Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Piperine from Piper nigrum

Valorization of Fruit Waste for Bioactive Compounds and Their Applications in the Food Industry

The fruit production and processing sectors produce tremendous amounts of by-products and waste that cause significant economic losses and an undesirable impact on the environment. The effective utilization of these fruit wastes can help to reduce the carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions, thereby achieving sustainable development goals. These by-products contain a variety of bioactive compounds, such as dietary fiber, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidants, polysaccharides, and several other health-promoting nutrients and phytochemicals. These bioactive compounds can be extracted and used as value-added products in different industrial applications. The bioactive components extracted can be used in developing nutraceutical products, functional foods, or food additives. This review provides a comprehensive review of the recent developments in fruit waste valorization techniques and their application in food industries. The various extraction techniques, including conventional and emerging methods, have been discussed. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the active compounds extracted and isolated from fruit waste have been described. The most important food industrial application of bioactive compounds extracted from fruit waste (FW) has been provided. Finally, challenges, future direction, and concluding remarks on the topic are summarized.

Piperine as potential therapy of post-weaning porcine diarrheas: an in vitro study using a porcine duodenal enteroid model

Post-weaning diarrhea in piglets is a major problem, resulting in a significant loss in pig production. This study aimed to investigate the effects of piperine, an alkaloid abundantly found in black peppers, on biological activities related to the pathogenesis of post-weaning diarrhea using a porcine duodenal enteroid model, a newly established intestinal stem cell-derived in vitro model recapitulating physiology of porcine small intestinal epithelia. Porcine duodenal enteroid models were treated with disease-relevant pathological inducers with or without piperine (8 μg/mL and/or 20 μg/mL) before measurements of oxidative stress, mRNA, and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation, barrier leakage, and fluid secretion. We found that piperine (20 μg/mL) inhibited H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, TNF-α-induced mRNA, and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines without affecting NF-κB nuclear translocation, and prevented TNF-α-induced barrier leakage in porcine duodenal enteroid monolayers. Importantly, piperine inhibited fluid secretion induced by both forskolin and heat-stable toxins (STa) in a three-dimensional model of porcine duodenal enteroids. Collectively, piperine possesses both anti-inflammatory and anti-secretory effects in porcine enteroid models. Further research and development of piperine may provide novel interventions for the treatment of post-weaning porcine diarrhea.

Effect of extraction technique on chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of freeze-dried green pepper

In this study, the yield, content of piperine, and antioxidant activity of pepper oleoresin obtained with the methods of maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasound-MAE (UMAE) were analyzed, and the microstructure of pepper residue was observed. For the yield and piperine content, the UMAE method had the best extraction capacity among the four methods. While, the oleoresin obtained with maceration had the highest total phenolic content, and the antioxidant activity of the oleoresin obtained by maceration was higher than that of the extracts acquired by UAE, MAE, and UMAE, and a high positive correlation was observed between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the oleoresin obtained by these extraction methods. The ideal parameters for UMAE were an 80-mesh particle size and a 1 g/10 mL solid–liquid ratio. The kinetic parameters and models of the UMAE extraction process were also compared using first- and second-order models. The second-order kinetic equation with the lowest root mean square deviation and highest adjusted correlation coefficient proved to be more suitable for describing the extraction kinetics of pepper oleoresin. This study showed that UMAE is a fast, efficient, and cost-effective technique for the extraction of green pepper oleoresin.

Antiviral perspectives of economically important Indian medicinal plants and spices

Human respiratory diseases caused by viral infections leads to morbidity. Among infectious diseases, viral infections associated with the respiratory tract remain the primary reason for global deaths due to their transmissibility. Since immemorial, traditional Indian medicinal plants, their extracts, and several phytochemicals can treat various diseases. Sources for this review paper are data derived from a peer-reviewed journal that emphasizes the economic importance of medicinal plants. Several plant-based medicines have been reported to be effective against multiple viral infections, including the Human Adenovirus, Enterovirus, Influenza virus, Hepatitis virus, etc. This review emphasizes use of the Indian medicinal plants like as Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha, Winter Cherry), Moringa oleifera (Drumstick), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Terminalia chebula (Chebulic Myrobalan), Punica granatum (Pomegranate) and the Indian household spices (ginger, garlic and black pepper). It further describes their secondary phytoconstituents extraction procedure, mode of action and the potential application to improve clinical outcomes of neutraceuticals against various viral infections.

Molecular and pharmacological aspects of piperine as a potential molecule for disease prevention and management: evidence from clinical trials

BACKGROUND

Piperine is a type of amide alkaloid that exhibits pleiotropic properties like antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and enhancing bioavailability and fertility-related activities. Piperine has the ability to alter gastrointestinal disorders, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and bioavailability of several drugs. The present review explores the available clinical and preclinical data, nanoformulations, extraction process, structure-activity relationships, molecular docking, bioavailability enhancement of phytochemicals and drugs, and brain penetration properties of piperine in the prevention, management, and treatment of various diseases and disorders.

MAIN BODY

Piperine provides therapeutic benefits in patients suffering from diabetes, obesity, arthritis, oral cancer, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral stroke, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, inflammatory diseases, and rhinopharyngitis. The molecular basis for the pleiotropic activities of piperine is based on its ability to regulate multiple signaling molecules such as cell cycle proteins, anti-apoptotic proteins, P-glycoprotein, cytochrome P450 3A4, multidrug resistance protein 1, breast cancer resistance protein, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 proinflammatory cytokine, nuclear factor-κB, c-Fos, cAMP response element-binding protein, activation transcription factor-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, Human G-quadruplex DNA, Cyclooxygenase-2, Nitric oxide synthases-2, MicroRNA, and coronaviruses. Piperine also regulates multiple signaling pathways such as Akt/mTOR/MMP-9, 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase-activated NLR family pyrin domain containing-3 inflammasome, voltage-gated K+ current, PKCα/ERK1/2, NF-κB/AP-1/MMP-9, Wnt/β-catenin, JNK/P38 MAPK, and gut microbiota.

SHORT CONCLUSION

Based on the current evidence, piperine can be the potential molecule for treatment of disease, and its significance of this molecule in the clinic is discussed.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Mechanism of piperine in affecting apoptosis and proliferation of gastric cancer cells via ROS-mitochondria-associated signalling pathway

Piperine (PIP), the main active ingredient in pepper, belongs to the cinnamamide alkaloid. PIP has been found to have functions, including anti-oxidation, immune regulation, anti-tumour and promotion of drug metabolism. The present study was mainly designed to reveal the anti-tumour effect of PIP against gastric cancer and the relevant mechanism. In brief, the undifferentiated human gastric cancer cell HGC-27 was used, which was treated with different concentrations of PIP. As a result, PIP could inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of HGC-27 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism of PIP was associated with ROS increase and mitochondrial damage, simultaneously, the expression of key proteins of apoptosis was affected, including Bcl-2, Bax, Cyt-c, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3. Pre-treatment of ROS scavenger NAC HGC-27 cells could significantly reduce PIP-induced apoptosis and inhibit the activation of apoptotic signals. Consistently, PIP could induce ROS to increase and activate apoptotic signals in the animal model. Therefore, the present study showed that PIP can induce the generation of ROS, thereby promoting the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and exerting anti-tumour effects.

Determination and risk characterisation of bio-active piperine in black pepper and selected food containing black pepper consumed in Korea

Piperine is a bio-active compound found in pepper, including Piper nigrum L. and P. longum L. It has a strong, pungent flavour and several pharmacologic benefits. However, the risks of piperine have not yet been characterized. In this study, piperine in black pepper and some selected foods was determined to characterise the risk of exposure to piperine. Piperine in black pepper, curry and noodle was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection, which was validated through the measurement of performance parameters. The mean concentrations of piperine in black pepper, powdered curry, retorted curry, instant noodle and cup noodle were 4,418, 28, 3.4, 4.3 and 4.2 mg/100 g, respectively. The estimated dietary exposure to piperine was 123.66 μg/kg body weight/day, and the margin of exposure calculated by the no-observed-adverse-effect level of piperine, was 162. The piperine from food does not cause an adverse health effect to the public in Korea.

Solubility Data of the Bioactive Compound Piperine in (Transcutol + Water) Mixtures: Computational Modeling, Hansen Solubility Parameters and Mixing Thermodynamic Parameters

The solubility values and thermodynamic parameters of a natural phytomedicine/nutrient piperine (PPN) in Transcutol-HP (THP) + water combinations were determined. The mole fraction solubilities (xe) of PPN in THP + water combinations were recorded at T = 298.2-318.2 K and p = 0.1 MPa by the shake flask method. Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) of PPN, pure THP, pure water and THP + water mixtures free of PPN were also computed. The xe values of PPN were correlated well with "Apelblat, Van't Hoff, Yalkowsky-Roseman, Jouyban-Acree and Jouyban-Acree-Van't Hoff" models with root mean square deviations of < 2.0%. The maximum and minimum xe value of PPN was found in pure THP (9.10 × 10-2 at T = 318.2 K) and pure water (1.03 × 10-5 at T = 298.2 K), respectively. In addition, HSP of PPN was observed more closed with that of pure THP. The thermodynamic parameters of PPN were obtained using the activity coefficient model. The results showed an endothermic dissolution of PPN at m = 0.6-1.0 in comparison to other THP + water combinations studied. In addition, PPN dissolution was recorded as entropy-driven at m = 0.8-1.0 compared with other THP + water mixtures evaluated.

Modeling and optimizing microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidants from Thymbra Spicata L. and characterization of their phenolic constituents

Response surface methodology was used for modeling and optimizing microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidants from Thymbra spicata L. as a factor of temperature, extraction time, solvent concentration, and solvent-to-solid ratio. The prepared extracts showed maximum antioxidant properties, including total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and radical scavenging activity (RSA) at the optimum operating conditions. All models calculated for the three responses that are TPC, TAC, and RSA were noteworthy (p < 0.0001) and showed a significant relationship between the response and independent parameters. There was a close relationship between the experimental and the predicted values obtained using the proposed method. The phenolic antioxidant profile of Thymbra spicata L. extract was characterized with the UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS system and rosmarinic acid was found as a major component (1089.2 ± 10.9 mg/100 g-DS). In the future, this optimized and modeled MAE method can be applied in food and pharmaceutical industries to effectively extract antioxidants from edible Thymbra spicata L. plant.

Recent Advances in Microwave Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Complex Herbal Samples: A Review

Microwaves are utilized for extraction of Phytoconstituents from complex herbal sample as a result of incredible research. Conventional extraction strategies are tedious and need more solvents and are no more relevant for thermal sensitive plant components. This review emphasize on the working and significance of microwave extraction technology in herbal research and medical field. The extraction step must be more yielding; quick, particular, not more solvent consuming, ensuring stability of thermolabile components and these features are available with microwave extraction method. In this nonconventional technology heat is created utilizing microwave energy. The important parameters that influence extraction efficiency are solvent properties, volume, duration of exposure, microwave control, system attributes, temperature and application were discussed in this article. The microwave assisted extraction, as green technology is contrasted with other extraction technique. This review is intended to discuss this green extraction technique along with its critical parameters for extracting bioactive compounds from complex plant matrices.

Phytochemical and pharmacological attributes of piperine: A bioactive ingredient of black pepper

Plants are vital for the wellbeing of humankind in a variety of ways. Some plant extracts contain antimicrobial properties that can treat different pathogens. Most of the world's population relies on medicinal plants and natural products for their primary health care needs. Therefore, there is a growing interest in natural products, medicinal plants, and traditional medicine along with a desire to design and develop novel plant-based pharmaceuticals. These plant-based pharmaceuticals may address the concerns of reduced efficacy of synthetic antibiotics due to the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens. In this regard, some plant extracts from black pepper (Piper nigrum) with antimicrobial properties, including piperine, have the potential to be used as natural dietary supplements together with modern therapeutic approaches. This review highlights possible applications of piperine as the active compound in the fields of rational drug design and discovery, pharmaceutical chemistry, and biomedicine. We discuss different extraction methods and pharmacological effects of the analyzed substance to pave the way for further research strategies and perspectives towards the development of novel herbal products for better healthcare solutions.

Piperine and Its Various Physicochemical and Biological Aspects: A Review

Piper nigrumL. is examined as the king of species worldwide by virtue of its principle piperine. In Ayurveda, since from the ancient times, it is known as “Yogvahi”. It is one of the important alkaloids of Pepper fruits (Family Piperaceae) and has been found to have numerous medicinal properties such as antioxidant, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, antithyroid, antitumor, antiasthmatic activity and also have significant role as fertility enhancer. The present review discusses the biosynthetic pathway, extraction process, chemistry and various analytical methods of piperine. It also describes the structural modification of piperine and its various effects on biological system. The utility of piperine as a bioenhancer for certain antibacterial- antibiotics and a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism are also discussed. Thus, review provides knowledgeable erudition on the piperine which paves way for further work.

A novel method to augment extraction of mangiferin by application of microwave on three phase partitioning

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Report novel technique for mangiferin extraction from Mangifera indica leaves.

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MTTP gives higher yield as compared with other conventional and novel techniques.

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It gives simultaneous extraction and purification of biomolecules in a short time.

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It can be used as a basis for separation of other molecules from natural source.

This work reports a novel approach where three phase partitioning (TPP) was combined with microwave for extraction of mangiferin from leaves of Mangifera indica. Soxhlet extraction was used as reference method, which yielded 57 mg/g in 5 h. Under optimal conditions such as microwave irradiation time 5 min, ammonium sulphate concentration 40% w/v, power 272 W, solute to solvent ratio 1:20, slurry to t-butanol ratio 1:1, soaking time 5 min and duty cycle 50%, the mangiferin yield obtained was 54 mg/g by microwave assisted three phase partitioning extraction (MTPP). Thus extraction method developed resulted into higher extraction yield in a shorter span, thereby making it an interesting alternative prior to down-stream processing.

Concentration dependent Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS ) studies on (E,E)-1-[5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5yl)-1-oxo-2,4-pentadienyl]- piperidine (Piperine) and its analogues

Studies on piperine ((M 1 )) and its synthetic analogues (M 2-18 ) by positive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry were carried out in the flow injection mode of analysis in methanol. The MS experiments on these compounds at concentration 5 ng/μL or above yielded dimeric ionic species [2 M + Na](+) which revealed that piperine and its analogues exhibit clustering of ions when the solutions of these compounds at concentrations 5 ng/μL or above were allowed to move through the electrospray interface of the mass spectrometer. The same clustering of the ions was not observed when the solutions of the same compounds at concentrations below 5 ng/μL were used for similar studies. The formation of the clusters was further confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) studies wherein the fragmentation of dimeric ionic species [2 M + Na](+) led to the formation of sodium adducted monomeric ionic species [M + Na](+). The MS measurements of these compounds by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation (APCI) were on expected lines as there was no clustering of the ions in case of APCI-MS measurements.

Coupling of a high-resolution monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor assay and HPLC-SPE-NMR for advanced bioactivity profiling of plant extracts

INTRODUCTION

Depression is a mental disease causing large personal and socio-economic problems, and new improved drugs are therefore needed. Selective monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitors are potential anti-depressants, but discovering new MAO-A inhibitors from natural sources by bioassay-guided approaches are a lengthy and time-consuming process. New analytical technologies that allow simultaneously chemical and biological screening of extracts are therefore urgently needed.

METHOD

In the present study we describe coupling of a photometric microplate-based high-resolution MAO-A inhibitor assay with a hyphenated system consisting of high-performance liquid chromatography, solid-phase extraction and tube transfer nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC-SPE-ttNMR). The standard compound clorgyline, and an extract of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), representing a complex plant matrix, were used for proof-of-concept.

RESULTS

The work with clorgyline showed that the microplate-based high-resolution assay produced MAO-A inhibition profiles that easily allowed detection of submicrogram amounts of this selective MAO-A inhibitor. Furthermore, the HPLC-SPE-ttNMR/high-resolution MAO-A inhibition assay platform allowed identification of piperine and two piperine analogues as the main MAO-A inhibitors in the black pepper petroleum ether extract.

CONCLUSION

The HPLC-SPE-ttNMR/high-resolution MAO-A inhibition assay platform is a powerful tool for fast and efficient identification of new MAO-A inhibitors from complex extracts, and promise future advancement in the search for new anti-depressants from natural sources.

Optimization of the extraction of paclitaxel fromTaxus baccataL. by the use of microwave energy

A simple and rapid microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) procedure was developed and optimized for the extraction of paclitaxel (Taxol) from the needles of yew trees Taxus baccata L. grown in Iranian habitats. The samples, immersed in a methanol-water mixture, were irradiated with microwaves in a closed-vessel system. The method was evaluated using a factorial design approach based on parameters such as extraction time, temperature, methanol concentration in water (v/v), and the ratio of grams of sample to 10 mL of solvent. Statistical treatment of the results revealed that the selected parameters were all significant except the extraction time. Optimum conditions would be 1.5 g samples in 10 mL solvent (90% methanol), an extraction temperature of 95 degrees C, and an extraction time of 7 min. The extracts has been analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC/UV) at 227 nm for quantification. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for confirmation. The main advantage of the proposed MAE method versus conventional solvent extraction (CSE) are the considerable reductions in time (7 min versus 16 h) and in solvent consumption (20 mL versus 150 mL). The MAE procedure yielded extracts that could be analyzed directly without any preliminary clean-up or solvent exchange steps. Both extraction methods show RSDs lower than 10% and lead to comparable recoveries of paclitaxel (87-92%).

Effects of moisture content in cigar tobacco on nicotine extraction. Similarity between soxhlet and focused open-vessel microwave-assisted techniques

The effects of tobacco moisture on nicotine yield were investigated in this study. Soxhlet and microwave-assisted techniques were used to extract nicotine from cigar fillers of varying moisture contents (5-20%), using a polar (methanol) and a non-polar (isooctane) solvent. The extracts were analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame-ionization detector. For both extraction techniques, higher nicotine yields were consistently obtained with methanol than with isooctane from the same samples. Solubility of nicotine salts in methanol but not in isooctane is the major cause of this observation. Moreover, pronounced effects of the tobacco moisture content on extraction efficiency were observed with isooctane but not with methanol. For microwave assisted extraction (MAE) with isooctane, nicotine yield increased from 3 to 70% as the moisture level in tobacco was raised from 3 to 13%, and leveled off thereafter. Similar observations were made with Soxhlet extraction. While MAE results were rationalized by the known cell-rupture process, a mechanism based on the interaction between the solvents and the structural components of the plant cells has been proposed to account for the observations made with Soxhlet extraction.