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Utembe W, Clewell H, Sanabria N, Doganis P, Gulumian M. Current Approaches and Techniques in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modelling of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071267. [PMID: 32610468 PMCID: PMC7407857 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There have been efforts to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for nanomaterials (NMs). Since NMs have quite different kinetic behaviors, the applicability of the approaches and techniques that are utilized in current PBPK models for NMs is warranted. Most PBPK models simulate a size-independent endocytosis from tissues or blood. In the lungs, dosimetry and the air-liquid interface (ALI) models have sometimes been used to estimate NM deposition and translocation into the circulatory system. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, kinetics data are needed for mechanistic understanding of NM behavior as well as their absorption through GI mucus and their subsequent hepatobiliary excretion into feces. Following absorption, permeability (Pt) and partition coefficients (PCs) are needed to simulate partitioning from the circulatory system into various organs. Furthermore, mechanistic modelling of organ- and species-specific NM corona formation is in its infancy. More recently, some PBPK models have included the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Most notably, dissolution, a key elimination process for NMs, is only empirically added in some PBPK models. Nevertheless, despite the many challenges still present, there have been great advances in the development and application of PBPK models for hazard assessment and risk assessment of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wells Utembe
- National Institute for Occupational Health, P.O. Box 4788, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (W.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Harvey Clewell
- Ramboll US Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Natasha Sanabria
- National Institute for Occupational Health, P.O. Box 4788, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (W.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Philip Doganis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece;
| | - Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health, P.O. Box 4788, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (W.U.); (N.S.)
- Hematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-712-6428
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Gillani SS, Munawar MA, Khan KM, Chaudhary JA. Synthesis, characterization and applications of poly-aliphatic amine dendrimers and dendrons. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7298932 DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the current era, the dendrimers have vast potential applications in the area of electronics, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, engineering products, photonics, drug delivery, catalysis, electronic devices, nanotechnologies and environmental issues. This review recaps the synthesis, characterization and applications of poly-aliphatic amine dendrimers.
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Utembe W, Wepener V, Yu IJ, Gulumian M. An assessment of applicability of existing approaches to predicting the bioaccumulation of conventional substances in nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2972-2988. [PMID: 30117187 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The experimental determination of bioaccumulation is challenging, and a number of approaches have been developed for its prediction. It is important to assess the applicability of these predictive approaches to nanomaterials (NMs), which have been shown to bioaccumulate. The octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW ) may not be applicable to some NMs that are not found in either the octanol or water phases but rather are found at the interface. Thus the KOW values obtained for certain NMs are shown not to correlate well with the experimentally determined bioaccumulation. Implementation of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for NMs is also challenging because the bioaccumulation of NMs depends on nano-specific properties such as shape, size, and surface area. Thus there is a need to develop new QSAR models based on these new nanodescriptors; current efforts appear to focus on digital processing of NM images as well as the conversion of surface chemistry parameters into adsorption indices. Water solubility can be used as a screening tool for the exclusion of NMs with short half-lives. Adaptation of fugacity/aquivalence models, which include physicochemical properties, may give some insights into the bioaccumulation potential of NMs, especially with the addition of a biota component. The use of kinetic models, including physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, appears to be the most suitable approach for predicting bioaccumulation of NMs. Furthermore, because bioaccumulation of NMs depends on a number of biotic and abiotic factors, it is important to take these factors into account when one is modeling bioaccumulation and interpreting bioaccumulation results. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2972-2988. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wells Utembe
- National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Haematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Olmos JM, Laborda E, Ortuño JÁ, Molina Á. Characterization of inclusion complexes of organic ions with hydrophilic hosts by ion transfer voltammetry with solvent polymeric membranes. Talanta 2016; 164:636-644. [PMID: 28107983 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative characterization of inclusion complexes formed in aqueous phase between organic ions and hydrophilic hosts by ion-transfer voltammetry with solvent polymeric membrane ion sensors is studied, both in a theoretical and experimental way. Simple analytical solutions are presented for the determination of the binding constant of the complex from the variation with the host concentration of the electrochemical signal. These solutions are valid for any voltammetric technique and for solvent polymeric membrane ion sensors comprising one polarisable interface (1PI) and also, for the first time, two polarisable interfaces (2PIs). Suitable experimental conditions and data analysis procedures are discussed and applied to the study of the interactions of a common ionic liquid cation (1-octyl-3-metyl-imidazolium) and an ionisable drug (clomipramine) with two hydrophilic cyclodextrins: α-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. The experimental study is performed via square wave voltammetry with 2PIs and 1PI solvent polymeric membranes and in both cases the electrochemical experiments enable the detection of inclusion complexes and the determination of the corresponding binding constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Olmos
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Laborda
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Ángel Ortuño
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángela Molina
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Pryor JB, Harper BJ, Harper SL. Comparative toxicological assessment of PAMAM and thiophosphoryl dendrimers using embryonic zebrafish. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1947-56. [PMID: 24790436 PMCID: PMC4000179 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s60220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are well-defined, polymeric nanomaterials currently being investigated for biomedical applications such as medical imaging, gene therapy, and tissue targeted therapy. Initially, higher generation (size) dendrimers were of interest because of their drug carrying capacity. However, increased generation was associated with increased toxicity. The majority of studies exploring dendrimer toxicity have focused on a small range of materials using cell culture methods, with few studies investigating the toxicity across a wide range of materials in vivo. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of surface charge and generation in dendrimer toxicity using embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model vertebrate. Due to the generational and charge effects observed at the cellular level, higher generation cationic dendrimers were hypothesized to be more toxic than lower generation anionic or neutral dendrimers with the same core composition. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers elicited significant morbidity and mortality as generation was decreased. No significant adverse effects were observed from the suite of thiophosphoryl dendrimers studied. Exposure to ≥50 ppm cationic PAMAM dendrimers G3-amine, G4-amine, G5-amine, and G6-amine caused 100% mortality by 24 hours post-fertilization. Cationic PAMAM G6-amine at 250 ppm was found to be statistically more toxic than both neutral PAMAM G6-amidoethanol and anionic PAMAM G6-succinamic acid at the same concentration. The toxicity observed within the suite of varying dendrimers provides evidence that surface charge may be the best indicator of dendrimer toxicity. Dendrimer class and generation are other potential contributors to the toxicity of dendrimers. Further studies are required to better understand the relative role each plays in driving the toxicity of dendrimers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study to address such a broad range of dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Pryor
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bryan J Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stacey L Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Molecular simulation study of PAMAM dendrimer composite membranes. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2119. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Dohnal V, Malý J, Havlíčková M, Semerádtová A, Herman D, Kuča K. A new concept in the separation of polyethyleneglycol-modified PAMAM dendrons by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:321-8. [PMID: 23613158 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a unique high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and applied for monitoring the synthesis of polyethyleneglycol surface modified poly(amidoamine) cystamine core dendrimers (PEG-PAMAMs) and PEG-PAMAM-alkynes with a single alkyne moiety attached to the core of a dendron through a unique sulfhydryl group. The separation of the products was performed on a column with a pentafluorphenylpropyl stationary phase, allowing multiple mechanisms of selectivity. More than 50 peaks were separated in one run, reflecting the degree of dendrimer PEGylation (PEG average molecular mass: 3,000). Moreover, modification of PAMAM with a single alkyne group could be distinguished. The developed method can be used for the general characterization and separation of PAMAM derivatives, in which the degree of modification is critical for final applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Dohnal
- 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, CZ-500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Ulaszewska MM, Hernando MD, Moreno AU, García AV, García Calvo E, Fernández-Alba AR. Identification and quantification of poly(amidoamine) PAMAM dendrimers of generations 0 to 3 by liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in aqueous medium. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:747-762. [PMID: 23495021 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Poly(amidoamine) PAMAM dendrimers are highly water soluble and are used as flexible scaffolding or nanocontainers to conjugate, complex or encapsulate therapeutic drugs to overcome intrinsically weak characteristics such as solubilization in aqueous medium. To provide a reliable method for the quantitation of PAMAM dendrimers in aqueous medium, we report here a validation study which was developed in a complex wastewater matrix to evaluate the matrix effect in the electrospray ionization (ESI) source. METHODS PAMAM dendrimers (generations G0 to G3) were identified and quantitated in aqueous medium using liquid chromatography interfaced to a hybrid quadrupole/time-of-flight mass analyzer. This approach used the high resolving power of isotopic clusters and mass accuracy of the instrument, with especial attention to the tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) capabilities. The formation of multiply charged ions of PAMAM dendrimers in the ESI source and their later fragmentation allowed fragmentation paths to be determined and structural assignments to be made. RESULTS The analytical strategy allowed dendrimer identification with a high degree of confidence obtained by accurate mass and high resolution with mass errors below 5 ppm and 10 ppm in MS and MS/MS modes. The parameters of validation in spiked matrix were: limits of quantification in the range of 0.12 to 1.25 μM depending on the generation, linearity (R >0.996), repeatability (R.S.D. <6.7%) and reproducibility (R.S.D. <10.8%). CONCLUSIONS Accurate mass measurement, elemental composition, and charge state assignment through the resolution of isotopic clusters of product and precursor ions, confers enhanced confidence on PAMAM dendrimer characterization. This selectivity provided high discriminating capacity of PAMAM dendrimers against matrix interferences. Because of the reliable and reproducible quantitation by LC/ESI-QTOF-MS, analysis of PAMAM dendrimers in an aqueous matrix is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malgorzata Ulaszewska
- IMDEA-Agua (Instituto Madrileño De Estudios Avanzados-Agua), Parque Científico Tecnológico, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers in an aqueous matrix by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-hybrid quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5901-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6673-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Mahapatra I, Clark J, Dobson PJ, Owen R, Lead JR. Potential environmental implications of nano-enabled medical applications: critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:123-144. [PMID: 24592432 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanotechnology and nanoscience for medical purposes is anticipated to make significant contributions to enhance human health in the coming decades. However, the possible future mass production and use of these medical innovations exhibiting novel and multifunctional properties will very likely lead to discharges into the environment giving rise to potentially new environmental hazards and risks. To date, the sources, the release form and environmental fate and exposure of nano-enabled medical products have not been investigated and little or no data exists, although there are a small number of currently approved medical applications and a number in clinical trials. This paper discusses the current technological and regulatory landscape and potential hazards and risks to the environment of nano-enabled medical products, data gaps and gives tentative suggestions relating to possible environmental hotspots.
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Hou WC, Westerhoff P, Posner JD. Biological accumulation of engineered nanomaterials: a review of current knowledge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:103-122. [PMID: 24592431 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30686g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the widespread use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in consumer and industrial products, concerns have been raised over their impacts once released into the ecosystems. While there has been a wealth of studies on the short-term acute toxic effects of ENMs over the past decade, work on the chronic endpoints, such as biological accumulation, has just begun to increase in last 2–3 years. Here, we comprehensively review over 65 papers on the biological accumulation of ENMs under a range of ecologically relevant exposure conditions in water, soil or sediment with the focus on quantitative comparison among these existing studies. We found that daphnid, fish, and earthworm are the most commonly studied ecological receptors. Current evidence suggests that ENM accumulation level is generally low in fish and earthworms with logarithmic bioconcentration concentration factor and biota-sediment accumulation factor ranging from 0.85–3.43 (L kg−1) and −2.21–0.4 (kg kg−1), respectively. ENMs accumulated in organisms at the lower trophic level can transfer to higher trophic level animals with the occurrence of biomagnification varying depending on the specific food chain studied. We conclude the review by identifying the challenges and knowledge gaps and propose paths forward.
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Hernando MD, Rosenkranz P, Ulaszewska MM, Fernández-Cruz ML, Fernández-Alba AR, Navas JM. In vitro dose–response effects of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers [amino-terminated and surface-modified with N-(2-hydroxydodecyl) groups] and quantitative determination by a liquid chromatography–hybrid quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry based method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2749-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang T, Zhou X, Wang D, Yin D, Lin Z. Using molecular docking between organic chemicals and lipid membrane to revise the well known octanol-water partition coefficient of the mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:59-66. [PMID: 22445871 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The octanol-water partition coefficient of a mixture has been widely used to predict the baseline toxicity of non-polar narcotic chemical mixtures, since toxic effects are usually generated by multiple mixtures. However, it remains unclear whether the validity of log Kowmix can be demonstrated, because experimental methods cannot be used to determine this parameter. The invalidity and the further revision of log Kowmix were therefore studied by using molecular docking between non-polar narcotic chemicals and lipid membrane (E(binding)). The results show E(binding) is a feasible substitute parameter for log Kow because their relationship is linear. Based on a molecular docking and QSAR model, a new calculated method of log Kowmix was proposed as follows: log(Kowmix)=∑x(i)log Kowi. Comparison of this new method with the established methods demonstrates the invalidity of the latter, and therefore the former is suggested to be used to calculate the log Kowmix of organic chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Yang Y, Sunoqrot S, Stowell C, Ji J, Lee CW, Kim JW, Khan SA, Hong S. Effect of size, surface charge, and hydrophobicity of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers on their skin penetration. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2154-62. [PMID: 22621160 DOI: 10.1021/bm300545b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The barrier functions of the stratum corneum and the epidermal layers present a tremendous challenge in achieving effective transdermal delivery of drug molecules. Although a few reports have shown that poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are effective skin-penetration enhancers, little is known regarding the fundamental mechanisms behind the dendrimer-skin interactions. In this Article, we have performed a systematic study to better elucidate how dendrimers interact with skin layers depending on their size and surface groups. Franz diffusion cells and confocal microscopy were employed to observe dendrimer interactions with full-thickness porcine skin samples. We have found that smaller PAMAM dendrimers (generation 2 (G2)) penetrate the skin layers more efficiently than the larger ones (G4). We have also found that G2 PAMAM dendrimers that are surface-modified by either acetylation or carboxylation exhibit increased skin permeation and likely diffuse through an extracellular pathway. In contrast, amine-terminated dendrimers show enhanced cell internalization and skin retention but reduced skin permeation. In addition, conjugation of oleic acid to G2 dendrimers increases their 1-octanol/PBS partition coefficient, resulting in increased skin absorption and retention. Here we report that size, surface charge, and hydrophobicity directly dictate the permeation route and efficiency of dendrimer translocation across the skin layers, providing a design guideline for engineering PAMAM dendrimers as a potential transdermal delivery vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Low-Level Detection of Poly(amidoamine) PAMAM Dendrimers Using Immunoimaging Scanning Probe Microscopy. Int J Anal Chem 2012; 2012:341260. [PMID: 22505915 PMCID: PMC3296299 DOI: 10.1155/2012/341260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoimaging scanning probe microscopy was utilized for the low-level detection and quantification of biotinylated G4 poly(amidoamine) PAMAM dendrimers. Results were compared to those of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and found to provide a vastly improved analytical method for the low-level detection of dendrimers, improving the limit of detection by a factor of 1000 (LOD = 2.5 × 10−13 moles). The biorecognition method is reproducible and shows high specificity and good accuracy. In addition, the capture assay platform shows a promising approach to patterning dendrimers for nanotechnology applications.
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Hou WC, Moghadam BY, Westerhoff P, Posner JD. Distribution of fullerene nanomaterials between water and model biological membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11899-11905. [PMID: 21854052 DOI: 10.1021/la2017837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biological membranes are one of the important interfaces between cells and pollutants. Many polar and hydrophobic chemicals can accumulate within these membranes. For this reason, artificial biological membranes are appealing surrogates to complex organisms for assessing the bioaccumulation potential of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). To our knowledge, this work presents the first quantitative study on the distribution of fullerene ENMs between lipid bilayers, used as model biological membranes, and water. We evaluated the lipid bilayer-water association coefficients (K(lipw)) of aqueous fullerene aggregates (nC(60)) and fullerol (C(60)(ONa)(x)(OH)(y), x + y = 24). Kinetic studies indicated that fullerol reached apparent equilibrium more rapidly than nC(60) (2 h versus >9 h). Nonlinear isotherms can describe the distribution behavior of nC(60) and fullerol. The lipid bilayer-water distributions of both nC(60) and fullerol were pH-dependent with the accumulation in lipid bilayers increasing systematically as the pH decreased from 8.6 (natural water pH) to 3 (the low end of physiologically relevant pH). This pH dependency varies with the zeta potentials of the ENMs and leads to patterns similar to those previously observed for the lipid bilayer-water distribution behavior of ionizable organic pollutants. The K(lipw) value for nC(60) was larger than that of fullerol at a given pH, indicating a greater propensity for nC(60) to interact with lipid bilayers. For example, at pH 7.4 and an aqueous concentration of 10 mg/L, K(lipw) was 3.5 times greater for nC(60) (log K(lipw) = 2.99) relative to fullerol (log K(lipw) = 2.45). Comparisons with existing aquatic organism bioaccumulation studies suggested that the lipid bilayer-water distribution is a potential method for assessing the bioaccumulation potentials of ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Che Hou
- Mechanical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
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González-Fuentes MA, Manríquez J, Antaño-López R, Godínez LA. Kinetic and thermodynamic study of the transfer of anionic polyamidoamine dendrimers across two immiscible liquids. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Menjoge AR, Rinderknecht AL, Navath RS, Faridnia M, Kim CJ, Romero R, Miller RK, Kannan RM. Transfer of PAMAM dendrimers across human placenta: prospects of its use as drug carrier during pregnancy. J Control Release 2010; 150:326-38. [PMID: 21129423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers offer significant potential as nanocarriers for targeted delivery of drugs and imaging agents. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the transplacental transport, kinetics and biodistribution of PAMAM dendrimers ex-vivo across the human placenta in comparison with antipyrine, a freely diffusible molecule, using dually perfused re-circulating term human placental lobules. The purpose of this study is to determine if dendrimers as drug carriers can be used to design drug delivery systems directed at selectively treating either the mother or the fetus. The transplacental transfers of fluorescently (Alexa 488) tagged PAMAM dendrimer (16 kDa) and antipyrine (188 Da) from maternal to fetal circulation were measured using HPLC/dual UV and fluorescent detector (sensitivity of 10 ng/mL for dendrimer and 100 ng/mL for antipyrine respectively). C(max) for the dendrimer-Alexa (DA) in maternal perfusate (T(max)=15 min) was 18 times higher than in the fetal perfusate and never equilibrated with the maternal perfusate during 5.5 h of perfusion (n=4). DA exhibited a measurable but low transplacental transport of 2.26±0.12 μg/mL during 5.5h, where the mean transplacental transfer was 0.84±0.11% of the total maternal concentration and the feto-maternal ratio as percent was 0.073%±0.02. The biochemical and physiological analysis of the placentae perfused with DA demonstrated normal function throughout the perfusion. The immunofluorescence histochemistry confirmed that the biodistribution of DA in perfused placenta was sparsely dispersed, and when noted was principally seen in the inter-villous spaces and outer rim of the villous branches. In a few cases, DA was found internalized and localized in nuclei and cytoplasm of syncytiotrophoblast and inside the villous core; however, DA was mostly absent from the villous capillaries. In conclusion, the PAMAM dendrimers exhibited a low rate of transfer from maternal to the fetal side across the perfused human placenta, which is similar to other investigations of large macromolecules, e.g., IgG. These overall findings suggest that entry of drugs conjugated to polymers, i.e., dendrimers, would be limited in their transfer across the human placenta when compared to smaller drug molecules alone, suggesting novel methods for selectively delivering therapeutics to the pregnant woman without significant transfer to the fetus, especially since the half life of the dendrimer in blood is relatively short.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupa R Menjoge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, and Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Peptide and glycopeptide dendrimers and analogous dendrimeric structures and their biomedical applications. Amino Acids 2010; 40:301-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Menjoge AR, Navath RS, Asad A, Kannan S, Kim CJ, Romero R, Kannan RM. Transport and biodistribution of dendrimers across human fetal membranes: implications for intravaginal administration of dendrimer-drug conjugates. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5007-21. [PMID: 20346497 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are emerging as promising topical antimicrobial agents, and as targeted nanoscale drug delivery vehicles. Topical intravaginal antimicrobial agents are prescribed to treat the ascending genital infections in pregnant women. The fetal membranes separate the extra-amniotic space and fetus. The purpose of the study is to determine if the dendrimers can be selectively used for local intravaginal application to pregnant women without crossing the membranes into the fetus. In the present study, the transport and permeability of PAMAM (poly (amidoamine)) dendrimers, across human fetal membrane (using a side by side diffusion chamber), and its biodistribution (using immunofluorescence) are evaluated ex-vivo. Transport across human fetal membranes (from the maternal side) was evaluated using Fluorescein (FITC), an established transplacental marker (positive control, size approximately 400 Da) and fluorophore-tagged G(4)-PAMAM dendrimers (approximately 16 kDa). The fluorophore-tagged G(4)-PAMAM dendrimers were synthesized and characterized using (1)H NMR, MALDI TOF MS and HPLC analysis. Transfer was measured across the intact fetal membrane (chorioamnion), and the separated chorion and amnion layers. Over a 5 h period, the dendrimer transport across all the three membranes was less than <3%, whereas the transport of FITC was relatively fast with as much as 49% transport across the amnion. The permeability of FITC (7.9 x 10(-7) cm(2)/s) through the chorioamnion was 7-fold higher than that of the dendrimer (5.8 x 10(-8) cm(2)/s). The biodistribution showed that the dendrimers were largely present in interstitial spaces in the decidual stromal cells and the chorionic trophoblast cells (in 2.5-4 h) and surprisingly, to a smaller extent internalized in nuclei of trophoblast cells and nuclei and cytoplasm of stromal cells. Passive diffusion and paracellular transport appear to be the major route for dendrimer transport. The overall findings further suggest that entry of drugs conjugated to dendrimers would be restricted across the human fetal membranes when administered topically by intravaginal route, suggesting new ways of selectively delivering therapeutics to the mother without affecting the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupa R Menjoge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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