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Nadjat Chelghoum, Mayouf I, Larous A, Guessoum M, Fois M, Haddaoui N. Addition of Organo-Modified Nanoclay for Tuning the Microstructure, Thermal Stability, and Biodegradability of Poly(lactic acid)/Polycarbonate Immiscible Blends. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x22700225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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2
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Transparent PC/PMMA Blends with Enhanced Mechanical Properties via Reactive Compounding of Functionalized Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010073. [PMID: 35012096 PMCID: PMC8747638 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive compounding of terminally phenolic OH-functionalized polycarbonate (PC) with epoxy-functionalized polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) prepared by copolymerization with glycidyl methacrylate was investigated. It was spectroscopically demonstrated that a PC/PMMA copolymer was formed during the melt reaction of the functional groups. Zirconium acetylacetonate could catalytically accelerate this reaction. Correlations of the phenomenological (optical and mechanical) properties with the molecular level and mesoscopic (morphological) structure were discussed. By the investigated reactive compounding process, transparent PC/PMMA blends with two-phase morphologies were obtained in a continuous twin-screw extruder, which, for the first time, combined the high transmission of visible light with excellent mechanical performance (e.g., synergistically improved tensile and flexural strength and high scratch resistance). The transparency strongly depended on (a) the degree of functionalization in both PC and PMMA, (b) the presence of the catalyst, and (c) the residence time of the compounding process. The in-situ-formed PC/PMMA copolymer influenced the observed macroscopic properties by (a) a decrease in the interphase tension, leading to improved and stabilized phase dispersion, (b) the formation of a continuous gradient of the polymer composition and thus of the optical refractive indices in a diffuse mesoscopic interphase layer separating the PC and PMMA phases, and (c) an increase in the phase adhesion between PC and PMMA due to mechanical polymer chain entanglement in this interphase.
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Yan T, Xu H, Li Y. Crosslinked network formation beyond graft copolymers in transparent bisphenol-A Polycarbonate/Poly(methyl methacrylate) blends catalyzed by bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide based organic salts. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bubmann T, Seidel A, Altstädt V. Transparent PC/PMMA Blends Via Reactive Compatibilization in a Twin-Screw Extruder. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122070. [PMID: 31842315 PMCID: PMC6960502 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of different catalysts on reactive compatibilization of 50/50 polycarbonate (PC)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blends achieved via transesterification that occurs during compounding in a twin-screw extruder was investigated on a phenomenological (optical and mechanical properties), mesoscopic (phase morphology), and molecular level (PC-graft(g)-PMMA-copolymer formation and polymer molecular weight degradation). Formation of PC-(g)-PMMA-copolymer by transesterification resulting in transparent mono-phase PC/PMMA blends with obviously improved compatibility of the two polymer constituents requires use of a suitable catalyst. As a side-effect, PC-(g)-PMMA-copolymer formation by transesterification is always accompanied by a significant simultaneous decomposition of the molecular weight (Mw) of the PC. For the first time, a colorless, transparent (mono-phase) PC/PMMA 50/50 blend was achieved by a twin-screw extrusion process that can be easily transferred into industrial scale. To achieve this milestone, 0.05 wt% of a weakly acidic phosphonium salt catalyst had to be applied. As a result of the decrease in Mw of the PC, the mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strain at break and impact strength) of the obtained blends were significantly deteriorated rather than improved as targeted by the polymer compatibilization; therefore, the produced transparent PC/PMMA blends are considered not yet technically suitable for any industrial applications. Different manufacturing process strategies that do not inherently result in PC degradation as a side effect of PC-graft(g)-PMMA-copolymer formation have to be developed to potentially achieve transparent PC/PMMA blends with a useful balance of properties. Based on the experimental observations of this study, a new mechanism of the transesterification reaction occurring during reactive compounding of PC and PMMA in the presence of the effective catalysts is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bubmann
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany;
| | - Andreas Seidel
- Covestro Deutschland AG, Business Unit Polycarbonates, Research & Development, Development Blends, Leverkusen 51365, Germany;
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research; University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-921-55-7471
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Kong M, Chen G, Xi S, Huang Y, Li G. Morphology Mapping of Nanoparticle-Filled Immiscible Polymer Blends in Flow: The Existence of a Critical Ratio between Nanoparticle Concentration and Droplet Concentration. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11550-11557. [PMID: 31459254 PMCID: PMC6645428 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The delicate flow-induced morphology of immiscible polypropylene/polystyrene blends in the presence of silica nanoparticles (NPs) is investigated in a multiparameter space. The morphology map constructed based on in situ morphology observation reveals that a critical ratio of NP concentration to droplet concentration, which strongly depends on the NP surface chemistries and the ratio of the NP concentration to the droplet concentration, exists. Below or above the critical ratio, the NPs display diverse effects on the morphology (promote or suppress droplet coalescence). These results can be interpreted by the competition between the bridging mechanism (acceleratory effect) and the enhanced viscoelasticity (inhibitory effect) exerted by the NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miqiu Kong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics and College of Polymer
Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Guangling Chen
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics and College of Polymer
Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Shuting Xi
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics and College of Polymer
Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Yajiang Huang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics and College of Polymer
Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Guangxian Li
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics and College of Polymer
Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
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Yang M, Wei L, Li J, Guo S. Effects of ultrasonic treatment on the transesterification of PC/PMMA blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Yichun University; Yichun 336000 China
| | - Liangqiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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Fleischmann C, Anastasaki A, Gutekunst WR, McGrath AJ, Hustad PD, Clark PG, Laitar DS, Hawker CJ. Direct Access to Functional (Meth)acrylate Copolymers through Transesterification with Lithium Alkoxides. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2017; 55:1566-1574. [PMID: 28943716 PMCID: PMC5605782 DOI: 10.1002/pola.28524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward and efficient synthetic method that transforms poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) into value-added materials is presented. Specifically, PMMA is modified by transesterification to produce a variety of functional copolymers from a single starting material. Key to the reaction is the use of lithium alkoxides, prepared by treatment of primary alcohols with LDA, to displace the methyl esters. Under optimized conditions, up to 65% functionalization was achieved and copolymers containing alkyl, alkene, alkyne, benzyl, and (poly)ether side groups could be prepared. The versatility of this protocol was further demonstrated through the functionalization of both PMMA homo and block copolymers obtained through either radical polymerization (traditional and controlled) or anionic procedures. The scope of this strategy was illustrated by extension to a range of architectures and polymer backbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Fleischmann
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Alaina J. McGrath
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | - Paul G. Clark
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - David S. Laitar
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Xavier P, Rao P, Bose S. Nanoparticle induced miscibility in LCST polymer blends: critically assessing the enthalpic and entropic effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:47-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05852j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of polymer blends widened the possibility of creating materials with multilayered architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Xavier
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Praveen Rao
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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Lin GP, Lin L, Wang XL, Chen L, Wang YZ. PBT/PC Blends Compatibilized and Toughened via Copolymers in Situ Formed by MgO-Catalyzed Transesterification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504032w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Peng Lin
- Center for Degradable
and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Center for Degradable
and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Center for Degradable
and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Li Chen
- Center for Degradable
and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable
and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Zhao X, Huang Y, Kong M, Yang Q, Li G. Retarded stress and morphology relaxation of deformed polymer blends in the presence of a triblock copolymer. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11869c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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11
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Deng Y, Mao X, Lin J, Chen Q. Compatibilization of polypropylene/Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) blends by polypropylene-graft-cardanol. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Deng
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Xinggong Mao
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Jinhuo Lin
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou 350007 China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials; Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Qinhui Chen
- College of Material Science and Engineering; Fujian Normal University; Fuzhou 350007 China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials; Fuzhou 350007 China
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