1
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Tuble KAQ, Omisol CJM, Abilay GY, Tomon TRB, Aguinid BJM, Dumancas GG, Malaluan RM, Lubguban AA. Synergistic effect of phytic acid and eggshell bio-fillers on the dual-phase fire-retardancy of intumescent coatings applied on cellulosic substrates. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142226. [PMID: 38704039 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Cellulosic substrates, including wood and thatch, have become icons for sustainable architecture and construction, however, they suffer from high flammability because of their inherent cellulosic composition. Current control measures for such hazards include applying intumescent fire-retardant (IFR) coatings that swell and form a char layer upon ignition, protecting the underlying substrate from burning. Typically, conventional IFR coatings are opaque and are made of halogenated compounds that release toxic fumes when ignited, compromising the roofing's aesthetic value and sustainability. In this work, phytic acid, a naturally occurring phosphorus source extracted from rice bran, was used to synthesize phytic acid-based fire-retardants (PFR) via esterification under reflux, along with powdered chicken eggshells (CES) as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) bio-filler. These components were incorporated into melamine formaldehyde resin to produce the transparent IFR coating. It was revealed that the developed IFR coatings achieved the highest fire protection rating based on UL94 flammability standards compared to the control. The coatings also yielded increased LOI values, indicative of self-extinguishing properties. A 17 °C elevation of the IFR coating's melting temperature and a significant ∼172% increase in enthalpy change from the control were observed, indicating enhanced fire-retardancy. The thermal stability of the coatings was improved, denoted by reduced mass losses, and increased residual masses after thermal degradation. As validated by microscopy and spectroscopy, the abundance of phosphorus and carbon groups in the coatings' condensed phase after combustion indicates enhanced char formation. In the gas phase, TG-FTIR showed the evolution of non-flammable CO2, and fire-retardant PO and P-O-C. Mechanical property testing confirmed no reduction in the adhesion strength of the IFR coating. With these results, the developed IFR coating exhibited enhanced fire-retardancy whilst remaining optically transparent, suggestive of a dual-phase IFR protective mechanism involving the release of gaseous combustion diluents and the formation of a thermally insulating char layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Andrew Q Tuble
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines; Department of Materials & Resources Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Christine Joy M Omisol
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Gerson Y Abilay
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines; Department of Materials & Resources Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Tomas Ralph B Tomon
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Blessy Joy M Aguinid
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | | | - Roberto M Malaluan
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines; Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Arnold A Lubguban
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines; Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines.
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Li M, Deng T, Ding H, Yao N, Xu L, Yang X, Xia J, Li S. Preparation and thermal stability of bio-based Na/Zn composite liquid stabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride). Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Deng T, Li S, Yang X, Xu L, Ding H, Li M. A strategy to prepare internally-plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) by grafting castor oil onto the PVC chain with three different isocyanates as intermediate bridges. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26297-26306. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03787d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three types of isocyanates were selected as intermediate bridges to graft castor oil onto PVC to realize the internal-plasticization in PVC. This method does not require pretreatment of castor oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Deng
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Emission & High-Efficiency Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass;Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
| | - Shouhai Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Emission & High-Efficiency Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass;Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Emission & High-Efficiency Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass;Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
| | - Lina Xu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Emission & High-Efficiency Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass;Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
| | - Haiyang Ding
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Emission & High-Efficiency Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass;Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; National Engineering Research Center for Low-Carbon Emission & High-Efficiency Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass;Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
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4
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Song F, Huang C, Zhu X, Liu C, Zhou Y, Jia P. Synthesis and application of an environmental epoxy plasticizer with phthalate‐like structure based on tung oil and cardanol for poly(vinyl chloride). J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Song
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest, Resources College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF); Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material Nanjing China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest, Resources College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Xinbao Zhu
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest, Resources College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Chengguo Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF); Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material Nanjing China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF); Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material Nanjing China
| | - Puyou Jia
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF); Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material Nanjing China
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Liu H, Wu W, He S, Song Q, Li W, Zhang J, Qu H, Xu J. Activated carbon spheres (ACS)@SnO2
@NiO with a 3D nanospherical structure and its synergistic effect with AHP on improving the flame retardancy of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, The Flame Retardant Materials and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Science; Agriculture University of Hebei; Baoding China
| | - Shaorui He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, The Flame Retardant Materials and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Qingyi Song
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, The Flame Retardant Materials and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Weihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, The Flame Retardant Materials and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, The Flame Retardant Materials and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Hongqiang Qu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, The Flame Retardant Materials and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, The Flame Retardant Materials and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
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Jia P, Feng G, Bo C, Hu L, Yang X, Zhang L, Zhang M, Zhou Y. A composition of phosphaphenanthrene groups-containing castor-oil-based phosphate plasticizer for PVC: Synthesis, characterization and property. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Wang M, Song X, Jiang J, Xia J, Li M. Binary amide-containing tung-oil-based Ca/Zn stabilizers: effects on thermal stability and plasticization performance of poly(vinyl chloride) and mechanism of thermal stabilization. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Duan L, Yang H, Shi Y, Hou Y, Zhu Y, Gui Z, Hu Y. A Novel Branched Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant: Synthesis and Its Application into Poly(Butylene Terephthalate). Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Duan
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanbei Hou
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulu Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Gui
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 6 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
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10
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A strategy and mechanism of fabricating flame retarding glass fiber fabric reinforced vinyl ester composites with simultaneously improved thermal stability, impact and interlaminar shear strengths. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Jia P, Zhang M, Hu L, Zhou J, Feng G, Zhou Y. Thermal degradation behavior and flame retardant mechanism of poly(vinyl chloride) plasticized with a soybean-oil-based plasticizer containing phosphaphenanthrene groups. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Xu WZ, Liu L, Wang SQ, Hu Y. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite on flame-retardant properties of rigid polyurethane foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zong Xu
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
- State Key Lab of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Qing Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Lab of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
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13
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Jia P, Zhang M, Liu C, Hu L, Feng G, Bo C, Zhou Y. Effect of chlorinated phosphate ester based on castor oil on thermal degradation of poly (vinyl chloride) blends and its flame retardant mechanism as secondary plasticizer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and application of a novel flame retardant chlorinated phosohate ester based on castor oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puyou Jia
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry
| | - Chengguo Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry
| | - Lihong Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry
| | - Guodong Feng
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
| | - Caiying Bo
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
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14
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Jia P, Zhang M, Hu L, Liu C, Feng G, Yang X, Bo C, Zhou Y. Development of a vegetable oil based plasticizer for preparing flame retardant poly(vinyl chloride) materials. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel method was developed to prepare a castor oil based flame retardant plasticizer containing phosphaphenanthrene groups (PCOPE) for the preparation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Puyou Jia
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry
| | - Lihong Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry
| | - Chengguo Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
- Institute of New Technology of Forestry
| | - Guodong Feng
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
| | - Caiying Bo
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products
- Chinese Academy of Forest (CAF)
- Nanjing 210042
- P. R. China
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