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Konkol KL, Wilcox WD, Rasmussen SC. 2,3-Bis(2-pyridyl)thieno[3,4- b]pyrazine and its ruthenium(II) complexes: a new bidentate bridging ligand for enhanced metal-metal communication. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:16685-16692. [PMID: 39330964 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02495h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
A new bidentate bridging ligand, bis(2-pyridyl)thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine is reported, along with its mono- and bi-metallic Ru(II) complexes as representative examples. Spectroscopic, electrochemical and X-ray crystallographic characterization of these species is reported, with the separation of the two Ru(III)/Ru(II) couples of the bimetallic complex suggesting better metal-metal communication than classical polypyridyl analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L Konkol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Department 2508, PO Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Wyatt D Wilcox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Department 2508, PO Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Seth C Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Department 2508, PO Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, USA.
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2
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Lopes JMS, Batista AA, Araujo PT, Neto NMB. Supramolecular porphyrin as an improved photocatalyst for chloroform decomposition. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5473-5482. [PMID: 36793300 PMCID: PMC9924222 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07720e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the outlying decoration of the free-base meso-(4-tetra) pyridyl porphyrin (H2TPyP) with the RuCl(dppb)(5,5'-Me-bipy) ruthenium complex (here named Supra-H2TPyP) is observed as an improved molecular photocatalyst for dye-mediated chloroform (CHCl3) decomposition via one-photon absorption operating in the visible spectral range (532 nm and 645 nm). Supra-H2TPyP offers a better option for CHCl3 photodecomposition when compared to the same process mediated by pristine H2TPyP, which requires either excited-state- or UV absorption. The chloroform photodecomposition rates for Supra-H2TPyP as well as its excitation mechanisms are explored as a function of distinct laser irradiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. S. Lopes
- Department of Physics, Federal University of RoraimaBoa VistaRRBrazil,Institute of Natural Sciences, Graduate Program in Physics, Federal University of ParáBelémPABrazil
| | - A. A. Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São CarlosSão CarlosSPBrazil
| | - P. T. Araujo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabamaUSA
| | - N. M. Barbosa Neto
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Graduate Program in Physics, Federal University of ParáBelémPABrazil
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3
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Chih YR, Lin YT, Yin CW, Chen YJ. High Intrinsic Phosphorescence Efficiency and Density Functional Theory Modeling of Ru(II)-Bipyridine Complexes with π-Aromatic-Rich Cyclometalated Ligands: Attributions of Spin-Orbit Coupling Perturbation and Efficient Configurational Mixing of Singlet Excited States. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:48583-48599. [PMID: 36591186 PMCID: PMC9798779 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of π-aromatic-rich cyclometalated ruthenium(II)-(2,2'-bipyridine) complexes ([Ru(bpy)2(πAr-CM)]+) in which πAr-CM is diphenylpyrazine or 1-phenylisoquinoline were prepared. The [Ru(bpy)2(πAr-CM)]+ complexes had remarkably high phosphorescence rate constants, k RAD(p), and the intrinsic phosphorescence efficiencies (ιem(p) = k RAD(p)/(νem(p))3) of these complexes were found to be twice the magnitudes of simply constructed cyclometalated ruthenium(II) complexes ([Ru(bpy)2(sc-CM)]+), where νem(p) is the phosphorescence frequency and sc-CM is 2-phenylpyridine, benzo[h]quinoline, or 2-phenylpyrimidine. Density functional theory (DFT) modeling of the [Ru(bpy)2(CM)]+ complexes indicated numerous singlet metal-to-ligand charge transfers for 1MLCT-(Ru-bpy) and 1MLCT-(Ru-CM), excited states in the low-energy absorption band and 1ππ*-(aromatic ligand) (1ππ*-LAr) excited states in the high-energy band. DFT modeling of these complexes also indicated phosphorescence-emitting state (Te) configurations with primary MLCT-(Ru-bpy) characteristics. The variation in ιem(p) for the spin-forbidden Te (3MLCT-(Ru-bpy)) excited state of the complex system that was examined in this study can be understood through the spin-orbit coupling (SOC)-mediated sum of intensity stealing (∑SOCM-IS) contribution from the primary intensity of the low-energy 1MLCT states and second-order intensity perturbation from the significant configuration between the low-energy 1MLCT and high-energy intense 1ππ*-LAr states. In addition, the observation of unusually high ιem(p) magnitudes for these [Ru(bpy)2(πAr-CM)]+ complexes can be attributed to the values for both intensity factors in the ∑SOCM-IS formalism being individually greater than those for [Ru(bpy)2(sc-CM)]+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuan Jang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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4
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Cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl styrene chalcogenosulfonates: synthesis and structure of CpFe(CO)2SeSO2CH=CHPh. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-02012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Loftus LM, Olson EC, Stewart DJ, Phillips AT, Arumugam K, Cooper TM, Haley JE, Grusenmeyer TA. Zn Coordination and the Identity of the Halide Ancillary Ligand Dramatically Influence the Excited-State Dynamics and Bimolecular Reactions of 2,3-Di(pyridin-2-yl)benzo[ g]quinoxaline. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16570-16583. [PMID: 34662517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of coordination complexes with ligands containing nitrogen heterocycles have been extensively studied for decades. One subclass of these materials, metal complexes utilizing substituted pyrazines and quinoxalines as ligands, has been employed in a variety of photochemical applications ranging from photodynamic therapy to organic light-emitting diodes. A vast majority of this work focuses on characterization of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer states in these metal complexes; however, literature reports rarely investigate the photophysics of the parent pyrazine or quinoxaline ligand or perform control experiments utilizing metal complexes that lack low-lying charge-transfer (CT) states in order to determine how metal-atom coordination influences the photophysical properties of the ligand. With this in mind, we examined the steady-state and time-resolved photophysics of 2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)benzo[g]quinoxaline (dpb) and explored how the coordination of ZnX2 (X = Cl-, Br-, I-) affects the photophysical properties of dpb. In dpb, we find that the dominant mode of deactivation from the singlet excited state is intersystem crossing (ISC). Coordination of ZnX2 perturbs the relative energies of the ππ* and nπ* excited states of dpb, leading to drastically different rates of ISC as well as radiative and nonradiative decay in the [Zn(dpb)X2] complexes compared to dpb. These differences in the rates change the dominant singlet-excited-state decay pathway from ISC in dpb to a mixture of ISC and fluorescence in [Zn(dpb)Cl2] and [Zn(dpb)Br2] and to nonradiative decay in [Zn(dpb)I2]. Coordination of ZnX2 and the choice of the halide ligand also have profound effects on the rate constants for excited-state bimolecular reactions, including triplet-triplet annihilation and oxygen quenching. These results demonstrate that metal coordination, even in complexes lacking low-lying CT states, and the choice of the ancillary ligand can dramatically alter the photophysical properties of chromophores containing nitrogen heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Loftus
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States.,General Dynamics Information Technology, 5100 Springfield Pike, Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Emma C Olson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States.,Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education, Dayton, Ohio 45420, United States
| | - David J Stewart
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Alexis T Phillips
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States.,Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education, Dayton, Ohio 45420, United States
| | - Kuppuswamy Arumugam
- Wright State University, Department of Chemistry, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | - Thomas M Cooper
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Joy E Haley
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Tod A Grusenmeyer
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
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6
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Banasz R, Kubicki M, Wałęsa-Chorab M. Yellow-to-brown and yellow-to-green electrochromic devices based on complexes of transition metal ions with a triphenylamine-based ligand. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15041-15053. [PMID: 33103702 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03232h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transmissive-to-colored electrochromism has been achieved by combination of MLCT of transition metal complexes with the electrochromic properties of ligand molecules. The color transitions were from yellow to dark brown for the Fe(ii) complex, yellow to orange to bluish-green for the Co(ii) complex and yellow to green for the Zn(ii) complex. By using a metal ion-ligand coordination approach, the self-assembly of hydrazone-based ligands containing a triphenylamine group with appropriate metal salts (FeCl2, Co(ClO4)2 and Zn(BF4)2) produced novel complexes of the general formula [ML2]X2. The isolated complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods, and the Co(ii) complex also by X-ray diffraction analysis. Thin films of the complexes have been obtained by a spray-coating method and they were used in the construction of electrochromic devices, which showed good electrochromic stability, a high color contrast of 47.5% for Fe(ii), 37.2% for Co(ii) and 33.7% for Zn(ii) complexes and fast coloring and bleaching times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Banasz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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7
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González I, Cortés-Arriagada D, Dreyse P, Sanhueza L, Crivelli I, Ngo HM, Ledoux-Rak I, Toro-Labbe A, Maze J, Loeb B. Studies on the solvatochromic effect and NLO response in new symmetric bimetallic Rhenium compounds. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Lopes JMS, Costa SN, Batista AA, Dinelli LR, Araujo PT, Neto NMB. Photophysics and visible light photodissociation of supramolecular meso-tetra(4-pyridyl) porphyrin/RuCl 2(CO)(PPh 3) 2 structures. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 237:118351. [PMID: 32361521 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, supramolecular structures have been explored in many technological efforts. One example of such supramolecules is attained when ruthenium complexes are attached in the outer sites of a porphyrin. Ruthenium complexes act as modulators of the photophysical processes of macrocyclic molecules. Besides the investigation of the main changes introduced by the ruthenium complexes in the electronic and vibronic properties, and in the excited state deactivation processes of porphyrins, discussions concerning the photostability of these supramolecules are much needed. Here, we investigate the supramolecular free-base meso-tetra(4-pyridyl) porphyrin decorated with "RuCl2(CO)(PPh3)2" ruthenium species linked at each of its (4-pyridyl) moieties. The modifications in the photophysical processes introduced by the metallic outlying species are discussed and our results suggest an energy transfer process from the porphyrin B-band to the ruthenium complex MLCT-band. The demonstration of visible light photodissociation of the supramolecule, via both pulsed and continuous laser, is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M S Lopes
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Graduate Program in Physics, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - S N Costa
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Graduate Program in Physics, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - A A Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - L R Dinelli
- College of Sciences of Pontal, Federal University of Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - P T Araujo
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Graduate Program in Physics, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States.
| | - N M Barbosa Neto
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Graduate Program in Physics, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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9
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Shahroosvand H, Abaspour S, Pashaei B, Radicchi E, De Angelis F, Bonaccorso F. A ruthenium tetrazole complex-based high efficiency near infrared light electrochemical cell. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:6211-6214. [PMID: 28534893 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02878d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the exploitation of a new tetrazole-substituted 1,10-phenanthroline and a 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ancillary ligand modified with an electron-donating group in cationic ruthenium complexes. This complex, placed in between two electrodes without any polymer, demonstrates high efficiency near-infrared (NIR) electroluminescence (EL). The comparison between bpy and its methyl-substituted ancillary ligand shows that the cationic Ru tetrazolate complex containing methyl groups exhibits a red shift in the EL wavelength from 620 to 800 nm compared to [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and an almost twofold reduction in the turn-on voltage, i.e., from 5 to 3 V, with respect to 5-tetrazole-1,10-phenanthroline. An external quantum efficiency of 0.95% for the dimethyl derivative is demonstrated, which is a remarkable result for non-doped NIR light electrochemical cells based on ruthenium polypyridyl.
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10
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Shahroosvand H, Abaspour S, Pashaei B, Bideh BN. On how ancillary ligand substitution affects the charge carrier dynamics in dye-sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19465-19469. [PMID: 35540976 PMCID: PMC9080644 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02968g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With respect to N3, a champion sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), S3 which contained a phenTz (1,10-phenanthroline 5-tetrazole) ancillary ligand showed outstanding improvements in molar extinction coefficient (ε) from 10 681.8 to 12 954.5 M cm−1 as well as 0.92% and 0.9% increases in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE), reaching 8.46% and 76.5%, respectively. To find the origin of the high performance of the DSSC based on a phenTz ancillary ligand, transient absorption spectroscopy (TA) was carried out and indicated that the rate of the regeneration reaction is about 100 times faster than the rate of recombination with the dye which is very exciting and surely a good reason to promote the phenTz ligand as a promising ancillary ligand in DSSCs. With respect to N3, S3 which contained a phenTz (1,10-phenanthroline 5-tetrazole) ancillary ligand showed outstanding improvements in molar extinction coefficient (ε) as well as increases in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Shahroosvand
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA)
- Chemistry Department
- University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | - Saeid Abaspour
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA)
- Chemistry Department
- University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | - Babak Pashaei
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA)
- Chemistry Department
- University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
| | - Babak Nemati Bideh
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Advanced Functional Materials (GMA)
- Chemistry Department
- University of Zanjan
- Zanjan
- Iran
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11
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Floris B, Donzello MP, Ercolani C, Viola E. The chameleon-like coordinating ability of 2,3-di(pyridyl)pyrazine-type ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Zhang MD, Shi ZQ, Chen MD, Zheng HG. Chiral crystallization and optical properties of three metal complexes based on two non-centrosymmetric tripodal ligands. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:5818-25. [PMID: 25715030 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00292c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral coordination polymers have attracted much attention due to their special properties and significant applications. In this work, we synthesized two non-centrosymmetric ligands, N,N-bis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-4-(pyridin-4-yl)aniline (DIMPPA) and N-(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-4-(pyridin-4-yl)-N-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)aniline (MIDPPA), via structural modification of two reported centrosymmetric ligands; after that achiral → chiral induction occurred in the construction of three coordination polymers namely {[Cd(DIMPPA)(5-OH-bdc)](H2O)}n (1), {[Co(DIMPPA)(5-OH-bdc)](H2O)}n (2) and {[Cd2(MIDPPA)2(D-ca)2(H2O)2](H2O)5}n (3), when replacing the reported centrosymmetric ligands with non-centrosymmetric ligands (5-OH-H2bdc = 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid, D-H2ca = D-camphoric acid). Isostructural complexes 1 and 2 exhibit chiral 2D → 3D frameworks with the coexistence of polyrotaxane and parallel polycatenation features. Complex 3 shows two-fold interpenetrating 3D chiral architecture with cds-type topology. The luminescence emissions of both complexes 1 and 3 are mostly assignable to the internal π→π* electron transition in DIMPPA and MIDPPA, respectively. Complex 3 can satisfy the fundamental requirement of second-order nonlinear optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Dao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, P. R. China.
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Preiß J, Jäger M, Rau S, Dietzek B, Popp J, Martínez T, Presselt M. How Does Peripheral Functionalization of Ruthenium(II)-Terpyridine Complexes Affect Spatial Charge Redistribution after Photoexcitation at the Franck-Condon Point? Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1395-404. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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The influence of ligand localized excited states on the photophysics of second row and third row transition metal terpyridyl complexes: Recent examples and a case study. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Al Abdel Hamid AAG. Density-functional analysis of substituent effects on photochemistry of Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Brennan C, Draksharapu A, Browne WR, McGarvey JJ, Vos JG, Pryce MT. Unexpected reversible pyrazine based methylation in a Ru(ii) complex bearing a pyrazin-2′-yl-1,2,4-triazolato ligand and its effect on acid/base and photophysical properties. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2546-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31589k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Arockia Samy N, Alexander V. A new dinucleating bridging ligand 1,2-bis(2-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f]-[1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenoxy)ethane and its dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes: Syntheses, characterization, luminescence, and electrochemical properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Photoinduced electron transfer from Ru am(m)ine compounds with low-lying ligand field excited states to nanocrystalline TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Salassa L, Garino C, Salassa G, Nervi C, Gobetto R, Lamberti C, Gianolio D, Bizzarri R, Sadler PJ. Ligand-selective photodissociation from [Ru(bpy)(4AP)4]2+: a spectroscopic and computational study. Inorg Chem 2010; 48:1469-81. [PMID: 19149466 DOI: 10.1021/ic8015436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The new complex [Ru(bpy)(4AP)(4)](2+) (1), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and 4AP = 4-aminopyridine, undergoes selective photodissociation of two 4APs upon light excitation of the metal-ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLLCT) band at 510 nm. The photoproducts of the reaction are mer-[Ru(bpy)(4AP)(3)(H(2)O)](2+) (2a) and trans-(4AP)[Ru(bpy)(4AP)(2)(H(2)O)(2)](2+) (3a). Photodissociation occurs in two consecutive steps with quantum yields of phi(1) = (6.1 +/- 1.0) x 10(-3) and phi(2) = (1.7 +/- 0.1) x 10(-4), respectively. Complex 1 was characterized by combined spectroscopic and theoretical techniques. EXAFS experiments at the Ru K-edge (22 117 eV) of 1 in an aqueous solution gave a Ru-N distance of 2.09 +/- 0.01 A. Photoproducts were characterized by electronic spectroscopy, 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectrometry. Singlet and triplet excited states of 1 were studied by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT for characterizing the optical properties of the complex. In the singlet state, (1)MC (metal-centered) dissociative states lie 0.65 eV above the main (1)MLLCT transition in the visible region of the UV-vis absorption spectrum. In the triplet state, the energy difference between these states is not reduced. However, potential energy curves of singlet and triplet excited states of 1 along the Ru-N(axial 4AP) and Ru-N(equatorial 4AP) stretching coordinates show that the release of the first 4AP may occur from the triplet state by mixing of (3)MLLCT and (3)MC dissociative states. This mixing is favored when the Ru-N(equatorial 4AP) bond is elongated, explaining the formation of the photoproduct 2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Salassa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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20
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Odongo OS, Allard MM, Schlegel HB, Endicott JF. Observations on the Low-Energy Limits for Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Excited-State Energies of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:9095-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1008329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Onduru S. Odongo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Marco M. Allard
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | | | - John F. Endicott
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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21
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Allard MM, Odongo OS, Lee MM, Chen YJ, Endicott JF, Schlegel HB. Effects of Electronic Mixing in Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Two Equivalent Acceptor Ligands. Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Computational Studies. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:6840-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ic100202h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco M. Allard
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Onduru. S. Odongo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Mandy M. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Yuan-Jang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - John F. Endicott
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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22
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Ruiu T, Garino C, Salassa L, Pizarro AM, Nervi C, Gobetto R, Sadler PJ. Spectroscopic and Computational Study of Ligand Photodissociation from [Ru(dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine)(4-aminopyridine)4]2+. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Lutterman DA, Rachford AA, Rack JJ, Turro C. Theoretical insight on the S --> O photoisomerization of DMSO complexes of Ru(II). J Phys Chem A 2010; 113:11002-6. [PMID: 19761198 DOI: 10.1021/jp903048n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Complexes of the type [Ru(tpy)(L)(dmso)](n+) (where tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine; L = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), n = 2; N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylene diamine (tmen), n = 2; acetylacetonate (acac), n = 1; oxalate (ox), n = 0; malonate (mal), n = 0) were investigated by density functional theory (DFT). The results do not support a promoting role for the dsigma* ligand field (LF) states during excited state S --> O isomerization. Instead, the calculations show that the formation of a Ru(III) center is important in the isomerization, along with the identity of the ancillary bidentate ligand. The present work shows that the orbital contributions from the bidentate ligand to the HOMO, which is typically centered on the ruthenium, plays an important role in the photochemical and oxidative reactivity of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Lutterman
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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24
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Ondongo OS, Endicott JF. Contrasts between the Vibronic Contributions in the tris-(2,2′-bipyridyl)Osmium(II) Emission Spectrum and the Implications of Resonance-Raman Parameters. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:2818-29. [DOI: 10.1021/ic801512g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Onduru S. Ondongo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - John F. Endicott
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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25
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Zigler DF, Wang J, Brewer KJ. Ruthenium(II)-Polyazine Light Absorbers Bridged to Reactive cis-Dichlororhodium(III) Centers in a Bimetallic Molecular Architecture. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:11342-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ic8007602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Zigler
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
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26
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Chen YJ, Odongo OS, McNamara PG, Szacilowski KT, Endicott JF. Metal-to-Metal Electron-Transfer Emission in Cyanide-Bridged Chromium−Ruthenium Complexes: Effects of Configurational Mixing Between Ligand Field and Charge Transfer Excited States. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:10921-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ic8011266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Onduru S. Odongo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Patrick G. McNamara
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Konrad T. Szacilowski
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - John F. Endicott
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
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27
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Odongo OS, Heeg MJ, Chen YJ, Xie P, Endicott JF. Effects of Excited State−Excited State Configurational Mixing on Emission Bandshape Variations in Ruthenium−Bipyridine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:7493-511. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7024473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Onduru S. Odongo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mary Jane Heeg
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuan-Jang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Puhui Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - John F. Endicott
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei Hsien 24205, Taiwan, R.O.C
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28
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Charlot MF, Aukauloo A. Highlighting the Role of the Medium in DFT Analysis of the Photophysical Properties of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine-Type Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11661-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074605u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Charlot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay UMR CNRS 8182, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, and iBiTec-S, CEA Saclay, Bât. 532, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Ally Aukauloo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay UMR CNRS 8182, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, and iBiTec-S, CEA Saclay, Bât. 532, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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29
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Rachford AA, Petersen JL, Rack JJ. Phototriggered sulfoxide isomerization in [Ru(pic)2(dmso)2]. Dalton Trans 2007:3245-51. [PMID: 17893769 DOI: 10.1039/b704205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the characterization and photochemistry of a simple ruthenium coordination complex containing only picolinate (pic) and dmso, which exhibits a large isomerization quantum yield (Phi(SS-->OO) = 0.50) in various solvents. The picolinate ligands of [Ru(pic)(2)(dmso)(2)] are in a cis arrangement so that the carboxylate oxygen of one pic ligand (O1) is trans to the pyridine of the second picolinate (N2). One dmso ligand (S1) is trans to a pyridine nitrogen (N1), while the second dmso (S2) is trans to a carboxylate oxygen (O3). The cyclic voltammetry, (1)H NMR, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy data suggest that while both dmso ligands isomerize photochemically, only one dmso ligand isomerizes electrochemically. Isomerization quantum yields for each dmso ligand differ by an order of magnitude (Phi(SS-->SO) = 0.46 and Phi(SO-->OO) = 0.036). In agreement with previous results, the isomerization quantum yield for each dmso is dependent on the ligand that is trans to the dmso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Rachford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
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30
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Chen YJ, Endicott JF, McNamarra PG. Contrasts in the 77 K Emission Spectra, Structures, and Dynamics of Metal-to-Metal and Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Excited States. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:6748-60. [PMID: 17439271 DOI: 10.1021/jp068781z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 77 K emission spectrum of trans-[(ms-Me6[14]aneN4)Cr(CNRu(NH3)5)2]5+ has components characteristic of ligand field (LF) and metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) excited states (ms-Me6[14]aneN4=5,12-meso-5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane). The LF component of the emission is best resolved for irradiations at appreciably higher energies than the MMCT absorption band, while only the MMCT emission is observed for irradiations on the low-energy side of the MMCT absorption band. The LF emission component from this complex has vibronic structure that is very similar to that of the trans-[(ms-Me6[14]aneN4)Cr(CN)2]+ parent, but it is red-shifted by 560 cm-1 and the bandwidths are much larger. The red shift and the larger bandwidths of the ruthenated complex are attributed to configurational mixing between the LF and MMCT excited states, and the inferred mixing parameters are shown to be consistent with the known electron-transfer properties of the Ru(NH3)5 moieties. The MMCT excited-state lifetime is about 1 micros at 77 K and am(m)ine perdeuteration of this complex leads to an isotope effect of kNH/kND approximately 15-20. However, the contribution of the N-H stretching vibration to the emission sideband is too weak for a single vibrational mode model to be consistent with the observed lifetimes or the isotope effect. These features are very similar to those reported previously (J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108, 5041) for the MMCT emission of trans-[([14]aneN4)Cr{CNRu(NH3)5}2]5+ ([14]aneN4=1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), with the exception that the higher energy LF emission was not well resolved in the earlier work. The energies of the charge transfer absorption and emission maxima of both of these Cr(CN)Ru complexes are very similar to those of [Ru(NH3)4bpy]2+, but the latter has a 50-fold shorter 77 K excited-state lifetime, a 10-fold smaller NH/ND isotope effect, and a very different structure of its vibronic sidebands. Thus, the vibronic sidebands imply that the dominant excited-state distortions are in the metal-ligand vibrational modes for the Cr(CN)Ru complexes and in the bipyridine vibrational modes for the [Ru(NH3)4bpy]2+ complex. While an "equivalent" single vibrational mode model based on the frequencies and amplitudes of the dominant distortion modes is not consistent the observed lifetimes, such models do appear to be a good basis for qualitatively distinguishing different classes of excited-state dynamic behavior. A multimode, multichannel model may be necessary to adequately describe the excited-state dynamics of these simple electron-transfer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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31
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Endicott JF, Chen YJ. Observations concerning light promoted electronic delocalization in covalently linked transition metal complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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D'Alessandro DM, Junk PC, Richard Keene F. Differential Ion-pairing and Temperature Effects on Intervalence Charge Transfer (IVCT) in a Series of Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes. Supramol Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270500310537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M. D'Alessandro
- a School of Pharmacy & Molecular Sciences, James Cook University , Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Peter C. Junk
- b School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria, 3182, Australia
| | - F. Richard Keene
- a School of Pharmacy & Molecular Sciences, James Cook University , Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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33
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Endicott JF, Chen YJ. Charge transfer-excited state emission spectra of mono- and bi-metallic coordination complexes: Band shapes, reorganizational energies and lifetimes. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Harriman A, Izzet G, Goeb S, De Nicola A, Ziessel R. Photophysical Properties of Ruthenium(II) Tris(2,2‘-bipyridine) Complexes Bearing Conjugated Thiophene Appendages. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:9729-41. [PMID: 17112269 DOI: 10.1021/ic060921w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A small series of ruthenium(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridine) complexes has been synthesized in which ethynylated thiophene residues are attached to one of the 2,2'-bipyridine ligands. The photophysical properties depend on the conjugation length of the thiophene-based ligand, and in each case, dual emission is observed. The two emitting states reside in thermal equilibrium at ambient temperature and can be resolved by emission spectral curve-fitting routines. This allows the properties of the two states to be evaluated in both fluid butyronitrile solution and a transparent KBr disk. It is concluded that both emitting states are of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) character, and despite the presence of conjugated thiophene residues, there is no indication for a low-lying pi,pi*-triplet state that promotes nonradiative decay of the excited-state manifold. A key feature of these systems is that the conjugation length imposed by the thiophene-based ligand helps to control the rate constants for both radiative and nonradiative decay from the two MLCT triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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35
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Chen YJ, Xie P, Heeg MJ, Endicott JF. Influence of the “Innocent” Ligands on the MLCT Excited-State Behavior of Mono(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Complexes: A Comparison of X-ray Structures and 77 K Luminescence Properties. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:6282-97. [PMID: 16878938 DOI: 10.1021/ic0602547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The variations in the nonchromophoric ligands of [Ru(L)4bpy]2+ complexes are shown to result in large changes in emission band shapes, even when the emission energies are similar. These changes in band shape are systematically examined by means of the generation of empirical reorganizational energy profiles (emreps) from the observed emission spectra (Xie, P.; et al. J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 4671), where these profiles provide convenient probes of the differences in distortions from the ground-state structures of the 2,2-bipyridine (bpy) ligands (for distortion modes near 1500 cm(-1)) in the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited states for a series of complexes with the same ruthenium(II) bipyridine chromophore. The bpy ligand is nearly planar in the X-ray structures of the complexes with (L)4 = (NH3)4, triethylenetetraamine (trien), and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane ([12]aneN4). However, for (L)4 = 5,12-rac-5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, the X-ray crystal structure shows that the bpy ligand is twisted in the ground state (a result of methyl/bpy stereochemical repulsion) and the emrep amplitude at about 1500 cm(-1) is significantly larger for this structure than for the complex with (L)4 = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, consistent with larger reorganizational energies of the bpy distortion modes in order to form a planar (bpy(-)) moiety in the excited state of the former. The trien and [12]aneN4 complexes have very nearly the same emission energies, yet the 40% smaller vibronic sideband intensity of the latter indicates that the MLCT excited state is significantly less distorted; this smaller distortion and the related shift in the distribution of distortion mode reorganizational energy amplitudes is apparently related to the 36-fold longer lifetime for (L)4 = [12]aneN4 than for (L)4 = trien. For the majority (77%) of the [Ru(L)4bpy]2+ complexes examined, there is a systematic decrease in emrep amplitudes near 1500 cm(-1), consistent with decreasing excited-state distortion, with the excited-state energy as is expected for ground state-excited state configurational mixing in a simple two-state model. However, the complexes with L = [12]aneN4, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododeca-1-ene, and (py)4 all have smaller emrep amplitudes and thus less distorted excited states than related complexes with the same emission energy. The observations are not consistent with simple two-state models and seem to require an additional distortion induced by excited state-excited state configurational mixing in most complexes. Because the stereochemical constraints of the coordinated [12]aneN4 ligand restrict tetragonal distortions around the metal, configurational mixing of the 3MLCT excited state with a triplet ligand-field excited state of Ru(II) could account for some of the variations in excited-state distortion. The large number of vibrational distortion modes and their small vibrational reorganizational energies in these complexes indicate that a very large number of relaxation channels contribute to the variations in 3MLCT lifetimes and that the metal-ligand skeletal modes are likely to contribute to some of these channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202-3489, USA
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36
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Emission band shape probes of the mixed-valence excited state properties of polypyridyl-bridged bis-ruthenium(II) complexes. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Browne WR, Hage R, Vos JG. Tuning interaction in dinuclear ruthenium complexes: HOMO versus LUMO mediated superexchange through azole and azine bridges. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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D'Alessandro DM, Topley AC, Davies MS, Keene FR. Probing the Transition between the Localised (Class II) and Localised-to-Delocalised (Class II–III) Regimes by Using Intervalence Charge-Transfer Solvatochromism in a Series of Mixed-Valence Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes. Chemistry 2006; 12:4873-84. [PMID: 16596684 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intervalence charge-transfer (IVCT) solvatochromism studies on the diastereoisomeric forms of [{Ru(bpy)(2)}(2)(mu-BL)](5+) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine; BL=a series of di-bidentate polypyridyl bridging ligands) reveal that the solvent dependencies of the IVCT transitions decrease as the "tail" of the bridging ligand is extended, and the extent of delocalisation increases. Utilising a classical theoretical approach for the analysis of the intervalence charge-transfer (IVCT) solvatochromism data, the subtle and systematic variation in the electronic properties of the bridging ligands can be correlated with the shift between the localised (class II) and localised-to-delocalised (class II-III) regimes. The investigation of the diastereoisomeric forms of two series of complexes incorporating analogous structurally rigid (fused) and nonrigid (unfused) bridging ligands demonstrates that the differences in the IVCT characteristics of the diastereoisomers of a given complex are accentuated in the latter case, due to a stereochemically induced redox asymmetry contribution. The marked dependence of the IVCT transitions on the stereochemical identity of the complexes provides a quantitative measure of the fundamental contributions of the reorganisational energy and redox asymmetry to the intramolecular electron-transfer barrier at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M D'Alessandro
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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39
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Chen YJ, Xie P, Endicott JF, Odongo OS. Probes of the Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Excited States in Ruthenium-Am(m)ine-Bipyridine Complexes: The Effects of NH/ND and CH/CD Isotopic Substitution on the 77 K Luminescence. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:7970-81. [PMID: 16789787 DOI: 10.1021/jp055561x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ligand perdeuteration on the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited-state emission properties at 77 K are described for several [Ru(L)(4)bpy](2+) complexes in which the emission process is nominally [uIII,bpy-] --> [RuII,bpy]. The perdeuteration of the 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ligand is found to increase the zero-point energy differences between the ground states and MLCT excited states by amounts that vary from 0 +/- 10 to 70 +/- 10 cm(-1) depending on the ligands L. This indicates that there are some vibrational modes with smaller force constants in the excited states than in the ground states for most of these complexes. These blue shifts increase approximately as the energy difference between the excited and ground states decreases, but they are otherwise not strongly correlated with the number of bipyridine ligands in the complex. Careful comparisons of the [Ru(L)(4)(d(8)-bpy)](2+) and [Ru(L)(4)(h(8)-bpy](2+) emission spectra are used to resolve the very weak vibronic contributions of the C-H stretching modes as the composite contributions of the corresponding vibrational reorganizational energies. The largest of these, 25 +/- 10 cm(-1), is found for the complexes with L = py or bpy/2 and smaller when L = NH(3). Perdeuteration of the am(m)ine ligands (NH(3), en, or [14]aneN(4)) has no significant effect on the zero-point energy difference, and the contributions of the NH stretching vibrational modes to the emission band shape are too weak to resolve. Ligand perdeuteration does increase the excited-state lifetimes by a factor that is roughly proportional to the excited-state-ground-state energy difference, even though the CH and NH vibrational reorganizational energies are too small for nuclear tunneling involving these modes to dominate the relaxation process. It is proposed that metal-ligand skeletal vibrational modes and configurational mixing between metal-centered, bpy-ligand-centered, and MLCT excited states are important in determining the zero-point energy differences, while a large number of different combinations of relatively low-frequency vibrational modes must contribute to the nonradiative relaxation of the MLCT excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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40
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D'Alessandro DM, Dinolfo PH, Davies MS, Hupp JT, Keene FR. Underlying Spin−Orbit Coupling Structure of Intervalence Charge Transfer Bands in Dinuclear Polypyridyl Complexes of Ruthenium and Osmium. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:3261-74. [PMID: 16602783 DOI: 10.1021/ic051841f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mixed-valence systems meso- and rac-[{M(bpy)2}2(mu-BL)]5+ {M = Ru, Os; BL = a series of polypyridyl bridging ligands such as 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)benzoquinoxaline (dpb)} are characterized by multiple intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) and interconfigurational (IC) bands in the mid-infrared and near-infrared (NIR) regions. Differences in the relative energies of the IC transitions for the fully oxidized (+6) states of the osmium systems demonstrate that stereochemical effects lead to fundamental changes in the energy levels of the metal-based dpi orbitals, which are split by spin-orbit coupling and ligand-field asymmetry. An increase in the separation between the IC bands as BL is varied reflects the increase in the degree of electronic coupling through the series of ruthenium and osmium complexes. The increase in the IVCT bandwidths for the former is therefore attributed to the increase in the separation of the three underlying components of the bands. Stark effect measurements reveal small dipole moment changes accompanying IVCT excitation in support of the localized-to-delocalized or delocalized classification for the dinuclear ruthenium and osmium systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M D'Alessandro
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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41
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Theoretical modelling of photoactive molecular systems: insights using the Density Functional Theory. CR CHIM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2005.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Charlot MF, Pellegrin Y, Quaranta A, Leibl W, Aukauloo A. A Theoretical Investigation into the Photophysical Properties of Ruthenium Polypyridine-Type Complexes. Chemistry 2006; 12:796-812. [PMID: 16267865 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Excited states of ruthenium polypyridine-type complexes have always attracted the interest of chemists. We have recently found evidence of a remarkable long-lived excited state (30 micros) for a Ru(II) complex containing a heteroditopic ligand that can be viewed as a fused phenanthroline and salophen ligand.1 To unravel this intriguing electronic property, we have used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to understand the ground-state properties of [(bpy)(2)Ru(LH(2))](2+), where LH(2) represents N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-(1,10-phenanthroline)diamine. Excited singlet and triplet states have been examined by the time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) formalism and the theoretical findings have been compared with those for the parent complex [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+). The outstanding result is the presence of excited states lower in energy than the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer states, originating from intraligand charge transfer (ILCT) from the phenolic rings to the phenanthroline part of the coordinated LH(2). The spin density distribution for the lowest triplet state provides evidence that it is in fact the lowest triplet state of the free ligand. Correlation between the energy level diagram of orbitals for the ground state and that for the (3)ILCT state clearly establishes that the ruthenium retains its formal Ru(II) oxidation state. The quenching of the luminescence and the evidence of the long-lived excited state observed for [(bpy)(2)Ru(LH(2))](2+) are discussed in the light of the computational results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Charlot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique, UMR 8613, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
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Synthetic, spectral and structural studies of some homo and hetero binuclear arene ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes. J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Xie P, Chen YJ, Uddin MJ, Endicott JF. The Characterization of the High-Frequency Vibronic Contributions to the 77 K Emission Spectra of Ruthenium−Am(m)ine−Bipyridyl Complexes, Their Attenuation with Decreasing Energy Gaps, and the Implications of Strong Electronic Coupling for Inverted-Region Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:4671-89. [PMID: 16833808 DOI: 10.1021/jp050263l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The 77 K emission spectra of a series of [Ru(Am)6-2n(bpy)n]2+ complexes (n = 1-3) have been determined in order to evaluate the effects of appreciable excited state (e)/ground state (g) configurational mixing on the properties of simple electron-transfer systems. The principal focus is on the vibronic contributions, and the correlated distortions of the bipyridine ligand in the emitting MLCT excited state. To address the issues that are involved, the emission band shape at 77 K is interpreted as the sum of a fundamental component, corresponding to the {e,0'} --> {g,0} transition, and progressions in the ground-state vibrational modes that correlate with the excited-state distortion. Literature values of the vibrational parameters determined from the resonance-Raman (rR) for [Ru(NH3)4bpy]2+ and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ are used to model the emission spectra and to evaluate the spectral analysis. The Gaussian fundamental component with an energy Ef and bandwidth Deltanu1/2 is deconvoluted from the observed emission spectrum. The first-, second-, and third-order terms in the progressions of the vibrational modes that contribute to the band shape are evaluated as the sums of Gaussian-shaped contributions of width Deltanu1/2. The fundamental and the rR parameters give an excellent fit of the observed emission spectrum of [Ru(NH3)4bpy]2+, but not as good for the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ emission spectrum probably because the Franck-Condon excited state probed by the rR is different in symmetry from the emitting MLCT excited state. Variations in vibronic contributions for the series of complexes are evaluated in terms of reorganizational energy profiles (emreps, Lambdax) derived from the observed spectra, and modeled using the rR parameters. This modeling demonstrates that most of the intensity of the vibronic envelopes obtained from the frozen solution emission spectra arises from the overlapping of first-order vibronic contributions of significant bandwidth with additional convoluted contributions of higher order vibronic terms. The emrep amplitudes of these complexes have their maxima at about 1500 cm(-1) in frozen solution, and Lambdax(max) decreases systematically by approximately 2-fold as Ef decreases from 17,220 for [Ru(bpy)3]2+ to 12,040 cm(-1) for [Ru(NH3)4bpy]2+ through the series of complexes. Corrections for higher order contributions and bandwidth differences based on the modeling with rR parameters indicate that the variations in Lambdax(max) imply somewhat larger decreases in first-order bpy vibrational reorganizational energies. The large attenuation of vibrational reorganizational energies of the [Ru(Am)6-2n(bpy)n]2+ complexes contrasts with the apparent similarity of reorganizational energy amplitudes for the absorption and emission of [Ru(NH3)4bpy]2+. These observations are consistent with increasing and very substantial excited-state/ground-state configurational mixing and decreasing excited-state distortion as Ef decreases, but more severe attenuation for singlet/singlet than triplet/singlet mixing (alphage > alphaeg for the configurational mixing coefficients at the ground-state and excited-state potential energy minima, respectively); it is inferred that 0.18 > or = alphage2 > or = 0.09 for [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and 0.37 > or = alphage2 > or = 0.18 for [Ru(NH3)4bpy]2+ in DMSO/water glasses, where the ranges are based on models that there is or is not a spin restriction on configurational mixing (alphage > alphaeg and alphage = alphaeg), respectively, for these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puhui Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Benniston AC, Harriman A, Li P, Sams CA. Comparison of the Photophysical Properties of Osmium(II) Bis(2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine) and the Corresponding Ethynylated Derivative. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:2302-9. [PMID: 16839000 DOI: 10.1021/jp045637+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of osmium(II) bis(2,2':6',2' '-terpyridine) have been recorded over a wide temperature range. An emission band is observed and attributed to radiative decay of the lowest-energy metal-to-ligand, charge-transfer (MLCT) triplet state. This triplet is coupled to two other triplet states that lie at higher energy. The second triplet, believed to be of MLCT character, is reached by crossing a barrier of only 640 cm(-1), but the highest-energy triplet, considered to be of metal-centered (MC) character, is separated from the lowest-energy MLCT triplet by a barrier of 3500 cm(-1). Analysis of the emission spectrum shows that both low- and high-frequency modes are involved in the decay process, while weak emission is seen from the second excited triplet state. The magnitude of the low- and high-frequency modes depends on temperature in fluid solution but not in a KBr disk. Apart from a substantial lowering of the triplet energy, the photophysical properties are relatively insensitive to the presence of an ethynylene substituent at the 4' position of each terpyridine ligand. However, the barrier to reaching the MC triplet is markedly reduced, and the vibrational modes become less sensitive to changes in temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Benniston
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry), Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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Endicott JF, Chen YJ, Xie P. Electron-transfer spectroscopy: donor–acceptor electronic coupling, reorganizational energies, reaction pathways and dynamics. Coord Chem Rev 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Browne WR, O'Boyle NM, Henry W, Guckian AL, Horn S, Fett T, O'Connor CM, Duati M, De Cola L, Coates CG, Ronayne KL, McGarvey JJ, Vos JG. Ground- and Excited-State Electronic Structure of an Emissive Pyrazine-Bridged Ruthenium(II) Dinuclear Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:1229-41. [PMID: 15669862 DOI: 10.1021/ja046034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical, photophysical, and photochemical properties of the binuclear compounds [(Ru(H8-bpy)2)2((Metr)2Pz)](PF6)2 (1) and [(Ru(D8-bpy)2)2((Metr)2Pz)](PF6)2 (2), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine and H2(Metr)2Pz is the planar ligand 2,5-bis(5'-methyl-4'H-[1,2,4]triaz-3'-yl)pyrazine, are reported. Electrochemical and spectro-electrochemical investigations indicate that the ground-state interaction between each metal center is predominantly electrostatic and in the mixed-valence form only a low level of ground-state delocalization is present. Resonance Raman, transient, and time-resolved spectroscopies enable a detailed assignment to be made of the excited-state photophysical properties of the complexes. Deuteriation is employed to both facilitate spectroscopic characterization and investigate the nature of the lowest excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Browne
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Ciofini I, Lainé PP, Bedioui F, Adamo C. Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Ruthenium and Osmium Polyads: Insights from Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:10763-77. [PMID: 15327337 DOI: 10.1021/ja0482278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II) and Os(II) complexes (P) of [4'-(p-phenyl)]terpyridyl ligand (ptpy) derivatized with an electron acceptor (A) of the triphenylpyridinium (H3TP+) type have been recently proposed as functional models for electron-transfer (ET) processes in the context of artificial photosynthesis. These inorganic dyads, P-A, are expected to undergo intramolecular photoinduced ET to form a charge separated (CS) state of pivotal interest. To draw a complete picture of possible ET processes, the ground- and excited-state properties of these complexes, both in their native and monoreduced forms, have been studied by the means of density functional theory (DFT). A time-dependent-DFT approach (TDDFT) was used to interpret the electronic spectra, while additional spectroscopic measurements have been carried out in order to complete the available experimental information and to further confirm the theoretical issues. Besides the noticeable quantitative agreement between computed and experimental absorption spectra, our results allow us to clarify, by first principles, the actual nature and interplay of the electronic and geometrical coupling between the acceptor moiety and the photosensitizer. The possibility of a direct (optical) ET from the ground state to the targeted *[P+-A-] CS state is theoretically postulated and found to be consistent with available photophysical data (transient absorption spectroscopy). Concerning backward ET (from the CS state), the occurrence of a quinoidal-like electronic redistribution inherent to the photoreduced acceptor-ligand is proposed to favor efficient charge recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ciofini
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Weldon F, Hammarström L, Mukhtar E, Hage R, Gunneweg E, Haasnoot JG, Reedijk J, Browne WR, Guckian AL, Vos JG. Energy Transfer Pathways in Dinuclear Heteroleptic Polypyridyl Complexes: Through-Space vs Through-Bond Interaction Mechanisms. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:4471-81. [PMID: 15236561 DOI: 10.1021/ic049896p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of homo- and heteronuclear ruthenium and osmium polypyridyl complexes with the bridging ligands 1,3-bis(5-(2-pyridyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzene (H(2)mL) and 1,4-bis(5-(2-pyridyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzene (H(2)pL) are reported. The photophysical properties of these compounds are investigated, and particular attention is paid to the heteronuclear (RuOs) compounds, which exhibit dual emission. This is in contrast to phenyl-bridged polypyridine Ru-Os complexes with a similar metal-metal distance, in which the Ru emission is strongly quenched because the nature of the bridging ligand allows for an efficient through-bond coupling. The results obtained for the compounds reported here suggest that energy transfer is predominantly taking place via a dipole-dipole, Förster type, mechanism, that may dominate when through-bond coupling is weak. This is in stark contrast to ground state interaction, which is found to be critically dependent on the nature of the bridging unit employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Weldon
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Chen YJ, Xie P, Endicott JF. Electron-Transfer Emission Spectra of a Cyanide-Bridged, Cr(III)/Ru(II) Donor−Acceptor Complex: High Frequency (NH and C⋮N) Vibronic Contributions from Empirical Reorganizational Energy Profiles. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0497817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3929
| | - Puhui Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3929
| | - John F. Endicott
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3929
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