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Chu S, Feng X, Liu C, Wu H, Liu X. Advances in Chelating Resins for Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Chu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiaofang Feng
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Hanrong Wu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Novel CN Polymeric Materials, Chengdu 611731, China
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Lanaridi O, Schnürch M, Limbeck A, Schröder K. Liquid- and Solid-based Separations Employing Ionic Liquids for the Recovery of Platinum Group Metals Typically Encountered in Catalytic Converters: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102262. [PMID: 34962087 PMCID: PMC9306556 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The wide application range and ascending demand for platinum group metals combined with the progressive depletion of their natural resources renders their efficient recycling a very important and pressing matter. Primarily environmental considerations associated with state-of-the-art recovery processes have shifted the focus of the scientific community toward the investigation of alternative recycling approaches. Within this context, ionic liquids have gained considerable attention in the last two decades chiefly sparked by properties such as tunabilty, low-volatility, and relatively easy recyclability. In this review an understanding of the state-of-the-art processes, including their drawbacks and limitations, is provided. The core of the discussion is focused on platinum group metal recovery with ionic liquid-based systems. A brief insight in some environmental considerations related to ionic liquids is also provided while some discussion on research gaps, common misconceptions related to ionic liquids and outlook on unresolved issues could not be absent from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lanaridi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
| | - Katharina Schröder
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTechnische Universität Wien1060ViennaAustria
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Abstract
The need to drive towards sustainable metal resource recovery from end-of-cycle products cannot be overstated. This review attempts to investigate progress in the development of recycling strategies for the recovery of strategic metals, such as precious metals and base metals, from catalytic converters, e-waste, and batteries. Several methods for the recovery of metal resources have been explored for these waste streams, such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and biohydrometallurgy. The results are discussed, and the efficiency of the processes and the chemistry involved are detailed. The conversion of metal waste to high-value nanomaterials is also presented. Process flow diagrams are also presented, where possible, to represent simplified process steps. Despite concerns about environmental effects from processing the metal waste streams, the gains for driving towards a circular economy of these waste streams are enormous. Therefore, the development of greener processes is recommended. In addition, countries need to manage their metal waste streams appropriately and ensure that this becomes part of the formal economic activity and, therefore, becomes regulated.
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Vasile E, Ciocanea A, Ionescu V, Lepadatu I, Diac C, Stamatin SN. Making precious metals cheap: A sonoelectrochemical - Hydrodynamic cavitation method to recycle platinum group metals from spent automotive catalysts. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 72:105404. [PMID: 33341709 PMCID: PMC7803685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Platinum group metals, such as Pd and Pt, found in three-way catalyst converters were recycled in a two-step method: hydrodynamic cavitation followed by sonoelectrochemical dissolution. High shear forces were obtained by using a convergent nozzle with a throat diameter of 0.2 mm, feeded by a plunger pump at a pressure of 60 MPa. Cavitating submerged jets acted locally on the water dispersed waste catalyst. As-obtained samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Electron microscopy on the initial sample showed that round shaped Pd and Pt nanoparticles were randomly distributed on the Al2O3 matrix. Cavitated samples show two zones in which Pt and Pd were partially and completely separated from the cordierite. The hydrodynamic cavitation separates the Pd and Pt from the cordierite leading to an apparent increase in Pd and Pt concentrations of 9% and 34% respectively. Conventional electrochemistry showed a dissolution of 20% in 1 h. To further accelerate the dissolution, a sonotrode operating at 20 kHz and 75 W was placed inside an electrochemical cell in order to increase the mass transport and obtain high dissolution rates. Indeed, the results showed that 40% of the available Pd and Pt can be recycled in just 1 h. In the absence of hydrodynamic cavitation and using conventional electrochemistry less than 10% of the available Pt and Pd is recovered in 1 h. The cost analysis showed that Pd and Pt can be recovered at less than 10 EUR per g which is 5 times smaller than their current market price.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeniu Vasile
- Department of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, Bucharest 060042, Romania
| | - Adrian Ciocanea
- Power Engineering Faculty Hydraulics, Hydraulic Machines, and Environmental Engineering Department, University "Politehnica" of Bucharest, Bucharest 060042, Romania.
| | - Viorel Ionescu
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Ovidius University of Constanta, Constanta 900527, Romania
| | - Ioan Lepadatu
- National R&D Institute for Optoelectronics - INOE 2000, Bucharest 077125, Romania
| | - Cornelia Diac
- 3Nano-SAE Research Centre, University of Bucharest, 077125, Romania; Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125, Romania
| | - Serban N Stamatin
- 3Nano-SAE Research Centre, University of Bucharest, 077125, Romania; Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125, Romania.
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Monroy-Barreto M, Bautista-Flores AN, Munguia Acevedo NM, de San Miguel ER, de Gyves J. Selective Palladium(II) Recovery Using a Polymer Inclusion Membrane with Tris(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate (TEHP). Experimental and Theoretical Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Monroy-Barreto
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Nadia M. Munguia Acevedo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Josefina de Gyves
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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Recovery and Then Individual Separation of Platinum, Palladium, and Rhodium from Spent Car Catalytic Converters Using Hydrometallurgical Technique followed by Successive Precipitation Methods. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/2318157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery of PGMs (especially rhodium, platinum, and palladium) from different spent manufactured products (like catalytic converters) is considered as an important task as they are rarely found in nature, and they possess high economic value. In this work, the honeycomb of a car catalytic converter was primarily processed by crushing, grinding, and then treating in a hydrogen atmosphere. In order to establish an economic and ecofriendly method for the recovery of studied PGMs, different experimental conditions of changing HCl/H2O2 (as a leaching solution) ratio, temperature, and contact time were studied through batch experiments to obtain the optimum leaching conditions. The use of 0.8 vol% H2O2 and 9.0 M HCl mixture at 60°C for a contact time of 2.5 hours during the leaching process may be considered as the best conditions to be followed to save chemicals, energy, and time (about 86%, 96%, and 98% of Rh, Pt, and Pd were recovered, respectively). Individual separation of PGM ions from each other using precipitation technique from their leaching liquor was performed where % purity values of 99.5, 99.3, and 95.5 were obtained for Pt, Pd, and Rh, respectively.
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Applicability of a Supported Liquid Membrane in the Enrichment and Determination of Cadmium from Complex Aqueous Samples. MEMBRANES 2018; 8:membranes8020021. [PMID: 29690586 PMCID: PMC6027376 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A supported liquid membrane is developed for the separation of Cd from either high in salinity or acidity aqueous media. The membrane consisted of a durapore (polyvinylidene difluoride) polymeric support impregnated with a 0.5 M Aliquat 336 solution in decaline. The effect of carrier concentration, organic solvent and feed and receiving solutions on the metal permeability is studied. This system allows the effective transport of trace levels of Cd through the formation of CdCl42−, which is the predominant species responsible for the extraction process, in both NaCl and HCl solutions. The supported liquid membrane system in a hollow fibre configuration allows the enrichment and separation of trace levels of Cd from spiked seawater samples, facilitating the analytical determination of this toxic metal.
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Meerholz K, van der Westhuizen DJ, Krieg HM. Automation of membrane based solvent extraction unit for Zr and Hf separation. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Genc H. Efficient reductions of various nitroarenes with scrap automobile catalyst and NaBH4. CATAL COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Chen D, Cui P, Cao H, Yang J. A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase transfer protocol for the highly efficient extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous phase. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 29:146-150. [PMID: 25766023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A 1-dodecanethiol-based phase-transfer protocol is developed for the extraction of noble metal ions from aqueous solution to a hydrocarbon phase, which calls for first mixing the aqueous metal ion solution with an ethanolic solution of 1-dodecanethiol, and then extracting the coordination compounds formed between noble metal ions and 1-dodecanethiol into a non-polar organic solvent. A number of characterization techniques, including inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that this protocol could be applied to extract a wide variety of noble metal ions from water to dichloromethane with an efficiency of >96%, and has high selectivity for the separation of the noble metal ions from other transition metals. It is therefore an attractive alternative for the extraction of noble metals from water, soil, or waste printed circuit boards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Penglei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Research Centre for Process Pollution Control, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Wongkaew K, Pancharoen U, Phatanasri S, Leepipatpiboon N, Lothongkum AW. Effect of diluent polarity on membrane stability in the separation of trace Pd(II) from wastewater by HFSLM using LIX84-I. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Bai H, Wang C, Zhang K, Ding Z, Cao Q. A novel ion-imprinted electrode prepared by in situ polymerization for detection of platinum. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel ion imprinted electrode with high sensitivity and specific recognition to Pt(iv) was obtained byin situpolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Bai
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Nature Resource
- Ministry of Education
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091, China
| | - Chunqiong Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Nature Resource
- Ministry of Education
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091, China
| | - Kainan Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Nature Resource
- Ministry of Education
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091, China
| | - Zhongtao Ding
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Nature Resource
- Ministry of Education
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qiue Cao
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Nature Resource
- Ministry of Education
- Yunnan University
- Kunming 650091, China
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Li H, Fan J, Peng X. Colourimetric and fluorescent probes for the optical detection of palladium ions. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7943-62. [PMID: 23845987 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of optical probes to analyse trace palladium ions (Pd(2+)) has attracted great attention because of the residual palladium released by catalytic converters or from various Pd-catalysed reactions. These residual palladium ions may cause potential health hazards. This review provides a brief introduction to the new methods used to determine trace amounts of Pd(2+), which then mainly focuses on the different reporting systems and unique mechanisms of the colourimetric and fluorescent probes used to detect Pd(2+), including Pd(2+) complex formation or Pd-catalysed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Li H, Fan J, Hu M, Cheng G, Zhou D, Wu T, Song F, Sun S, Duan C, Peng X. Highly Sensitive and Fast-Responsive Fluorescent Chemosensor for Palladium: Reversible Sensing and Visible Recovery. Chemistry 2012; 18:12242-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Multi-element determination of Pt, Pd and Ir traces in environmental samples by ICP-MS after pre-concentration. Talanta 2012; 99:853-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Zhang C, Huang K, Yu P, Liu H. Sugaring-out three-liquid-phase extraction and one-step separation of Pt(IV), Pd(II) and Rh(III). Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Zengin M, Genc H, Demirci T, Arslan M, Kucukislamoglu M. An efficient hydrogenation of various alkenes using scrap automobile catalyst. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Displacement solid-phase extraction on mercapto-functionalized magnetite microspheres for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric determination of trace noble metals. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 692:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Faisal M, Atsuta Y, Daimon H, Fujie K. Recovery of precious metals from spent automobile catalytic converters using supercritical carbon dioxide. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Vincent T, Guibal E, Chiarizia R. Palladium Recovery by Reactive Precipitation using a Cyanex 301‐Based Stable Emulsion. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390701626735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Hylton K, Mitra S. Automated, on-line membrane extraction. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:199-214. [PMID: 17275830 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, membranes have been used to develop new approaches in analytical extraction, concentration and cleanup. An important advantage of membrane processes is that the sample and the extraction phase can be continuously brought into contact without physical mixing, and may be directly interfaced to an analytical instrument. This provides the basis for automated, real-time monitoring. Membrane extraction has been applied to a wide range of organic and inorganic analytes, and has been directly interfaced with chromatography, spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Implementations of membrane extraction are diverse, encompassing different types of membranes, module designs and configurations. This review highlights some of these, and particularly the unique capabilities in automated, and on-line measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilah Hylton
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07104, USA
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On-line preconcentration of palladium(II) using a microcolumn packed with a chelating resin, and its subsequent determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Mikrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-006-0700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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A preconcentration system using polyamine Metalfix-Chelamine resin for the on-line determination of palladium(II) and platinum(IV) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Talanta 2006; 70:1081-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Choi DW, Kim YH. Chromium(VI) removal in a semi-continuous process of hollow fiber membrane with organic extractants. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02705671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Kedari S, Coll MT, Fortuny A, Goralska E, Sastre AM. Liquid‐Liquid Extraction of Ir, Ru, and Rh from Chloride Solutions and Their Separation Using Different Commercially Available Solvent Extraction Reagents. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/ss-200064551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Fontàs C, Salvadó V, Hidalgo M. Selective enrichment of palladium from spent automotive catalysts by using a liquid membrane system. J Memb Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(03)00288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Choi DW, Kim YH. Cadmium removal using hollow fiber membrane with organic extradant. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02706921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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