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Estimation of the Effects of CO2 and Temperature on the Swelling of PS-CO2 Mixtures at Supercritical Conditions on Rheological Testing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173490. [PMID: 36080565 PMCID: PMC9460806 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of supercritical CO2 as a blowing agent for polymeric foams instead of traditional blowing agents has been a trend in recent years. To achieve the final desired properties of the polymeric foams, the rheological behavior of the material needs to be reliable. The polymer swelling in the samples for rheological testing affects the results of the viscoelastic properties of the material. This study proposes a new testing methodology to control the accuracy and repeatability of the rheological characterization for PS-SCO2 samples. To develop this methodology, three polystyrene resins with different molecular weight distribution were studied at three temperatures (170, 185 and 200 °C) and three pressures (0.1 MPa, 6.89 MPa and 13.78 MPa). The CO2 concentration was estimated and used in the Sanchez–Lacombe Equation of State (SLEOS) to determine the polymer swelling, as it affects the dimensions of specimens tested in high-pressure rheometers. The correction factors provided a consistent trend in the viscosity with respect to temperature and a decrease of up to 50% in the standard deviation. The results of this study are crucial for an accurate measurement of viscoelastic properties by parallel-plate rheometry.
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2
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Panda AS, Lee YC, Hung CJ, Liu KP, Chang CY, Manesi GM, Avgeropoulos A, Tseng FG, Chen FR, Ho RM. Vacuum-Driven Orientation of Nanostructured Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12686-12694. [PMID: 35905494 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to demonstrate a facile method for the controlled orientation of nanostructures of block copolymer (BCP) thin films. A simple diblock copolymer system, polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane (PS-b-PDMS), is chosen to demonstrate vacuum-driven orientation for solving the notorious low-surface-energy problem of silicon-based BCP nanopatterning. By taking advantage of the pressure dependence of the surface tension of polymeric materials, a neutral air surface for the PS-b-PDMS thin film can be formed under a high vacuum degree (∼10-4 Pa), allowing the formation of the film-spanning perpendicular cylinders and lamellae upon thermal annealing. In contrast to perpendicular lamellae, a long-range lateral order for forming perpendicular cylinders can be efficiently achieved through the self-alignment mechanism for induced ordering from the top and bottom of the free-standing thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aum Sagar Panda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chien Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jung Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Ping Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gkreti-Maria Manesi
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Rong Chen
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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3
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Breuer R, Hendriks S, Reinhardt N, Facklam M, Hopmann C. Modeling flow and cell formation in foam sheet extrusion of polystyrene with
CO
2
and co‐blowing agents. Part I: Material model. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Breuer
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Sven Hendriks
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Nicolas Reinhardt
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Martin Facklam
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Christian Hopmann
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
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4
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Hendriks S, Hopmann C, Zepnik S. Extrusion foaming of thermoplastic cellulose acetate sheets with HFO-1234ze and co-blowing agents. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hendriks
- Institute of Plastics Processing (IKV); RWTH Aachen University; 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christian Hopmann
- Institute of Plastics Processing (IKV); RWTH Aachen University; 52074 Aachen Germany
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5
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Primel A, Férec J, Ausias G, Tirel Y, Veillé JM, Grohens Y. Solubility and interfacial tension of thermoplastic polyurethane melt in supercritical carbon dioxide and nitrogen. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Hossieny N, Shaayegan V, Ameli A, Saniei M, Park C. Characterization of hard-segment crystalline phase of thermoplastic polyurethane in the presence of butane and glycerol monosterate and its impact on mechanical property and microcellular morphology. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Sarikhani K, Nasseri R, Lotocki V, Thompson R, Park C, Chen P. Effect of well-dispersed surface-modified silica nanoparticles on crystallization behavior of poly (lactic acid) under compressed carbon dioxide. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Tsivintzelis I, Sanxaridou G, Pavlidou E, Panayiotou C. Foaming of polymers with supercritical fluids: A thermodynamic investigation. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Mahmood SH, Xin CL, Lee JH, Park CB. Study of volume swelling and interfacial tension of the polystyrene-carbon dioxide-dimethyl ether system. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 456:174-81. [PMID: 26122798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction of blended carbon dioxide (CO2) and dimethyl ether (DME) with polystyrene (PS) through volume swelling and interfacial tension. The experiments were carried out over a temperature range of 423-483 K, and the pressure was varied from 6.89 MPa to 20.68 MPa. With an incremental concentration of DME in the blend, the volume swelling increased while the interfacial tension between the PS/blend gas mixture and the blend gas decreased. The validity of the Simha-Somcynsky (SS) equation of state (EOS) for the ternary system was established by comparing experimentally measured volume swelling to that obtained via SS-EOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Mahmood
- Microcellular Plastic Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - C L Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - J H Lee
- Microcellular Plastic Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - C B Park
- Microcellular Plastic Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
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10
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Xu Y, Liu T, Yuan WK, Zhao L. Influence of Microphase Morphology and Long-Range Ordering on Foaming Behavior of PE-b-PEO Diblock Copolymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Wei-kang Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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11
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Sarikhani K, Jeddi K, Thompson RB, Park CB, Chen P. Adsorption of Surface-Modified Silica Nanoparticles to the Interface of Melt Poly(lactic acid) and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5571-5579. [PMID: 25919815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the purpose of fabricating polymer nanocomposite foams and preventing coalescence in foaming processes, the interfacial tension of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-silica composites is investigated in this work. Synthesized silica nanoparticles (SNs) with a CO2-philic surface modification are used as the dispersed nanoparticles. Interfacial tension is a key parameter in processing of polymer foams since it directly affects the final foam properties, such as cell size and cell density. Interfacial tension of silica-containing PLA and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) is measured using axisymmetric drop shape analysis profile (ADSA-P) pendant drop method at high pressures and high temperatures. The interfacial tension between PLA and supercritical CO2 is observed to decrease as a result of the nanoparticles' adsorption to the interface. These results indicate that the reduction in interfacial tension with increasing silica content significantly deviates from a linear trend; there is a minimum at 2 wt % loading of the SNs and then the interfacial tension curve reaches a plateau. Contact angle measurements show an affinity of the SNs for the polymer-supercritical CO2 interface, and these obtained results are used to calculate the binding energy of the nanoparticles to the PLA/CO2 interface. In addition to interfacial properties, the adsorption of silica nanoparticles at the interface is also studied in detail with scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C B Park
- ∥Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto,5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
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12
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Hasan MM, Park CB. Simha-Somcynsky Equation of State Modeling of the PVT Behavior of PP/Clay-Nanocomposite/CO2 Mixtures. INT POLYM PROC 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) property of polymer nanocomposite (PNC)/gas solutions is an important fundamental property in the foaming of PNC. However, accurate data have not yet been reported. We examined the PVT behaviors of polypropylene (PP) and PP/organoclay polymer nanocomposite (PP-PNC) by monitoring the swelling changes of the polymer melt in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). A model was adopted that describes the PVT behaviors of PP-PNC with and without dissolved gas. Based on the model, a PNC consists of two sections: a hard section (a nanoparticle surrounded by solidified polymer) and a soft section (neat polymer). It was observed that an infusion of nanoparticles decreased the swelling. It seems that the hard section had a minimal free volume in which to dissolve the blowing agents, and that the number of hard sections increased with the infusion of nanoparticles. As a result, the total gas absorption capacity of the system decreased, and consequently, the swelling also decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Hasan
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory , Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - C. B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory , Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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13
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Hossieny NJ, Barzegari MR, Nofar M, Mahmood SH, Park CB. Crystallization of hard segment domains with the presence of butane for microcellular thermoplastic polyurethane foams. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Ding J, Ma W, Song F, Zhong Q. Foaming of polypropylene with supercritical carbon dioxide: An experimental and theoretical study on a new process. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing; Jiangsu; 210094; People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing; Jiangsu; 210094; People's Republic of China
| | - Fujiao Song
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing; Jiangsu; 210094; People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing; Jiangsu; 210094; People's Republic of China
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15
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16
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Zhu Z, Park CB, Zong JH. Challenges to the Formation of Nano-cells in Foaming Processes. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper uses a finite element analysis to investigate the morphological changes of nano-cells in a polystyrene (PS) – CO2 foaming system. The system was composed of a finite polymer melt with a central cell and eight surrounding cells. The computational domain was discretized using linear triangular elements. The growth and shrinkage of nano-sized cells were tracked using the moving mesh method. The effects of the initial bulk gas concentration, cell size, intercellular distance, and system temperature on cell ripening were examined. The results show that smaller nano-sized cell(s) are doomed to collapse very quickly once they have interacted with larger cell(s), making it difficult to survive. Efforts were made to improve the general understanding of the challenges posed to the formation of nano-cells in foaming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. B. Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. H. Zong
- Department of Materials, Mechanical & Automation Engineering, Yanbian University of Science and Technology, Yanji, Jilin, PRC
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17
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Leung SN, Wong A, Wang LC, Park CB. Mechanism of extensional stress-induced cell formation in polymeric foaming processes with the presence of nucleating agents. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Mitani S, Sakai K. Development of revolving drop surface tensiometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:015101. [PMID: 22299980 DOI: 10.1063/1.3673473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A revolving drop surface tensiometer, which measures the surface tension of a small amount of liquid, is proposed. A remarkable feature of this device is that while using the pendant drop method, it employs a centrifugal force to deform the liquid droplet. The centrifugal force induces a large distortion of the droplet, which enables an accurate measurement of the surface tension to be made. In our experimental setup, the centrifugal force can be increased so that the apparent acceleration becomes up to 100 times larger than that due to gravity, and the capability of this method to measure surface tensions was demonstrated with ethylene glycol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mitani
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Impact of carbon dioxide on the surface tension of 1-hexanol aqueous solutions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Mohyeddin A, Fereidoon A. A semi-empirical model for density gradient in microcellular thermoplastic foams. J CELL PLAST 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x11406003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In microcellular plastics, produced by the solid-state batch method, an integral solid skin and a core with graded porosity can be created by allowing absorbed gas to diffuse from the surface of a saturated specimen prior to foaming. In this article a semi-empirical model is proposed to predict the local density of microcellular foam as a function of dissolved gas concentration. To this end, Henry’s law is applied on available experimental data for polystyrene—nitrogen system. The resultant spatial variation of mass density would be interesting for analyzing engineering structures made of microcellular plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohyeddin
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Semnan University, 35351-19111, Semnan, Iran,
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21
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Thompson RB, Park CB, Chen P. Reduction of polymer surface tension by crystallized polymer nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2011; 133:144913. [PMID: 20950047 DOI: 10.1063/1.3493334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-consistent field theory is applied to investigate the effects of crystallized polymer nanoparticles on polymer surface tension. It is predicted that the nanoparticles locate preferentially at the polymer surface and significantly reduce the surface tension, in agreement with experiment. In addition to the reduction of surface tension, the width of the polymer surface is found to narrow. The reduced width and surface tension are due to the smaller spatial extent of the nanoparticles compared to the polymer. This allows the interface to become less diffuse and so reduces the energies of interaction at the surface, which lowers the surface tension. The solubility of the surrounding solvent phase into the polymer melt is mostly unchanged, a very slight decrease being detectable. The solubility is constant because away from the interface, the system is homogeneous and the replacement of polymer with nanoparticles has little effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell B Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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22
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Liao X, Li YG, Park CB, Chen P. Interfacial tension of linear and branched PP in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Yang D, Xu Z, Liu C, Wang L. Experimental study on the surface characteristics of polymer melts. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Cao GP, Liu T, Roberts GW. Predicting the effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the glass transition temperature of poly(acrylic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Wei H, Thompson R, Park C, Chen P. Surface tension of high density polyethylene (HDPE) in supercritical nitrogen: Effect of polymer crystallization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Effect of Temperature on Foaming Behaviors of Homo- and Co-polymer Polypropylene/Polydimethylsiloxane Blends with CO2. J CELL PLAST 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x09102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was blended with two different types of polypropylene (PP). The blends were subsequently batch-foamed with supercritical CO2 at a series of temperatures that varied by a narrow increment of 2°C to investigate the effect of the foaming temperature on foaming. In the case of the random copolymer PP, it was found that the cell density of the blends containing PDMS increased significantly and good cell structures could be obtained across a wide temperature spectrum. PDMS typically generated high CO2 concentration and low surface tension, which positively impacted the cell nucleation. In the case of linear homopolymer PP, the addition of PDMS did not result in any pronounced improvement to cell morphology; however, at very low temperatures, much lower than the melting point, a few very small cells appeared. In both experiments, the addition of maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-g-MAH) as a compatibilizer promoted the dispersion of PDMS and yielded a better cell morphology within a specific temperature range. Moreover, the presence of a compatibilizer enhanced the melt strength, which in turn served to broaden the processing window.
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27
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Leung SN, Wong A, Park CB, Guo Q. Strategies To Estimate the Pressure Drop Threshold of Nucleation for Polystyrene Foam with Carbon Dioxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800079x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siu N. Leung
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Anson Wong
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Qingping Guo
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
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28
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Park H, Park CB, Tzoganakis C, Tan KH, Chen P. Simultaneous Determination of the Surface Tension and Density of Polystyrene in Supercritical Nitrogen. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie071472q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Park
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1; Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8; and Epson Research & Development, San Jose, CA
| | - C. B. Park
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1; Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8; and Epson Research & Development, San Jose, CA
| | - C. Tzoganakis
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1; Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8; and Epson Research & Development, San Jose, CA
| | - K.-H. Tan
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1; Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8; and Epson Research & Development, San Jose, CA
| | - P. Chen
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1; Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8; and Epson Research & Development, San Jose, CA
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29
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Zhu SH, Tzoganakis C. Surface properties of hydrosilylated polyolefins annealed in supercritical carbon dioxide. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Sauceau M, Nikitine C, Rodier E, Fages J. Effect of supercritical carbon dioxide on polystyrene extrusion. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wong A, Leung SN, Li GYG, Park CB. Role of Processing Temperature in Polystyrene and Polycarbonate Foaming with Carbon Dioxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie070551z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anson Wong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Siu N. Leung
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Gary Y. G. Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Chul B. Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
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Tsivintzelis I, Angelopoulou AG, Panayiotou C. Foaming of polymers with supercritical CO2: An experimental and theoretical study. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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