Use of a Reduced Schiff-Base Ligand to Prepare Novel Chloro-Bridged Chains of Rare Cu(II) Trinuclear Complexes with Mixed Azido/Oxo and Chloro/Oxo Bridges

The crucial role of hydrogen bonding in shaping the structures of zinc-based coordination polymers using tridentate N, N, O donor reduced Schiff base ligands and bridging acetates

In this manuscript we report the synthesis and characterization of two new polynuclear zinc(ii) complexes, [Zn2L1(μ-OAc)3]n·H2O (1) and [Zn2L2(μ-OAc)3]n (2) using two tridentate ligands, HL1 {4-chloro-2-(((2-(methylamino)ethyl)amino)methyl)phenol} and HL2 {2,4-dibromo-6-(((3-(methylamino)propyl)amino)methyl)phenol}. The structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Both complexes form 1D chains. The energy of H-bonding interaction in the solid state structures of the complexes has been estimated by DFT calculation and the crucial role of hydrogen bonding in shaping their structures has been highlighted.

Ancillary-Ligand-Assisted Variation in Nuclearities Leading to the Formation of Di-, Tri-, and Tetranuclear Copper(II) Complexes with Multifaceted Carboxylate Coordination Chemistry

The self-assembly of a carboxylate-based dinucleating ligand, N,N'-bis[2-carboxybenzomethyl]-N,N'-bis[2-pyridylmethyl]-1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol (H₃cpdp), and copper(II) ions in the presence of various exogenous ancillary ligands results in the formation of the new dinuclear complex [Cu₂(cpdp)(μ-Hisophth)]₄·2H₂isophth·21H₂O (1), trinuclear complex [Cu₃(Hcpdp)(Cl)₄] (2), and tetranuclear complex [Cu₄(cpdp)(μ-Hphth)(μ₄-phth)(piconol)(Cl)₂]·3H₂O (3) (H₂phth = phthalic acid; H₂isophth = isophthalic acid; piconol = 2-pyridinemethanol; Cl^- = chloride). In methanol-water, the reaction of H₃cpdp with CuCl₂·2H₂O at room temperature leads to the formation of 2. On the other hand, 1 and 3 have been obtained by carrying out the reaction of H₃cpdp with CuCl₂·2H₂O/m-C₆H₄(CO₂Na)₂ and CuCl₂·2H₂O/o-C₆H₄(CO₂Na)₂/piconol, respectively, in methanol-water in the presence of NaOH at ambient temperature. All three complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar electrical conductivity and magnetic moment measurements, FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and PXRD, including single-crystal X-ray structural analyses. The molecular structure of 1 is based on a μ-alkoxide and μ-isophthalate-bridged dimeric [Cu₂] core; the structure of 2 represents a trimeric [Cu₃] core in which a μ-alcohol-bridged dinuclear [Cu₂] unit is exclusively coupled with a [CuCl₂] species by two μ:η¹:η¹-syn-anti carboxylate groups forming a triangular motif; the structure of 3 embodies a tetrameric [Cu₄] core, with two copper(II) ions in a distorted-octahedral coordination environment, one copper(II) ion in a distorted-trigonal-bipyramidal coordination environment, and the other copper(II) ion in a square-planar coordination environment. In fact, 2 and 3 represent rare examples of copper(II)-based multinuclear complexes showing outstanding features of rich coordination chemistry: (i) using a symmetrical dinucleating ligand, trinuclear complex 2 is generated with four- and five-coordination environments around copper(II) ions; (ii) the unsymmetrical tetranuclear complex 3 is obtained by using the same ligand with four-, five- and six-coordination environments around copper(II) ions; (iii) tetracopper(II) complex 3 shows four different bridging modes of carboxylate groups simultaneously such as μ:η², μ:η¹:η¹, μ₃:η²:η¹:η¹, and μ₄:η¹:η¹:η¹:η¹, the μ₄:η¹:η¹:η¹:η¹ mode of phthalate being unprecedented. The formation of these [Cu₂], [Cu₃], and [Cu₄] complexes can be controlled by changing the exogenous ancillary ligands and pH of the reaction solutions, thus allowing an effective tuning of the self-assembly. The magnetic susceptibility measurements suggest that the copper centers in all three complexes are antiferromagnetically coupled. The thermal properties of 1-3 have been investigated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analytical (TGA and DTA) techniques, indicating that the decomposition of all three complexes proceeds via multistep processes.

Three-Dimensional Supramolecular Architectures with MnII Ions Assembled from Hydrogen Bonding Interactions: Crystal Structures and Antiferromagnetic Properties

Two novel cocrystal Mn^II compounds were successfully synthesized. The composition of two kinds crystals correspond to [Mn(hfac)₂L^a ₂·Mn(hfac)₂L^a(H₂O)·Mn(hfac)₂(H₂O)₂] (1) and [Mn(hfac)₂L^b ₂·Mn(hfac)₂(H₂O)₂·0.5(C₆H₁₄)] (2) [L^a = 1,3-bis(1'-oxyl-3'-oxido-4',4',5',5'-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-y1)benzene; L^b = 1-(1'-oxyl-4',4',5',5'-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)-3-(1'-oxyl-3'-oxo-4',4',5',5'-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)benzene; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonato). Surprisingly, the compounds were not polymeric or clusters but, more interestingly, different ratio biradical-metal coordination compound cocrystals. The extensive intramolecular H-bonds are the cause of formation of the cocrystal structures by assembly in the two manganese(II) derivatives; and another factor is the halogen bonds between CF₃ of hfac groups. Furthermore, three-dimensional supramolecular architectures were formed. The magnetic susceptibility of both compounds showed strong antiferromagnetic interactions involving the coordinated radical unit and the metal and lesser contribution from ferromagnetic interactions between the radical units. For compound 1, a good fit was obtained for g _Mn = 2.08, g _rad = 2.00 (fixed), J ₁ = -294.3 cm^-1, J ₂ = 6.2 cm^-1 and J ₃ = 10.8 cm^-1. A reasonable fit for compound 2 was obtained for g _Mn = 2.04, g _rad = 2.00 (fixed), J ₁' = -273.4 cm^-1 and J ₂' = 8.6 cm^-1.

Complexity of imine and amine Schiff-base tin(II) complexes: drastic differences of amino and pyridyl side arms

A series of homoleptic and heteroleptic imine and amine Schiff-base tin(II) complexes containing dimethylamino and pyridyl side arms were synthesized and structurally characterized. While the tin complexes containing the dimethylamino side arm could be prepared in good yield, unusual cyclodimerization and ligand dimerization were observed for the first time for Schiff-base tin complexes having a pyridyl side arm due to the added stabilization offered by the pyridyl ring. The amine Schiff-base tin(II) complexes were active for the ring-opening copolymerization of succinic anhydride (SA) and cyclohexene oxide (CHO) at 110 °C giving highly alternating poly(SA-alt-CHO).

In situ transformation of a tridentate to a tetradentate unsymmetric Schiff base ligand via deaminative coupling in Ni(ii) complexes: crystal structures, magnetic properties and catecholase activity study

An N₂O donor reduced Schiff base in presence of Ni(ClO₄)₂·6H₂O and SCN⁻ transforms into N₂O₂ donor ligand via deaminative coupling. Metal complexes 1 and 3 exhibit catecholase like activity and antiferromagnetic coupling between the Ni(ii) ions.

The use of a semi-flexible bipyrimidyl ligand for the construction of azide-based coordination polymers: structural diversities and magnetic properties

Using a semi-flexible quadritopic N-donor ligand, 5,5'-bipyrimidine (bpym), four new azide-based coordination polymers, {[Co2(bpym)(N3)4]·MeCN}n (1), [Co(bpym)(N3)2]n (2), [Mn(bpym)(N3)2]n (3) and {[Ni3(bpym)3(N3)6]·2H2O}n (4) were synthesized and structurally characterized. With bpym aciting as a planar μ4-bridging ligand, the resulting compound, 1, comprised a net-to-net 3D framework composed of two grid-like 44-subnets, Co(EE-N3)2-based and Co2(bpym)-based sheets, with a (4,6)-connected (42·64)(48·66·8)2 topology. Compound 2 adopted a 3D pillared-layer framework with a pts topology based on six-connected Co(ii) centers and four-connected twisted μ4-bpym ligands, while compound 3 adopted a 3D pillared-layer structure with a bcu topology based on Co(EE-N3)2-based 44-layers and two-connected twisted μ2-bpym pillars. In contrast, compound 4 had a 2D layered structure composed of 1D Ni(ii) chains with alternating double EE-N3 and double EO-N3 bridges in an EE-EE-EO sequence and two-connected bpym linkers. The magnetic properties of 1-4 were investigated. The findings indicate that 1 showed weak ferromagnetism due to spin-canted antiferromagnetism and long-range magnetic ordering with a critical temperature, TC = 12.6 K. In contrast, compound 2 exhibited weak ferromagnetism due to spin-canted antiferromagnetism and antiferromagnetic ordering. In compound 3, antiferromagnetic interactions dominated between the Mn(ii) centers through the EE-N3 bridges. In compound 4, the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions were transmitted through double EE-N3 and double EO-N3 bridges, respectively, resulting in an AF-AF-F topological ferrimagnetic Ni(ii) chain. Furthermore, field-induced magnetic phase transitions of metamagnetism for 2 and 4 were also observed below TN = 3.6 K and 8.2 K, respectively.

C i -Symmetry, [2 × 2] grid, square copper complex with the N4,N5-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxamide ligand: structure, catecholase activity, magnetic properties and DFT calculations

An antiferromagnetically coupled tetranuclear copper complex of a dinucleating bis amide ligand displays catecholase activity.

Exploring the coordinative adaptation and molecular shapes of trinuclear CuII2MII (M = Zn/Cd) complexes derived from salen type Schiff bases: structural and theoretical studies

Structural analyses and DFT studies of three new hetero-metallic compounds established that a slight modification in the ligand system or changes in the central metal ion can stabilize interesting novel structures with thiocyanate ion.

Structure and magnetic properties of a copper(II) coordination polymer based on azide, pyridine and homophthalic acid

The azide anion is a short bridging ligand that has been used extensively to construct magnetic coordination polymers, and fundamental magneto-structural correlations have been substantiated by theoretical calculations. The copper(II) coordination polymer poly[bis(μ-azido-κ2N1:N1)(μ4-homophthalato-κ4O:O′:O′′:O′′′)bis(pyridine-κN)dicopper(II)], [Cu2(C9H6O4)(N3)2(C5H5N)2]n, was synthesized from homophthalic acid (2-carboxyphenylacetic acid), pyridine and azide (N3−) by a hydrothermal reaction. Single-crystal structure analysis indicated that it features a one-dimensional chain structure which is comprised of (μ1,1-N3−)(μ-syn–syn-COO−)2- and (μ1,1-N3−)2-bridged tetranuclear CuIIunits. Magnetic measurements revealed that the compound exhibits dominant antiferromagnetic behaviour.

Tetrazolate–azido–copper(ii) coordination polymers: tuned synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties

Two antiferrimagnetic tetrazolate–azido–copper(ii) coordination polymers, [Cu(tz)(N₃)]_n (1) and [Cu(tz)(N₃)(NH₃)₂]_n (2) with distinct topological structures were synthesized under different reaction conditions and structurally characterized.

Unprecedented structural variations in trinuclear mixed valence Co(ii/iii) complexes: theoretical studies, pnicogen bonding interactions and catecholase-like activities

Cis–trans configurational changes of trinuclear mixed valence Co(ii/iii) complexes of a Schiff base ligand and an unusual structure with its reduced form are reported.

Synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties of two alternating double μ1,1 and μ1,3 azido bridged Cu(ii) and Ni(ii) chains

Two new alternating double μ_1,1 and μ_1,3 azido bridged 1D Cu(ii) and Ni(ii) complexes have been synthesized and their magnetic data were fitted to an alternating ferro/antiferromagnetic chain model.

Synthesis of imine and reduced imine compounds containing aromatic sulfonamide: use as catalyst for in situ generation of ruthenium catalysts in transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone derivatives

Three imine and three reduced imine ligands containing aromatic sulfonamide (2-7) were isolated by a simple method and characterized by FT-IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. Meanwhile, the interaction of 2-7 ligands with [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2 was analyzed in situ by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The in situ generated catalytic system derived from N-(2-(benzylideneamino)phenyl)-2,4,6-trimethyl-benzenesulfonamides and N-(2-(benzylamino)phenyl)-2,4,6-trimethyl-benzenesulfonamides with [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2 was used as a catalyst in the transfer hydrogenation (TH) of p-substituted acetophenone derivatives. The catalytic systems displayed high activities, which increased in the order 7<4<5<6<1<2<3. The best activity for the TH of 4-chloroacetophenone was provided with the [(p-cymene)RuCl2]2/ligand (3) catalytic system (turnover frequency values: 720 h(-1) for 10 min on S/C: 500/1).

Insertion of a hydroxido bridge into a diphenoxido dinuclear copper(II) complex: drastic change of the magnetic property from strong antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic and enhancement in the catecholase activity

A diphenoxido-bridged dinuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu(2)L(2)(ClO(4))(2)] (1), has been synthesized using a tridentate reduced Schiff base ligand, 2-[[2-(diethylamino)ethylamino]methyl]phenol (HL). The addition of triethylamine to the methanolic solution of this complex produced a novel triple bridged (double phenoxido and single hydroxido) dinuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu(2)L(2)(OH)]ClO(4) (2). Both complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by X-ray structural analyses, variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements, and spectroscopic methods. In 1, the two phenoxido bridges are equatorial-equatorial and the species shows strong antiferromagnetic coupling with J = -615.6(6.1) cm(-1). The inclusion of the equatorial-equatorial hydroxido bridge in 2 changes the Cu···Cu distance from 3.018 Å (avg.) to 2.798 Å (avg.), the positions of the phenoxido bridges to axial-equatorial, and the magnetic coupling to ferromagnetic with J = 50.1(1.4) cm(-1). Using 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol as the substrate, the catecholase activity of the complexes has been studied in a methanol solution; compound 2 shows higher catecholase activity (k(cat) = 233.4 h(-1)) than compound 1 (k(cat) = 93.6 h(-1)). Both complexes generate identical species in solution, and they are interconvertible simply by changing the pH of their solutions. The higher catecholase activity of 2 seems to be due to the presence of the OH group, which increases the pH of its solution.

Characterization, molecular modeling and antimicrobial activity of metal complexes of tridentate Schiff base derived from 5-acetyl-4-hydroxy-2H-1,3-thiazine-2,6(3H)-dione and 2-aminophenol

Metal complexes of Ni(II), Co(II), Cd(II), VO(IV) and UO(2)(VI) as well as several Cu(II) salts, including Cl(-),NO(3)(-),AcO(-),ClO(4)(-) and SO(4)(-2) with a tridentate O(2)N donor Schiff base ligand (H(2)L), synthesized by condensation of 5-acetyl-4-hydroxy-2H-1,3-thiazine-2,6(3H)-dione with 2-aminophenol, were prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, spectral, magnetic, molar conductance and thermal gravimetric analysis. Square planar, tetrahedral and octahedral geometries have been assigned to the prepared complexes. Molecular parameters of the ligand and its metal complexes have been calculated and correlated with the experimental data, and the changes of bond lengths are linearly correlated with IR data. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds were tested in vitro against the sensitive organisms Staphylococcus aureus as Gram positive bacteria, Proteus vulgaris as Gram negative bacteria and Candida albicans as fungus strain, and the results are discussed.

Spectroscopic, colorimetric and theoretical investigation of salicylidene hydrazine based reduced Schiff base and its application towards biologically important anions

A reduced Schiff base anionic receptor 1 [N,N'-bis-(2-hydroxy-5-nitro-benzyl)hydrazine] has been synthesized, characterized and reported as a selective chromogenic receptor for fluoride, acetate and phosphate anions over the other tested anions such as chloride, bromide, iodide and hydrogensulphite. Colorimetric naked-eye detection and UV-vis absorption spectroscopic techniques were used to distinguish the recognition behaviours towards various anions. The receptor-anion complexation mainly occurs via hydrogen bonding interactions which facile to generate the charge transfer band in the UV-vis spectra and cause large bathochromic shift as well as naked-eye colour change. Complexation stoichiometry, binding constant and free energy change due to complex formation were determined from Benesi-Hildebrand plot. The binding constant and the free energy change values are well interactive for spontaneous complexation. The experimental results have been correlated with the theoretical calculations using B3LYP hybrid functional and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set for both the receptor and complex by Density Functional Theory (DFT) method.

Magnetic Mn and Co complexes with a large polycyclic aromatic substituted nitronylnitroxide

2-(1'-Pyrenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-3-oxide-1-oxyl (PyrNN) was reacted with M(hfac)(2) (M = Mn(II) and Co(II), hfac = hexafluoracetylacetonate) to give two isostructural ML(2) stoichiometry M(hfac)(2)(PyrNN)(2) complexes and a ML stoichiometry one-dimensional (1-D) polymer chain complex [Mn(hfac)(2)(PyrNN)]. The ML(2) complexes have similar crystal structures with monoclinic unit cells, in which one NO unit from each PyrNN ligand is bonded to the transition metal on cis vertices of a distorted octahedron. The major magnetic interactions are intracomplex metal-to-radical exchange (J), and intermolecular exchange across a close contact between the uncoordinated NO units (J'). For M = Mn(II) an approximate chain model fit gives g = 2.0, J = (-)125 cm(-1) and J' = (-)49 cm(-1); for M = Co(II), g = 2.4, J = (-)180 cm(-1), and J' = (-)70 cm(-1). Hybrid density functional theory (DFT) computations modeling the intermolecular exchange by using only the radical units across the close contact are in good accord with the estimated values of J'. The chain type complex structure shows solvent incorporation for overall structure [Mn(hfac)(2)(PyrNN)](n)·0.5(CHCl(3))·0.5(C(7)H(16)). Both NO groups of the PyrNN ligand are complexed to form helical chains, with very strong metal to radical antiferromagnetic exchange that gives overall ferrimagnetic behavior.

Determination of the relevant magnetic interactions in low-dimensional molecular materials: the fundamental role of single crystal high frequency EPR

A new one-dimensional copper(II) complex with formula [Cu(hfac)(2)(N(3)TEMPO)](n) (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate and N(3)TEMPO = 4-azido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) has been synthesized and investigated by X-ray crystallography, magnetometry and multifrequency single crystal EPR. The system crystallizes in the P1 space group with two non equivalent copper(II) ions in the unit cell, the two nitroxide radicals being coordinated to Cu(1) in axial positions. The copper(II) ions are bridged by N(3)TEMPO radicals resulting in a zig-zag chain structure. The magnetic susceptibility data were at first satisfactorily modeled assuming an alternating spin chain along the monodimensional covalent skeleton, with a ferromagnetic interaction between Cu(1) and the nitroxide moieties and a weaker antiferromagnetic interaction between these and Cu(2) (J(1) = -13.8 cm(-1), J(2) = +2.4 cm(-1)). However, single crystal EPR studies performed at the X- and W-band clearly demonstrate that the observed magnetic monodimensional character of the complex is actually due to the intermolecular contacts involving N(3)TEMPO ligands. This prompted us to fit the magnetic data using a consistent model, pointing out the fundamental role of single crystal EPR data in defining a correct model to describe the magnetic properties of molecular low dimensional systems.