Three thermal-optical protocols, NIOSH, EUSAAR and IMPROVE, were tested for determining of BC mass and MAC. The EUSAAR protocol gave the optimal values of BC mass concentrations and MAC. The MAC for decoated BC was 3.8 ± 0.9 and 3.8 ± 0.1 m2 g-1 (Average and 1SD) at 678 nm wavelength at the urban area and Mt. Tai, respectively, and it was consistent with the theoretical calculation for pure BC. The MAC for ambient aerosol samples was enhanced to 7.4 ± 2.6 and 7.8 ± 2.7 m2 g-1 at Jinan and Mt. Tai respectively. Non -BC coatings could enhance the MAC (EMAC) by a factor of 2 at both the polluted urban area and mountain summit. The light absorption of BC may be rapidly enhanced from air pollution in severely polluted area, and then it remains relatively constant for aged aerosols at Mt. Tai. Climate model is recommended for amplifying BC absorption by a factor of 2 in East Asia and other areas with intense industrialization and urbanization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Bai
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xinjian Cui
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Huijun Xie
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Santiago-De La Rosa N, González-Cardoso G, Figueroa-Lara JDJ, Gutiérrez-Arzaluz M, Octaviano-Villasana C, Ramírez-Hernández IF, Mugica-Álvarez V. Emission factors of atmospheric and climatic pollutants from crop residues burning. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:849-865. [PMID: 29652225 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1459326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biomass burning is a common agricultural practice, because it allows elimination of postharvesting residues; nevertheless, it involves an inefficient combustion process that generates atmospheric pollutants emission, which has implications on health and climate change. This work focuses on the estimation of emission factors (EFs) of PM2.5, PM10, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) of residues from burning alfalfa, barley, beans, cotton, maize, rice, sorghum, and wheat in Mexico. Chemical characteristics of the residues were determined to establish their relationship with EFs, as well as with the modified combustion efficiency (MCE). Essays were carried out in an open combustion chamber with isokinetic sampling, following modified EPA 201-A method. EFs did not present statistical differences among different varieties of the same crop, but were statistically different among different crops, showing that generic values of EFs for all the agricultural residues can introduce significant uncertainties when used for climatic and atmospheric pollutant inventories. EFs of PM2.5 ranged from 1.19 to 11.30 g kg-1, and of PM10 from 1.77 to 21.56 g kg-1. EFs of EC correlated with lignin content, whereas EFs of OC correlated inversely with carbon content. EFs of EC and OC in PM2.5 ranged from 0.15 to 0.41 g kg-1 and from 0.33 to 5.29 g kg-1, respectively, and in PM10, from 0.17 to 0.43 g kg-1 and from 0.54 to 11.06 g kg-1. CO2 represented the largest gaseous emissions volume with 1053.35-1850.82 g kg-1, whereas the lowest was CH4 with 1.61-5.59 g kg-1. CO ranged from 28.85 to 155.71 g kg-1, correlating inversely with carbon content and MCE. EFs were used to calculate emissions from eight agricultural residues burning in the country during 2016, to know the potential mitigation of climatic and atmospheric pollutants, provided this practice was banned. IMPLICATIONS The emission factors of particles, short-lived climatic pollutants, and atmospheric pollutants from the crop residues burning of eight agricultural wastes crops, determined in this study using a standardized method, provides better knowledge of the emissions of those species in Latin America and other developing countries, and can be used as inputs in air quality models and climatic studies. The EFs will allow the development of more accurate inventories of aerosols and gaseous pollutants, which will lead to the design of effective mitigation strategies and planning processes for sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naxieli Santiago-De La Rosa
- a Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco , Ciudad de México , México
| | | | | | - Mirella Gutiérrez-Arzaluz
- c Basic Sciences Department , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco , Ciudad de México , México
| | | | | | - Violeta Mugica-Álvarez
- a Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco , Ciudad de México , México
- c Basic Sciences Department , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco , Ciudad de México , México
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shen G, Hays MD, Smith KR, Williams C, Faircloth JW, Jetter JJ. Evaluating the Performance of Household Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cookstoves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:904-915. [PMID: 29244944 PMCID: PMC7362386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstoves are considered to be an important solution for mitigating household air pollution; however, their performance has rarely been evaluated. To fill the data and knowledge gaps in this important area, 89 laboratory tests were conducted to quantify efficiencies and pollutant emissions from five commercially available household LPG stoves under different burning conditions. The mean thermal efficiency (±standard deviation) for the tested LPG cookstoves was 51 ± 6%, meeting guidelines for the highest tier level (Tier 4) under the International Organization for Standardization, International Workshop Agreement 11. Emission factors of CO2, CO, THC, CH4, and NOx on the basis of useful energy delivered (MJd) were 142 ± 17, 0.77 ± 0.55, 130 ± 196, 5.6 ± 8.2, and 46 ± 9 mg/MJd, respectively. Approximately 90% of the PM2.5 data were below the detection limit, corresponding to an emission rate below 0.11 mg/min. For those data above the detection limit, the average emission factor was 2.4 ± 1.6 mg/MJd, with a mean emission rate of 0.20 ± 0.16 mg/min. Under the specified gas pressure (2.8 kPa), but with the burner control set to minimum air flow rate, less complete combustion resulted in a visually yellow flame, and CO, PM2.5, EC, and BC emissions all increased. LPG cookstoves met guidelines for Tier 4 for both CO and PM2.5 emissions and mostly met the World Health Organization Emission Rate Targets set to protect human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Shen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Michael D Hays
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kirk R Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Craig Williams
- CSS-Dynamac, Inc. , 1910 Sedwick Road, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Jerroll W Faircloth
- Jacobs Technology, Inc. , 600 William Northern Boulevard, Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388, United States
| | - James J Jetter
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang Y, Du W, Chen Y, Shen G, Su S, Lin N, Shen H, Zhu D, Yuan C, Duan Y, Liu J, Li B, Tao S. Household air pollution and personal inhalation exposure to particles (TSP/PM 2.5/PM 1.0/PM 0.25) in rural Shanxi, North China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:635-643. [PMID: 28846984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure to size-segregated particles among rural residents in Shanxi, China in summer, 2011 were investigated using portable carried samplers (N = 84). Household air pollution was simultaneously studied using stationary samplers in nine homes. Information on household fuel types, cooking activity, smoking behavior, kitchen ventilation conditions etc., were also collected and discussed. The study found that even in the summer period, the daily average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM1.0 in the kitchen were as high as 376 ± 573 and 288 ± 397 μg/m3 (N = 6), that were nearly 3 times of 114 ± 81 and 97 ± 77 μg/m3 in the bedroom (N = 8), and significantly higher than those of 64 ± 28 and 47 ± 21 μg/m3 in the outdoor air (N = 6). The personal daily exposure to PM2.5 and PM1.0 were 98 ± 52 and 77 ± 47 μg/m3, respectively, that were lower than the concentrations in the kitchen but higher than the outdoor levels. The mass fractions of PM2.5 in TSP were 90%, 72%, 65% and 68% on average in the kitchen, bedroom, outdoor air and personal inhalation exposure, respectively, and moreover, a majority of particles in PM2.5 had diameters less than 1.0 μm. Calculated time-weighted average exposure based on indoor and outdoor air concentrations and time spent indoor and outdoor were positively correlated but, was ∼33% lower than the directly measured exposure. The daily exposure among those burning traditional solid fuels could be lower by ∼41% if the kitchen was equipped with an outdoor chimney, but was still 8-14% higher than those household using cleaning energies, like electricity and gas. With a ventilator in the kitchen, the exposure among the population using clean energies could be further reduced by 10-24%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Huang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Du
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shu Su
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chenyi Yuan
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yonghong Duan
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi 030800, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bengang Li
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Habib G. Chemical and optical properties of PM 2.5 from on-road operation of light duty vehicles in Delhi city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:900-916. [PMID: 28238373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reports emission factors of PM2.5, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), ions, trace elements and mass absorption cross-sections (MAC) of aerosol emitted from the on-road operation of light duty vehicles of different vintages. A portable dilution system was used to achieve complete quenching of aerosol at near ambient condition. The particles were collected on the filters and analyzed for chemical and light absorbing properties of aerosol. The diesel-powered passenger cars emitted higher PM2.5 (56-356mgkm-1) with a large fraction of EC (37-65%), while emissions from gasoline (46-78mgkm-1), and CNG vehicles (33-34mgkm-1) were low and contained low EC (5-15%) and remarkably high OC (46-91%). The MAC of aerosols for diesel vehicles (32-208m2g-1 of PM2.5) were well explained by EC content (31-62%) and showed similarity with MAC values reported for wood fuel combustion in cooking stoves indicating the two sources cannot be resolved on the basis of light absorption properties in source apportionment studies. Ionic contributions to PM2.5 were highest for 4W-gasoline (11-19%) compared to 4W-diesel (7-11%), and CNG (9-10%). The abundance of ions such as Na+, Ca2+, SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ could be due to use of lubricant oil and abrasive nature of engine of old vehicles. Trace elements (Al, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cu) emitted from after-treatment devices, additives in lube oil, and wearing of engine components, were found to be 2-14%, 3-8% and 11-12% of total PM2.5 for 4W of diesel, gasoline, and CNG respectively. This study indicates that aerosol emissions from on-road vehicles show a strong dependency on vehicle maintenance, engine type and after-treatment techniques.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hodas N, Loh M, Shin HM, Li D, Bennett D, McKone TE, Jolliet O, Weschler CJ, Jantunen M, Lioy P, Fantke P. Indoor inhalation intake fractions of fine particulate matter: review of influencing factors. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:836-856. [PMID: 26562829 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) is a major contributor to the global human disease burden. The indoor environment is of particular importance when considering the health effects associated with PM2.5 exposures because people spend the majority of their time indoors and PM2.5 exposures per unit mass emitted indoors are two to three orders of magnitude larger than exposures to outdoor emissions. Variability in indoor PM2.5 intake fraction (iFin,total ), which is defined as the integrated cumulative intake of PM2.5 per unit of emission, is driven by a combination of building-specific, human-specific, and pollutant-specific factors. Due to a limited availability of data characterizing these factors, however, indoor emissions and intake of PM2.5 are not commonly considered when evaluating the environmental performance of product life cycles. With the aim of addressing this barrier, a literature review was conducted and data characterizing factors influencing iFin,total were compiled. In addition to providing data for the calculation of iFin,total in various indoor environments and for a range of geographic regions, this paper discusses remaining limitations to the incorporation of PM2.5 -derived health impacts into life cycle assessments and makes recommendations regarding future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Hodas
- Division of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M Loh
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H-M Shin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - T E McKone
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - O Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M Jantunen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Lioy
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - P Fantke
- Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Choi JY, Baumgartner J, Harnden S, Alexander BH, Town RJ, D'Souza G, Ramachandran G. Increased risk of respiratory illness associated with kerosene fuel use among women and children in urban Bangalore, India. Occup Environ Med 2014; 72:114-22. [PMID: 25341423 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kerosene is a widely used cooking and lighting fuel in developing countries. The potential respiratory health effects of cooking with kerosene relative to cooking with cleaner fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) have not been well characterised. METHODS We sampled 600 households from six urban neighbourhoods in Bangalore, India. Each household's primary cook, usually the woman of the house, was interviewed to collect information on current domestic fuel use and whether there was any presence of respiratory symptoms or illness in her or in the children in the household. Our analysis was limited to 547 adult females (ages 18-85) and 845 children (ages 0-17) in households exclusively cooking with either kerosene or LPG. We investigated the associations between kerosene use and the likelihood of having respiratory symptoms or illness using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS Among adult women, cooking with kerosene was associated with cough (OR=1.88; 95% CI 1.19 to 2.99), bronchitis (OR=1.54; 95% CI 1.00 to 2.37), phlegm (OR=1.51; 95% CI 0.98 to 2.33) and chest illness (OR=1.61; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.53), relative to cooking with LPG in the multivariate models. Among children, living in a household cooking with kerosene was associated with bronchitis (OR=1.91; 95% CI 1.17 to 3.13), phlegm (OR=2.020; 95% CI 1.29 to 3.74) and chest illness (OR=1.70; 95% CI 0.99 to 2.90) after adjusting for other covariates. We also found associations between kerosene use and wheezing, difficulty breathing and asthma in adults and cough and wheezing in children, though these associations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Women and children in households cooking with kerosene were more likely to have respiratory symptoms and illnesses compared with those in households cooking with LPG. Transitioning from kerosene to LPG for cooking may improve respiratory health among adult women and children in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Choi
- Division of Business, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah Harnden
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruce H Alexander
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert J Town
- Department of Health Care Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George D'Souza
- Department of Chest Diseases, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurumurthy Ramachandran
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Park D, Barabad ML, Lee G, Kwon SB, Cho Y, Lee D, Cho K, Lee K. Emission characteristics of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in cow dung combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12952-12957. [PMID: 24180364 DOI: 10.1021/es402822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biomass fuel is used for cooking and heating, especially in developing countries. Combustion of biomass fuel can generate high levels of indoor air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study characterized PM and VOC emissions from cow dung combustion in a controlled experiment. Dung from grass-fed cows was dried and combusted using a dual-cone calorimeter. Heat fluxes of 10, 25, and 50 kW/m(2) were applied. The concentrations of PM and VOCs were determined using a dust spectrometer and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, respectively. PM and VOC emission factors were much higher for the lower heat flux, implying a fire ignition stage. When the heat flux was 50 kW/m(2), the CO2 emission factor was highest and the PM and VOC emission factors were lowest. Particle concentrations were highest in the 0.23-0.3 μm size range at heat fluxes of 25 and 50 kW/m(2). Various toxic VOCs, including acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, benzene, and toluene, were detected at high concentrations. Although PM and VOC emission factors at 50 kW/m(2) were lower, they were high enough to cause extremely high indoor air pollution. The characteristics of PM and VOC emissions from cow dung combustion indicated potential health effects of indoor air pollution in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duckshin Park
- Eco-Transport Research Division, Korea Railroad Research Institute , Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do 437-757, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Long CM, Nascarella MA, Valberg PA. Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: physical and chemical distinctions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 181:271-86. [PMID: 23850403 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particles containing elemental carbon (EC) are currently at the forefront of scientific and regulatory scrutiny, including black carbon, carbon black, and engineered carbon-based nanomaterials, e.g., carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and graphene. Scientists and regulators sometimes group these EC-containing particles together, for example, interchangeably using the terms carbon black and black carbon despite one being a manufactured product with well-controlled properties and the other being an undesired, incomplete-combustion byproduct with diverse properties. In this critical review, we synthesize information on the contrasting properties of EC-containing particles in order to highlight significant differences that can affect hazard potential. We demonstrate why carbon black should not be considered a model particle representative of either combustion soots or engineered carbon-based nanomaterials. Overall, scientific studies need to distinguish these highly different EC-containing particles with care and precision so as to forestall unwarranted extrapolation of properties, hazard potential, and study conclusions from one material to another.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lam NL, Chen Y, Weyant C, Venkataraman C, Sadavarte P, Johnson MA, Smith KR, Brem BT, Arineitwe J, Ellis JE, Bond TC. Household light makes global heat: high black carbon emissions from kerosene wick lamps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:13531-8. [PMID: 23163320 PMCID: PMC3531557 DOI: 10.1021/es302697h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Kerosene-fueled wick lamps used in millions of developing-country households are a significant but overlooked source of black carbon (BC) emissions. We present new laboratory and field measurements showing that 7-9% of kerosene consumed by widely used simple wick lamps is converted to carbonaceous particulate matter that is nearly pure BC. These high emission factors increase previous BC emission estimates from kerosene by 20-fold, to 270 Gg/year (90% uncertainty bounds: 110, 590 Gg/year). Aerosol climate forcing on atmosphere and snow from this source is estimated at 22 mW/m² (8, 48 mW/m²), or 7% of BC forcing by all other energy-related sources. Kerosene lamps have affordable alternatives that pose few clear adoption barriers and would provide immediate benefit to user welfare. The net effect on climate is definitively positive forcing as coemitted organic carbon is low. No other major BC source has such readily available alternatives, definitive climate forcing effects, and cobenefits. Replacement of kerosene-fueled wick lamps deserves strong consideration for programs that target short-lived climate forcers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Lam
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yanju Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Cheryl Weyant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chandra Venkataraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Climate Studies Program, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Pankaj Sadavarte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Climate Studies Program, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Kirk R. Smith
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin T. Brem
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joseph Arineitwe
- Center for Integrated Research and Community Development (CIRCODU), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justin E. Ellis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Tami C. Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Corresponding author: phone +1 (217) 244 5277,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen Y, Roden CA, Bond TC. Characterizing biofuel combustion with patterns of real-time emission data (PaRTED). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6110-7. [PMID: 22533493 DOI: 10.1021/es3003348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Emission properties and quantities from combustion sources can vary significantly during operation, and this characteristic variability is hidden in the traditional presentation of emission test averages. As a complement to the emission test averages, we introduce the notion of statistical pattern analysis to characterize temporal fluctuations in emissions, using cluster analysis and frequency plots. We demonstrate this approach by comparing emissions from traditional and improved wood-burning cookstoves under in-field conditions, and also to contrast laboratory and in-field cookstove performance. Compared with traditional cookstoves, improved cookstoves eliminate emissions that occur at low combustion efficiency. For cookstoves where the only improvement is an insulated combustion chamber, this change results in emission of more light-absorbing (black) particles. When a chimney is added, the stoves produce more black particles but also have reduced emission factors. Laboratory tests give different results than in-field tests, because they fail to reproduce a significant fraction of low-efficiency events, spikes in particulate matter (PM) emissions, and less-absorbing particles. These conditions should be isolated and replicated in future laboratory testing protocols to ensure that stove designs are relevant to in-use operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lam NL, Smith KR, Gauthier A, Bates MN. Kerosene: a review of household uses and their hazards in low- and middle-income countries. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2012; 15:396-432. [PMID: 22934567 PMCID: PMC3664014 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2012.710134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Kerosene has been an important household fuel since the mid-19th century. In developed countries its use has greatly declined because of electrification. However, in developing countries, kerosene use for cooking and lighting remains widespread. This review focuses on household kerosene uses, mainly in developing countries, their associated emissions, and their hazards. Kerosene is often advocated as a cleaner alternative to solid fuels, biomass and coal, for cooking, and kerosene lamps are frequently used when electricity is unavailable. Globally, an estimated 500 million households still use fuels, particularly kerosene, for lighting. However, there are few studies, study designs and quality are varied, and results are inconsistent. Well-documented kerosene hazards are poisonings, fires, and explosions. Less investigated are exposures to and risks from kerosene's combustion products. Some kerosene-using devices emit substantial amounts of fine particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxides (NO(x)), and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)). Studies of kerosene used for cooking or lighting provide some evidence that emissions may impair lung function and increase infectious illness (including tuberculosis), asthma, and cancer risks. However, there are few study designs, quality is varied, and results are inconsistent. Considering the widespread use in the developing world of kerosene, the scarcity of adequate epidemiologic investigations, the potential for harm, and the implications for national energy policies, researchers are strongly encouraged to consider collecting data on household kerosene uses in studies of health in developing countries. Given the potential risks of kerosene, policymakers may consider alternatives to kerosene subsidies, such as shifting support to cleaner technologies for lighting and cooking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Lam
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7367, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stone EA, Schauer JJ, Pradhan BB, Dangol PM, Habib G, Venkataraman C, Ramanathan V. Characterization of emissions from South Asian biofuels and application to source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosol in the Himalayas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|