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Guo M, Wang W, Zhai B, Li J, Zhang L, Li J, Luo K, Wang R. Ti 3C 2T x MXene-based hybrid nanocoating for flame retardant, early fire-warning and piezoresistive tension sensing smart polyester fabrics. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4811-4825. [PMID: 38312063 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06604e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Flammability feature of textiles is a big underlying risk causing fire disasters. The fabrication of reliable fire resistant and quick fire warning fabrics is imperative but challenging. Herein, three types of early fire-warning polyester fabrics, namely, FPP@AM-X, FPP@PM-X and FPP@AX-M1, with good flame retardant and piezoresistive sensing performance were developed by fabricating polyethyleneimine (PEI), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), phytic acid (PA) and MXenes onto phosphorus-containing flame retardant polyethylene terephthalate (FRPET) via polydopamine (PDA) mediated layer-by-layer self-assembly. Owing to the improved thermoelectric properties of MXenes, FPP@A5-M1 exhibited a maximum thermoelectric voltage of 0.59 mV at a temperature difference of 130 °C and can provide an ideal cyclic early fire warning response within 4 s. In addition, due to the synergistic flame retardant effect of MXenes and APP in the coating layer, FPP@A5-M1 could be self-extinguished within 2 s after ignition and the value of peak heat release ratio and total smoke production decreased by 41.9% and 30.4%, respectively. Besides, the MXene-based hybrid coated fabric can detect the movement of human fingers and elbows, illustrating its potential application in piezoresistive tension sensing. This work provides a new route to designing and developing multi-functional and smart fire protection fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Guo
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Zhai
- No. 5 Geological Brigade of Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Jingtao Li
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liran Zhang
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jingchun Li
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Kexin Luo
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Wang H, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang H, Yan S. Flame-Retardant and Smoke-Suppressant Flexible Polyurethane Foams Based on Phosphorus-Containing Polyester Diols and Expandable Graphite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051284. [PMID: 36904525 PMCID: PMC10006967 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid-phosphorus-containing polyester diol, PPE, was prepared via condensation polymerization using commercial reactive flame retardant 9,10-dihydro-10-[2,3-di(hydroxycarbonyl)propyl]-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide, adipic acid, ethylene glycol, and 1,4-butanediol. PPE and/or expandable graphite (EG) were then incorporated into phosphorus-containing flame-retardant polyester-based flexible polyurethane foams (P-FPUFs). The structure and properties of the resultant P-FPUFs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy tensile measurements, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests, cone calorimeter tests, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Unlike the FPUF prepared using regular polyester polyol (R-FPUF), PPE increased the flexibility and elongation at break of the resultant forms. More importantly, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of P-FPUF were reduced by 18.6% and 16.3%, respectively, via gas-phase-dominated flame-retardant mechanisms, compared with those of R-FPUF. The addition of EG further reduced the peak smoke production release (PSR) and total smoke production (TSP) of the resultant FPUFs while increasing the LOI and char formation. Interestingly, it was observed that EG noticeably improved the residual quantity of phosphorus in the char residue. When the EG loading was 15 phr, the resulting FPUF (P-FPUF/15EG) attained a high LOI value (29.2%) and exhibited good anti-dripping performance. Meanwhile, the PHRR, THR, and TSP of P-FPUF/15EG were significantly decreased by 82.7%, 40.3%, and 83.4%, respectively, compared with those of P-FPUF. This superior flame-retardant performance can be attributed to the combination of the bi-phase flame-retardant behavior of PPE and condensed-phase flame-retardant characteristics of EG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (H.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hui Li
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (H.L.); (S.Y.)
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Sunflower Oil as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethane Foams: Effects of Flame-Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235282. [PMID: 36501676 PMCID: PMC9737309 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, polyurethane (PU) manufacturers seek green alternatives for sustainable production. In this work, sunflower oil is studied as a replacement and converted to a reactive form through epoxidation and oxirane opening to produce rigid PU foams. Confirmatory tests such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and hydroxyl value among others were performed to characterize the synthesized polyol. Despite the versatility of rigid PU foams, they are highly flammable, which makes eco-friendly flame retardants (FRs) desired. Herein, expandable graphite (EG) and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP), both non-halogenated FR, were incorporated under different concentrations to prepare rigid PU foams. Their effects on the physio-mechanical and fire-quenching properties of the sunflower oil-based PU foams were elucidated. Thermogravimetric and compression analysis showed that these foams presented appreciable compressive strength along with good thermal stability. The closed-cell contents (CCC) were around 90% for the EG-containing foams and suffered a decrease at higher concentrations of DMMP to 72%. The burning test showed a decrease in the foam's flammability as the neat foam had a burning time of 80 s whereas after the addition of 13.6 wt.% of EG and DMMP, separately, there was a decrease to 6 and 2 s, respectively. Hence, our research suggested that EG and DMMP could be a more viable alternative to halogen-based FR for PU foams. Additionally, the adoption of sunflower polyol yielded foams with results comparable to commercial ones.
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Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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5
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Wang J, Guo Y, Zhao S, Zhu Z, Huang Y, Tian T, Zhou Y, Bi L. Low flammability epoxy resin enabled by a phosphaphenanthrene-based oligomer. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jiang Q, Li P, Liu Y, Zhu P. Phytic Acid-Iron/Laponite Coatings for Enhanced Flame Retardancy, Antidripping and Mechanical Properties of Flexible Polyurethane Foam. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169145. [PMID: 36012407 PMCID: PMC9408875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) is severely limited due to its flammability and dripping, which can easily cause major fire hazards. Therefore, choosing an appropriate flame retardant to solve this problem is an urgent need. A coating was prepared on the FPUF surface by dipping with phytic acid (PA), Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O, and laponite (LAP). The influence of PA-Fe/LAP coating on FPUF flame-retardant performance was explored by thermal stability, flame retardancy, combustion behavior, and smoke density analysis. FPUF/PA-Fe/LAP has a good performance in the small fire test, which can pass the UL-94 V-0 rating and the limiting oxygen index reaches 24.5%. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate values and maximum smoke density of FPUF/PA-Fe/LAP are reduced by 38.7% and 38.5% compared with those of neat FPUF. After applying PA-Fe/LAP coating, the value of fire growth rate index decreases from 10.5 kW/(m2·s) to 5.1 kW/(m2·s), dramatically reducing the fire risk. Encouragingly, the effect of PA-Fe/LAP coating on cyclic compression and permanent deformation is small, which is close to that of neat FPUF. This work provides an effective strategy for making a flame-retardant FPUF with antidripping and keeping mechanical properties.
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Coste G, Denis M, Sonnier R, Caillol S, Negrell C. Synthesis of reactive phosphorus-based carbonate for flame retardant polyhydroxyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Sykam K, Donempudi S, Basak P. 1,2,
3‐Triazole
rich polymers for flame retardant application: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kesavarao Sykam
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Shailaja Donempudi
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
| | - Pratyay Basak
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad India
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Yin X, Li L, Pang H, Luo Y, Zhang B. Halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes: composition, performance, and application. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14509-14520. [PMID: 35702241 PMCID: PMC9102897 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes have high flame-retardant efficiency, environmental friendliness, fine compatibility, and good thermostability. Phosphorus flame-retardants are currently widely used in halogen-free instinct flame-retardant waterborne polyurethanes (HIFWPU), especially those with phosphorous-nitrogen co-structures. Phosphorous-nitrogen HIFWPU have become a hotspot because their co-structures provide higher flame-retardance as compared to waterborne polyurethanes. This review introduces three main types of HIFWPU based on composition, performance and application. HIFWPU not only have improved flame-retardance but also satisfy the various requirements for functionality. HIFWPU have been widely developed in textile, furniture, automobile, and aerospace applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Liqi Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Haosheng Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Bing Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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Verma G, Sheshkar N, Pandey C, Gupta A. Recent trends of silicon elastomer-based nanocomposites and their sensing applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Zhao C, Sun Z, Wei J, Li Y, Xiang D, Wu Y, Que Y. A Phosphorous-Containing Bio-Based Furfurylamine Type Benzoxazine and Its Application in Bisphenol-A Type Benzoxazine Resins: Preparation, Thermal Properties and Flammability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081597. [PMID: 35458347 PMCID: PMC9028360 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybenzoxazine (PBa) composites based on phosphorous-containing bio-based furfurylamine type benzoxazines (D-fu) and bisphenol-A type benzoxazines (Ba) were developed for flame retardation. The structure of D-fu was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The curing temperature of Ba/D-fu mixtures was systematically studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated the excellent char formation ability of the PBa composites with the addition of phosphorous-containing D-fu. The flame retardancy of the PBa composite materials was tested by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94) and cone calorimeter (CONE). The LOI and UL-94 level of PBa/PD-fu-5% reached 34 and V0 rate, respectively. Notably, the incorporation of 5% D-fu into PBa led to a decrease of 21.9% at the peak of the heat-release rate and a mass-loss reduction of 8.0%. Moreover, the fire performance index increased, which demonstrated that the introduction of D-fu can diminish fire occurrence. The role of D-fu in the condensed and gas phases for the fire-resistant mechanism of the PBa matrix was supported by SEM-EDS and TGA/infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR), respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the Tg of PBa flame-retardant composites was around 230 °C. Therefore, PBa composites are promising fire-retardant polymers that can be applied as high-performance functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhao
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhangmei Sun
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jixuan Wei
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yuntao Li
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- State Key Laboratory Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yusheng Que
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Z.S.); (J.W.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.Q.)
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Zheng P, Wang R, Peng X, Sun J, Liu H, Li J, Liu C, Jiang L, Liu Q, Zhang Y. Halogen-free and phosphorus-free flame retardants endow epoxy resin with high flame retardancy through crosslinking strategy. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221085170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EPs) has been widely used in many fields in recent years, such as electronics, adhesives, coatings, and so on, which mainly benefiting from its excellent mechanical and chemical properties, low price and easy preparation. However, conventional EPs tend to be flammable, which significantly prevents their applications especially in high flame-resistance required areas. In this work, we introduce nitrile groups and the benzoxazine ring into the flame-retardant, followed by a simple heat treatment for a multiple cross-linking reaction in EPs. The resultant halogen/phosphorus-free and environmentally friendly network not only suppress the migration of the functional flame retardants from the substrate, but also shows much enhanced flame-retardant property, including the UL-94 rate, total heat release and reduced peak heat release rate. As a result, the thermosets can pass the UL-94 V-0 rate and reach a LOI value at 32.7% at a very low addition amount (10 wt%) of this cross-linked flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Peng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Jichang Sun
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaiyin Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuanbang Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Zhou Y, Hu Q, Wang W, Wang R. Controlled Architecture of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane-Functionalized Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate)/Polyester Composites Using Surface-Initiated ICAR ATRP Technique for High Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Jia P, Ma C, Lu J, Yang W, Jiang X, Jiang G, Yin Z, Qiu Y, Qian L, Yu X, Hu Y, Hu W, Wang B. Design of copper salt@graphene nanohybrids to accomplish excellent resilience and superior fire safety for flexible polyurethane foam. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1205-1218. [PMID: 34492459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) is the most commonly used polyurethane, but its highly flammable characteristics makes it ignite easily and release a lot of heat and toxic gases. Here, the effect of different forms of copper salt modified graphene (rGO@CuO, rGO@Cu2O and rGO@CSOH) on improving the fire protection efficiency and mechanical property of FPUF is explored. Hybrid FPUF is characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR), tension, compression, and falling ball rebound testing. Compared with pure FPUF, the FPUF/rGO@CSOH show a significant decreasement in reducing the heat release of FPUF, the PHRR and THR are reduced by 36.9% and 29.4%, respectively. While the FPUF/rGO@Cu2O demonstrate excellent smoke and toxic gases suppression in FPUF, the PSPR and TSR are reduced by 24.6% and 51.9%, and the COP and COY are also reduced by 51.9% and 55.3%, respectively. After adding the copper salt hybrid, the buffering performance of FPUF did not change. Fortunately, the tensile and compressive strength increase obviously. The flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of hybrid FPUF has also been studied. This article gives a effective strategy for the preparation of FPUF with outstanding mechanical property, flame retardant and smoke suppression properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Guangyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Zhenting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lijun Qian
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Researches and Comprehensive Utilization, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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15
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Zhou H, Tan S, Wang C, Wu Y. Enhanced flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam with low loading of liquid halogen-free phosphonium thiocyanate. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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El Khezraji S, Thakur S, Raihane M, López-Manchado MA, Belachemi L, Verdejo R, Lahcini M. Use of Novel Non-Toxic Bismuth Catalyst for the Preparation of Flexible Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244460. [PMID: 34961011 PMCID: PMC8704569 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foam products are one of the largest markets for polyurethane (PU) and are heavily used in many sectors. However, current PU formulations use highly toxic and environmentally unfriendly production processes. Meanwhile, the increasing environmental concerns and regulations are intensifying the research into green and non-toxic products. In this study, we synthesized flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) using different weight percentages (0.025%, 0.05% and 0.1%) of a non-toxic bismuth catalyst. The bismuth-catalyzed foams presented a well evolved cellular structure with an open cell morphology. The properties of the bismuth-catalyzed flexible PUF, such as the mechanical, morphological, kinetic and thermal behaviors, were optimized and compared with a conventional tin-catalyzed PUF. The bismuth-catalyst revealed a higher isocyanate conversion efficiency than the stannous octoate catalyst. When comparing samples with similar densities, the bismuth-catalyzed foams present better mechanical behavior than the tin-catalyzed sample with similar thermal stability. The high solubility of bismuth triflate in water, together with its high Lewis acidity, have been shown to benefit the production of PU foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said El Khezraji
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
| | - Suman Thakur
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
| | - Mustapha Raihane
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Miguel Angel López-Manchado
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
| | - Larbi Belachemi
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Raquel Verdejo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.T.); (M.A.L.-M.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (M.L.)
| | - Mohammed Lahcini
- IMED-Lab, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelkrim Elkhattabi, B.P. 549, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (S.E.K.); (M.R.); (L.B.)
- Chemical & Biochemical Sciences (CBS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
- Correspondence: (R.V.); (M.L.)
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17
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Li H, Sun Z, Zhao C, Li Y, Xiang D, Wu Y, Wei J, Que Y. Polybenzoxazine Resins with Cellulose Phosphide: Preparation, Flame Retardancy and Mechanisms. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244288. [PMID: 34960838 PMCID: PMC8706826 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphated cellulose (PCF) was synthesized based on urea, phosphated acid and cellulose. The structure of the PCF was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with the Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS). Benzoxazine (Ba)/PCF hybrid materials were fabricated and thermally cured to prepare polybenzoxazine composites (PBa/PCF). The effects of PCF on the curing temperature of Ba were analyzed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermogravimetric (TGA) results demonstrated an increased char residue of 50% for the PBa composites incorporating PCF-5% compared with the pure PBa. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) values of the PBa/PCF-5% composites clearly decreased by 58.1% and 16.5% compared to those of the pristine PBa. The smoke released from the PBa/PCF system significantly reduced with the loading of PCF. Moreover, the limited oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test level (UL-94) of PBa/PCF-5% reached up to 31 and V0. The flame retardant mechanism of the PCF in the PBa matrix was investigated TG-FTIR and char residues analysis. Finally, the dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) results demonstrated that the Tg of the PBa/PCF composites was approximately 230 °C, which does not affect further applications of PBa composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zhangmei Sun
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yuntao Li
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
- State Key Laboratory Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Jixuan Wei
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yusheng Que
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
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18
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Dong F, Wang Y, Wang S, Shaghaleh H, Sun P, Huang X, Xu X, Wang S, Liu H. Flame-retarded polyurethane foam conferred by a bio-based nitrogen‑phosphorus-containing flame retardant. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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19
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Li S, Wang X, Xu M, Liu L, Wang W, Gao S, Li B. Effect of a biomass based waterborne fire retardant coating on the flame retardancy for wood. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Key Lab of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
- Institute of Petrochemistry Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences Harbin China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Key Lab of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Lubin Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Institute of Petrochemistry Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences Harbin China
| | - Suliang Gao
- Key Lab of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Lab of Bio‐based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
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20
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Cong K, He J, Yang R. Using twin screw extrusion reaction (
TSER
) to produce thermoplastic polyurethane (
TPU
): Tunable, stoichiometric and eco‐friendly. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Cong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Jiyu He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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21
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Flame retardant flexible polyurethane foams based on phosphorous soybean-oil polyol and expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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22
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Liu SH, Shen MY, Yang CY, Chiang CL. A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as a Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152446. [PMID: 34372049 PMCID: PMC8347350 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish scales (FSs) are fishery wastes that can cause environmental pollution. This study aimed to solve this environmental problem. FSs were used as a flame retardant for polymer materials, making them valuable. Fish scales were combined with a commercial flame retardant, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), through synergistic effects to reduce the amount of commercial flame retardant. The use of FSs conforms to the concept of a circular economy and lowers costs by reducing the consumption of APP. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT), pyrolysis kinetics, limiting oxygen index (LOI), the Underwriters Laboratories 94 (UL94) flammability test, scanning election microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine the thermal properties, flame retardant properties, flame retardant mechanism, char morphology, and composition of the composites. The TGA results indicated that the addition of 40% flame retardant raised the char residue from 16.45 wt.% (pure EP) to 36.07 wt.%; IPDT from 685.6 °C (pure EP) to 1143.1°C; LOI from 21% (pure EP) to 30%; and UL94 classification from fail (pure EP) to V-0. These results suggest an increase in char residue, which indicates better protection of the polymer matrix material. The improvements in IPDT, LOI, and UL94 classification, which indicate greater thermal stability, lower flammability (from flammable to fireproof), and higher flammability rating (from fail to V-0), respectively, suggest that the composite material has favorable thermal properties and is less inflammable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hao Liu
- Department of Ammunition Engineering and Explosion Technology, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China;
| | - Ming-Yuan Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 41170, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-Y.S.); (C.-L.C.); Tel.: +886-4-2392-4505 (M.-Y.S.); +886-4-2631-8652-4008 (C.-L.C.)
| | - Cheng-You Yang
- Green Flame Retardant Material Research Laboratory, Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan;
| | - Chin-Lung Chiang
- Green Flame Retardant Material Research Laboratory, Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (M.-Y.S.); (C.-L.C.); Tel.: +886-4-2392-4505 (M.-Y.S.); +886-4-2631-8652-4008 (C.-L.C.)
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23
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Ma C, Zhang K, Zhou F, Zheng Y, Zeng W, Wang B, Xing W, Hu W, Hu Y. Fabrication of flexible polyurethane/phosphorus interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) foam for enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Ding Y, Su Y, Huang J, Wang T, Li MY, Li W. Flame Retardancy Behaviors of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Based on Reactive Dihydroxy P-N-containing Flame Retardants. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16410-16418. [PMID: 34235312 PMCID: PMC8246474 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Green and environment-friendly high-efficiency flame retardants (FRs) are crucial to polymer FR modification. Here, a green FR 2-((bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (HAMPP) was synthesized. The HAMPP was incorporated with a cyclic phosphorus structure, which will readily carbonize to inhibit or prevent further combustion. Moreover, the HAMPP contains dihydroxy reactive groups that can be used as a monomer in the polymerization reaction to obtain the main chain containing phosphorus polymer. Research studies on FRs were based on flexible polyurethane foam (PU-HAMPPs). The limiting oxygen index value of PU foam with 10% HAMPP could reach 23.7%, passing a UL-94 V-0 rating together. With the addition of HAMPP, the peak heat release rate of PU foam decreased significantly, the decomposition temperature increased, the heat release capacity reduced by 31%, and the char yield increased by 42%. The chemical composition and morphology of the char residual have been studied and analyzed thoroughly. We find that HAMPP forms a molten viscous protective layer uniformly on the material surface and releases some incombustible gases. These indicated that the FR exploited both condensed-phase and gas-phase flame retardancy mechanisms. Besides, the addition of FRs improved the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ding
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian
Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yumiao Su
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiajing Huang
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian
Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min-Yu Li
- College
of Chemistry and Materials, Ningde Normal
University, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Wenmu Li
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
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25
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Phosphorus/phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardants applied to polyurethane/rice husk eco-composites: thermal behavior, flame retardancy, and physico-mechanical properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Xu D, Yu K, Qian K, Zhao W. Effect of tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate in combination with aluminum hypophosphite and melamine polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal decomposition of rigid polyurethane foams. J CELL PLAST 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x211001957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
RPUF with tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP), melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) alone, as well as their binary and ternary blends, were prepared via a one-step process. The effect of TCPP in combination with AHP and MPP on flame retardancy and thermal decomposition in the RPUF has been investigated. The results show that adding TCPP, MPP and AHP into RPUF simultaneously can significantly ensure the uniform cell structure, enhance the compressive strength, thermal stability and fire resistance of RPUF, decrease the thermal conductivity, the release of toxic HCN at high temperature. TGA results indicate that partial substitution of TCPP with MPP and AHP could improve the char residue. When the content of TCPP is 10 wt%, the optimal ratio of MPP and DPER was 1/2, the TCPP10/MPP3.3/AHP6.7/RPUF sample reached a V1 rating in vertical UL-94 test with a limiting oxygen index of 27.4%. The compressive strength and specific compressive strength (compressive strength/density) for TCPP10/MPP3.3/AHP6.7/RPUF sample increased about 82.6% and 44.3% compared to that of pure RPUF, respectively. The cone calorimeter test results showed that adding EG, MPP and AHP into RPUF simultaneously can significantly decrease the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and smoke emission behavior of RPUF sample. Based on these facts, a potential flame-retardant mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daifang Xu
- Clothing Engineering Research Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Design, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kejing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Clothing Engineering Research Center of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Sykam K, Harika P, Donempudi S. Flame‐retardant, phosphorous‐based polyurethane triazoles via
solvent‐free
and
catalyst‐free azide–alkyne
cycloaddition and their cure kinetics. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kesavarao Sykam
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
| | - Pothireddy Harika
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
| | - Shailaja Donempudi
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
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28
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Yin X, Luo Y. The optical shielding performances and mechanisms of green flame-retardant two-component matte films under various application conditions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12696-12702. [PMID: 35423834 PMCID: PMC8697177 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01266e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we meticulously investigated the optical shielding performances and mechanisms of green flame-retardant two-component waterborne polyurethane matte films based on a previous study. The relevant performances were evaluated by changing various environmental factors including nanoparticle content, pH, temperature and storage-time. Specifically, upon combination with TiO2, the ultraviolet-light transmittance was reduced to 1.9% and the 60° glossiness decreased by 63%. When the pH was 8.0, the shielding efficiency and transmittance of ultraviolet light were 100% and 0%, respectively. The 60° glossiness of spin-films increased with an increase in storage time. Besides, TiO2 nanoparticles were beneficial for delaying the thermal decomposition via synergistic flame retardance. Herein, we meticulously investigated the optical shielding performances and mechanisms of green flame-retardant two-component waterborne polyurethane matte films based on a previous study.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China.,Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China .,Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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29
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Cao Q, Cao QG, Qiu XX, Song J. Effects of Expanded Graphite, Aluminum Hydroxide, and Kaolin on Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Polyurethane Composites. INT POLYM PROC 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2020-3950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polyurethane is a widely used polymer that has good abrasion resistance and low-temperature resistance. However, polyurethane composite materials are highly inflammable and thus require the use of flame retardants. This study selected green and environment-friendly flame retardants such as expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide, and kaolin to be used as individual or paired retardants to produce polyurethane composites. By analyzing the potential and mechanical properties of the polyurethane composites, it was found that the composite material with the flame retardant composed of graphite and modified kaolin had better flame retardancy, smoke suppression performance, and high thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Cao
- College of Mining and Safety Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao , PRC
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Safety, Binzhou University , Binzhou , PRC
- Binzhou Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety , Binzhou , PRC
| | - Q.-G. Cao
- College of Mining and Safety Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao , PRC
| | - X.-X. Qiu
- College of Mining and Safety Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao , PRC
| | - J. Song
- College of Mining and Safety Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao , PRC
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30
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Zhang W, Zhao Z, Lei Y. Flame retardant and smoke-suppressant rigid polyurethane foam based on sodium alginate and aluminum diethylphosphite. Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:46-52. [PMID: 33551667 PMCID: PMC7850414 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1879451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the flame-retardant effect and thermal behaviour of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), the flame retardancy of sodium alginate (SA), aluminium diethyl phosphite (ADPO2) and expandable graphite (EG) were proposed. First, the structures of RPUF with or without flame retardancy were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the combustion behaviours and thermal performance of the flame-retardant polyurethane were evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, and UL-94 tests. Finally, the cone calorimeter results reveled the RPUF/5ADPO2/7.5SA/7.5EG exhibit excellent thermodynamic properties. The results of the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), total smoke production (TSP), and smoke production rate (SPR) could demonstrate the smoke-suppressant and flame-retardant of polyurethane. The system of RPUF/ADPO2/SA/EG showed excellent flame-retardant in polyurethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of safety engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zidong Zhao
- Department of Mining Engineering and Metallurgical Engineering, Western Australian School of Mines, Curtin University, Kalgoorlie Australia
| | - Yun Lei
- Department of gas research, Shenyang Research Institute, China Coal Technology & Engineering Group Corp, Fushun, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology, Fushun, China
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31
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Wang H, Wang S, Du X, Du Z, Wang H, Cheng X. A novel
DOPO
‐containing
HTBN
endowing waterborne polyurethane with excellent flame retardance and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiaosheng Du
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zongliang Du
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of EducationSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of EducationSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xu Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of EducationSichuan University Chengdu China
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32
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Chen W, Li H, Li L, Wang X. Reinforcing Condensed Phase Flame Retardancy through Surface Migration of Brucite@Zinc Borate-Incorporated Systems. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28186-28195. [PMID: 33163801 PMCID: PMC7643222 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An efficient brucite@zinc borate (3ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O) composite flame retardant (CFR), consisting of an incorporated nanostructure, is designed and synthesized via a simple and facile electrostatic adsorption route. It has been demonstrated that this incorporated system can enhance the interfacial interaction and improve the mechanical properties when used in ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) composites. Meanwhile, in the process of burning, the CFR particles can successively migrate and accumulate to the surface of the burning zone, increasing the local concentration and rapidly generating a compact barrier layer through a condensed phase reinforcement mechanism even at a lower loading value. Especially, compared with the EVA/physical mixture (PM, with the same proportion of brucite and zinc borate), the heat release rate (HRR), the peak of the heat release rate (PHRR), the total heat released (THR), the smoke production rate (SPR), and mass loss are considerably reduced. According to this study, controlling the nanostructure of flame-retardant particles, to improve the condensed phase char layer, gives a new approach for the design of green flame retardants.
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33
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Acuña P, Lin X, Calvo MS, Shao Z, Pérez N, Villafañe F, Rodríguez-Pérez MÁ, Wang DY. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and phenylphosphonic-aniline salt on flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Guo X, Geng J, Sun B, Xu Q, Li Y, Xie S, Xue Y, Yan H. Great enhancement of efficiency of intumescent flame retardants by titanate coupling agent and polysiloxane. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Jiangtao Geng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Bin Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Yibo Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Shiwei Xie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Hong Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education Taiyuan China
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35
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Zeng SL, Xing CY, Chen L, Xu L, Li BJ, Zhang S. Green flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam based on cyclodextrin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Wang L, Yang B, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Wang N, Li F, Yu H, Cui J, Guo J, Mu B, Tian L. Synthesis of multielement phosphazene derivative and the study on flame-retardant properties of epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320937392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have successfully synthesized phosphorus/nitrogen/silicon tri-elements compound phosphazene derivative hexa-[4-( N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)acetamide)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene (HNTPC) from hexachlorotriphosphazenitrile, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, and 3-triethoxysilylpropylamine, and it was used as an additive flame retardant in epoxy resin (EP). Then, the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the composite (HNTPC/EP) were tested. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the presence of HNTPC made EP matrix decompose at a relatively low temperature, thus promoted the formation of a stable coke layer and protected the matrix from fire. Therefore, the amount of carbon residue was markedly increased at 800°C, indicating an outstanding condensed phase flame-retardant effect. Furthermore, various combustion test data manifested that the addition of HNTPC could significantly improve the flame-retardant performance of EP. In addition, the sample could pass the vertical burning tests (UL-94) V-1 grade when the addition amount was 10% and the limiting oxygen index value was 32.6%, the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate decreased by 40.0% and 21.5%, respectively. Besides, the results of scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also showed that HNTPC can promote the formation of carbon layer and improved the flame-retardant property of EP. Finally, the condensed phase and gas phase synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of HNTPC was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurong Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoping Yang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Guo
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yabin Zhang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Niannian Wang
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fuchong Li
- PetroChina Lanzhou Chemical Research Center, Heshuibei, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Mu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Tian
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping, Lanzhou, China
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37
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Effects of novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing DOPO derivative salts on mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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38
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Modified boron nitride as an efficient synergist to flame retardant natural rubber: preparation and properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Khose RV, Wadekar PH, Pethsangave DA, Chakraborty G, Ray AK, Some S. Novel approach towards the synthesis of highly efficient flame retardant electrode and oil/organic solvent absorber. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125785. [PMID: 31927374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a facile one pot process to synthesize an ultra-light functionalized spongy graphene (FSG). This is the first approach to use carbon based flame retardant spongy material as an electrode to build completely flame retardant supercapacitor (FRS) also as an oil/organic solvent absorber. The fully FRS concept has created by the compilation of as-prepared FSG with flame retardant separator and electrolyte. As-prepared FSG contained high amount of phosphorus and nitrogen functional groups, which makes it potent flame retardant electrochemical material, to use it as an efficient FR electrode. Flame test of FSG revealed that it doesn't catch fire for ∼1500 s. Also, FSG was able to sustain flame retardancy at a temperature as high as 1500 °C for continuous exposure of ∼300 s. FSG used as an electrode for symmetric capacitor possessing maximum specific capacitance of 494.3 F g-1 at a current density 1 A g-1. Corresponding high energy density and power density values are 55.6 Wh kg-1 and 1799 W kg-1. It shows cycling stability of 86.1% after 5000 cycles at current density of 10 A g-1. The electrochemical property of FSG was also confirmed using three electrode system. Flame retardant FSG material was also used for the absorption and recovery of oil and organic solvents. FSG has high oil and organic solvent sorption capacity in the range of 40-70 g/g, also can be reused for minimum 10 cycles. Such approach has great significance for multifunctional graphene based nanocomposites will open the new window for large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul V Khose
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Pravin H Wadekar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Dattatray A Pethsangave
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Goutam Chakraborty
- Laser and Plasma Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Alok K Ray
- Laser and Plasma Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Surajit Some
- Department of Dyestuff Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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40
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Zhi M, Liu Q, Zhao Y, Gao S, Zhang Z, He Y. Novel MoS 2-DOPO Hybrid for Effective Enhancements on Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Flexible Polyurethane Foams. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2734-2746. [PMID: 32095697 PMCID: PMC7033980 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel MoS2-DOPO hybrid has been successfully synthesized through the grafting of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) on the surface of MoS2 nanosheets using allyl mercaptan as an intermediate. MoS2-DOPO was used as a flame retardant additive to prepare flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). The influence of MoS2-DOPO on the mechanical, thermal stability, and flame retardancy properties of FPUF composites were systematically investigated. The incorporation of MoS2-DOPO could not deteriorate greatly the tensile strength and 50% compression set of FPUF composites, but effectively improves the char residue. The cone calorimeter and smoke density tests results revealed that the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and the maximum smoke density of the MoS2-DOPO/FPUF composite were reduced by 41.3, 27.7, and 40.5%, respectively, compared with those of pure FPUF. Furthermore, the char residue after cone calorimeter tests and pyrolysis gaseous products of the MoS2-DOPO/FPUF composite were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry. The results suggested that the MoS2-DOPO hybrid played a synergistic flame retardant effect of gas and condensed bi-phase action. In addition, a possible flame retardancy and smoke suppression mechanism of the MoS2-DOPO/FPUF composite were proposed. This study provides a facile and promising strategy for the fabrication of polymer materials with excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quanyi Liu
- E-mail: . Phone: +86-0838-5187202. Fax: +86-0838-5187202 (Q.L.)
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41
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Köklükaya O, Carosio F, Durán VL, Wågberg L. Layer-by-layer modified low density cellulose fiber networks: A sustainable and fireproof alternative to petroleum based foams. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115616. [PMID: 31887896 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Wood-based cellulose fibers were used to prepare porous, low density and wet-stable fiber networks (FN). Multilayer coatings consisting of chitosan (CH), sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and inorganic nanoparticles comprising of either sodium montmorillonite (MMT), sepiolite (SEP) or colloidal silica (SNP) were deposited by the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique onto FNs in an effort to impart flame-retardancy. A simulated fire scenario measured by cone calorimetry showed that five quadlayers (QL) of CH/SHMP/CH/MMT, CH/SHMP/CH/SEP and CH/SHMP/CH/SNP can produce significant reduction in peak heat release rate (pkHRR). In detail, the coating containing SEP showed the largest reduction of the pkHRR by 47% relative to the uncoated FN. MMT and SEP coated FNs were also able to self-extinguish fire and to retain their shapes after direct exposure to a methane flame. This study hence shows that the LbL assembly is a highly effective way to impart flame-retardant properties to this new type of porous FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oruç Köklükaya
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria Site, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Verónica López Durán
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; BiMaC Innovation, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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42
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Pham CT, Nguyen BT, Phan HTQ, Pham LH, Hoang CN, Nguyen NN, Lee P, Kang S, Kim J, Hoang D. Highly efficient fire retardant behavior, thermal stability, and physicomechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi T. Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Binh T. Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Huong T. Q. Phan
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Lam H. Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Cuong N. Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen N. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Pyoung‐Chan Lee
- Lightweight Materials R&D CenterKorea Automotive Technology Institute Chungnam Korea
| | - Soo‐Jung Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
| | - Jinhwan Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
| | - DongQuy Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
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43
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Fang L, Lu X, Zeng J, Chen Y, Tang Q. Investigation of the Flame-Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites with Melamine Pyrophosphate and Aluminum Hypophosphite Addition. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13020479. [PMID: 31963882 PMCID: PMC7014439 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To improve the flame-retardant performance of bamboo fiber (BF) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites, melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) and aluminum hypophosphite (AP) at a constant mass ratio of 2:1 were added. The influence of the MPP/AP mass fraction on the mechanical and flame-retardant properties of the BF reinforced PP composites were evaluated by mechanical testing, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. Mechanical tests demonstrate that tensile properties of BF/PP decreased with the increase of MPP/AP mass fraction, while flexural properties of composites exhibited very different tendencies. Both flexural strength and modulus increased slightly with the addition of MPP/AP at first, and then decreased significantly after a relatively high content of MPP/AP was loaded. This was due to the poor interfacial compatibility between PP and MPP/AP. The flame retardancy of BF/PP composites has been greatly improved. When 30% MPP/AP was loaded into the composites, the LOI increased to 27.2%, which was 42.4% higher than that of the composite without flame retardant addition. Cone calorimetry results indicated that MPP/AP worked in both gas and condensed phases during the combustion process. Peak heat release rate, total smoke production and mass loss of the composites were significantly reduced because of the addition of MPP/AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xizhen Lu
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jian Zeng
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yingyi Chen
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qiheng Tang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Correspondence:
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44
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Chen X, Xu D, Zhang H, Feng X, Deng J, Pan K. In situ
polymerization of flame retardant modification polyamide 6,6 with 2‐carboxy ethyl (phenyl) phosphinic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Chen
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Dongfeng Xu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military SciencesPeople's Liberation Army Beijing 100010 China
| | - Xinxing Feng
- Institute of System Engineering, Academy of Military SciencesPeople's Liberation Army Beijing 100010 China
| | - Jianping Deng
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Kai Pan
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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45
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46
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Highly Effective Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams: Fabrication and Applications in Inhibition of Coal Combustion. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111776. [PMID: 31671837 PMCID: PMC6918278 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The extemporaneous combustion of coal remains a major threat to safety in coal mines because such fire accidents result in casualties and significant property loss, as well as serious environmental pollution. This work proposed the fabrication of flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) containing expandable graphite as char expander/sealant with melamine phosphosphate and 2-carboxyethyl (phenyl)phosphinic acid as char inducer and radical trapping agents. The as-prepared RPUF successfully inhibited coal combustion by forming thermally stable high graphitic content expandable intumescent char sealing over the coal. The RPUF achieved UL-94 V-0 rating in addition to significant reductions in peak heat release, total heat release, and CO and CO2 yields. The external and the internal residual char structure was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectra, Raman spectroscopy, and real-time Fourier transform infrared spectra techniques, and a flame-retardant mode of action has been proposed. This work provides important insight into a facile fabrication of highly efficient and economical flame-retardant RPUF to inhibit the spontaneous combustion of coal.
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47
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A Review of a Class of Emerging Contaminants: The Classification, Distribution, Intensity of Consumption, Synthesis Routes, Environmental Effects and Expectation of Pollution Abatement to Organophosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122874. [PMID: 31212857 PMCID: PMC6627825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been detected in various environmental matrices and have been identified as emerging contaminants (EC). Given the adverse influence of OPFRs, many researchers have focused on the absorption, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and internal exposure processes of OPFRs in animals and humans. This paper first reviews the evolution of various types of flame retardants (FRs) and the environmental pollution of OPFRs, the different absorption pathways of OPFRs by animals and humans (such as inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption and absorption), and then summarizes the environmental impacts of OPFRs, including their biological toxicity, bioaccumulation, persistence, migration, endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity. Based on limited available data and results, this study also summarizes the bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential of OPFRs in different types of biological and food nets. In addition, a new governance idea for the replacement of existing OPFRs from the source is proposed, seeking environmentally friendly alternatives to OPFRs in order to provide new ideas and theoretical guidance for the removal of OPFRs.
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48
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Peng H, Wang X, Li T, Lou C, Wang Y, Lin J. Mechanical properties, thermal stability, sound absorption, and flame retardancy of rigid PU foam composites containing a fire‐retarding agent: Effect of magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao‐Kai Peng
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and MaterialsMinjiang University Fuzhou China
| | - XiaoXiao Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
| | - Ting‐Ting Li
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
| | - Ching‐Wen Lou
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean CollegeMinjiang University Fuzhou China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical EngineeringAsia University Taichung Taiwan
- College of Textile and ClothingQingdao University Shangdong China
| | - YanTing Wang
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Tianjin and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Advanced Textile Composite MaterialsTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
| | - Jia‐Horng Lin
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy‐Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and EngineeringTianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and MaterialsMinjiang University Fuzhou China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Ocean CollegeMinjiang University Fuzhou China
- College of Textile and ClothingQingdao University Shangdong China
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite MaterialsFeng Chia University Taichung City Taiwan
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49
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Qiu X, Li Z, Li X, Yu L, Zhang Z. Construction and flame‐retardant performance of layer‐by‐layer assembled hexagonal boron nitride coatings on flexible polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Qiu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid NanomaterialsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Material and Applications of Henan ProvinceHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid NanomaterialsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Material and Applications of Henan ProvinceHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid NanomaterialsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Material and Applications of Henan ProvinceHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Laigui Yu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid NanomaterialsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Material and Applications of Henan ProvinceHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid NanomaterialsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Material and Applications of Henan ProvinceHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
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50
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Wang X, Shi Y, Liu Y, Wang Q. Recycling of waste melamine formaldehyde foam as flame-retardant filler for polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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