1
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Saeed AMM, Sharma S, Hassan SZ, Ghaleb AM, Cao GP. Intensification and Optimization of FAME Synthesis via Acid-Catalyzed Esterification Using Central Composite Design (CCD). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26206-26217. [PMID: 37521596 PMCID: PMC10373212 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The acid-catalyzed pre-treatment esterification process is required for low-cost feedstock with high free fatty acids (FFAs) to avoid the saponification that occurs during alkali-catalyzed transesterification for the production of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE). Reverse hydrolysis in acid-catalyzed esterification causes a decrease in fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield. Therefore, the esterification process must be intensified. This study aims to develop and optimize a low-temperature intensification process to enhance biodiesel yield and reduce energy consumption. Three intensification systems were studied: co-solvent technique, co-solvent coupled with adsorption of water using molecular sieves, and entrainer-based continuous removal of water. The process variables of esterification reaction in co-solvents without the adsorption system were optimized by using central composite design (CCD). The study showed that the co-solvent without the adsorption system was effective in intensifying the FFA conversion (XFFA) at low temperatures, compared to the other two systems, due to the dilution effect at high co-solvent/entrainer amount required for sufficient vapors in the adsorption system. Optimized process variables have achieved 95% XFFA within 75 min at 55 °C, 20 mL/100 g of oil DEE, 9 MR, 3 wt % H2SO4, and 320-350 RPM in a co-solvent without the adsorption system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaaddin M. M. Saeed
- UNILAB,
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department
of Petroleum Studies, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Shivika Sharma
- Department
of Petroleum Studies, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Saeikh Zaffar Hassan
- Department
of Petroleum Studies, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Atef M. Ghaleb
- Department
of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Alfaisal University, 11533 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gui-Ping Cao
- UNILAB,
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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2
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Maben HK, Ziemann PJ. Kinetics of oligomer-forming reactions involving the major functional groups present in atmospheric secondary organic aerosol particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:214-228. [PMID: 35665793 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric organic aerosol particles impact climate as well as human and environmental health. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which is formed by the gas-to-particle partitioning of products of the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from biogenic or anthropogenic sources, contributes a large fraction of this material. In the particle phase, these products can undergo accretion reactions to form oligomers that impact the formation, composition, and chemical-physical properties of aerosols. While these reactions are known to occur in the atmosphere, data and models describing their kinetics and equilibria are sparse. Here, reactions of compounds containing potentially reactive hydroperoxide, hydroxyl, carboxyl, aldehyde, and ketone groups were investigated in single and phase-separated organic/aqueous mixtures in the absence and presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst. Compounds containing these groups and a nonreactive UV-absorbing nitrate group were synthesized and their reactions and products were monitored and characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Reactions were observed between hydroperoxides and aldehydes to form peroxyhemiacetals, and between carboxylic acids and alcohols to form esters, and their rate and equilibrium constants were determined. No reactions were observed in other mixtures, indicating that under the conditions of these experiments only a few reaction pathways form oligomers. Reactions were also conducted with probe compounds and SOA formed in an environmental chamber reaction of α-pinene with O3. Whereas in a previous study we observed a rapid hydroperoxide reaction in this SOA, among the other compounds studied here only alcohols reacted. These results provide insight into the types of accretion reactions that are likely to occur in atmospheric aerosols, and the rate and equilibrium constants can be used to better model SOA chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Maben
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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3
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Mendis NP, Wang J, Lakerveld R. Simultaneous Solvent Selection and Process Design for Continuous Reaction–Extraction–Crystallization Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nethrue Pramuditha Mendis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiayuan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Richard Lakerveld
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Welter RA, Santana H, le ta Torre LG, Robertson MJ, Taranto OP, Oelgemöller M. Methyl oleate synthesis by TiO2‐photocatalytic esterification of oleic acid: optimisation by Response surface quadratic methodology, reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosilene Andrea Welter
- James Cook University College of Science and Engineering 1James Cook DriveDouglas 4814 Townsville AUSTRALIA
| | - Harrson Santana
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Engenharia Química Avenida Albert Einstein500Cidade UniversitáriaBarão Geraldo 13083-852 Campinas BRAZIL
| | - Lucimara Gaziola le ta Torre
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Engenharia Química 500Avenida Albert EinsteinCidade UniversitáriaBarão Geraldo 13083-852 Campinas BRAZIL
| | - Mark J. Robertson
- James Cook University College of Science and Engineering 1James Cook DriveDouglas 4811 Townsville AUSTRALIA
| | - Osvaldir Pereira Taranto
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Campus Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Engenharia Quimica 500Avenida Albert EinsteinCidade UniversitáriaBarão Geraldo 13083-852 Campinas BRAZIL
| | - Michael Oelgemöller
- Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH: Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH Faculty of Chemistry and Biology 2Limburger Str D-65510 Idstein GERMANY
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5
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Serrano‐Bermúdez LM, Monroy‐Peña CA, Moreno D, Abril A, Imbachi Niño AD, Martínez Riascos CA, Buitrago Hurtado G, Narváez Rincón PC. Kinetic model for the esterification of free fatty acids from palm oil with methanol using sulfuric acid as catalyst and sensitivity analysis in tubular reactors. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Serrano‐Bermúdez
- Bioprocesses and Bioprospecting Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá D.C. Colombia
- CIINA Research and Innovation Center Fundación Universitaria Navarra—UNINAVARRA Neiva Colombia
| | - Camilo Antonio Monroy‐Peña
- Grupo de Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá D.C. Colombia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Universidad EAN Bogotá D.C. Colombia
| | - Darío Moreno
- Grupo de Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá D.C. Colombia
| | - Andrés Abril
- Grupo de Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá D.C. Colombia
| | - Anderson D. Imbachi Niño
- Grupo de Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá D.C. Colombia
| | - Carlos Arturo Martínez Riascos
- Grupo de Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá D.C. Colombia
| | - Gustavo Buitrago Hurtado
- Bioprocesses and Bioprospecting Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá D.C. Colombia
| | - Paulo Cesar Narváez Rincón
- Grupo de Procesos Químicos y Bioquímicos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ciudad Universitaria Bogotá D.C. Colombia
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6
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Banu I, Brosteanu AV, Bumbac G, Bozga G. Ethanol Conversion to Butadiene: A Thermodynamic Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ionut Banu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu, Bucharest 011061, Romania
| | - Alma-Valentina Brosteanu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu, Bucharest 011061, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Bumbac
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu, Bucharest 011061, Romania
| | - Grigore Bozga
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu, Bucharest 011061, Romania
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7
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Zhang M, Tu Y, Zhou Z, Wu G. Balancing the transesterification reactivity of isosorbide with diphenyl carbonate: preferential activation of exo-OH. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00764a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exo-OH on ISB has long been asserted as a highly reactive moiety compared with endo-OH. Herein, we report that the nucleophilic attack surmounts steric hindrance in rendering endo-OH more reactive than exo-OH in case of transesterification with DPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Yifei Tu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Zibo Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Guozhang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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8
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Madhu D, Arora R, Sahani S, Singh V, Sharma YC. Synthesis of High-Quality Biodiesel Using Feedstock and Catalyst Derived from Fish Wastes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2100-2109. [PMID: 28230995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A low-cost and high-purity calcium oxide (CaO) was prepared from waste crab shells, which were extracted from the dead crabs, was used as an efficient solid base catalyst in the synthesis of biodiesel. Raw fish oil was extracted from waste parts of fish through mechanical expeller followed by solvent extraction. Physical as well as chemical properties of raw fish oil were studied, and its free fatty acid composition was analyzed with GC-MS. Stable and high-purity CaO was obtained when the material was calcined at 800 °C for 4 h. Prepared catalyst was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, and TGA/DTA. The surface structure of the catalyst was analyzed with SEM, and elemental composition was determined by EDX spectra. Esterification followed by transesterification reactions were conducted for the synthesis of biodiesel. The effect of cosolvent on biodiesel yield was studied in each experiment using different solvents such as toluene, diethyl ether, hexane, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone. High-quality and pure biodiesel was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and FT-IR. Biodiesel yield was affected by parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratio (methanol:oil), and catalyst loading. Properties of synthesized biodiesel such as density, kinematic viscosity, and cloud point were determined according to ASTM standards. Reusability of prepared CaO catalyst was checked, and the catalyst was found to be stable up to five runs without significant loss of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devarapaga Madhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi , Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rajan Arora
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi , Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shalini Sahani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi , Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Veena Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi , Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Yogesh Chandra Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi , Varanasi 221005, India
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9
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Neumann K, Werth K, Martín A, Górak A. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils through esterification: Catalyst screening, chemical equilibrium and reaction kinetics. Chem Eng Res Des 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Kostić MD, Veličković AV, Joković NM, Stamenković OS, Veljković VB. Optimization and kinetic modeling of esterification of the oil obtained from waste plum stones as a pretreatment step in biodiesel production. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 48:619-629. [PMID: 26706748 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on the use of oil obtained from waste plum stones as a low-cost feedstock for biodiesel production. Because of high free fatty acid (FFA) level (15.8%), the oil was processed through the two-step process including esterification of FFA and methanolysis of the esterified oil catalyzed by H2SO4 and CaO, respectively. Esterification was optimized by response surface methodology combined with a central composite design. The second-order polynomial equation predicted the lowest acid value of 0.53mgKOH/g under the following optimal reaction conditions: the methanol:oil molar ratio of 8.5:1, the catalyst amount of 2% and the reaction temperature of 45°C. The predicted acid value agreed with the experimental acid value (0.47mgKOH/g). The kinetics of FFA esterification was described by the irreversible pseudo first-order reaction rate law. The apparent kinetic constant was correlated with the initial methanol and catalyst concentrations and reaction temperature. The activation energy of the esterification reaction slightly decreased from 13.23 to 11.55kJ/mol with increasing the catalyst concentration from 0.049 to 0.172mol/dm(3). In the second step, the esterified oil reacted with methanol (methanol:oil molar ratio of 9:1) in the presence of CaO (5% to the oil mass) at 60°C. The properties of the obtained biodiesel were within the EN 14214 standard limits. Hence, waste plum stones might be valuable raw material for obtaining fatty oil for the use as alternative feedstock in biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan D Kostić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, Serbia
| | - Ana V Veličković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, Serbia
| | - Nataša M Joković
- Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Olivera S Stamenković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, Serbia
| | - Vlada B Veljković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, Serbia.
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11
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Silva MVD, Custodio R, Reis MHM. Determination of Enthalpies of Formation of Fatty Acids and Esters by Density Functional Theory Calculations with an Empirical Correction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V. D. Silva
- Faculdade
de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rogério Custodio
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Barão Geraldo, 13083-970 Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miria Hespanhol Miranda Reis
- Faculdade
de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Oh PP, Chong MF, Lau HLN, Choo YM, Chen J. Modeling of a membrane reactor system for crude palm oil transesterification. Part I: Chemical and phase equilibrium. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Pin Oh
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus; Jalan Broga Semenyih 43500 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Engineering and Processing Research Div.; Malaysian Palm Oil Board Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mei Fong Chong
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus; Jalan Broga Semenyih 43500 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Centre of Sustainable Palm Oil Research (CESPOR), Faculty of Engineering; University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus; Jalan Broga Semenyih 43500 Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Harrison Lik Nang Lau
- Engineering and Processing Research Div.; Malaysian Palm Oil Board Selangor Malaysia
| | - Yuen May Choo
- Engineering and Processing Research Div.; Malaysian Palm Oil Board Selangor Malaysia
| | - Junghui Chen
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Chung-Yuan Christian University; Chung-Li Taiwan 320 Republic of China
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13
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On the non-ideal behavior of the homogeneous esterification reaction: a kinetic model based on activity coefficients. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-015-0848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Aguilar-Garnica E, Rodríguez-Palomera F, García-Sandoval JP, Escalante FM. Dynamical modeling for biodiesel production from grease trap wastes. Chem Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Aguilar‐Garnica E, Silva‐Romero YE, Hernández‐Montelongo R, García‐Sandoval JP, Aceves‐Lara C. Kinetic analysis for the esterification of high free fatty acid feedstocks with a structural identifiability approach. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - César‐Arturo Aceves‐Lara
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INPToulouseFrance
- INRA, UMR792Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des ProcedésToulouseFrance
- CNRS, UMR5504ToulouseFrance
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16
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Parametric effects on kinetics of esterification for biodiesel production: A Taguchi approach. Chem Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Hassan SZ, Vinjamur M. Concentration-independent rate constant for biodiesel synthesis from homogeneous-catalytic esterification of free fatty acid. Chem Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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