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Mitrović M, Djukić MB, Vukić M, Nikolić I, Radovanović MD, Luković J, Filipović IP, Matić S, Marković T, Klisurić OR, Popović S, Matović ZD, Ristić MS. Search for new biologically active compounds: in vitro studies of antitumor and antimicrobial activity of dirhodium(II,II) paddlewheel complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9330-9349. [PMID: 38747564 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Four neutral Rh1-Rh4 complexes of the general formula [Rh2(CH3COO)4L2], where L is an N-alkylimidazole ligand, were synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, and in the case of Rh4 the crystal structure was confirmed. Investigation of the interactions of these complexes with HSA by fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the binding constants Kb are moderately strong (∼104 M-1), and site-marker competition experiments showed that the complexes bind to Heme site III (subdomain IB). Competitive binding studies for CT DNA using EB and HOE showed that the complexes bind to the minor groove, which was also confirmed by viscosity experiments. Molecular docking confirmed the experimental data for HSA and CT DNA. Antimicrobial tests showed that the Rh2-Rh4 complexes exerted a strong inhibitory effect on G+ bacteria B. cereus and G- bacteria V. parahaemolyticus as well as on the yeast C. tropicalis, which showed a higher sensitivity compared to fluconazole. The cytotoxic activity of Rh1-Rh4 complexes tested on three cancer cell lines (HeLa, HCT116 and MDA-MB-231) and on healthy MRC-5 cells showed that all investigated complexes elicited more efficient cytotoxicity on all tested tumor cells than on control cells. Investigation of the mechanism of action revealed that the Rh1-Rh4 complexes inhibit cell proliferation via different mechanisms of action, namely apoptosis (increase in expression of the pro-apoptotic Bax protein and caspase-3 protein in HeLa and HCT116 cells; changes in mitochondrial potential and mitochondrial damage; release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria; cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase in both HeLa and HCT116 cells together with a decrease in the expression of cyclin A and cyclin B) and autophagy (reduction in the expression of the protein p62 in HeLa and HCT116 cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mitrović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Maja B Djukić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Milena Vukić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Nikolić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marko D Radovanović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Jovan Luković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ignjat P Filipović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Sanja Matić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tijana Marković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Olivera R Klisurić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 4, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Suzana Popović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Zoran D Matović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Marija S Ristić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Tolbatov I, Marrone A. Kinetics of Reactions of Dirhodium and Diruthenium Paddlewheel Tetraacetate Complexes with Nucleophilic Protein Sites: Computational Insights. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16421-16429. [PMID: 36194651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, dirhodium and diruthenium paddlewheel complexes have drawn attention as perspective anticancer drugs. In this study, the kinetics of reaction of typical paddlewheel scaffolds Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)4(H2O)2, Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(H2O)Cl, and [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4(HO)Cl]- with protein nucleophiles were investigated by means of the density functional theory. The substitution of axial ligands─water and chloride─by the models of protein residue side chains was analyzed, revealing the binding selectivity displayed by these paddlewheel metal scaffolds. The substitution of water is under a thermodynamic control, in which, although the Arg, Cys-, and Sec- residues are the most favorable, their binding is expected to be scarcely selective in a biological context. On the other hand, the replacement of the axial water with a more stable hydroxo ligand induces the chloride substitution in diRu complexes, which also targets Arg, Cys-, and Sec-, although with a moderately higher activation barrier for any examined protein residue. Additionally, the carried out characterization of the geometrical parameters of the transition states permitted determination of the impact of an increased steric hindrance of diRh and diRu complexes on their protein site selectivity. This study corroborates the idea of the substitution of the acetate ligands with biologically active, but more hindering, carboxylate ligands, in order to yield dual acting metallodrugs. This study allows us to assume that the delivery of diRu paddlewheel complexes in their monoanionic form [Ru2(μ-O2CR)4(OH)Cl]- decorated by the bulky substituents R may constitute an approach to augment the selectivity toward anticancer targets, such as TrxR in tumor cells, although under the condition that such a selectivity is operative only in high pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iogann Tolbatov
- Institut de Chimie Moleculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Avenue Alain Savary 9, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alessandro Marrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. D'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Tolbatov I, Marrone A. Reaction of dirhodium and diruthenium paddlewheel tetraacetate complexes with nucleophilic protein sites: A computational study. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Loreto D, Esposito A, Demitri N, Guaragna A, Merlino A. Digging into protein metalation differences triggered by fluorine containing-dirhodium tetracarboxylate analogues. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7294-7304. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00873d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic and biological properties of dirhodium tetracarboxylates ([Rh2(μ-O2CR)4L2], L=axial ligand, R=CH3-, CH3CH2-, etc) largely depend on the nature of the bridging carboxylate equatorial μ-O2CR ligands, which can be easily exchanged...
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Unusual Structural Features in the Adduct of Dirhodium Tetraacetate with Lysozyme. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031496. [PMID: 33540880 PMCID: PMC7867343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of the adducts formed upon reaction of the cytotoxic paddlewheel dirhodium complex [Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)4] with the model protein hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) under different experimental conditions are reported. Results indicate that [Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)4] extensively reacts with HEWL:it in part breaks down, at variance with what happens in reactions with other proteins. A Rh center coordinates the side chains of Arg14 and His15. Dimeric Rh–Rh units with Rh–Rh distances between 2.3 and 2.5 Å are bound to the side chains of Asp18, Asp101, Asn93, and Lys96, while a dirhodium unit with a Rh–Rh distance of 3.2–3.4 Å binds the C-terminal carboxylate and the side chain of Lys13 at the interface between two symmetry-related molecules. An additional monometallic fragment binds the side chain of Lys33. These data, which are supported by replicated structural determinations, shed light on the reactivity of dirhodium tetracarboxylates with proteins, providing useful information for the design of new Rh-containing biomaterials with an array of potential applications in the field of catalysis or of medicinal chemistry and valuable insight into the mechanism of action of these potential anticancer agents.
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Ferraro G, Pratesi A, Messori L, Merlino A. Protein interactions of dirhodium tetraacetate: a structural study. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2412-2416. [PMID: 32022076 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04819g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between the cytotoxic paddlewheel dirhodium complex [Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)4] and the model protein bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) were investigated by high-resolution mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. The results indicate that [Rh2(μ-O2CCH3)4] extensively reacts with RNase A. The metal compound binds the protein via coordination of the imidazole ring of a His side chain to one of its axial sites, while the dirhodium center and the acetato ligands remain unmodified. Data provide valuable information for the design of artificial dirhodium-containing metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, via Cinthia, 21, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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Fandzloch M, Augustyniak AW, Dobrzańska L, Jędrzejewski T, Sitkowski J, Wypij M, Golińska P. First dinuclear rhodium(II) complexes with triazolopyrimidines and the prospect of their potential biological use. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 210:111072. [PMID: 32563102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Five novel rhodium(II) complexes of general formula [Rh2(μ-OOCCH3)4L2], where L is a triazolopyrimidine derivative, in particular dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dmtp) for (1), 5,7-diethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (detp) for (2), 7-isobutyl-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (ibmtp) for (3), 7-hydroxy-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (HmtpO) for (4) and 5,7-ditertbutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dbtp) for (5) are reported. These first representatives of paddle-wheel dirhodium complexes with triazolopyrimidines have been characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy as well as by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Three of the new complexes (1), (2) and (5) were thoroughly screened in vitro for their cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and L929 murine fibroblast cells. Favorably, they show significantly less effective inhibition on the cell growth of L929 than cisplatin under identical conditions. Complexes (1) and (5) display moderate cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 16.3-21.5 μM) against MCF-7 cells which is induced via reactive oxygen species-independent pathways. Extensive studies of rhodium complexes (1), (2) and (5) against microorganisms have shown that the tested compounds exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) while (5) significantly inhibited the growth of Malassezia furfur. The highest antibacterial, and antifungal activity, was observed for (5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Fandzloch
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAS, Okólna 2, 50-422 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Adam W Augustyniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Liliana Dobrzańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sitkowski
- National Institutes of Medicines, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warszawa, Poland; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wypij
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Patrycja Golińska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Felder PS, Keller S, Gasser G. Polymetallic Complexes for Applications as Photosensitisers in Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Felder
- Chimie ParisTechPSL UniversityCNRSInstitute of Chemistry for Life and Health SciencesLaboratory for Inorganic Chemical BiologyF‐75005 Paris France
| | - Sarah Keller
- Chimie ParisTechPSL UniversityCNRSInstitute of Chemistry for Life and Health SciencesLaboratory for Inorganic Chemical BiologyF‐75005 Paris France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTechPSL UniversityCNRSInstitute of Chemistry for Life and Health SciencesLaboratory for Inorganic Chemical BiologyF‐75005 Paris France
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Głaszczka R, Leniak A, Jaźwiński J. Ternary complexes consisting of chiral rhodium(II) tetracarboxylates, derivatives of amino acid and triphenylphosphine: The 31P NMR study. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Enriquez Garcia A, Jalilehvand F, Niksirat P, Gelfand BS. Methionine Binding to Dirhodium(II) Tetraacetate. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12787-12799. [PMID: 30247895 PMCID: PMC6311416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between antitumor active dirhodium(II) tetraacetate and dl-methionine (HMet) was followed in aqueous solution and showed initially mixtures of 1:1 and 1:2 adducts [Rh2(AcO)4(HMet)(H2O)] (AcO- = CH3COO-) and [Rh2(AcO)4(HMet)2] formed at room temperature (RT), as evidenced by UV-vis spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Rh K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy confirmed methionine thioether binding to the axial positions of the Rh2(AcO)4 cage structure. With excess HMet at RT, stepwise displacement of the acetate groups was observed after some time using ESI-MS. Heating the solution to 40° for 24 h accelerated the substitution reaction leading to stable dirhodium(II) species with two acetate ligands displaced by two methionine groups. The crystal structure of the purple [RhII2(AcO)2(d-Met)(l-Met)]·6H2O compound obtained from the solution revealed tridentate coordination of the methionine ligands to the Rh(II) ions, with the thioether S atoms in equatorial positions. A minor amount of a light orange monomeric [RhIII(Met)2](AcO) complex also formed in the solution was isolated by size exclusion chromatography and identified by ESI-MS. Crystals of [RhIII(d-Met)(l-Met)]Cl·3H2O were prepared by reacting RhCl3 and dl-HMet. The crystal structure showed tridentate binding of the methionine ligands to the Rh(III) ion in a trans-S, N, O arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farideh Jalilehvand
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Pantea Niksirat
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Benjamin S Gelfand
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada T2N 1N4
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Ma GL, Bi XD, Gao F, Feng Z, Zhao DC, Lin FJ, Yan R, Liu D, Liu P, Chen J, Zhang H. Novel polypyridyl ruthenium complexes acting as high affinity DNA intercalators, potent transcription inhibitors and antitumor reagents. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 185:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Amarante D, Cherian C, Megehee EG. Synthesis and electronic characterization of mixed diimine ligand rhodium(III) complexes using a versatile triflate precursor. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Palmer AM, Knoll JD, Turro C. Photoinduced interactions of two dirhodium complexes with d(GTCGAC)2 probed by 2D NOESY. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3640-6. [PMID: 25557067 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between the 6-mer duplex oligonucleotide d(GTCGAC)2 and the photoactive dirhodium complexes cis-H,H-[Rh2(HNOCCH3)2(L)(CH3CN)4](2+), where L represents bpy (1, 2,2'-bipyridine) and dppz (2, dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine), were probed using 2D (1)H-(1)H NOESY NMR spectroscopy. Complex does not interact with the duplex in the dark, but binds covalently to the terminal guanine following irradiation with visible light. Similar behavior was observed for 2, but in addition to the photoinduced covalent DNA binding, the planar dppz ligand of the complex shields the terminal cytosine protons after irradiation. The results are consistent with photoinduced guanine coordination and end-capping of the duplex through π-stacking interactions with the terminal GC base pair. These data show that in the presence of the 6-mer duplex oligonucleotide, 1 and 2 exhibit photoinduced covalent binding to DNA. In addition, the π-stacking interactions of 2 with the duplex are enhanced upon irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia M Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Ye QS, Li XN, Jin Y, Yu J, Chang QW, Jiang J, Yan CX, Li J, Liu WP. Synthesis, crystal structures and catalytic activity of tetrakis(acetato)dirhodium(II) complexes with axial picoline ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Majer Z, Bősze S, Szabó I, Mihucz VG, Gaál A, Szilvágyi G, Pepponi G, Meirer F, Wobrauschek P, Szoboszlai N, Ingerle D, Streli C. Study of dinuclear Rh(II) complexes of phenylalanine derivatives as potential anticancer agents by using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tang GY, Pribisko MA, Henning RK, Lim P, Termini J, Gray HB, Grubbs RH. An in vitro enzymatic assay to measure transcription inhibition by gallium(III) and H3 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corroles. J Vis Exp 2015:52355. [PMID: 25867444 PMCID: PMC4401371 DOI: 10.3791/52355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy often involves broad-spectrum cytotoxic agents with many side effects and limited targeting. Corroles are a class of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles that exhibit differential cytostatic and cytotoxic properties in specific cell lines, depending on the identities of the chelated metal and functional groups. The unique behavior of functionalized corroles towards specific cell lines introduces the possibility of targeted chemotherapy. Many anticancer drugs are evaluated by their ability to inhibit RNA transcription. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for RNA transcription in the presence of known and potential inhibitors. The evaluation of the RNA products of the transcription reaction by gel electrophoresis and UV-Vis spectroscopy provides information on inhibitive properties of potential anticancer drug candidates and, with modifications to the assay, more about their mechanism of action. Little is known about the molecular mechanism of action of corrole cytotoxicity. In this experiment, we consider two corrole compounds: gallium(III) 5,10,15-(tris)pentafluorophenylcorrole (Ga(tpfc)) and freebase analogue 5,10,15-(tris)pentafluorophenylcorrole (tpfc). An RNA transcription assay was used to examine the inhibitive properties of the corroles. Five transcription reactions were prepared: DNA treated with Actinomycin D, triptolide, Ga(tpfc), tpfc at a [complex]:[template DNA base] ratio of 0.01, respectively, and an untreated control. The transcription reactions were analyzed after 4 hr using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV-Vis spectroscopy. There is clear inhibition by Ga(tpfc), Actinomycin D, and triptolide. This RNA transcription assay can be modified to provide more mechanistic detail by varying the concentrations of the anticancer complex, DNA, or polymerase enzyme, or by incubating the DNA or polymerase with the complexes prior to RNA transcription; these modifications would differentiate between an inhibition mechanism involving the DNA or the enzyme. Adding the complex after RNA transcription can be used to test whether the complexes degrade or hydrolyze the RNA. This assay can also be used to study additional anticancer candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y Tang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology
| | - Melanie A Pribisko
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology
| | - Ryan K Henning
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology
| | - Punnajit Lim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope
| | - John Termini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope
| | - Harry B Gray
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology
| | - Robert H Grubbs
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology;
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Knoll JD, Turro C. Control and utilization of ruthenium and rhodium metal complex excited states for photoactivated cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2015; 282-283:110-126. [PMID: 25729089 PMCID: PMC4343038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of visible light to produce highly selective and potent drugs through photodynamic therapy (PDT) holds much potential in the treatment of cancer. PDT agents can be designed to follow an O2-dependent mechanism by producing highly reactive species such as 1O2 and/or an O2 independent mechanism through processes such as excited state electron transfer, covalent binding to DNA or photoinduced drug delivery. Ru(II)-polypyridyl and Rh2(II,II) complexes represent an important class of compounds that can be tailored to exhibit desired photophysical properties and photochemical reactivity by judicious selection of the ligand set. Complexes with relatively long-lived excited states and planar, intercalating ligands localize on the DNA strand and photocleave DNA through 1O2 production or guanine oxidation by the excited state of the chromophore. Photoinduced ligand substitution occurs through the population of triplet metal centered (3MC) excited states and facilitates covalent binding of the metal complex to DNA in a mode similar to cisplatin. Ligand photodissociation also provides a route to selective drug delivery. The ability to construct metal complexes with desired light absorbing and excited state properties by ligand variation enables the design of PDT agents that can potentially provide combination therapy from a single metal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Knoll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Li Z, Shtemenko NI, Yegorova DY, Babiy SO, Brown AJ, Yang T, Shtemenko AV, Dunbar KR. Liposomes loaded with a dirhenium compound and cisplatin: preparation, properties and improvedin vivoanticancer activity. J Liposome Res 2014; 25:78-87. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2014.954127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Palmer AM, Burya SJ, Gallucci JC, Turro C. Photoinduced Intercalation and Coordination of a Dirhodium Complex to DNA: Dual DNA Binding. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1260-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Shtemenko NI, Chifotides HT, Domasevitch KV, Golichenko AA, Babiy SA, Li Z, Paramonova KV, Shtemenko AV, Dunbar KR. Synthesis, X-ray structure, interactions with DNA, remarkable in vivo tumor growth suppression and nephroprotective activity of cis-tetrachloro-dipivalato dirhenium(III). J Inorg Biochem 2013; 129:127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Chen X, Gao F, Yang WY, Zhou ZX, Lin JQ, Ji LN. Structure-activity relationship of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes as DNA intercalators, DNA photocleavage reagents, and DNA topoisomerase and RNA polymerase inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:367-84. [PMID: 23495154 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between the molecular structure and biological activity of polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes, such as DNA binding, photocleavage ability, and DNA topoisomerase and RNA polymerase inhibition, six new [Ru(bpy)(2)(dppz)](2+) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine; dppz=dipyrido[3,2-a:2,',3'-c]phenazine) analogs have been synthesized and characterized by means of (1)H-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Interestingly, the biological properties of these complexes have been identified to be quite different via a series of experimental methods, such as spectral titration, DNA thermal denaturation, viscosity, and gel electrophoresis. To explain the experimental regularity and reveal the underlying mechanism of biological activity, the properties of energy levels and population of frontier molecular orbitals and excited-state transitions of these complexes have been studied by density-functional theory (DFT) and time-depended DFT (TDDFT) calculations. The results suggest that DNA intercalative ligands with better planarity, greater hydrophobicity, and less steric hindrance are beneficial to the DNA intercalation and enzymatic inhibition of their complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Ali BF, Zaghal MH, Mhaidat RM, Qaseer HA, El-Qisiari AK. Substitution reactions of cis-dichlorobis{2-(2′-pyridyl)quinoline}rhodium(III) chloride. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Novikov VV, Varzatskii OA, Negrutska VV, Bubnov YN, Palchykovska LG, Dubey IY, Voloshin YZ. Size matters, so does shape: Inhibition of transcription of T7 RNA polymerase by iron(II) clathrochelates. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 124:42-5. [PMID: 23598064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coordination and organoelement compounds are rarely proposed as the drug candidates despite their vast potential in the area owing to their strictly controlled geometry and rather extensive surface. This is the first example of the inhibition of transcription in the system of T7 RNA polymerase by cage metal complexes. Their IC50 values reach as low as the nanomolar range, placing them among the most potent metal-based transcription inhibitors.
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Li Z, Chifotides HT, Dunbar KR. Unprecedented partial paddlewheel dirhodium methyl isocyanide compounds with unusual structural and electronic properties: a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51641e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Burya SJ, Palmer AM, Gallucci JC, Turro C. Photoinduced Ligand Exchange and Covalent DNA Binding by Two New Dirhodium Bis-Amidato Complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:11882-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3017886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Burya
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Alycia M. Palmer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Judith C. Gallucci
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United
States
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You C, Dai X, Yuan B, Wang Y. Effects of 6-thioguanine and S6-methylthioguanine on transcription in vitro and in human cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40915-23. [PMID: 23076150 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.418681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiopurine drugs are extensively used as chemotherapeutic agents in clinical practice, even though there is concern about the risk of therapy-related cancers. It has been previously suggested that the cytotoxicity of thiopurine drugs involves their metabolic activation, the resultant generation of 6-thioguanine ((S)G) and S(6)-methylthioguanine (S(6)mG) in DNA, and the futile mismatch repair triggered by replication-induced (S)G:T and S(6)mG:T mispairs. Disruption of transcription is known to be one of the major consequences of DNA damage induced by many antiviral and antitumor agents; however, it remains undefined how (S)G and S(6)mG compromise the efficiency and fidelity of transcription. Using our recently developed competitive transcription and adduct bypass assay, herein we examined the impact of (S)G and S(6)mG on transcription in vitro and in human cells. Our results revealed that, when situated on the transcribed strand, S(6)mG exhibited both inhibitory and mutagenic effects during transcription mediated by single-subunit T7 RNA polymerase or multisubunit human RNA polymerase II in vitro and in human cells. Moreover, we found that the impact of S(6)mG on transcriptional efficiency and fidelity is modulated by the transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair capacity. In contrast, (S)G did not considerably compromise the efficiency or fidelity of transcription, and it was a poor substrate for NER. We propose that S(6)mG might contribute, at least in part, to thiopurine-mediated cytotoxicity through inhibition of transcription and to potential therapy-related carcinogenesis via transcriptional mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun You
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
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Dikhtiarenko A, Torre-Fernández L, García-Granda S, García JR, Gimeno J. Bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-κ(2)N,N')dichlorido-rhodium(III) perchlorate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:m713-4. [PMID: 22719282 PMCID: PMC3379061 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812018685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [RhCl2(C10H8N2)2]ClO4, consists of one unit of the cationic complex [RhCl2(bipy)2]+ and one uncoordinated perchlorate anion. The RhIII atom is coordinated by four N atoms from two bipyridyl ligands and two Cl atoms, forming a distorted octahedral environment. The Cl ligands are cis. Two intramolecular C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds occur in the cationic complex . In the crystal, molecules are linked together by a hydrogen-bond network involving the H atoms of bipyridyl rings and perchlorate anions. An O atom of the perchlorate anion is disordered over two sites, with an occupancy-factor ratio of 0.78 (3):0.22 (3).
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Chen X, Gao F, Yang WY, Sun J, Zhou ZX, Ji LN. Effects of intercalative ligands on the DNA binding, DNA topoisomerase II and DNA transcription inhibition of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xu X, Doyle MP. Enantiomer recognition of amides by dirhodium(II) tetrakis[methyl 2-oxopyrrolidine-5(S)-carboxylate]. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:7610-7. [PMID: 21736309 DOI: 10.1021/ic200609u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Association constants of the chiral dirhodium(II) carboxamidate Rh(2)(5S-MEPY)(4) with Lewis bases including acetonitrile and amides have been determined by UV-vis titration experiments. With chiral lactams and acyclic acetamides in their R- and S-configurations equilibrium constants with chiral dirhodium carboxamidates are measures of chiral differentiation, and equilibrium constant ratios as high as three have been determined. From equilibrium associations with acetamide, N-methylacetamide, and N,N-dimethylacetamide, as well as equilibrium constants for lactams and acyclic amides, higher values occur when both the amide carbonyl oxygen and N-H are bound to Rh(2)(5S-MEPY)(4). This cooperative bonding mode is confirmed by NMR measurements that show a distinctive shift of a N-H absorption, as well as perturbation of the ligands on dirhodium compound, and they suggest N-H association with a ligated oxygen of Rh(2)(5S-MEPY)(4). Measurements were made on the dirhodium(II) compound from which protective axial ligands have been removed to enhance their reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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30
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Dunham SU, Remaley TS, Moore BS, Evans DL, Dunham SU. Isolation, Characterization, and DNA Binding Kinetics of Three Dirhodium(II,II) Carboxyamidate Complexes: Rh2(μ-L)(HNOCCF3)3 where L= [OOCCH3]−, [OOCCF3]−, or [HNOCCF3]−. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:3458-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1023532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shari U Dunham
- Department of Chemistry, Moravian College, 1200 Main Street, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18018, USA.
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31
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Frade RF, Candeias NR, Duarte CM, André V, Teresa Duarte M, Gois PM, Afonso CA. New dirhodium complex with activity towards colorectal cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3413-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Joyce LE, Aguirre JD, Angeles-Boza AM, Chouai A, Fu PKL, Dunbar KR, Turro C. Photophysical Properties, DNA Photocleavage, and Photocytotoxicity of a Series of Dppn Dirhodium(II,II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:5371-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ic100588d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Joyce
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - J. Dafhne Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | | | - Abdellatif Chouai
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Patty K.-L. Fu
- Governors State University, University Park, Illinois 60484
| | - Kim R. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Ye QS, Chen XZ, Xie MJ, Liu WP, Chen JL, Pan ZF. Homoleptic dirhodium tetraoctanoate and its pyridine adduct: synthesis and crystal structures. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-010-9367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Chen X, Gao F, Zhou ZX, Yang WY, Guo LT, Ji LN. Effect of ancillary ligands on the topoisomerases II and transcription inhibition activity of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:576-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Aguirre JD, Angeles-Boza AM, Chouai A, Turro C, Pellois JP, Dunbar KR. Anticancer activity of heteroleptic diimine complexes of dirhodium: a study of intercalating properties, hydrophobicity and in cellulo activity. Dalton Trans 2009:10806-12. [PMID: 20023910 DOI: 10.1039/b915357h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The series of complexes cis-[Rh(2)(mu-O(2)CCH(3))(2)(dppn)(L)](2+), where dppn = benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c] phenazine, and L = bpy (2,2'-bipyridine) (1), phen (1,10-phenanthroline) (2), dpq (dipyrido[3,2-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline) (3), dppz (dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) (4), and dppn (5) were synthesized and their effect on the human cancer cells HeLa and COLO-316 was monitored. Complexes 1 and 2 interact with DNA through intercalation, whereas compounds 3-5 bind only electrostatically. It was found that the dirhodium complex 4 is the most effective compound at inhibiting cell viability of the human cancer cells HeLa and COLO-316. A general conclusion is that the hydrophobicity of the compounds correlates with their in cellulo activity in both cell lines. The ability of the compounds to reach nuclear DNA and form adducts was explored using the comet assay. The results indicate that compounds 1-5 either do not form adducts with DNA that are detrimental to the cell or that they are successfully repaired by the cellular machinery. The results of an annexin V assay indicate that compounds 1-4 trigger apoptosis, whereas compound 5 clearly does not. These findings are significant because they support the contention that dirhodium complexes can be tuned to direct their effect to cellular targets other than nuclear DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dafhne Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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36
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Shtemenko AV, Collery P, Shtemenko NI, Domasevitch KV, Zabitskaya ED, Golichenko AA. Synthesis, characterization, in vivo antitumor properties of the cluster rhenium compound with GABA ligands and its synergism with cisplatin. Dalton Trans 2009:5132-6. [PMID: 19562173 DOI: 10.1039/b821041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new dirhenium(III) complex cis-[Re2(GABA)2Cl5(H2O)]Cl.2H2O with zwitterionic gamma-aminobutyrate ligands was prepared and characterized by spectral methods and crystallography. The structure of the compound is comprised of dinuclear complex cations (Re-Re 2.2437(3) A) involving cis-oriented double carboxylate bridges, four equatorial chloride ions and two weakly bonded aqua and chloride ligands in the axial positions at two rhenium centers (Re-O 2.363(3), Re-Cl 2.6735(12) A). Antitumor properties of the complex were studied in the model of tumor growth with the use of Wistar rats inoculated by tumor carcinoma Guerink cells. The introduction of the compound in dosage according to the scheme of antioxidant therapy, inhibited the tumor growth by ca. 60% and led to stabilization of red blood cells in the tumor-bearing organisms. The combined introduction of the compound and cisplatin had a significant impact on the tumor growth and the disappearance of the tumors in most of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Shtemenko
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ukrainian State Chemical Technological University, Gagarin Ave. 8, Dnipropetrovs'k 49005, Ukraine.
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Aguirre JD, Chifotides HT, Angeles-Boza AM, Chouai A, Turro C, Dunbar KR. Redox-Regulated Inhibition of T7 RNA Polymerase via Establishment of Disulfide Linkages by Substituted Dppz Dirhodium(II,II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:4435-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Dafhne Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Helen T. Chifotides
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Alfredo M. Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Abdellatif Chouai
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Kim R. Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, and Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Chifotides HT, Dunbar KR. Head-to-head right-handed cross-links of the antitumor-active bis(mu-N,N'-di-p-tolylformamidinato)dirhodium(II,II) unit with the dinucleotides d(GpA) and d(ApG). Chemistry 2009; 14:9902-13. [PMID: 18846602 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of cis-[Rh(2)(DTolF)(2)(NCCH(3))(6)](BF(4))(2) with the dinucleotides d(GpA) and d(ApG) proceed to form [Rh(2)(DTolF)(2){d(GpA)}] and [Rh(2)(DTolF)(2){d(ApG)}], respectively, with bridging purine bases spanning the Rh-Rh unit in the equatorial positions. Both dirhodium adducts exhibit head-to-head (HH) arrangement of the bases, as indicated by the presence of H8/H8 NOE cross-peaks in the 2D ROESY NMR spectra. The guanine bases bind to the dirhodium core at positions N7 and O6, a conclusion that is supported by the absence of N7 protonation at low pH values and the notable increase in the acidity of the guanine N1H sites (pK(a) approximately 7.4 in 4:1 CD(3)CN/D(2)O), inferred from the pH-dependence titrations of the guanine H8 proton resonances. In both dirhodium adducts, the adenine bases coordinate to the metal atoms through N6 and N7, which induces stabilization of the rare imino tautomer of the bases with a concomitant substantial decrease in the basicity of the N1H adenine sites (pK(a) approximately 7.0-7.1 in 4:1 CD(3)CN/D(2)O), as compared to the imino form of free adenosine. The presence of the adenine bases in the rare imino form is further corroborated by the observation of DQF-COSY H2/N1H and ROE N1H/N6H cross-peaks in the 2D NMR spectra of [Rh(2)(DTolF)(2){d(GpA)}] and [Rh(2)(DTolF)(2){d(ApG)}] in CD(3)CN at -38 degrees C. The 2D NMR spectroscopic data and the molecular modeling results suggest the presence of right-handed variants, HH1R, in solution for both adducts (HH1R refers to the relative base canting and the direction of propagation of the phosphodiester backbone with respect to the 5' base). Complete characterization of [Rh(2)(DTolF)(2){d(GpA)}] and [Rh(2)(DTolF)(2){d(ApG)}] by 2D NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling supports anti-orientation of the sugar residues for both adducts about the glycosyl bonds as well as N- and S-type conformations for the 5'- and 3'-deoxyribose residues, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen T Chifotides
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A& M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Deubel DV. Mechanism and Control of Rare Tautomer Trapping at a Metal−Metal Bond: Adenine Binding to Dirhodium Antitumor Agents1. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 130:665-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ja076603t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk V. Deubel
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, D-CHAB, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Wien, Austria
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Chifotides HT, Dunbar KR. Unprecedented head-to-head right-handed cross-links between the antitumor bis(mu-N,N'-di-p-tolylformamidinate) dirhodium(II,II) core and the dinucleotide d(ApA) with the adenine bases in the rare imino form. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12480-90. [PMID: 17883272 DOI: 10.1021/ja073422i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the anticancer active compound cis-[Rh2(DTolF)2(CH3CN)6](BF4)2 with 9-ethyladenine (9-EtAdeH) or the dinucleotide d(ApA) proceed with bridging adenine bases in the rare imino form (A*), spanning the Rh-Rh bond at equatorial positions via N7/N6. The inflection points for the pH-dependent H2 and H8 NMR resonance curves of cis-[Rh2(DTolF)2(9-EtAdeH)2](BF4)2 correspond to N1H deprotonation of the metal-stabilized rare imino tautomer, which takes place at pKa approximately 7.5 in CD3CN-d3, a considerably reduced value as compared to that of the imino form of 9-EtAdeH. Similarly, coordination of the metal atoms to the N7/N6 adenine sites in Rh2(DTolF)2{d(ApA)} induces formation of the rare imino tautomer of the bases with a concomitant substantial decrease in the basicity of the N1H sites (pKa approximately 7.0 in CD3CN-d3), as compared to the imino form of the free dinucleotide. The presence of the adenine bases in the rare imino form, due to bidentate metalation of the N6/N7 sites, is further corroborated by DQF-COSY H2/N1H and ROE N1H/N6H cross-peaks in the 2D NMR spectra of Rh2(DTolF)2{d(ApA)} in CD3CN-d3 at -38 degrees C. Due to the N7/N6 bridging mode of the adenine bases in Rh2(DTolF)2{d(ApA)}, only the anti orientation of the imino tautomer is possible. The imino form A* of adenine in DNA may result in AT-->CG transversions or AT-->GC transitions, which can eventually lead to lethal mutations. The HH arrangement of the bases in Rh2(DTolF)2{d(ApA)} is indicated by the H8/H8 NOE cross-peaks in the 2D ROESY NMR spectrum, whereas the formamidinate bridging groups dictate the presence of one right-handed conformer HH1R in solution. Complete characterization of Rh2(DTolF)2{d(ApA)} by 2D NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling supports the presence of the HH1R conformer, anti orientation of both sugar residues about the glycosyl bonds, and N-type conformation for the 5'-A base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen T Chifotides
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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Aguirre JD, Lutterman DA, Angeles-Boza AM, Dunbar KR, Turro C. Effect of axial coordination on the electronic structure and biological activity of dirhodium(II,II) complexes. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:7494-502. [PMID: 17685607 DOI: 10.1021/ic700708g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactivities toward biomolecules of a series of three dirhodium(II,II) complexes that possess an increasing number of accessible axial coordination sites are compared. In cis-[Rh2(OAc)2(np)2]2+ (1; np=1,8-naphthyridine) both axial sites are available for coordination, whereas for cis-[Rh2(OAc)2(np)(pynp)]2+ (2; pynp=2-(2-pyridyl)1,8-naphthyridine) and cis-[Rh2(OAc)2(pynp)2]2+ (3) the bridging pynp ligand blocks one and two of the axial coordination sites in the complexes, respectively. The electronic absorption spectra of the complexes are consistent with strong metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions at low energy and ligand-centered peaks localized on the np and/or pynp ligands in the UV and near-UV regions. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations were used to aid in the assignments. The three complexes exhibit metal-centered oxidations and reductions, localized on the aromatic ligands. The ability of the complexes to stabilize duplex DNA and to inhibit transcription in vitro is greatly affected by the availability of an open axial coordination site. The present work shows that open axial coordination sites on the dirhodium complexes are necessary for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dafhne Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Burda JV, Gu J. A computational study on DNA bases interactions with dinuclear tetraacetato-diaqua-dirhodium(II,II) complex. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 102:53-62. [PMID: 17698203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In our study, we have determined the thermodynamic behavior for the replacement reaction of one and two acetyl-ligands from the diaqua-tetrakis(mu-acetylato)dirhodium(II,II) complex by purine DNA bases. The complexes were optimized at the density functional theory (DFT) level with the B3LYP functional. Stuttgart-Dresden pseudopotentials were used for the description of the Rh atoms. Most of the replacement reactions are mildly exothermic, delta G is up to 12 kcal/mol for the first acetyl-ligand and up to 8 kcal/mol for the second ligand replacement. For all explored complexes, stabilization and bonding energies were computed together with selected electronic properties. Adenine base coordinates to the dirhodium complex slightly more firmly than guanine. In head-to-tail conformation the two guanines are better stabilized (by about 8 kcal/mol) than in head-to-head arrangement due to minimization of sterical repulsion of both bases. We have shown that the bonding energy of axial water ligands is very small (up to 13 kcal/mol), resembling more H-bonds than dative coordination. Despite the larger stabilization energies of adenine-containing complexes, the thermodynamic parameters of the studied replacement reactions are more favorable in case of guanine complexes. Higher exothermicity is connected with easier deprotonization of guanine N1-site in comparison with N6-site of adenine in accord with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav V Burda
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Chifotides HT, Dunbar KR. Head-to-head cross-linked adduct between the antitumor unit bis(mu-N,N'-di-p-tolylformamidinato)dirhodium(II,II) and the DNA fragment d(GpG). Chemistry 2007; 12:6458-68. [PMID: 16900545 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the compound cis-[Rh2(DTolF)2(CH3CN)6](BF4)2, a formamidinate derivative of the class of antitumor compounds [Rh2(O2CR)4] (R=Me, Et, Pr), with 9-ethylguanine (9-EtGuaH) or the dinucleotide d(GpG) proceed by substitution of the acetonitrile groups, with the guanine bases spanning the Rh--Rh bond, in a bridging fashion, through sites N7/O6. In the case of 9-EtGuaH, both head-to-head (HH) and head-to-tail (HT) isomers are formed, whereas with the tethered bases in d(GpG), only one right-handed conformer HH1R [Rh2(DTolF)2{d(GpG)}] is present in solution. For both cis-[Rh2(DTolF)2(9-EtGuaH)2](BF4)2 and [Rh2(DTolF)2{d(GpG)}], the absence of N7 protonation at low pH and the substantial decrease of the pKa values for N1-H deprotonation, support N7/O6 binding of the bases to the dirhodium core. The N7/O6 binding of the bases is further corroborated by the downfield shift by Deltadelta approximately 4.0 ppm of the 13C NMR resonances for the C6 nuclei as compared to the corresponding resonances of the free ligands. The HH arrangement of the guanine bases in [Rh2(DTolF)2{d(GpG)}] is indicated by the intense H8/H8 ROE cross-peaks in the 2D ROESY NMR spectrum. Complete characterization of the [Rh2(DTolF)2{d(GpG)}] conformer by 2D NMR spectroscopy supports anti-orientation and N (C3'-endo) conformation for both deoxyribose residues. The N-pucker for the 5'-G base is universal in such cross-links, but it is very unusual for platinum and unprecedented for dirhodium HH cross-linked adducts to have both deoxyribose residues in the N-type conformation. The bulk, the nonlabile character, and the electron-donating ability of the formamidinate bridging groups spanning the dirhodium core affect the nature of the preferred dirhodium DNA adducts. Molecular modeling studies performed on [Rh2(DTolF)2{d(GpG)}] corroborate the structural features obtained by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen T Chifotides
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Boerner LJ, Zaleski JM. Metal complex-DNA interactions: from transcription inhibition to photoactivated cleavage. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:135-44. [PMID: 15811797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metal ions and complexes, because of their cationic character, three-dimensional structural profiles, and propensity for performing hydrolysis, redox, or photoreactions, have a natural aptitude for interacting with DNA. Indeed, the need for cellular regulation of DNA led to the evolution of metallonucleases to catalyze and repair DNA strand breaks. Moreover, inorganic constructs such as cisplatin and bimetallic rhodium acetate exert antitumor activity by inner-sphere coordination to DNA. Because binding and cleavage of DNA is at the heart of cellular transcription and translation, it is an obvious target for therapeutic intervention and the development of diagnostic structural probes. To this end, new metal complexes have been designed that utilize or create open coordination positions for DNA binding and hydrolysis, generate reactive oxygen-containing species or other radicals for DNA oxidation, or perform direct redox reactions with DNA. The recent emerging themes are the development of bifunctional architectures containing multiple metal-binding or reactive sites, specialized ligand implementation, or incorporation of site-specific targeting substructures. This review describes their employment in novel reaction strategies that do not require bimolecular cofactors and as site-specific probes or cleavage agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Jk Boerner
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Amarante D, Cherian C, Emmel C, Chen HY, Dayal S, Koshy M, Megehee EG. Improved synthetic routes to rhodium bipyridine complexes: Comparison of microwave vs. conventional synthesis. Inorganica Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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