Synthesis of Pyrroloquinolinequinone Analogs. Molecular Structure and Moessbauer and Magnetic Properties of Their Iron Complexes

Crystal structure of a calcium(II)-pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) complex outside a protein environment

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is an important cofactor of calcium- and lanthanide-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases, and has been known for over 30 years. Crystal structures of Ca-MDH enzymes (MDH is methanol dehydrogenase) have been known for some time; however, crystal structures of PQQ with biorelevant metal ions have been lacking in the literature for decades. We report here the first crystal structure analysis of a Ca-PQQ complex outside the protein environment, namely, poly[[undecaaquabis(μ-4,5-dioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline-2,7,9-tricarboxylato)tricalcium(II)] dihydrate], {[Ca3(C14H3N2O8)2(H2O)11]·2H2O}n. The complex crystallized as Ca3PQQ2·13H2O with Ca2+ in three different positions and PQQ3-, including an extensive hydrogen-bond network. Similarities and differences to the recently reported structure with biorelevant europium (Eu2PQQ2) are discussed.

The Earlier the Better: Structural Analysis and Separation of Lanthanides with Pyrroloquinoline Quinone

Lanthanides (Ln) are critical raw materials, however, their mining and purification have a considerable negative environmental impact and sustainable recycling and separation strategies for these elements are needed. In this study, the precipitation and solubility behavior of Ln complexes with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), the cofactor of recently discovered lanthanide (Ln) dependent methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes, is presented. In this context, the molecular structure of a biorelevant europium PQQ complex was for the first time elucidated outside a protein environment. The complex crystallizes as an inversion symmetric dimer, Eu2 PQQ2 , with binding of Eu in the biologically relevant pocket of PQQ. LnPQQ and Ln1Ln2PQQ complexes were characterized by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 151 Eu-Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray total scattering, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). It is shown that a natural enzymatic cofactor is capable to achieve separation by precipitation of the notoriously similar, and thus difficult to separate, lanthanides to some extent.

Thermodynamic study on 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid as a chelating agent for iron found in the gut of Noctuid larvae

8-HQA is a good sequestering agent towards Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ over a wide pH range.

Complex and Charge Transfer between TiO2 and Pyrroloquinoline Quinone

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) forms a tridentate complex with coordinatively unsaturated titanium atoms on the surface of approximately 4.5 nm TiO2 particles; an association constant of K = 550 M-1 per Ti(IV)surf has been determined. Low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance was employed in identification of localized charges and consequently produced radicals and in determination of charge-transfer processes. The photoexcitation of the PQQ-TiO2 complex results in the transfer of conduction band electrons from TiO2 to bound PQQ and the formation of the semiquinone radical. Attaching dopamine (DA) as an electron donor and PQQ as an electron acceptor on the surface of TiO2 results in spatial separation of photogenerated charges; the holes localize on dopamine and electrons on PQQ, with higher yields than for each component separately. In this triad-type assembly (PQQ-TiO2/DA) the PQQ that is bound to the particles acts as a sink for electrons allowing their almost complete scavenging even at temperature as low as 4 K.

New Poly-Iron(II) Complexes of N4O Dinucleating Schiff Bases and Pseudohalides: Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic and Mössbauer Properties

Six dinuclear ferrous complexes including [Fe2(acpypentO)(O2CMe)(NCS)2] (1), [Fe2(acpypentO)(O2CMe)(NCSe)2] (2), [Fe2(acpypentO)(NCO)3] (3), ([Fe2(acpybutO)(O2CMe)(NCS)2] (5), [Fe2(acpybutO)(O2CMe)(NCO)2] (6), and [Fe2(acpybutO)(O2CMe)(N3)2] (7), one tetranuclear (bis-dinuclear) ferrous compound, [Fe4(acpypentO)2(N3)6] (4), and one mononuclear ferrous compound, [Fe(acpybutOH)(NCS)2] (8), have been prepared, and their structures and magnetic and Mössbauer properties have been studied (acpybutOH = 1,4-bis[[2-pyridyl(1-ethyl]imino)]butane-2-ol and acpypentOH = 1,5-bis[[2-pyridyl(1-ethyl]imino)]pentane-3-ol). The X-ray diffraction analyses yielded the following results: 1 (C23H26Fe2N6O3S2, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 8.0380(7) A, b = 12.4495(8) A, c = 27.358(2) A, beta = 92.180(10) degrees, V = 2735.7(4) A(3), Z = 4) is a dinuclear species in which the unequivalent high-spin (HS) Fe(II) sites are bridged by the alkoxo oxygen atom of the symmetrical acpypentO- Schiff base and one syn-syn acetato anion; 3 (C22H23Fe2N7O4, triclinic, Ponemacr;, a = 8.4152(10) A, b = 9.1350(10) A, c = 17.666(2) A, alpha = 97.486(14) degrees, beta = 100.026(14) degrees, gamma = 113.510(13) degrees, V = 1195.9(2) A3, Z = 2) is a dinuclear species in which the unequivalent HS Fe(II) sites are bridged by the alkoxo oxygen atom of the symmetrical acpypentO- Schiff base and one end-on NCO anion; 4-MeOH (C39H50Fe4N26O3, triclinic, Ponemacr;, a = 9.1246(11) A, b = 10.2466(11) A, c = 14.928(2) A, alpha = 91.529(15) degrees, beta = 101.078(16) degrees, gamma = 106.341(14) degrees, V = 1309.6(3) A3, Z = 1) is a bis-dinuclear species in which the unequivalent HS Fe(II) sites are bridged by the alkoxo oxygen atom of the symmetrical acpypentO- Schiff base and one end-on N(3)(-) anion, and the symmetry related Fe(II) sites are bridged by two end-on N3- anions; 8-MeOH (C21H26FeN6O2S2, triclinic, Ponemacr;, a = 8.7674(9) A, b = 12.0938(13) A, c = 12.2634(14) A, alpha = 106.685(14) degrees, beta = 93.689(14) degrees, gamma = 108.508(13) degrees, V = 1163.7(2) A3, Z = 2) is a mononuclear species in which the octahedral low-spin (LS) Fe(II) site is in an N6 environment provided by the four N atoms of the protonated asymmetrical acpybutOH Schiff base and two thiocyanato anions. The Mössbauer spectra of all dinuclear species (1-3 and 5-7), and of the bis-dinuclear compound 4, evidence two distinct HS Fe(II) sites while the Mössbauer spectra of the mononuclear compound 8 evidence a LS Fe(II) site over the 80-300 K temperature range. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility was fitted with J = -13.7 cm(-1), D = -1.8 cm(-1), and g = 2.096 for 1; J = 3.0 cm(-1), D(1) = 1.6 cm(-1), E(1) = -0.35 cm(-1) (lambda(1) = 0.22), D2 = - 12.2 cm(-1), E2 = 1.1 cm(-1) (lambda2 = 0.09), and g = 2.136 for 3; and J(1) = - 0.09 cm(-1), J(2) = 15.9 cm(-1), D(1) = 5.7 cm(-1), D(2) = 12.1 cm(-1), and g = 1.915 for 4. The nature of the ground state in 3 and 4 was confirmed by simulation of the magnetization curves at 2 and 5 K. The intradinuclear interaction through the central O(alkoxo) of the acpypentO- ligand and one pseudohalide bridges is ferromagnetic in 3 (end-on cyanato) while it is very weakly antiferromagnetic in 4 (end-on azido). The interdinuclear interaction through two end-on azido bridges (4) is ferromagnetic as expected. In agreement with the symmetry of the two iron sites of complexes 3 and 4, the fits show that D2 (tetragonal pyramid) is larger than D1 (distorted trigonal bipyramid (3) or distorted octahedron (4)).

Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetates as Tripodal Heteroscorpionate Ligands in Iron Chemistry: Syntheses and Structures of Iron(II) and Iron(III) Complexes with bpza, bdmpza, and bdtbpza Ligands

The molecular structure of the previously reported species "[Fe(bdtbpza)Cl]" has been revealed by X-ray structure determination to be a ferrous dimer [Fe(bdtbpza)Cl](2) (2c) [bdtbpza = bis(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate]. The syntheses of ferrous 2:1 complexes [Fe(bpza)(2)] (3a) and [Fe(bdtbpza)(2)] (3c) as well as ferric 1:1 complexes [NEt(4)][Fe(bpza)Cl(3)] (4a) and [NEt(4)][Fe(bdmpza)Cl(3)] (4b) [bpza = bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate, bdmpza = bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate] are reported. Complexes 3a, previously reported [Fe(bdmpza)(2)] (3b), and 3c are high-spin. No spin crossover to the low-spin state was observed in the temperature range of 5-350 K. 4a and 4b are synthesized in one step and in high yield from [NEt(4)](2)[Cl(3)FeOFeCl(3)]. 4a and 4b are iron(III) high-spin complexes. Crystallographic information: 2c (C(24)H(39)ClFeN(4)O(2).CH(2)Cl(2).CH(3)CN) is triclinic, P1, a = 12.171(16) A, b = 12.851(14) A, c = 13.390(13) A, alpha = 98.61(9) degrees, beta = 113.51(11) degrees, gamma = 108.10(5) degrees, Z = 2; 3a (C(8)H(7)Fe(0.5)N(4)O(2)) is monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 7.4784(19) A, b = 7.604(3) A, c = 16.196(4) A, beta = 95.397(9) degrees, Z = 4; 3c (C(24)H(39)Fe(0.5)N(4)O(2)) is monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 9.939(6) A, b = 18.161(10) A, c = 13.722(8) A, beta = 97.67(7) degrees, Z = 4; 4b (C(20)H(35)Cl(3)FeN(5)O(2)) is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 30.45(6) A, b = 12.33(2) A, c = 16.17(3) A, beta = 118.47(5) degrees, Z = 8.

Model studies on calcium-containing quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases. Catalytic role of Ca2+ for the oxidation of alcohols by coenzyme PQQ (4,5-dihydro-4,5-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline-2, 7,9-tricarboxylic acid)

Mechanistic studies on the action of calcium-containing quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases have been performed by using a series of PQQ model compounds in anhydrous organic media. The PQQ model compounds are shown to form 1:1 complexes with a series of alkaline earth metal ions by spectroscopic methods and theoretical calculations. The site of coordination of the PQQ molecule to the metal ions in solution is indicated to be the same as in the case of enzymatic systems. It has also been found that Ca2+ binds to the quinone most strongly among the alkaline earth metal ions. Formation of the C-5 hemiacetal derivatives with methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol is also investigated spectrophotometrically to show that the alcohol addition to the quinone is enhanced in the presence of the metal ions. In this case as well, Ca2+ shows the highest efficiency for the enhancement of the C-5 hemiacetal formation. Addition of a strong base such as DBU into an MeCN solution containing the Ca2+ complex of the PQQ model compounds and the alcohols leads to the redox reactions to afford reduced PQQ derivatives and the corresponding aldehydes. On the basis of detailed kinetic studies on the redox reactions, including structural effects of PQQ analogues and metal ion effects, we propose the addition-oxidative elimination mechanism through the C-5 hemiacetal intermediate.