1
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Yan M, Pang Y, Shao W, Ma C, Zheng W. Utilization of spent coffee grounds as charring agent to prepare flame retardant poly(lactic acid) composites with improved toughness. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130534. [PMID: 38432276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The objective was to utilize spent coffee grounds (SCG) as charring agent to combine with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare flame retardant poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites with improved toughness. PLA/APP-SCG and PLA/APP-SCG/KH560 composites were prepared, and silane coupling agent KH560 was applied to improve particle-matrix interfacial compatibility. The particle-matrix interface, char formation, flame retardancy, mechanical properties and fracture morphology of PLA composites were studied. Results showed that PLA/APP-SCG5% and PLA/APP-SCG20% passed UL-94 V-0 rating, and increase in charred residues was favorable for improving flame retardancy. Improved toughness was also obtained compared to PLA, attributed to debonding of APP from matrix under external force as well as plasticization effect of coffee oil contained in SCG. PLA/APP-SCG5%/KH560 and PLA/APP-SCG20%/KH560 showed smaller elongation at break and impact strength compared to PLA/APP-SCG5% and PLA/APP-SCG20%, respectively. The improved interfacial compatibility was unfavorable for debonding of APP from matrix, and both APP and SCG played the role of enhancing strength, thus decreasing toughness. PLA/APP-SCG/KH560 counterparts were actually set as parallel samples to prove that PLA/APP-SCG composites showed improved toughness with weak interfacial compatibility. This study has provided a practical approach to utilize bio-derived wastes as charring agent to prepare flame retardant PLA composites with enhanced toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, Liaoning Province, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yongyan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Weiwei Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, Liaoning Province, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chi Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang Province, China
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2
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Suwanniroj A, Suppakarn N. Water Hyacinth Fiber as a Bio-Based Carbon Source for Intumescent Flame-Retardant Poly (Butylene Succinate) Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4211. [PMID: 37959891 PMCID: PMC10647722 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, flame-retardant poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) composites were developed utilizing a bio-based intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system. Water hyacinth fiber (WHF) was used as a bio-based carbon source, while ammonium polyphosphate (APP) served as both an acid source and a blowing agent. Effects of WHF:APP weight ratio and total IFR content on the thermal stability and flammability of WHF/APP/PBS composites were investigated. The results demonstrated that the 15WHF/30APP/PBS composite with a WHF to APP ratio of 1:2 and a total IFR content of 45 wt% had a maximum limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 28.8% and acquired good flame retardancy, with a UL-94 V-0 rating without polymer-melt dripping. Additionally, its peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were, respectively, 53% and 42% lower than those of the neat PBS. Char residue analysis revealed that the optimal WHF:APP ratio and total IFR content promoted the formation of a high graphitized intumescent char with a continuous and dense structure. In comparison to the neat PBS, the tensile modulus of the 15WHF/30APP/PBS composite increased by 163%. Findings suggested the possibility of employing WHF, a natural fiber, as an alternative carbon source for intumescent flame-retardant PBS composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anothai Suwanniroj
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nitinat Suppakarn
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Research Center for Biocomposite Materials for Medical Industry and Agricultural and Food Industry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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3
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Li M, Wu J, Zhu Z, Bi C, Xie Y, Wang T, Sun Y, Yin J, Xie Z, Liu F, Wang J, Yang J. Modified β-cyclodextrin microspheres towards the application in intumescent fire resistance and smoke-suppressing of bio-based poly(L-lactic acid). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123666. [PMID: 36801221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was modified by a phosphazene compound to prepare a novel amorphous derivate (β-CDCP), which was combined with the ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as a synergistic flame retardant (FR) of the bio-based poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA). The effects of the APP/β-CDCP on the thermal stability, combustion behavior, pyrolysis process, fire resistance performance and crystallizability of the PLA were investigated comprehensively and in depth by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) analysis, UL-94 test, cone calorimetry measurement, TG-infrared (TG-IR), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer, Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry. The PLA/5%APP/10%β-CDCP showed a highest LOI of 33.2 %, passed V-0 rating and exhibited self-extinguish phenomenon in the UL-94 test. Also, it presented a lowest peak of heat release rate, total heat release, peak of smoke production rate and total smoke release, and a highest char yield treated by cone calorimetry analysis. In addition, the 5%APP/10%β-CDCP shortened significantly crystallization time and enhanced crystallization rate of the PLA. Gas phase and intumescent condensed phase fire proofing mechanisms are proposed to elucidate enhanced fire resistance in this system in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yubin Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Meitong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jingxuan Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chengliang Bi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yuhong Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Taoyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongyan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhanghua Xie
- Tianjin Nengpu Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Huading New Area 1-2-10, Haitai Inovation 6 Road, Huayuan Industrial Park, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Fude Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Junsheng Wang
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of the Ministry of Emergency Management, Tianjin 300381, China.
| | - Jinjun Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, 391 Binshui Xidao, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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4
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Ma T, Wang W, Wang R. Thermal Degradation and Carbonization Mechanism of Fe-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks onto Flame-Retardant Polyethylene Terephthalate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15010224. [PMID: 36616573 PMCID: PMC9823990 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the metal-organic framework (MOF) is a promising candidate for flame-retardant polymers. In this study, a Fe-based MOF, MIL-88B(Fe), was introduced to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and 3-hydroxyphenylphosphinyl-propanoic acid copolymer (P-PET) to reduce the fire hazard involved in using PET. The limiting oxygen indexes (LOIs) of MIL-PET and MIL-P-PET improved by 27% and 30%, respectively. The UL-94 level achieved for MIL-P-PET was V-0 rating. The thermal degradation and carbonization mechanisms of MIL-PET and MIL-P-PET were systematically investigated through thermogravimetric analysis coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR), pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectrum combined with quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulation. With the addition of MIL-88B(Fe), high graphitization and a hard flammability char residual were generated. Compared with neat PET, the ferric ions efficiently catalyzed the homolytic cleavage and dehydrogenation of PET to produce a large amount of CO2 and terephthalic acid for MIL-PET in gas phase. Rough and hierarchical char residual with ferric oxide was also generated when temperatures exceeded 600 °C. However, the carbonization process was inhibited due to the coordinated complex between phosphorus and ferric ions in MIL-P-PET, invaliding the decarboxylation and generating more benzoic acid and its precursor, which led to heavy smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Ma
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (R.W.)
| | - Rui Wang
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (R.W.)
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5
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Zhang Y, Lin F, Wu Y, Wang S, Liu Z, Song L. A novel lanthanum‐based phosphorus‐containing flame retardant agent and its application in polylactic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen China
| | - Fenglong Lin
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen China
| | - Yincai Wu
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen China
| | - Shenglong Wang
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen China
| | | | - Lijun Song
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen China
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6
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Suwanniroj A, Suppakarn N. Influence of glycidyl methacrylate grafted poly (butylene succinate) (
PBS‐
g
‐GMA
) on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of water hyacinth fiber/ammonium polyphosphate/poly (butylene succinate) composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anothai Suwanniroj
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Nitinat Suppakarn
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
- Research Center for Biocomposite Materials for Medical Industry and Agricultural and Food Industry Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
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7
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Achieving high flame retardancy, crystallization and biodegradability PLA based on 1 wt% addition of novel fully bio-based flame retardant. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Hu Q, Wang W, Ma T, Zhang C, Kuang J, Wang R. Anti-UV and hydrophobic dual-functional coating fabrication for flame retardant polyester fabrics by surface-initiated PET RAFT technique. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Ding S, Liu P, Zhang S, Ding Y, Wang F, Gao C, Yang M. A green intumescent flame retardant system using an inositol‐based carbon source: preparation and characteristics in polypropylene. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Foshan Transportation Science and Technology Co. Ltd Foshan China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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10
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Zhang L, Chai W, Li W, Semple K, Yin N, Zhang W, Dai C. Intumescent-Grafted Bamboo Charcoal: A Natural Nontoxic Fire-Retardant Filler for Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26990-27006. [PMID: 34693119 PMCID: PMC8529600 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an alternative flame-retardant filler based on phosphate- and urea-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC-m) at 10-30 wt % addition was aimed at improving the flame retardancy of polylactic acid (PLA) composites. The filler caused only a small reduction in strength properties but a slight increase in the modulus of elasticity of PLA composites. BC-m significantly improved the flame-retardant performance compared with pure BC. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 28.0 vol % when 10 wt % of BC-m was added, and 32.1 vol % for 30 wt % addition, which was much greater than the value of 22.5 vol % for 30 wt % pure BC. Unlike pure BC, adding BC-m at 20 wt % or more gave a UL-94 vertical flame test rating of V-0 with significantly reduced melt dripping. The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of BC-m/PLA composites decreased by more than 50% compared with pure PLA, and the values for 20% BC-m were significantly less than that for 25% BC addition. The grafted biochar-based system provides an effective flame retardancy effect by a condensed-phase protective barrier through the rapid formation of a dense, honeycomb-like cross-linked carbonized char layer. The results suggest a promising route to enhancing the flame-retardant properties of biodegradable polymer composites using nontoxic, more environmentally friendly grafted biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Weisheng Chai
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenzhu Li
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Kate Semple
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University
of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ningning Yin
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chunping Dai
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University
of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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11
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Jin X, Cui S, Sun S, Sun J, Zhang S. The Preparation and Characterization of Polylactic Acid Composites with Chitin-Based Intumescent Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3513. [PMID: 34685273 PMCID: PMC8536992 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system was fabricated by the introduction of chitin as a green charring agent, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as the acid source, and melamine (MEL) as the gas source. The obtained chitin-based IFR was then incorporated into a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix using melt compounding. The fire resistance of PLA/chitin composites was investigated via the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning, and cone calorimeter (CONE) tests. The results demonstrated that the combination of 10%APP, 5%chitin and 5%MEL could result in a 26.0% LOI, a V-0 rating after UL and a 51.2% reduction in the peak heat release rate during the CONE test. Based on the mechanism analysis from both the morphology and the chemical structure of the char, it was suggested that chitin was a promising candidate as a charring agent for chitin reacted with APP and MEL with the formation of an intumescent layer on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jin
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Suping Cui
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Shibing Sun
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (J.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (J.S.); (S.Z.)
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12
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Yang W, Zhang H, Hu X, Liu Y, Zhang S, Xie C. Self-assembled bio-derived microporous nanosheet from phytic acid as efficient intumescent flame retardant for polylactide. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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13
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Li W, Zhang L, Chai W, Yin N, Semple K, Li L, Zhang W, Dai C. Enhancement of Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid with a Biodegradable Fire-Retardant Filler System Based on Bamboo Charcoal. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2167. [PMID: 34209000 PMCID: PMC8271951 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A cooperative flame-retardant system based on natural intumescent-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC) and chitosan (CS) was developed for polylactic acid (PLA) with improved flame retardancy and minimal decline in strength properties. Chitosan (CS) as an adhesion promoter improved the interfacial compatibility between graft-modified bamboo charcoal (BC-m) and PLA leading to enhanced tensile properties by 11.11% and 8.42%, respectively for tensile strength and modulus. At 3 wt.% CS and 30 wt.% BC-m, the crystallinity of the composite increased to 38.92%, or 43 times that of pure PLA (0.9%). CS promotes the reorganization of the internal crystal structure. Thermogravimetric analysis showed significantly improved material retention of PLA composites in nitrogen and air atmosphere. Residue rate for 5 wt.% CS and 30 wt.% BC-m was 29.42% which is 55.1% higher than the theoretical value of 18.97%. Flammability tests (limiting oxygen index-LOI and UL-94) indicated significantly improved flame retardancy and evidence of cooperation between CS and BC-m, with calculated cooperative effectiveness index(Ce) >1. From CONE tests, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were reduced by 26.9% and 30.5%, respectively, for 3% CS + 20% BC-m in PLA compared with adding 20% BC-m alone. Analysis of carbon residue morphology, chemical elements and structure suggest CS and BC-m form a more stable char containing pyrophosphate. This char provides heat insulation to inhibit complete polymer pyrolysis, resulting in improved flame retardancy of PLA composites. Optimal mix may be recommended at 20% BC-m + 3% CS to balance compatibility, composite strength properties and flame retardance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Liang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Weisheng Chai
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Ningning Yin
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Kate Semple
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Lu Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (W.L.); (L.Z.); (W.C.); (N.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Chunping Dai
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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14
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Ding S, Liu P, Zhang S, Ding Y, Wang F, Gao C, Yang M. Preparation and characterization of cyclodextrin microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and its application in flame retardant polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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15
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Sadjadi S, Malmir M, Léger B, Monflier E, Heravi MM. Palladium nanoparticles supported on nitrogen doped porous carbon material derived from cyclodextrin, glucose and melamine based polymer: promising catalysts for hydrogenation reactions. PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Melamine based polymer (MT) was prepared and then reacted with a mixture of glucose (Glu) and β-cyclodextrin (CD) under hydrothermal conditions to afford, MT/Glu-CD. Then, the adsorption of Pd salt was realized on MT/Glu-CD. The resulting compound was subsequently carbonized to furnish Pd/MT/C that exhibited high catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes in aqueous media. To elucidate the roles of CD, Glu, the molar ratio of Glu:CD and the carbonization in the catalytic activity, several control catalysts have been prepared and their performances for a model hydrogenation reaction were compared with that of Pd/MT/C. The results confirmed the importance of the carbonization as well as the presence of CD for achieving high catalytic activity. Moreover, it was found that the molar ratio of Glu:CD could affect the catalytic activity of the final catalyst and the optimum molar ratio of Glu:CD was 30:70. The recycling test as well as measurement of Pd leaching demonstrated high recyclability and low Pd leaching of Pd/MT/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samahe Sadjadi
- Gas Conversion Department, Faculty of Petrochemicals , Iran Polymer and Petrochemicals Institute , PO Box 14975-112 , Tehran , Iran , Tel.: +98 2148666, Fax: +98 2144787021-3
| | - Masoumeh Malmir
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Alzahra University , PO Box 1993891176, Vanak , Tehran , Iran
| | - Bastien Léger
- Université Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille , ENSCL, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS) , F-62300 Lens , France
| | - Eric Monflier
- Université Artois, CNRS, Centrale Lille , ENSCL, Univ. Lille, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide (UCCS) , F-62300 Lens , France
| | - Majid M. Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Alzahra University , PO Box 1993891176, Vanak , Tehran , Iran
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16
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Sag J, Goedderz D, Kukla P, Greiner L, Schönberger F, Döring M. Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:E3746. [PMID: 31627395 PMCID: PMC6833091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Daniela Goedderz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kukla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Lara Greiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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17
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Li DF, Zhao X, Jia YW, He L, Wang XL, Wang YZ. Simultaneously enhance both the flame retardancy and toughness of polylactic acid by the cooperation of intumescent flame retardant and bio-based unsaturated polyester. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Ding S, Liu P, Zhang S, Gao C, Wang F, Ding Y, Yang M. Crosslinking of β‐cyclodextrin and combining with ammonium polyphosphate for flame‐retardant polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
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19
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Synergistic effect of hollow glass beads and intumescent flame retardant on improving the fire safety of biodegradable poly (lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Green Char Promoters in Flame Retardants Formulations for Polymeric Materials. A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040664. [PMID: 30978988 PMCID: PMC6523419 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are intrinsically flammable materials; hence, fire retardance (FR) is required in their most common applications (i.e., electronic and construction, to mention some). Recently, it has been reported that cyclodextrin (CD) and cyclodextrin derivatives are beginning to be introduced into Intumescent Fire Retardant (IFR) formulations in place of pentaerythritol, which is used in IFRs that are currently on the market. Since IFRs are of less environmental concern than their hazardous halogen containing counterparts, the use of natural origin compounds in IFRs provides a way to comply with green chemistry issues. BCD and BCD derivatives presence in IFR mixtures promotes a higher yield of blowing gases and char when polymeric materials undergo combustion. Both processes play important roles in intumescence. The key rule to obtain in insulating compact char is the good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the matrix, which can be achieved by functionalizing nanoparticles with BCD derivatives. Moreover, CD derivatives are attractive because of their nanosized structure and their ability to form inclusion complexes with many compounds used as FR components, reducing their release to the environment during their shelf life of FR items. Often, fire retardance performed by BCD and BCD derivatives accompanies other relevant properties, such as improved mechanical resistance, washability resistance, self healing ability, thermal conductivity, etc. The application of CD fire retardant additives in many polymers, such as poly(lactic acid), poly(propylene), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate), linear low density poly(ethylene), polyamides, and polyesters are comprehensively reviewed here.
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21
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Cayla A, Rault F, Giraud S, Salaün F, Sonnier R, Dumazert L. Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Lignin Ratio on Thermal and Fire Behavior of Biobased Thermoplastic: The Case of Polyamide 11. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071146. [PMID: 30965684 PMCID: PMC6479977 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flame retardancy of polymers is a recurring obligation for many applications. The development trend of biobased materials is no exception to this rule, and solutions of flame retardants from agro-resources give an advantage. Lignin is produced as a waste by-product from some industries, and can be used in the intumescent formation development as a source of carbon combined with an acid source. In this study, the flame retardancy of polyamide 11 (PA) is carried out by extrusion with a kraft lignin (KL) and ammonium polyphosphate (AP). The study of the optimal ratio between the KL and the AP makes it possible to optimize the fire properties as well as to reduce the cost and facilitates the implementation of the blend by a melting process. The properties of thermal decomposition and the fire reaction have been studied by thermogravimetric analyzes, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and vertical flame spread tests (UL94). KL permits a charring effect delaying thermal degradation and decreases by 66% the peak of heat release rate in comparison with raw PA. The fire reaction of the ternary blends is improved even if KL-AP association does not have a synergy effect. The 25/75 and 33/67 KL/AP ratios in PA give an intumescence behavior under flame exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cayla
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - François Rault
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Stéphane Giraud
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Fabien Salaün
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
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22
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Xu L, Wu X, Li L, Chen Y. Synthesis of a novel polyphosphazene/triazine bi‐group flame retardant in situ doping nano zinc oxide and its application in poly (lactic acid) resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Xingde Wu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Linshan Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
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23
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Preparation of β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex and Its Application as an Intumescent Flame Retardant for Epoxy. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11010071. [PMID: 30960055 PMCID: PMC6402021 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new P-N containing the flame retardant, which was namely N,N′-dibutyl-phosphate diamide (DBPDA), was synthesized and it was assembled into the cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to form an inclusion complex (IC). The structure and properties of IC were characterized by Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDS), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). 1H NMR and SEM-EDS were also used to identify the molar ratio of β-CD/DBPDA in IC and the results from the analyses indicated that their molar ratio was 1:1. In order to test the flame retardant effect of IC, it was added to epoxy (EP). IC was proposed to be able to act as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system in EP through a combination of β-CD and DBPDA properties during the combustion process. β-CD is a biomass carbon source, which has the advantages of environmental protection and low cost. Furthermore, DBPDA is both a source of acid and gas. When IC was heated, IC had the advantage of acting as both a carbon source and foam forming agent, while the DBPDA component were able to directly generate phosphoric acid and NH3 in situ. The impact of IC in low additive amounts on flame retardancy of EP was studied by the cone calorimeter test. When only 3 wt % IC was incorporated, the peak values of heat release rate (pHRR) and smoke production rate (pSPR) of EP were reduced by 22.9% and 33.3% respectively, which suggested that IC could suppress the heat and smoke release efficiently.
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24
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Zhang S, Jin X, Gu X, Chen C, Li H, Zhang Z, Sun J. The preparation of fully bio-based flame retardant poly(lactic acid) composites containing casein. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Chen Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Zongwen Zhang
- Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang City Henan Province 464000 China
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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25
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Zhang H, Xie Z, Wang Y, Shang X, Nie P, Liu J. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile/β-cyclodextrin based porous carbon nanofiber self-supporting electrode for capacitive deionization. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With β-CD as both pore-forming reagent and carbon precursor, conductive porous carbon nanofibers are fabricated with excellent capacitive deionization performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexuan Zhang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering
- State Environment Protection Engineering Center For Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
- Donghua University
- 201620 Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzheng Xie
- College of Environment Science and Engineering
- State Environment Protection Engineering Center For Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
- Donghua University
- 201620 Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering
- State Environment Protection Engineering Center For Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
- Donghua University
- 201620 Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Shang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering
- State Environment Protection Engineering Center For Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
- Donghua University
- 201620 Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Nie
- College of Environment Science and Engineering
- State Environment Protection Engineering Center For Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
- Donghua University
- 201620 Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyun Liu
- College of Environment Science and Engineering
- State Environment Protection Engineering Center For Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry
- Donghua University
- 201620 Shanghai
- People's Republic of China
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26
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Gao S, Zhao X, Liu G. Synthesis of tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate homopolymer and its application in intumescent flame retarded polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Gousheng Liu
- College of Chemistry; Nanchang University; Jiangxi 330031 China
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27
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Chen C, Gu X, Jin X, Sun J, Zhang S. The effect of chitosan on the flammability and thermal stability of polylactic acid/ammonium polyphosphate biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 157:1586-1593. [PMID: 27987872 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports our recent efforts on introducing chitosan (CS) in association with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) into polylactic acid (PLA) by melt blending to improve the flame retardancy of the biocomposites. The flammability of the composites was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning test and cone calorimetry test (CONE). The results showed that the PLA sample containing 2% CS and 5% APP achieved the maximal LOI value of 33.1, passed the UL-94 V-0 rating, and decreased the peak heat release rate to 425.6kW/m2. The morphology characterization of char residue by scanning electron microscope indicated a dense, homogeneous and continuous residue char could be formed by the presence of APP and CS in PLA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravity analysis suggested that CS could act as a novel carbon agent owning to its high content of carbon atoms and multi-hydroxyl groups, and the interaction between CS and APP could provide synergistic effects in improving the flame retardancy of PLA biocomposites. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that the presence of APP and CS could promote the crystallization of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), Beijing 100029, China.
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28
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Zhang L, Wu W, Li JH, Wang Z, Wang L, Chen S. New insight into the preparation of flame-retardant thermoplastic polyether ester utilizing β-cyclodextrin as a charring agent. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008316648004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed remarkable progress of the development and amelioration of thermoplastic polyether ester elastomer (TPEE), showing its promising wide-range utility. Herein we unraveled an unprecedented research to utilize β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with perfect charring ability in TPEE in substitution of toxic halogen flame retardants. The TPEE/phosphorous–nitrogen flame retardants (P-N FR) (aluminum diethylphosphinate and melamine polyphosphate)/β-CD system was created and the flame retardance effects were determined using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the vertical burning test (UL94), while the charring effects of β-CD were measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Besides, the mechanical properties and the morphology were tested by the universal testing machine and SEM. Results indicate that with 10 wt% of β-CD added to the TPEE/25 wt% P-N FR systems, the UL94 can reach to V-0 grade and the tensile strength of this blend was kept above 10 MPa, which can be applied in practice. To our delight, β-CD promoted the formation of stable and compact carbonaceous char, preventing the melt dripping and enhancing the properties and the charring mechanism was better studied by real-time Fourier transform infrared spectra. Being easy to construct, sustainable, and economic, the TPEE composite modified by β-CD and P-N FR is a reliable and widely applicable novel fire retardation material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchong Zhang
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Hui Li
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiying Chen
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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29
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30
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Jiang Z, Yuan L, Liang G, Gu A. Unique liquid multi-maleimide terminated branched polysiloxane and its flame retarding bismaleimide resin with outstanding thermal and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Yuan S, Chen W, Liu G. Effects of two kinds of THEIC-based charring agents on flame-retardant properties of polylactide. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Gousheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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32
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33
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Chen W, Liu G. Flame-retardancy properties of tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate based charring agents on polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Gousheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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34
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Zou C, Qin Y, Yan X, Zhou L, Luo P. Study on Acidizing Effect of Cationic β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex with Sandstone for Enhancing Oil Recovery. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie501569d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Oil and
Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibie Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Oil and
Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueling Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Oil and
Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Oil and
Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingya Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and ‡State Key Laboratory of Oil and
Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, People’s Republic of China
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35
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Yang C, Liang G, Gu A, Yuan L. Flame Retardancy and Mechanism of Bismaleimide Resins Based on a Unique Inorganic–Organic Hybridized Intumescent Flame Retardant. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie402047v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengwu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application. Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guozheng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application. Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aijuan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application. Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of
Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application. Department of
Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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